Nanomaterials

10 pages, 5683 KB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering of Edge-Enriched Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon as a High-Performance Metal-Free Catalyst for Acetylene Hydrochlorination

by Zhenzhen Zhang, Dashuai Zhang, Yalei Hao, Guangzong Fang, Xingyun Li and Jian Qi

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090568 - 6 May 2026

Viewed by 862

Abstract

The development of efficient catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination is critical for replacing the industrially prevalent mercury chloride catalysts. Herein, a defective nitrogen-doped carbon material (NC-APT) is engineered via a facile co-polymerization of pyrrole, aniline, and thiophene, followed by a controlled calcination procedure. This [...] Read more.

The development of efficient catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination is critical for replacing the industrially prevalent mercury chloride catalysts. Herein, a defective nitrogen-doped carbon material (NC-APT) is engineered via a facile co-polymerization of pyrrole, aniline, and thiophene, followed by a controlled calcination procedure. This co-polymerization strategy introduces abundant structural defects compared to mono-polymerization processes, primarily due to the lattice mismatch and steric hindrance between the distinct monomers, which disrupts the regularity of the polymer chain and prevents graphitic ordering. The resulting NC-APT catalyst features a high specific surface area of 375.7 m²·g⁻¹ and a substantial nitrogen dopant content of 14.4%, with 81% of the nitrogen existing as catalytically active edge structures (pyrrolic and pyridinic N). Consequently, the catalyst delivers exceptional performance, achieving 92% acetylene conversion at 220 °C with a C₂H₂ gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 80 h⁻¹. This performance significantly outperforms many reported metal-free counterparts and rivals that of traditional metal-based catalysts. This work offers new insights into the rational design of carbon-based, metal-free catalysts through monomer mismatch engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Environmental Catalysis: Second Edition)

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15 pages, 5811 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aqueous MXene-Assisted Charge Transport for Sliding Cu/n-Si DC Triboelectric Nanogenerators

by Dimaral Aben, Yerkezhan Amangeldinova, Dong-Myeong Shin and Yoon-Hwae Hwang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090567 - 5 May 2026

Viewed by 994

Abstract

This study explores the influence of MXene solution as an interfacial liquid on the output performance of a Cu/n-Si-based direct current triboelectric nanogenerator (DC-TENG) system. The

{Ti}_{3} {AlC}_{2}

MAX phase was successfully transformed into

{Ti}_{3} C_{2} T_{x}

MXene [...] Read more.

This study explores the influence of MXene solution as an interfacial liquid on the output performance of a Cu/n-Si-based direct current triboelectric nanogenerator (DC-TENG) system. The

{Ti}_{3} {AlC}_{2}

MAX phase was successfully transformed into

{Ti}_{3} C_{2} T_{x}

MXene through selective etching and was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, which revealed an increase in d-spacing from 8.99 to 9.58 Å and a transition from dense layered grains to delaminated, sheet-like structures. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated a pronounced reduction in impedance with the introduction of MXene solution, indicating enhanced interfacial conductivity and charge transfer capability. The presence of MXene in deionized (DI) water led to the formation of an electrical double layer (EDL) at the Cu/n-Si interface, contributing to additional interfacial capacitance and more efficient charge relaxation dynamics. As a result, the DC-TENG output was significantly enhanced with the incorporation of MXene into the system, exhibiting a markedly higher current compared to the dry contact condition. Moreover, the MXene solution helped suppress charge decay compared to dry interfaces, highlighting its role as an effective liquid medium for stabilizing surface charge and improving interfacial electron transport in DC-TENG systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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21 pages, 6238 KB

Open AccessArticle

Brain-Targeted Delivery of Phenformin Using Phospholipid and Non-Phospholipid Vesicles for SHH Medulloblastoma

by Laura Di Magno, Federica Rinaldi, Luca Campea, Giorgia Della Rocca, Jacopo Forte, Eleonora D’Intino, Sara Cairoli, Bianca Maria Goffredo, Maria Carafa, Elena Del Favero, Carlotta Marianecci and Gianluca Canettieri

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090566 - 4 May 2026

Viewed by 1068

Abstract

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most frequent brain malignancy in children, frequently driven by deregulated Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling. We previously identified the antidiabetic drug phenformin (Phen) as a potent Gli1 inhibitor that suppresses SHH-subtype MB growth. Despite its efficacy, systemic administration of Phen [...] Read more.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most frequent brain malignancy in children, frequently driven by deregulated Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling. We previously identified the antidiabetic drug phenformin (Phen) as a potent Gli1 inhibitor that suppresses SHH-subtype MB growth. Despite its efficacy, systemic administration of Phen is limited by its potential to induce lactic acidosis, primarily through the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Here, we provide proof-of-concept that phospholipid (liposomes) and non-phospholipid (niosomes) vesicles (<200 nm) can be used to deliver phenformin selectively. Our results show that these vesicle-based delivery systems efficiently entrap Phen (around 50%) and release it into SHH MB cells, reducing proliferation and activating energy stress responses at higher doses. Furthermore, treated cells exhibit marked downregulation of SHH target genes Gli1 and Ptch1. In vivo, phenformin-loaded nanocarriers selectively increased drug accumulation in cerebellar tumors while minimizing systemic and hepatic exposure. Notably, niosomes demonstrated superior brain tumor targeting compared to free drug or liposome administration, as reflected by higher intratumoral concentrations of Phen compared to free drug or liposome administration. Consistent with this targeted delivery, we observed a substantial decline in intratumoral Gli1 and Ptch1 expression, confirming effective SHH pathway modulation. Together, these findings propose a promising nanotechnology-based method to improve phenformin therapeutic index in SHH MB by enhancing tumor specificity and reducing systemic toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Progress in Targeted Delivery of Nanocarriers)

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20 pages, 5553 KB

Open AccessArticle

Arbitrarily Large Area Graphene Suspension with Ultralow Standoff for Varying Capacitance Applications

by Tamzeed B. Amin, Md R. Kabir, Syed M. Rahman, Ashaduzzaman, James M. Mangum and Paul M. Thibado

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090565 - 3 May 2026

Viewed by 1867

Abstract

Freestanding graphene exhibits exceptional mechanical flexibility and electrical conductivity, making it well suited for varying capacitance applications. For example, when suspended above a fixed electrode, graphene will move in response to an applied bias voltage, thereby forming a varactor or voltage-controlled capacitor. In [...] Read more.

