Viruses, Volume 14, Issue 12

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused considerable disruption worldwide. For efficient SARS-CoV-2 detection, new methods of rapid, non-invasive sampling are needed. This study aimed to investigate the stability of SA...

Fundamental key processes in viral infection cycles generally occur in distinct cellular sites where both viral and host factors accumulate and interact. These sites are usually termed viral replication organelles, or viral factories (VF). The genera...

African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral hemorrhagic disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar. The disease is notifiable to the World Organization of Animal Health (WOAH), and causes significant deaths and economic losses. There is cur...

Information on rotavirus C (RVC) infection is lacking, partly because the prevalence of RVC among humans and animals worldwide is undefined. Data on the characteristics of the P genotype among RVC strains are also required. We performed systematic se...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the pandemic that began late December 2019. The co-expression of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins in cells could assemble into several types of virus-like particles (VLPs)...

The incidence of high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV)-driven head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is on the rise globally. HR-HPV-driven HNSCC displays molecular and clinical characteristics distinct from HPV-uninvolved cases. Therapeutic...

The recent development and mass administration of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines allowed for disease control, reducing hospitalizations and mortality. Most of these vaccines target the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) prote...

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has a restricted tropism for macrophages and CD163 is a key receptor for infection. In this study, the PRRSV strain NCV1 was passaged on MARC-145 cells for 95 passages, and two plaque-clones...

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) belongs to the genus Alphaviridae, with a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of 11.8 kbp encoding a polyprotein that generates both non-structural proteins and structural proteins. The virus is transmitted by the Aede...

Background and Methods: To investigate virus diversity in hot zones of probable pathogen spillover, 54 oral-fecal swabs were processed from five bat species collected from three cave systems in Kenya, using metagenome sequencing. Results: Viruses bel...

HIV vaccine mediated efficacy, using an expanded live attenuated recombinant varicella virus-vectored SIV rSVV-SIVgag/env vaccine prime with adjuvanted SIV-Env and SIV-Gag protein boosts, was evaluated in a female rhesus macaques (RM) model against r...

The nerve necrosis virus (NNV), a pathogen of viral nervous necrosis disease in several important mariculture economic fish species, causes economic loss. Its nonstructural protein B2 encoded by the sub-genomic RNA3 affects the amplification of the v...

Introduction: Influenza is an acute respiratory infection that usually causes a short-term and self-limiting illness. However, in high-risk populations, this can lead to several complications, with an increase in mortality. Aside from the well-known...

Tomato is an important vegetable in the United States and around the world. Recently, tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), an emerging tobamovirus, has impacted tomato crops worldwide and can result in fruit loss. ToBRFV causes severe symptoms,...

Bacterial viruses known as bacteriophages have been demonstrated to be effective in killing foodborne pathogens such as Shigella flexneri. Adsorption is the first step in the phage–host interaction. In the present work, 10 Shigella phages were...

The genomes of RNA viruses may be monopartite or multipartite, and sub-genomic particles such as defective RNAs (D RNAs) or satellite RNAs (satRNAs) can be associated with some of them. D RNAs are small, deletion mutants of a virus that have lost ess...

As for all non-segmented negative RNA viruses, rabies virus has its genome packaged in a linear assembly of nucleoprotein (N), named nucleocapsid. The formation of new nucleocapsids during virus replication in cells requires the production of soluble...

Although past research has shown an association between obesity and herpes simplex virus infection, the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) recurrence has never been investigated. In this study, we included...

Norovirus (NoV) is an enteric non-enveloped virus which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis across all age groups. It is responsible for around 200,000 deaths annually and outbreaks are common in small communities such as educational and care fac...

Grasshoppers can swarm in the millions and destroy crops over wide areas, posing a major economic threat to agriculture. A wide range of insect-related viruses has recently been reported in the metagenomics of grasshoppers. Here, we identified and is...

Senecavirus A (SVA) is a causative agent for vesicular disease in swine, which is clinically indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases of swine including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Recently, it was reported that buffalo in Guangdong, China w...

The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic by 2030. Several factors related to the non-suppression of HIV, including interruptions of antiretroviral therapy...

Influenza virus infection in pregnant women may put the fetus at higher risk; however, to date, there has been no detailed research about the expression of influenza virus receptors in the human placenta. We employed the lectin staining technique, wh...

Goose astrovirus (GAstV) is an important pathogen causing visceral gout and high mortality in goslings, which has broken out and spread across China. In 2021, a disease characterized by urate deposition on the visceral surface and 30% mortality occur...

