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Clinical Relevance of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 January 2026 | Viewed by 11079

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
Interests: nutrition; phosphorus; vitamin D; calcium; food fortification; dietary supplements; food additive in ultra-processed foods; bone health; kidney health

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption is on the rise globally, notably in Western cultures but also in middle- and low-income countries where consumption patterns are reported to be 50 to 70% of caloric intake. Worldwide, an alarming number of epidemiologic studies link high UPF consumption with a significant rise in the number and range of different chronic disease risks and mortalities. UPFs are classified and characterized by their extensive industrial processing (chemical and mechanical) and general taste preference owing in part to higher added salt, sugar, fat and use of sensory-related industrial food additives for preferred texture, taste, and appearance. Cultural and economic factors additionally influence the popularity of UPFs including their cheaper cost, flavor variety, attractive packaging and, most critically, convenience and ease of food preparation. All of these factors contribute to the decades-long surge in UPF consumption by the global general population across age and gender; however, decisive gaps in understanding exist in how these factors contribute to the disturbing rise in adverse health conditions.

To this end, we invite researchers and scholars to provide further understanding to the clinical relevance of high UPF intake by submitting research articles, reviews and perspectives to this Special Issue. We encourage a focus on four areas of clinical concern:

  1. A global perspective of evidence linking UPF intake to non-communicable disease risk and mortality;
  2. Evidence of mechanisms linking UPF components to chronic disease risk;
  3. Clinical criteria (benchmarks) for use in identifying unhealthy UPFs specific to diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, cognitive decline and others;
  4. Potential practical solutions to reduce UPF consumption and thereby lower adverse health risks.

Understanding these clinical aspects of UPFs will help narrow identification of UPFs of concern from a variety of food categories which could better inform healthy dietary guidelines for all.

Prof. Dr. Jaime Uribarri
Dr. Mona S. Calvo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • chronic diseases
  • global disease prevalence
  • dietary patterns
  • dietary guidelines
  • food additives
  • food processing techniques
  • high-fructose corn syrup
  • food labelling
  • advanced glycation end products
  • packaging contaminants
  • environmental food contaminants
  • NOVA classification system
  • UPF taxation
  • artificial sweeteners
  • food addiction