Freestanding graphene exhibits exceptional mechanical flexibility and electrical conductivity, making it well suited for varying capacitance applications. For example, when suspended above a fixed electrode, graphene will move in response to an applied bias voltage, thereby forming a varactor or voltage-controlled capacitor. In this work, we present a very detailed and scalable fabrication process for building graphene-based variable capacitor device structures. Starting with commercially available 100 mm silicon wafers with a thick thermal oxide layer, we fabricate thousands of individually accessible freestanding graphene variable capacitors using standard semiconductor methods. The process begins with metal deposition to establish alignment crosshairs, then oxide etching to create trenches, a second metal deposition to form electrodes and bonding pads, followed by large-area graphene transfer, then patterning the graphene via oxygen plasma etching, critical point drying for suspension, and finally wire bonding our devices into a package. We use optical and atomic force microscopy characterization to confirm our design specifications were met. Electrical characterization confirms successful graphene suspension through voltage-dependent capacitance measurements. The procedure presented here successfully suspends both pure multilayer graphene as well as graphene with a thick layer of PMMA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene and Other 2D Layer-Based Nanomaterials for Energy and Sensing Applications)

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29 pages, 135988 KB

Open AccessArticle

Atomic-Scale Mechanisms and Damage Suppression in Nanometric Cutting of Polycrystalline Copper: A Molecular Dynamics Study

by Yang Li, Peng Fu, Huan Gu, Shulin Liang, Lin Li, Hao Jiang, Yuan Hong, Zhan Li, Lei Lu, Rongrong Tang, Zhuo Li and Liqi Li

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090564 - 2 May 2026

Viewed by 1359

Abstract

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the nanometric cutting of polycrystalline oxygen-free copper using a single-crystal diamond tool. The effects of grain size, tool geometry (rake angle and edge radius), cutting speed, and ambient temperature on atomic migration, dislocation activity, and tool [...] Read more.

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the nanometric cutting of polycrystalline oxygen-free copper using a single-crystal diamond tool. The effects of grain size, tool geometry (rake angle and edge radius), cutting speed, and ambient temperature on atomic migration, dislocation activity, and tool wear were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that material removal is dominated by cutting-induced amorphization and the formation of hcp-coordinated defect structures, while dislocation activity governs plastic deformation and cutting force fluctuations. A damaged subsurface layer, composed of amorphous structures, hcp-coordinated defects, and residual dislocations, is formed beneath the machined surface. Increasing grain size reduces grain-boundary-induced stress concentration and suppresses subsurface damage. A larger rake angle facilitates chip removal and reduces damage, whereas a larger edge radius intensifies dislocation activity and amorphization. Higher cutting speeds reduce lattice distortion and subsurface damage but increase stress concentration on the tool. Elevated temperature enhances atomic mobility, promoting amorphization and subsurface deformation while accelerating tool wear. These findings provide insight into the nanometric cutting behavior of polycrystalline copper and offer guidance for optimizing process parameters to improve surface integrity and tool life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)

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10 pages, 4489 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unlocking Fast Na⁺ Migration in F-Doped O3-Type Cathodes via First-Principles Calculations

by Hong Wu, Yanjian Guo, Guannan Zu and Yong Li

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090563 - 2 May 2026

Viewed by 1258

Abstract

O3-type layered transition-metal oxides are widely regarded as promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their intrinsically high sodium content and favorable energy density. Nevertheless, their practical rate capability is hindered by sluggish Na⁺ transport and relatively high diffusion barriers. To [...] Read more.

O3-type layered transition-metal oxides are widely regarded as promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their intrinsically high sodium content and favorable energy density. Nevertheless, their practical rate capability is hindered by sluggish Na⁺ transport and relatively high diffusion barriers. To address this issue, elemental substitution has emerged as an effective modification strategy. In this work, fluorine (F), characterized by strong electronegativity and a small ionic radius, is introduced to partially substitute oxygen in the bulk lattice of O3-type NaNi_1/3Fe_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ (NNFM). First-principles calculations demonstrate that F incorporation leads to an expansion of the interlayer spacing along the c-axis and a weakening of Na–O interactions, both of which facilitate Na⁺ migration. Among the considered configurations, Mn-adjacent substitution exhibits the lowest formation energy, indicating enhanced thermodynamic stability. Furthermore, electronic structure analysis reveals a reduced band gap (from 0.515 eV to 0.342–0.356 eV) and strengthened O-2p/Mn-3d orbital hybridization, contributing to improved electronic conductivity. These findings provide atomistic insights into F-induced modulation mechanisms and suggest an effective pathway for optimizing Na⁺ transport in O3-type cathodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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19 pages, 1867 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prophylactic Protection Against Salmonella typhimurium Infection by Single-Atom Zinc Catalysts

by Ling Teng, Hesheng Pan, Zhongwei Chen, Junfeng Sun, Yanwen Zhang, Changting Li, Zhe Pei, Chunxia Ma, Yu Gong, Huili Bai, Leping Wang, Yan Huang, Jing Wang, Chao Zhao, Xian Li, Yangyan Yin, Yingyi Wei and Hao Peng

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090562 - 2 May 2026

Viewed by 1320

Abstract

Zinc oxide promotes poultry growth, but it tends to agglomerate. This necessitates high doses and leads to environmental contamination from unabsorbed, excreted zinc. Undigested zinc is excreted and can enter the food chain, increasing the probability of zinc residues in edible poultry tissues [...] Read more.

Zinc oxide promotes poultry growth, but it tends to agglomerate. This necessitates high doses and leads to environmental contamination from unabsorbed, excreted zinc. Undigested zinc is excreted and can enter the food chain, increasing the probability of zinc residues in edible poultry tissues (muscle, liver, and eggs) and raising concerns for consumer safety. MOF-supported single-atom zinc catalysts (SAC) resolve agglomeration by atomic anchoring, enhancing bioavailability. High-temperature/high-pressure fixation of Zn²⁺ surfaces was confirmed by XRD, while FESEM revealed the corresponding surface morphology, collectively verifying SAC formation. SAC exhibited potent antimicrobial efficacy against key pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC of 3.125 mg/mL, MBC of 25 mg/mL). Co-culture experiments further demonstrated that the antibacterial performance of SAC remained stable over a temperature range of 20–80 °C and a pH range of 2–8, thus exhibiting excellent thermal stability and gastrointestinal tolerance. In 7-day-old chicks, SAC alleviated S. typhimurium-induced inflammation, reduced bacterial adherence, upregulated claudin-1, preserved gut homeostasis, ameliorated tissue lesions, and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus in the cecum, demonstrating promising potential for poultry infection control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nano-Enabled Innovations in Agriculture)

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10 pages, 1782 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optical Bistability in Photonic Topological Hypercrystals and Its Applications in Photonic Neural Network

by Hanli Li, Boyang Duan, Tianyu Zhu, Sichao Shan, Liqian Lin, Changjun Li and Zhitong Li

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090561 - 2 May 2026

Viewed by 1259

Abstract

Optical bistability is a nonlinear phenomenon enabling stable switching between two optical states and has important applications in optical communication and photonic neural networks (PNNs). However, conventional bistable devices often suffer from fabrication imperfections and scattering losses, which limit their robustness and dispersionless [...] Read more.

Optical bistability is a nonlinear phenomenon enabling stable switching between two optical states and has important applications in optical communication and photonic neural networks (PNNs). However, conventional bistable devices often suffer from fabrication imperfections and scattering losses, which limit their robustness and dispersionless performance. In this study, we numerically investigate optical bistability from a one-dimensional photonic topological hypercrystal (PhH) composed of alternating hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) and dielectric layers. By designing a center-inversed symmetric layered PhH structure and introducing Kerr nonlinearity into the localized dielectric region of maximum electric field intensity at the inversion center, we achieve a robust, angle-insensitive optical bistability for TM polarization through phase variation compensation mechanism. When applied as a nonlinear activation function in PNNs, the bistable PhH exhibits performance comparable to conventional digital activation functions such as ReLU and Sigmoid in image-recognition tasks. Our work paves the way for integrating topological bistable devices into next-generation PNNs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)

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22 pages, 5969 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on a High-Current CNT Cathode X-Ray Tube

by Huaping Tang, Jinmei Chen, Guoyu Li, Sheng Lai, Wu He and Zhiqiang Chen

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090560 - 2 May 2026

Viewed by 1514

Abstract

This work aims to achieve both high current emission density and high emission current of carbon nanotube (CNT) cathodes for high-power X-ray generation applications. High-purity small-diameter CNT materials were obtained, and a novel “five-state” electrophoretic deposition method was proposed to fabricate CNT cathodes. [...] Read more.