Evidence of sylvatic yellow fever was first reported in Atlantic Forest areas in Espírito Santo, Brazil, during a yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in 1931. An entomological survey was conducted in six forest sites during and after an outbreak...

Viruses are strict intracellular parasites that rely on the proteins encoded in their genomes for the effective manipulation of the infected cell that ultimately enables a successful infection. Viral proteins have to be produced during the cell invas...

Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age. Licensed vaccines containing G1P[8] and G1-4P[8] strains are less efficacious against newly emerging P[6] strains, indicating an urgent need for better cros...

The analysis of the HIV-1 proviral dynamics after superinfection in the context of both natural and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-mediated suppression could yield unique insights into understanding the persistence of viral variants that seeded the inf...

In west and central Africa, monkeypox occurs mainly in older children, adolescents and young adults. In two large epidemiology studies of monkeypox outbreaks, the investigators observed a sizable number of coinfections of chickenpox (varicella) and m...

Staphylococcus aureus is a major causative agent of bovine mastitis, a disease considered one of the most economically devastating in the dairy sector. Considering the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains, novel therapeutic approache...

Innate immunity plays critical roles in eliminating viral infections, healing an injury, and restoring tissue homeostasis. The signaling pathways of innate immunity, including interferons (IFNs), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and inflammasome...

The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a multicellular microenvironment that plays an important role in regulating bidirectional transport to and from the central nervous system (CNS). Infections by many acutely infectious viruses such as alphaviruses and...

In the current global scenario, many COVID-19 survivors present a severe deterioration in physical strength, respiratory function, and quality of life due to persistent symptoms and post-acute consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These alterations a...

Influenza epidemics cause considerable morbidity and mortality every year worldwide. Climate-driven epidemiological models are mainstream tools to understand seasonal transmission dynamics and predict future trends of influenza activity, especially i...

Background: Combination therapy has been widely explored for oncolytic virus (OV), as it can be met with tumor resistance. The HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) panobinostat is a potent pan-deacetylase inhibitor which blocks multiple cancer-related pathways and...

Insect cell-baculovirus expression vector system is one of the most established platforms to produce biological products, and it plays a fundamental role in the context of COVID-19 emergency, providing recombinant proteins for treatment, diagnosis, a...

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-associated neurodegenerative disorder (HAND) is frequently reported in HIV-infected individuals. The gp120 envelope viral protein has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HAND in HIV-1-infected patients; howev...

A betaretrovirus resembling mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) was first linked with human breast cancer over 50 years ago [...]

The spike protein is key to SARS-CoV-2 high infectivity because it facilitates the receptor binding domain (RBD) encounter with ACE2. As targeting subunit S1 has not yet delivered an ACE2-binding inhibitor, we have assessed the druggability of the co...

Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19), preliminarily a respiratory virus, can affect multiple organs, including the heart. Myocarditis is a well-known complication among COVID-19 infections, with limited large-scale studies evaluating outcomes associated with CO...

Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is one of the most studied mechanisms of plant resistance to viruses. During ETI, viral proteins are recognized by specific plant R proteins, which most often trigger a hypersensitive response (HR) involving programm...

Background: After its initial detection in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly, causing successive epidemic waves worldwide. This study aims to provide a genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Burkina Faso. Methods: Three hun...

West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes as a biological vector. Because of its biting behavior, the widespread snow-melt mosquito Aedes punctor could be a potential bridge vector for WNV to humans and nonhuman mammals...

Infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, leads to profound remodeling of cellular membranes, promoting viral replication and virion assembly. A full understanding o...

Background: The range of reported rates of bacterial and fungal superinfections in patients with a severe course of COVID-19 is wide, suggesting a lack of standardised reporting. Methods: The rates of bacterial and fungal superinfection were assessed...

The Ebola virus has caused outbreaks in Central and West Africa, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Clinical trials of recombinant virally vectored vaccines did not explicitly include pregnant or nursing women, resulting in a gap in knowledg...

A new Coronaviridae strain, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged from Wuhan city of China and caused one of the substantial global health calamities in December 2019. Even though several vaccines and drugs have been d...

The inhibitor of virus replication (IVR) is an inducible protein that is not virus-target-specific and can be induced by several viruses. The GenBank was interrogated for sequences closely related to the tobacco IVR. Various RNA fragments from tobacc...

Baculoviruses have been widely used as expression vectors. However, numerous genes in the baculoviral genome are non-essential for cellular infection and protein expression, making the optimisation of baculovirus expression vectors possible. We used...

Emergence of 5′ terminally deleted coxsackievirus-B RNA forms (CVB-TD) have been associated with the development of human diseases. These CVB-TD RNA forms have been detected in mouse pancreas during acute or persistent experimental infections....