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Nanomaterials
Volume 15
Issue 21
10.3390/nano15211666
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Waste Oyster Shell/Graphene Oxide Composite as a Dual-Functional Soil Conditioner and SRF: Impacts on Soil pH and Nutrient Availability

by
Hsuhui Cheng
1,*,
Yuxing Xian
1,
Yetong Lu
1,
Ziying Zhang
1,
Yishi He
1 and
Xiangying Hao
2,*
1
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
2
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Studies and Low-Carbon Agriculture in Peri-Urban Areas, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211666 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 24 September 2025 / Revised: 26 October 2025 / Accepted: 28 October 2025 / Published: 1 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interplay between Nanomaterials and Plants)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by a waterless synthesis route to generate GO sheets, which were then applied to coat calcined oyster shell with fertilizer (OSF) pellets, resulting in the creation of an OSF-GO particle. The GO sheets (ID/IG = 0.86) were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, which showed that the GO-coated OSF pellet features a compact coating approximately 13.68 μm thick. SEM and AFM analyses revealed that the GO sheets displayed a monolayer configuration with a crinkled topography (about 0.91 nm). The EDS analysis confirmed that the core was primarily composed of Ca, K, P, O, N, and C elements. The hydroponic experiment results showed that a GO concentration of 80 mg/L significantly enhanced plant height, stem thickness, and root length in loose-leaf lettuce, while higher concentrations induced oxidative stress. In pot experiments, the OSF-GO composite effectively raised the soil pH from 5.38 to 6.41 and improved nutrient availability. OSF-GO composite functions effectively as both a soil conditioner and slow-release fertilizer (SRF), simultaneously remediating degraded soils and optimizing nutrient delivery.
Keywords: oyster shell powders; graphene oxide; soil conditioners; slow-release fertilizer oyster shell powders; graphene oxide; soil conditioners; slow-release fertilizer

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Cheng, H.; Xian, Y.; Lu, Y.; Zhang, Z.; He, Y.; Hao, X. Waste Oyster Shell/Graphene Oxide Composite as a Dual-Functional Soil Conditioner and SRF: Impacts on Soil pH and Nutrient Availability. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211666

AMA Style

Cheng H, Xian Y, Lu Y, Zhang Z, He Y, Hao X. Waste Oyster Shell/Graphene Oxide Composite as a Dual-Functional Soil Conditioner and SRF: Impacts on Soil pH and Nutrient Availability. Nanomaterials. 2025; 15(21):1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211666

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cheng, Hsuhui, Yuxing Xian, Yetong Lu, Ziying Zhang, Yishi He, and Xiangying Hao. 2025. "Waste Oyster Shell/Graphene Oxide Composite as a Dual-Functional Soil Conditioner and SRF: Impacts on Soil pH and Nutrient Availability" Nanomaterials 15, no. 21: 1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211666

APA Style

Cheng, H., Xian, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, Z., He, Y., & Hao, X. (2025). Waste Oyster Shell/Graphene Oxide Composite as a Dual-Functional Soil Conditioner and SRF: Impacts on Soil pH and Nutrient Availability. Nanomaterials, 15(21), 1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211666

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