This work aims to achieve both high current emission density and high emission current of carbon nanotube (CNT) cathodes for high-power X-ray generation applications. High-purity small-diameter CNT materials were obtained, and a novel “five-state” electrophoretic deposition method was proposed to fabricate CNT cathodes. For an emission area of 10 mm × 0.45 mm, a high and stable cathode emission current of 350 mA was achieved, corresponding to an emission current density of 7.8 A/cm². An X-ray dose rate of 39.49 mGy/s@50 cm was measured under a tube potential of 120 kV, cathode current of 100 mA, and pulse width of 10 ms. The focal spot size of the X-ray source, measured using a slit camera, was 0.98 mm (width) × 1.05 mm (length) at 15% max intensity, and the pulse width range was 100 µs–100 ms. Through continuous testing at 200 mA emission current, 100 µs pulse width, and 0.3% duty cycle for 400 h, the CNT cathode is estimated to exhibit a lifetime of approximately 5085 h, demonstrating stable and reliable durability. This study, for the first time, simultaneously realizes multi-A/cm²-level emission current density, hundreds-of-milliampere emission current, and hundreds-of-millisecond operating pulse width for CNT cathodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in the Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes)

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47 pages, 14149 KB

Open AccessReview

Integrated Electro-Optic Frequency Combs: Physical Mechanisms, Device Architectures, Material Platforms and System Applications

by Hanqing Zeng, Qingyuan Hu, Yuebin Zhang, Xin Liu, Yongyong Zhuang, Zhihong Wang, Xiaoyong Wei and Zhuo Xu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090559 - 1 May 2026

Viewed by 1758

Abstract

Electro-optic frequency combs (EOFCs), generated through the microwave-driven modulation of continuous-wave lasers, have emerged as a highly reconfigurable and system-compatible class of optical frequency combs with growing importance in microwave photonics, coherent communications, spectroscopy, and precision metrology. In contrast to mode-locked lasers and [...] Read more.

Electro-optic frequency combs (EOFCs), generated through the microwave-driven modulation of continuous-wave lasers, have emerged as a highly reconfigurable and system-compatible class of optical frequency combs with growing importance in microwave photonics, coherent communications, spectroscopy, and precision metrology. In contrast to mode-locked lasers and Kerr microresonator combs, EOFCs offer electrically programmable repetition rates, deterministic phase coherence, and intrinsic compatibility with radiofrequency electronic systems, making them particularly attractive for integrated and application-oriented implementations. As EOFCs evolve toward broader bandwidths, lower power consumption, and full on-chip integration, their achievable performance is increasingly constrained by the interplay between electro-optic physical mechanisms, modulator architectures, and material platform properties. This review establishes a unified analytical framework that systematically connects EOFC generation mechanisms, device configurations, key performance metrics, and platform-level limitations. We first summarize the fundamental electro-optic effects underpinning EOFC generation and analytically examine representative modulator architectures, including phase modulators, Mach–Zehnder modulators, and microresonator-based schemes, to clarify their respective comb-generation characteristics. Key performance determinants, such as modulation depth, bandwidth, electro-optic efficiency, and optical loss, are then discussed to elucidate their coupled influence on comb-line count, spectral flatness, output power, and phase noise. Subsequently, the performance of EOFCs implemented on major integrated platforms, including Silicon on Insulator (SOI), Indium Phosphide on Insulator (InPOI), Lithium Niobate on Insulator (LNOI), and Lithium Tantalate on Insulator (LTOI), is comparatively reviewed to highlight the material-dependent advantages and constraints. Finally, emerging directions based on heterogeneous integration and ferroelectric materials with ultrahigh electro-optic coefficients are discussed as promising pathways to overcome the current performance bottlenecks. This review provides clear physical insights and engineering guidance for the future development of high-performance, integrated EOFC systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)

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18 pages, 3764 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Annealing on Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy and Interfacial Diffusion in Ultrathin [CoFeB/Pd]×n Multilayer Film

by Lakshmanan Saravanan, Murugesan Praveen Kumar, Ayyanuservai Ravikumar, Govindhasamy Murugadoss, Roberto Rodríguez-Suárez, Smiljan Vojkovic, Delhibabu Prabhu, Shaik Gouse Peera and Carlos Garcia

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090558 - 1 May 2026

Viewed by 1531

Abstract

The multilayers of Ta/Pd/[CoFeB (0.3 nm)/Pd]×5/Pd films were fabricated by ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) magnetron sputtering and subsequently annealed at temperatures (T_A) ranging from 100 °C to 400 °C. The magnetic measurements were performed with the applied field oriented parallel and perpendicular to [...] Read more.

The multilayers of Ta/Pd/[CoFeB (0.3 nm)/Pd]×5/Pd films were fabricated by ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) magnetron sputtering and subsequently annealed at temperatures (T_A) ranging from 100 °C to 400 °C. The magnetic measurements were performed with the applied field oriented parallel and perpendicular to the film plane to evaluate the out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy (PMA). A maximum effective PMA energy density (K_eff) of ≈7.82 × 10⁵ erg/cc and a small out-of-plane saturation magnetisation (M_s⊥) were achieved at the optimal T_A. The evolution of PMA is associated with interfacial atomic migration and oxidation processes, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Annealing at 300 °C initiates the formation of TaB and TaOB interfacial phases, whereas annealing at 400 °C promotes the enhanced growth of Ta₂O₅ and TaB, along with additional TaOB formation owing to increased oxygen migration. These thermally stable Ta–boride phases lead to pronounced modifications in the magnetic properties. Consequently, oxygen migration and interfacial reactions at elevated temperatures primarily alter the chemical states of the B 1s, Pd 3d, and Ta 4f orbitals, thereby influencing the PMA. The field-dependent electrical resistance (MR) study demonstrates that annealing at 100–400 °C optimises the anisotropic effect in the [CoFeB/Pd]×5-based multilayers. However, higher temperatures can trigger atomic intermixing, which degrades PMA strength and the resistance response. Moreover, the samples were further characterised by their structural, anomalous Hall effect (AHE) and magnetoresonance (MRO) properties. Overall, controlled T_A-driven oxygen diffusion and interfacial oxidation enable effective tuning of the PMA, MR, and MRO properties of ultrathin [CoFeB/Pd]×5 multilayers, highlighting their strong potential for spin–orbit torque (SOT), Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI), and magnetic skyrmion-based spintronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetization and Magnetic Disorder at the Nanoscale)

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18 pages, 6385 KB

Open AccessArticle

Achieving Achromatic and Misalignment-Tolerant Fiber Coupling via Meta-Lens with Structural Interleaving

by Xinlie Yuan, Zhenhuan Tian, Ben Jia, Yong Zhang, Yong Zhou, Changfei Hu, Qijian Xu and Feng Yun