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 795 KiB  
Article
The Results of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption on Weight Change: A Randomized Controlled Community Trial in a Health Promotion Program
by Mariana Souza Lopes, Patrícia Pinheiro de Freitas and Aline Cristine Souza Lopes
Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040638 - 11 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1727
Abstract
Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and body weight change after participating in nutritional intervention. Design: Our study was a 12-month follow-up of participants in a randomized controlled community trial. Setting: Brazilian Primary Health Care. Participants: [...] Read more.
Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and body weight change after participating in nutritional intervention. Design: Our study was a 12-month follow-up of participants in a randomized controlled community trial. Setting: Brazilian Primary Health Care. Participants: The participants were health promotion services users. Users in the control group (CG) performed the service’s usual intervention, while those in the intervention group (IG) additionally participated for seven months in nutritional intervention. Socioeconomic data, self-health, perception of time spent in health promotion services, and weight loss attempts were investigated. Food consumption was obtained by 24 h food recall and categorizing these in quartiles according to the Nova system of food classification. Weight was measured and changes in the 12-month period were calculated by subtracting the weight at follow-up from the baseline measurement. Results: Of the participants, 88.1% were females aged 56.7 ± 11.8 with 19.7 ± 15.3 months of participation in the service. In the fourth quartile (highest UPF consumption), the % contribution of calories per consumption of UPFs was 47.7%, with no differences between the IG and CG (p = 0.406). Adjusted after 12 months, when comparing those with lower consumption of UPFs (first quartile), individuals from the second, third, and fourth quartiles had positive weight variation. Respectively, these variations were as follows: 0.363 kg (95% CI: 0.038; 0.689; p = 0.029); 0.467 kg (95% CI: 0.159; 0.776; p = 0.003); and 0.389 kg (95% CI: 0.061; 0.717; p = 0.020, with no differences between IG and CG). Conclusions: The percentage contribution of calories from UPFs was associated with positive weight change, which contributes to the growing evidence of the relationship between UPFs and obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Relevance of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption)
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19 pages, 4067 KiB  
Article
A Meal with Ultra-Processed Foods Leads to a Faster Rate of Intake and to a Lesser Decrease in the Capacity to Eat When Compared to a Similar, Matched Meal Without Ultra-Processed Foods
by Maria Bárbara Galdino-Silva, Karine Maria Moreira Almeida, Ana Debora Santos de Oliveira, João Victor Laurindo dos Santos, Mateus de Lima Macena, Dafiny Rodrigues Silva, Micnéias Roberth Pereira, André Eduardo Silva-Júnior, Débora Cavalcante Ferro, Déborah Tenório da Costa Paula, Guilherme César de Oliveira Carvalho, Marianna Victória Cerqueira Rocha, Juliane Pereira da Silva, Emiliano de Oliveira Barreto and Nassib Bezerra Bueno
Nutrients 2024, 16(24), 4398; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244398 - 21 Dec 2024
Viewed by 2566
Abstract
Background/Objectives: It is unknown whether the negative health effects associated with ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are due to their nutritional composition or to the extent of food processing itself. We evaluated the impact of a test meal composed only of UPF, according to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: It is unknown whether the negative health effects associated with ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are due to their nutritional composition or to the extent of food processing itself. We evaluated the impact of a test meal composed only of UPF, according to the NOVA classification, compared to a similar meal without UPF in adults with obesity. Methods: This is a parallel, randomized trial. Adult individuals with obesity, according to BMI, % body fat, and/or waist circumference were included. Individuals ate one out of two test meals, matched for energy density, macronutrients, sodium, and fiber, differing in NOVA classification, as a breakfast after a 12-h fast. The rate of intake, appetite, satiety hormones, energy expenditure, and autonomic function were measured. Data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance. Results: Forty-two individuals were included. We found a significantly faster intake rate (07:52 ± 3:00 vs. 11:07 ± 03:16 min), with less chewing and bites, and greater capacity to eat (39.68 ± 22.69 vs. 23.95 ± 18.92 mm) after the UPF meal, without observed differences in the metabolic outcomes. In an exploratory analysis, after adjusting by sex, leptin levels showed a greater decrease after the test meal in the control group. Conclusions: Although we found a faster intake rate in the UPF meal, only marginal effects were found on the participants’ capacity to eat after the UPF meal. The high similarity between meals, despite differences according to the NOVA classification, may explain these results. As our study was small, these findings require further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Relevance of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption)
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12 pages, 783 KiB  
Article
Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children Living in Northeastern Brazil
by Cristiane Cosmo Silva-Luis, Mariana Souza Lopes, Sávio Marcelino Gomes, Palloma Karlla Cantalice Matias, Fernando Paiva Brandini, Paulo César Trindade Costa, Rúbia Cartaxo Squizato de Moraes, Vinícius José Baccin Martins and José Luiz de Brito Alves
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3944; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223944 - 19 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1597
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and cardiometabolic, biochemical, and inflammatory risk factors in children in a metropolis in Northeast Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study using baseline data from a community-based controlled trial was carried out with 151 children [...] Read more.
Objective: To analyze the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and cardiometabolic, biochemical, and inflammatory risk factors in children in a metropolis in Northeast Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study using baseline data from a community-based controlled trial was carried out with 151 children from public schools in João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil aged 7 to 10 years. Dietary consumption was assessed using 24 h food recall, and UPF consumption was estimated using the NOVA classification system. Anthropometry (BMI for age), blood pressure, biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, GGT, cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, triglycerides, fasting glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, creatinine, urea, hs-CRP), and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17a, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were also assessed. Results: Children in the third tertile (highest UPF consumption) had higher serum concentrations of LDL-c (p-value = 0.04) and ALT (p-value = 0.01), with a trend towards higher AST (p-value = 0.06). Total energy (p-value = 0.01), trans fatty acid (p-value = 0.02), and sodium (p-value = 0.04) intakes were higher in the highest tertile, whereas protein (p-value < 0.01) and fiber (p-value < 0.01) intakes were lower. Concentrations of IL-17A (p-value = 0.01) and IL-10 (p-value = 0.04) were significantly higher in the second tertile. Multiple linear regression showed that UPF consumption was significantly associated with increased LDL-c, ALT, and AST concentrations. Conclusions: High intake of UPFs was associated with dyslipidemia, elevated liver enzymes, and inflammatory changes in children. Dietary interventions are needed to reduce UPF consumption and prevent cardiometabolic and liver disease in childhood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Relevance of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption)
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13 pages, 299 KiB  
Article
A Close Relationship Between Ultra-Processed Foods and Adiposity in Adults in Southern Italy
by Mariana Di Lorenzo, Laura Aurino, Mauro Cataldi, Nunzia Cacciapuoti, Mariastella Di Lauro, Maria Serena Lonardo, Claudia Gautiero and Bruna Guida
Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3923; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223923 - 17 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4404
Abstract
Background/Objectives: One of the main culprits of the obesity epidemic is the obesogenic food environment, which promotes the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) that are highly palatable, have low nutritional quality and a high caloric impact and are economical and ready to use. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: One of the main culprits of the obesity epidemic is the obesogenic food environment, which promotes the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) that are highly palatable, have low nutritional quality and a high caloric impact and are economical and ready to use. This monocentric retrospective study explored the association between UPFs, obesity and adiposity measurements among adults living with obesity in Southern Italy. Methods: According to their Body Mass Index (BMI) values, 175 participants (63M) were recruited and stratified into three groups. To evaluate their usual eating habits, PREDIMED and the Nova Food Frequency Questionnaire (NFFQ) were administered to investigate Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence and UPF consumption. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements, body composition, as well as visceral obesity indices were collected. Results: The data showed an increase in UPF consumption as the BMI increased, with a concomitant decrease in MD adherence. Soft drinks were the most representative UPF in all groups, and we observed a significant increase in such consumption as the BMI increased. In addition, in the highest tertile of UPF consumption, there was an increase in adiposity indices. Conclusions: Our data suggest that high UPF consumption correlates with an increased BMI and visceral adiposity, and it is a predictive risk factor for the occurrence of non-communicable diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Relevance of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption)
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