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090557 - 1 May 2026

Viewed by 1344

Abstract

This paper addresses the chromatic aberration and off-axis collimation issues in the laser–lens–fiber coupling system by proposing a chromatic aberration-corrected Meta-lens design based on a particle swarm optimization algorithm and structural interleaving method. By establishing an optimization model that includes wavelength-dependent phase factors, [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the chromatic aberration and off-axis collimation issues in the laser–lens–fiber coupling system by proposing a chromatic aberration-corrected Meta-lens design based on a particle swarm optimization algorithm and structural interleaving method. By establishing an optimization model that includes wavelength-dependent phase factors, achromatic performance with a focal length standard deviation of less than 0.4 μm is achieved in the 1260–1360 nm band. Innovatively, the structural interleaving technique is adopted to integrate multiple different phase distributions into a single meta-surface, keeping the coupling efficiency fluctuation within 8% over a ±1 μm off-axis displacement range. The research results demonstrate that this method effectively solves the phase quantization and dispersion matching challenges of large-scale meta-lens, achieving a phase matching efficiency of 95.2%, providing a feasible path for the engineering application of highly robust meta-lens in high-precision optical systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metasurfaces and Optical Nanodevices)

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13 pages, 4687 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Close-Packed Isotropic Responsive Magnetic Photonic Crystal Microspheres

by Lejian Zhao, Jie Zhu, Maocheng Sun, Wei Luo, Huiru Ma and Jianguo Guan

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090556 - 1 May 2026

Viewed by 1393

Abstract

Magnetic photonic crystal microspheres (MPCMs) have emerged as a versatile platform for intelligent sensing and display applications, owing to their integration of magnetic actuation with structural coloration. However, their practical implementation is limited by a fundamental structural constraint: most reported MPCMs adopt anisotropic [...] Read more.

Magnetic photonic crystal microspheres (MPCMs) have emerged as a versatile platform for intelligent sensing and display applications, owing to their integration of magnetic actuation with structural coloration. However, their practical implementation is limited by a fundamental structural constraint: most reported MPCMs adopt anisotropic architectures, resulting in angle-dependent optical responses that require continuous magnetic alignment to maintain uniform coloration. Herein, we propose a different structural paradigm based on non-close-packed, optically isotropic MPCMs. Driven by electrostatic repulsion in solutions, monodisperse Fe₃O₄@tannic acid (TA) core–shell nanoparticles spontaneously assemble into non-close-packed amorphous colloidal arrays, also known as photonic glasses, which are subsequently immobilized within stimuli-responsive polymer networks via emulsification-assisted thermal polymerization. By integrating poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) (HEMA–NVP) or poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) as responsive matrices, the resulting MPCMs exhibit sensitive solvent- or thermo-dependent optical responses. Crucially, structural isotropy ensures angle-independent coloration, eliminating the need for continuous magnetic alignment during optical readout. As evidenced by the unchanged structural color and reflection peak under various magnetic field orientations, this design effectively decouples optical sensing from magnetic actuation. The intrinsic free volume of the non-close-packed architecture allows for isotropic lattice expansion and contraction, leading to broad spectral tunability. Collectively, this work establishes a promising design framework for magnetic photonic microsensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)

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15 pages, 25925 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogen Segregation at the Coherent α-Fe/V₄C₃ Interface: First-Principles Insights into the Role of Carbon Vacancies

by Linxian Li, Aoxuan Guo, Jiamin Liu, Huifang Lan, Shuai Tang, Zhenyu Liu and Guodong Wang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090555 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1465

Abstract

Hydrogen trapping at carbide/matrix interfaces is important for improving the resistance of steels to hydrogen embrittlement. In this work, the segregation behavior of hydrogen at the coherent α-Fe/V₄C₃ interface was investigated by first-principles calculations. Representative hydrogen sites were considered systematically, [...] Read more.

Hydrogen trapping at carbide/matrix interfaces is important for improving the resistance of steels to hydrogen embrittlement. In this work, the segregation behavior of hydrogen at the coherent α-Fe/V₄C₃ interface was investigated by first-principles calculations. Representative hydrogen sites were considered systematically, including interstitial sites in the near-interface region, interfacial sites, and carbon-vacancy sites in V₄C₃. All of the sites examined are energetically favorable for hydrogen trapping, but the carbon vacancy inside V₄C₃ exhibits the strongest trapping tendency. Charge density, Bader charge, and density-of-states analyses indicate that hydrogen at this site gains more electrons and forms stronger interactions with neighboring V atoms, leading to enhanced stability. The behavior of H₂ at the internal carbon vacancy was also evaluated. After structural relaxation, the H₂ molecule dissociated into two separate H atoms, indicating that hydrogen is more stably trapped in atomic rather than molecular form. These findings reveal the crucial role of carbon vacancies in regulating hydrogen trapping at the α-Fe/V₄C₃ interface and provide atomic-scale insight into the hydrogen trapping mechanism of vanadium carbide precipitates in steels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Nanomaterials for Enhanced Steel and Alloy Performance)

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12 pages, 2931 KB

Open AccessArticle

Carrier Transport Control for Enhanced Performance in Dual-Color Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors

by Zhen Chen, Rui Xin, Shenjun Wang and Tianxin Li

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090554 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1487

Abstract

Infrared photodetectors are important for military, medical, and environmental applications. Dual-color quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) are attractive because they can provide multi-spectral information, but their performance is often limited by high dark current. In this study, we designed and fabricated two dual-color [...] Read more.

Infrared photodetectors are important for military, medical, and environmental applications. Dual-color quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) are attractive because they can provide multi-spectral information, but their performance is often limited by high dark current. In this study, we designed and fabricated two dual-color QWIPs. Sample A exhibits rectification-like dark-current behavior, whereas Sample B shows a nearly symmetric current–voltage characteristic together with an approximately two-order-of-magnitude reduction in dark current under the same operating condition. By combining secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM), energy-band simulations, and optoelectronic characterization, we show that Sample B exhibits a larger disparity in effective carrier distribution between the two quantum-well groups than Sample A. The experimental results and simulations consistently indicate that this disparity, together with the higher barrier design, is associated with a redistribution of the internal potential and a stronger voltage drop across the lightly doped region, which is consistent with reduced thermally activated carrier transport. Although the lower carrier concentration in the lightly doped wells is accompanied by reduced blackbody responsivity, the stronger suppression of dark current leads to a higher peak blackbody detectivity under identical blackbody-illumination conditions. At 50 K and −1.5 V, the peak blackbody detectivity of Sample B is approximately four times that of Sample A. These results support the conclusion that combining barrier-height design with controlled inter-group carrier disparity is an effective strategy for tuning carrier transport and improving the peak blackbody detectivity trade-off in dual-color QWIPs within the conditions examined here. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics/Optoelectronics Properties and Applications of Two-Dimensional Heterostructures)

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19 pages, 6187 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Perspectives of Oriented Growth of Double-Perovskite Cs₂SnI₆ in the Presence of Antimony

by Shodruz T. Umedov, Anastasia V. Grigorieva, Egor V. Latipov, Alexander V. Dzuban, Alexander V. Knotko and Andrei V. Shevelkov

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090553 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1238

Abstract

Vacancy-ordered double-perovskite Cs₂SnI₆ is known to be a good candidate for perovskite photovoltaics, as it is a light harvesting material which has potential both as an individual compound and as a component of a composite material. The compound is interesting [...] Read more.

Vacancy-ordered double-perovskite Cs₂SnI₆ is known to be a good candidate for perovskite photovoltaics, as it is a light harvesting material which has potential both as an individual compound and as a component of a composite material. The compound is interesting due to being free of atom sites in B cationic positions, making the lattice “breathable” and giving it optoelectronic characteristics that vary with dopants. Here, antimony was examined as a possible heterovalent dopant with an ionic radius larger than that of Sn⁴⁺. In practice, it has been found that most of the materials are composites of Cs₂SnI₆ and Cs₃Sb₂I₉ phases. In the CsI–SnI₄–SbI₃ phase triangle, the melt crystallization process produced a layered (111)-oriented microstructure of crystallites with an increasing percentage of antimony. Two-dimensional perovskite materials look more promising in the decomposition of a solid solution to Cs₂SnI₆ and Cs₃Sb₂I₉ phases than in heterophase nucleation. The observed effect of (111)-oriented growth could be translated to other inorganic halides to form new oriented films or single crystals of perovskite materials. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed an additional absorption shoulder in the NIR region for all groups of compounds, most likely induced by point defects in I sublattices of Cs₂SnI₆. Expanding the Cs₂SnI₆ absorption range to the NIR region could lead to new perspectives for its application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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18 pages, 2945 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Platinum Content on Properties of CNT-Supported Pt–Mo Catalyst for Ethanol Electrooxidation Reaction

by Oleg Korchagin, Marina Radina, Alexey Kuzov, Vladimir Andreev and Andzhela Bulanova

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090552 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 961

Abstract

The CNT-supported nanodispersed Pt–Mo catalysts for the ethanol electrooxidation reaction in the alkaline solution are synthesized and their characteristics are studied. Based on the XPS studies in a wide range of platinum content (10–40 wt %), it is found that in the composition [...] Read more.

The CNT-supported nanodispersed Pt–Mo catalysts for the ethanol electrooxidation reaction in the alkaline solution are synthesized and their characteristics are studied. Based on the XPS studies in a wide range of platinum content (10–40 wt %), it is found that in the composition of the catalysts, platinum is predominantly in the metallic state, and molybdenum is in the hexavalent form, probably in the form of MoO₃ oxide. According to the XRD and electrochemical studies, the Pt/CNT and PtMo/CNT catalysts with equal platinum contents (~20 wt %) are characterized by similar platinum crystallite sizes (5–10 nm) and electrochemically accessible surface areas (23–26 m²/g_Pt). This indicates that platinum is not shielded by the molybdenum compounds. When the platinum content increases above 20 wt %, the Pt:Mo atomic ratio increases (the nominal ratio is 1:1), which may be due to the decoration of molybdenum oxide with platinum nanoparticles. A study of the kinetics of the ethanol electrooxidation reaction showed that the activity of the PtMo/CNT system is higher than that of the Pt/CNT catalyst. However, the efficiency of platinum use decreases as its content in the PtMo/CNT system increases from 10 to 40 wt %. On the other hand, the systems containing 20–40 wt % Pt exhibit the highest activity per unit catalyst weight, making them very promising for use as a component of the anode active layer of a fuel cell. The tests of the alkaline ethanol fuel cell based on the synthesized catalysts show the maximum power density of 29 mW/cm², which corresponds to the level of the best literature parameters under similar experimental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Applications of Nanomaterials in Electrocatalysis and Batteries)

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23 pages, 2607 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cu-Nanoparticle-Doped Amino-MIL-101(Fe)-Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite: Synthesis, Characterization, Performance Evaluation and Environmental Applications for Enhanced Tetracycline Antibiotic Removal

by Doaa S. Al-Raimi, Faten M. Ali Zainy and Amr A. Yakout

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090551 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 753

Abstract

Tetracycline antibiotics are increasingly detected in aquatic environments because of their ecological risks and persistence, while conventional wastewater treatment processes are often insufficient for their effective removal from water. Here, we introduce a novel 3D graphene oxide-based nanocomposite that stacks Cu-NPs and amino-functionalized [...] Read more.

Tetracycline antibiotics are increasingly detected in aquatic environments because of their ecological risks and persistence, while conventional wastewater treatment processes are often insufficient for their effective removal from water. Here, we introduce a novel 3D graphene oxide-based nanocomposite that stacks Cu-NPs and amino-functionalized MIL-101(Fe) (denoted by Cu/NH₂-MIL-101(Fe)@GO) to effectively remove tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) from environmental water samples. XPS, XRD, TEM, SEM, and FTIR analyses were conducted to characterize the structure and surface morphology of the Cu/NH₂-MIL-101(Fe)@GO nanocomposite. Overall, it was confirmed that GO, NH₂-MIL-101(Fe), and Cu-NPs were successfully incorporated, resulting in a porous material with high access to Cu-related sites as well as oxygen- and nitrogen-based functionalities (such as amino-, hydroxy-, and carboxy-groups). This hybrid system facilitates the adsorption by complementary mechanisms like surface complexation/chelation at Cu and Fe centers with the pH-dependent tetracycline species in electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and molecule confinement in the metal–organic framework (MOF) pores, and by the synergistic effects at the GO–MOF(Fe)–Cu junction interfaces. The batch adsorption studies showed that the quick and efficient uptake of the two antibiotics at pH 6.5, with removal rates of 99.65–99.83%, was achieved by 15.0 mg of Cu/NH₂-MIL-101(Fe)@GO at an initial concentration of 20 ppm in 40 min at 25 °C. Equilibrium data were found to be well-fitted by the Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.908–0.909), suggesting monolayer-dominated adsorption with the maximum capacity of 769.8–775.2 mg g⁻¹. The adsorption kinetics was well-described by the pseudo-second order model (R² = 0.9641–0.9749), which agreed with the strong binding between the tetracyclines and active sites of the nanocomposite. The main novelty of this work consists of the design of a single recoverable platform integrating GO-based preconcentration, pore accessibility of NH₂-MIL-101(Fe), and Cu-driven complexation, which led to the strong removal of tetracyclines under a relevant range of water conditions. These findings demonstrate that Cu/NH₂-MIL-101(Fe)@GO could serve as a promising high-efficiency and potentially reusable adsorbent for removing tetracycline from aqueous solution, which provides a more sustainable approach for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Functionalized Materials for Environmental Applications)

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17 pages, 3362 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomass-Derived Laser-Induced Graphene/Chitosan Composite Films for Sustainable Triboelectric Nanogenerators

by Chong Chen, Zhenyuan Chui and Yaokun Pang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090550 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1149

Abstract

As a green energy technology, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) convert mechanical energy into electricity and have gained significant attention in response to growing global environmental concerns. However, the widespread use of petroleum-based polymers as triboelectric materials in high-performance TENGs raises concerns over plastic pollution. [...] Read more.

As a green energy technology, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) convert mechanical energy into electricity and have gained significant attention in response to growing global environmental concerns. However, the widespread use of petroleum-based polymers as triboelectric materials in high-performance TENGs raises concerns over plastic pollution. In this work, we report a high-performance biodegradable TENG utilizing chitosan/laser-induced graphene (LIG) composite films as triboelectric layers. Modified chitosan substrates were first converted into LIGs via a convenient one-step CO₂ laser engraving, subsequently incorporated into chitosan matrices to form homogeneous composite films. A TENG device was designed by pairing the LIG/chitosan composite film with the fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film, and copper electrodes. The introduction of LIG effectively strengthens charge storage and dielectric properties of the chitosan matrix, thereby significantly boosting the triboelectric output performance. Experimental results demonstrate that the as-assembled TENG with an LIG concentration of 1 wt.% achieves a peak open-circuit voltage of 196 V and short-circuit current of 2.1 μA, with a maximum power density of 295 mW/m². It can drive LED lights and small low-power electronic devices. Furthermore, the designed TENG device exhibits good biodegradability, flexibility, and stability, serving as a self-powered sensor for monitoring human joint movements. This work provides a simple and scalable strategy for integrating laser-induced graphene with biomass-based polymers, offering new insights into the design of high-performance, biobased triboelectric materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanogenerators for Energy and Electrochemical Applications)

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40 pages, 18888 KB

Open AccessReview

Current Progress of Excellent Photodetectors Based on Novel Semiconductor Nanomaterials

by Tianmeng Shang, Changxing Li, Yarong Shi, Dandan Sang, Zhanfeng Zhang, Hang Li and Qinglin Wang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090549 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1032

Abstract

Photodetectors have undergone widespread, gradual application. Correlation detectors with varying properties are used in diverse fields. This review systematically summarizes the principles, properties, and applications of various photoelectric detectors reported in the past five years, compares their similarities and differences, and further discusses [...] Read more.

Photodetectors have undergone widespread, gradual application. Correlation detectors with varying properties are used in diverse fields. This review systematically summarizes the principles, properties, and applications of various photoelectric detectors reported in the past five years, compares their similarities and differences, and further discusses their respective advantages and disadvantages, applicable scenarios, and development prospects. The review covers self-powered detectors, which are very convenient and widely used in consumer electronics and portable wearable devices, and discusses the structural design and photoelectric performance of devices based on P–N junctions, perovskites, silicon–polymer hybrid composites, graphene, hybrid graphene/PbS quantum dot systems, and other novel material architectures. Compound photoelectric detectors enable multifunctional integration and intellectualization. At the same time, their high sensitivity and broad-spectrum response can expand the detection wavelength range to cover the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared bands and enhance the detection of weak optical signals. Finally, this review summarizes current challenges, including cumbersome fabrication processes, susceptibility of detection stability to environmental interference, and limited functionality, and focuses on recent advances in various photodetectors, where breakthroughs are expected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Materials)

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27 pages, 5205 KB

Open AccessReview

The Remarkable Rise in High-Entropy Catalysts: A New Paradigm for Sustainable Hydrogen Production

by Abid Ahmad, Irshad Bhat, Qian Liu, Min Zhang, Sihao Lv, Faliang Cheng and Wei Li

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090548 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 945

Abstract

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a cornerstone of green hydrogen production, yet its efficiency is constrained by the sluggish kinetics of water splitting. High-entropy catalysts (HECs), single-phase materials incorporating multiple principal elements, have emerged as a transformative solution. Their unique attributes including [...] Read more.

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a cornerstone of green hydrogen production, yet its efficiency is constrained by the sluggish kinetics of water splitting. High-entropy catalysts (HECs), single-phase materials incorporating multiple principal elements, have emerged as a transformative solution. Their unique attributes including vast compositional flexibility, tunable electronic structures, and synergistic multi-element interactions, enable them to overcome the activity, stability, and cost limitations of conventional catalysts. Despite rapid performance advancements, the rational design of HECs is fundamentally hampered by critical knowledge gaps, particularly in identifying true active sites under operando conditions and predicting long-term stability. This work critically assesses these challenges, systematically summarizing the latest progress in HECs design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationships. By bridging fundamental principles with practical applications, we provide a forward-looking perspective on key research directions. Distinct from recent progress-focused reviews, this work establishes a strategic roadmap by systematically diagnosing seven grand challenges across the science-to-technology pipeline and proposing corresponding countermeasures. This framework aims to guide future research efforts toward the rational design and practical deployments of HECs for practical and cost-effective green hydrogen production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Regulation and Performance Assessment of Nanocatalysts)

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19 pages, 3402 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hierarchical ZnO–Graphite Films Enabling Durable Antifouling and Corrosion Protection of Electrochemical Electrodes in Harsh Wastewater Environments

by Ziqi Chen, Tongyan An and Jianwei Yu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090547 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 640

Abstract

In microbial electrochemical coupled treatment technology, the performance of electrodes critically affects the overall efficiency of wastewater treatment systems. Electrochemical electrodes in harsh wastewater often fail due to coupled organic fouling and corrosion. Herein, hierarchical ZnO–graphite composite films are developed as durable active [...] Read more.

In microbial electrochemical coupled treatment technology, the performance of electrodes critically affects the overall efficiency of wastewater treatment systems. Electrochemical electrodes in harsh wastewater often fail due to coupled organic fouling and corrosion. Herein, hierarchical ZnO–graphite composite films are developed as durable active interfaces. Fabricated via scalable spraying, the films feature coral-like architectures composed of ZnO nanoparticles interconnected by a conductive graphite network. Characterization confirms uniform elemental integration and preserved ZnO crystallinity. The films exhibit strong hydrophilicity, facilitating a stable hydration layer for effective underwater oleophobicity. Crucially, electrochemical tests in aggressive simulated landfill leachate demonstrate significant corrosion suppression and fouling resistance. Simultaneously, the embedded graphite phase ensures stable electrical conductivity (<5% variation) over prolonged immersion. This work establishes a robust interfacial design strategy for durable electrochemical sensors in complex wastewater environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Properties and Applications of Nanostructured Thin Films)

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14 pages, 1661 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphology-Driven SERS Activation in TMDCs: A Dual-Mode Platform for Sensorics and Theranostics

by Nadezhda M. Belozerova, Andrei A. Ushkov, Dmitriy V. Dyubo, Alexander V. Syuy, Alexander I. Chernov, Andrey A. Vyshnevyy, Sergey M. Novikov, Gleb I. Tselikov, Aleksey V. Arsenin, Vladimir G. Leiman and Valentin S. Volkov

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090546 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 908

Abstract

The development of reproducible and stable plasmon-free substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is critical for practical applications in analytical chemistry. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique electronic properties, yet their performance is often constrained by [...] Read more.

The development of reproducible and stable plasmon-free substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is critical for practical applications in analytical chemistry. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique electronic properties, yet their performance is often constrained by the chemical inertness of their pristine basal planes. This work presents a systematic comparison of crystalline flakes and nanoparticles of tungsten diselenide (WSe₂) and tungsten ditelluride (WTe₂), prepared via liquid-phase ultrasonic exfoliation and non-equilibrium femtosecond pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL), respectively. The results demonstrate that nanoparticle-based substrates consistently outperform their flake-based counterparts, achieving enhancement factors in the range of

10^{4}

. The superior performance of the nanoparticles is hypothesized to originate from the synthesis-induced defects and high-curvature regions in the nanoparticles shell which facilitates efficient, defect-mediated charge transfer between the substrate and the analyte. At the same time, the inner polycrystalline volume conserves the important characteristics of the bulk counterparts like excitons in semiconducting WSe₂ and broadband absorption in semimetallic WTe₂, which unblocks the tunable photothermal colloidal response. The study establishes morphology engineering through non-equilibrium synthesis as a powerful and generalizable strategy for designing high-performance, dual-function colloidal platforms, offering a pathway toward robust and reproducible analytical systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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22 pages, 4246 KB

Open AccessArticle

Encapsulation of Menthol in Bimodal Mesoporous Silica via Normal-Temperature and Alcohol-Thermal Loading Methods for Achieving Sustained Releasing Performances

by Yuhua Bi, Tiejun Ma, Andong Wang, Fei Liu, Ruohan Xu, Tallat Munir, Jihong Sun, Wenliang Fu and Donggang Xu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090545 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 745

Abstract

Background: Menthol is a naturally occurring volatile terpene alcohol, widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and tobacco products; however, its high volatility leads to significant flavor loss during storage and handling. Methods: Herein, bimodal mesoporous silica materials (BMMs) were employed as carriers [...] Read more.

Background: Menthol is a naturally occurring volatile terpene alcohol, widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and tobacco products; however, its high volatility leads to significant flavor loss during storage and handling. Methods: Herein, bimodal mesoporous silica materials (BMMs) were employed as carriers to encapsulate menthol, the loading and release behaviors were systematically compared using normal-temperature and alcohol-thermal loading methods. Results: Comprehensive characterizations (XRD and SAXS patterns, FT-IR spectra, SEM images, and N₂-sorption isotherms) confirmed that menthol incorporation did not disrupt the hierarchical mesoporous channels of BMMs. The alcohol-thermal loading method achieved a superior menthol loading capacity of 87%, significantly outperforming the normal-temperature loading (58%). Release performances revealed a transition in the dominant release mechanism, from diffusion-controlled behavior at low loading levels to concentration gradient-driven desorption at high loadings. Molecular dynamics simulations further demonstrated that alcohol-thermal loading enabled faster molecular diffusion and a more uniform distribution of menthol within the mesopores due to weaker interfacial interactions, whereas normal-temperature loading induced localized multilayer adsorption, resulting in mesopore blockage and hindered diffusion. In addition, long-term atmospheric release tests assessed sustained menthol retention over 30 days. Conclusions: Overall, this work establishes alcohol-thermal loading as an effective approach for regulating adsorption and release in mesoporous carriers, providing a foundation for developing volatile compound encapsulation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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14 pages, 3046 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prussian Blue Nanoparticles Confined in Chitosan for In Vivo Cesium Ion Removal

by Irina E. Bordianu-Antochi, Afitz Da Silva, Giovanni Massasso, Françoise Quignard, Vanja Stojanovic, Magali Gary-Bobo, Joulia Larionova and Yannick Guari

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090544 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 603

Abstract

The development of efficient and biocompatible sorbent nanomaterials for cesium removal is critical for environmental and biomedical decontamination. Here, hybrid composites based on ultra-small Prussian blue or Zn Prussian blue-type nanoparticles confined within porous chitosan beads are proposed for Cs⁺ extraction. Nanoparticle [...] Read more.

The development of efficient and biocompatible sorbent nanomaterials for cesium removal is critical for environmental and biomedical decontamination. Here, hybrid composites based on ultra-small Prussian blue or Zn Prussian blue-type nanoparticles confined within porous chitosan beads are proposed for Cs⁺ extraction. Nanoparticle confinement ensures homogeneous dispersion and improved accessibility of ion-exchange sites, while preserving the porous polymeric network, as confirmed by physicochemical characterization. Cs⁺ adsorption was investigated under neutral and acidic conditions (pH 7.2 and 1.2), at concentrations of 0–9 mmol/L and contact times of 0–50 h, showing efficient uptake and favorable kinetics, with confirmed stability in simulated gastric fluid. In vivo performance was assessed in a mouse model of cesium contamination (70 mg Cs⁺/kg). Treatment with nanocomposites (225 mg/kg) was compared to bulk Prussian blue (75 mg/kg), revealing enhanced detoxification efficiency. Histological analysis of liver, spleen, and kidney tissues showed no detectable structural damage, consistent with unchanged systemic biomarkers. Overall, the proposed chitosan-confined Prussian blue-type nanocomposites combine high Cs⁺ removal efficiency, kinetic accessibility, and in vivo safety, highlighting their potential for decorporation applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanostructures for Environmental and Biomedical Applications)

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17 pages, 2361 KB

Open AccessCommunication

A New Paradigm of Magnetron Target Design

by Viktor I. Shapovalov, Daniil S. Sharkovskii, Joshua K. Zephaniah and Arseniy V. Nikolaev

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090543 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 600

Abstract

This communication discusses the problem of depositing equiatomic metal alloy films. It is shown that this problem can be solved using a magnetron equipped with a target constructed using a new “multilayer target” paradigm. This target, sputtered in an argon environment, consists of [...] Read more.

This communication discusses the problem of depositing equiatomic metal alloy films. It is shown that this problem can be solved using a magnetron equipped with a target constructed using a new “multilayer target” paradigm. This target, sputtered in an argon environment, consists of several parallel metal plates mounted on the magnetron axis. A method based on the equality of the sputtered fluxes generated by the plates is proposed for calculating the geometric dimensions of the plates. This equality leads to a system of algebraic equations, which are proposed to be solved under the assumption of a uniform discharge current density distribution in the sputtering region of the target. The communication describes two types of targets in which the plates have slots of different shapes. In one case, the slots are shaped as sectors of a ring with a given angle. In the other, the plates are shaped as rings. As examples, the geometric dimensions of targets for a balanced magnetron system intended for the deposition of films of equiatomic Ti_0.33Ta_0.33Nb_0.33 and Ti_0.25Ta_0.25Nb_0.25Mo_0.25 alloys are calculated. The presentation is accompanied by the results of individual experiments. This report is preliminary in nature; experimental verification is ongoing. The application of the new paradigm in magnetron target design facilitates the fabrication of films of nanostructured medium- and high-entropy alloys with specified chemical compositions, which is the central theme of the Special Issue devoted to functional nanomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Properties and Applications of Nanostructured Thin Films)

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15 pages, 1051 KB

Open AccessArticle

Oil in Water Microemulsions Loaded with Natural Products Curcumin and Mangiferin Are Effective Against Fusarium verticillioides

by Lucia Grifoni, Cristiana Sacco, Rosa Donato, Giulia Vanti, Maria Camilla Bergonzi and Anna Rita Bilia

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090542 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 533

Abstract

The search for harmless alternative solutions to protect crops has become urgent and has recently attracted widespread attention from researchers around the world focusing on natural polyphenols, which represent a treasure chest of molecules with potent activities. Due to the low water solubility [...] Read more.

The search for harmless alternative solutions to protect crops has become urgent and has recently attracted widespread attention from researchers around the world focusing on natural polyphenols, which represent a treasure chest of molecules with potent activities. Due to the low water solubility of polyphenols, microemulsions were selected as nanovectors. Curcumin and mangiferin solubility in different excipients was evaluated by HPLC. Microemulsion was developed using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. Sizes and polydispersity of microemulsion globules were evaluated by dynamic light scattering. Activity against Fusarium verticillioides was evaluated by a microdilution method. Vitamin E acetate was selected as the oily phase, Transcutol P as cosurfactant and Tween 80 as surfactant. S_mix was composed of Transcutol P and Tween 80 in a 1:2 gravimetric ratio and combined with oil-phase vitamin E acetate at a weight ratio of 3:1. Microemulsions were loaded with 5 mg/mL of each polyphenol and recovery results were 99.5% and 99.3% for curcumin and mangiferin, respectively. Sizes of the lipid phase were 121.7 ± 29.2 nm and 172.6 ± 19.3 nm, respectively, for mangiferin and curcumin microemulsions. F. verticillioides was very susceptible to both microemulsions with a very high activity at a dose of 0.9 mg/mL (log-4 reduction), evidencing a possible use of these nanoformulations to protect crops from F. verticillioides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanostructures for Environmental and Biomedical Applications)

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20 pages, 8024 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Prussian Blue-Containing Polymeric Nanocapsules via Interfacial Confined Coordination in Crosslinked Miniemulsion

by Lin Wu, Yubin Zhou, Tao Pang, Laxia Wu and Yebin Guan

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090541 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 726

Abstract

Herein, we describe a versatile synthetic strategy for constructing Prussian Blue (PB)-coated polymeric nanocapsules (PB@nanocapsules) with tunable sizes and controlled PB loading. A soft template was first formed from a miniemulsion composed of water/chloroform/hexadecane (94.55:5:0.2, w/w/w), using P4VP [...] Read more.

Herein, we describe a versatile synthetic strategy for constructing Prussian Blue (PB)-coated polymeric nanocapsules (PB@nanocapsules) with tunable sizes and controlled PB loading. A soft template was first formed from a miniemulsion composed of water/chloroform/hexadecane (94.55:5:0.2, w/w/w), using P4VP₈₂-b-PDMAA₁₈₀ as a stabilizer and varying amounts of P4VP homopolymer as a hydrophobe and additional reactive site provider. Crosslinked nanocapsules were obtained by adding 1,2-bis-(2-iodoethoxy)ethane (BIEE) as a crosslinker. The resulting nanocapsules exhibited average hydrodynamic diameters ranging from approximately 282 nm (without P4VP homopolymer) down to 58 nm (with 0.01 g P4VP homopolymer), as determined by DLS and TEM. Subsequently, sequential coordination with sodium pentacyanoammine -ferroate(II) hydrate (Na₃ [Fe(CN)₅NH₃]), followed by the addition of FeCl₃, yielded a uniform PB coating, as confirmed by the appearance of a characteristic absorption peak at 780 nm in the UV–Vis spectra and a CN stretching shift from 2060 to 2070 cm⁻¹ in FT-IR. TEM and HAADF-STEM with EDX mapping revealed the homogeneous distribution of Fe across the nanocapsule shells. The PB loading could be further controlled by varying the Fe³⁺ addition (5.0 × 10⁻³–4.5 × 10⁻² mmol), with higher loading improving thermal stability. This rational design provides a robust and generalizable platform for engineering polymer–inorganic hybrid nanostructures with tailored functionalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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25 pages, 2120 KB

Open AccessReview

Drivers of Efficiency Breakthroughs: Key Technological Advances in Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

by Yang Sun, Zijuan He, Yushuai Xu, Kun Chen, Haiwen Peng, Bin Chen, Ruicun Yue, Shizhong Yue, Haipeng Yin and Zi Ouyang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090540 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1149

Abstract

Crystalline silicon solar cells have long dominated the global photovoltaic market due to their mature manufacturing processes, excellent stability, and abundant raw material reserves, accounting for over 90% of the total PV market share. However, single−junction c−Si solar cells are approaching the Shockley–Queisser [...] Read more.

Crystalline silicon solar cells have long dominated the global photovoltaic market due to their mature manufacturing processes, excellent stability, and abundant raw material reserves, accounting for over 90% of the total PV market share. However, single−junction c−Si solar cells are approaching the Shockley–Queisser (SQ) efficiency limit of ~29.4%, creating an urgent need for next−generation PV technologies to achieve higher power conversion efficiency (PCE). Monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells (PSTSCs) stand as the most commercially promising technology to surpass the single−junction efficiency limit. Since their first demonstration in 2015, PSTSCs have experienced rapid technological advancement, with the certified PCE reaching 35.0% in 2026. This review posits that their rapid efficiency ascent is not serendipitous but driven by synergistic innovations across critical subsystems. We systematically deconstruct these efficiency drivers, encompassing top−cell materials, bottom−cell architecture, and optical management. We conclude by outlining future research frontiers essential for transforming this lab−champion technology into a mainstream energy solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)

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13 pages, 11282 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Far-Infrared Radiation and Physiotherapeutic Effects of Carbon Nanotube Flexible Thin-Film Heaters

by Shi-Yao Wang, Yue-Xin Wang, Wen-Zheng Li, Meng-Yao Li, Jia-Yi Gao, Pu Liu, Jing Zhou, Xuguo Huai and Hong-Zhang Geng

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090539 - 29 Apr 2026

Viewed by 600

Abstract

Carbon nanotube (CNT) materials exhibit ultrahigh electrical and thermal conductivity. Upon electrical excitation, CNT-based transparent conductive films (TCFs) can emit far-infrared radiation (FIR) and provide certain physiotherapeutic efficacy, making them ideal candidates for thermotherapy applications. This work systematically tests and analyzes the fundamental [...] Read more.

Carbon nanotube (CNT) materials exhibit ultrahigh electrical and thermal conductivity. Upon electrical excitation, CNT-based transparent conductive films (TCFs) can emit far-infrared radiation (FIR) and provide certain physiotherapeutic efficacy, making them ideal candidates for thermotherapy applications. This work systematically tests and analyzes the fundamental physical properties and physiotherapeutic performance of CNT flexible thin-film heaters (TFHs) for potential use in health physiotherapy. Two types of TFHs with different electrode connection modes were fabricated via the prepared TCFs. Experimental characterizations were conducted on their response time, electrothermal performance, and heat transfer characteristics. The results showed that the temperature rise per unit input power for TFH1 was 16.71 °C/W, while that of TFH2 was 4.29 °C/W at the same voltage of 10 V. In addition, the variation trends of maximum temperature with power density were highly consistent for the two films. This demonstrates that TFHs fabricated using the same TCFs exhibit excellent and high electrothermal conversion efficiency as well as outstanding comprehensive electrothermal performance. In addition, smaller L/W ratio leads to lower resistance of TFHs, resulting in a stronger thermal effect under identical applied voltage. After the temperature stabilized, the surface temperature of the TFHs decreased by approximately 5 °C when attached to the human arm, confirming that the heat generated by the TFHs under electrical excitation could be effectively absorbed by the human body. The TFHs emitted rapid FIR upon electrification, and the peak wavelength ranged from 8 to 12 µm, which fell within the range of 6–14 µm that was easily absorbable by the human body. The heat can be rapidly absorbed by the skin and distributed throughout the body via blood circulation, yielding favorable physiotherapeutic efficacy. This study provides key physical parameters for the application of TFHs in wearable medical devices and physiotherapy equipment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in the Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes)

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