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262 Results Found

  • Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
7,903 Views
12 Pages

SD-WANs are an innovative software-defined network (SDN) technology used to reinvent networks, services, and applications in wide area network (WANs). The development of SD-WANs ranges from network optimization in the past to service provision platfo...

  • Review
  • Open Access
3,224 Views
33 Pages

13 October 2025

Software-Defined Wide Area Networks (SD-WAN) have emerged as a rapidly evolving technology designed to meet the growing demand for flexible, secure, and scalable network infrastructures. This paper provides a review of SD-WAN techniques, focusing on...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
6,252 Views
28 Pages

10 October 2024

This paper introduces a comprehensive risk assessment of various wide area network (WAN) technologies as applied to Operational Technology (OT) infrastructures, thus uncovering which WAN technology is best suited for OT to mitigate the risks of Denia...

  • Review
  • Open Access
229 Citations
19,265 Views
14 Pages

State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services

  • Ramon Sanchez-Iborra and
  • Maria-Dolores Cano

17 May 2016

The emergence of low-cost connected devices is enabling a new wave of sensorization services. These services can be highly leveraged in industrial applications. However, the technologies employed so far for managing this kind of system do not fully c...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,842 Views
18 Pages

Polling Mechanisms for Industrial IoT Applications in Long-Range Wide-Area Networks

  • David Todoli-Ferrandis,
  • Javier Silvestre-Blanes,
  • Víctor Sempere-Payá and
  • Salvador Santonja-Climent

12 April 2024

LoRaWAN is a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology that is well suited for industrial IoT (IIoT) applications. One of the challenges of using LoRaWAN for IIoT is the need to collect data from a large number of devices. Polling is a common wa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,026 Views
14 Pages

Unveiling LoRa’s Oceanic Reach: Assessing the Coverage of the Azores LoRaWAN Network from an Island

  • João Pinelo,
  • André Dionísio Rocha,
  • Miguel Arvana,
  • João Gonçalves,
  • Nuno Cota and
  • Pedro Silva

24 August 2023

In maritime settings, effective communication between vessels and land infrastructure is crucial, but existing technologies often prove impractical for energy-sensitive IoT applications, like deploying sensors at sea. In this study, we explore the vi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
6,951 Views
22 Pages

Internet of THings Area Coverage Analyzer (ITHACA) for Complex Topographical Scenarios

  • Raúl Parada,
  • Daniel Cárdenes-Tacoronte,
  • Carlos Monzo and
  • Joan Melià-Seguí

19 October 2017

The number of connected devices is increasing worldwide. Not only in contexts like the Smart City, but also in rural areas, to provide advanced features like smart farming or smart logistics. Thus, wireless network technologies to efficiently allocat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
63 Citations
7,262 Views
27 Pages

On the Mobile Communication Requirements for the Demand-Side Management of Electric Vehicles

  • Stefano Rinaldi,
  • Marco Pasetti,
  • Emiliano Sisinni,
  • Federico Bonafini,
  • Paolo Ferrari,
  • Mattia Rizzi and
  • Alessandra Flammini

10 May 2018

The rising concerns about global warming and environmental pollution are increasingly pushing towards the replacement of road vehicles powered by Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). Electric Vehicles (EVs) are generally considered the best candidates...

  • Article
  • Open Access
187 Citations
18,277 Views
34 Pages

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

  • Mehmet Ali Ertürk,
  • Muhammed Ali Aydın,
  • Muhammet Talha Büyükakkaşlar and
  • Hayrettin Evirgen

17 October 2019

Internet of Things (IoT) expansion led the market to find alternative communication technologies since existing protocols are insufficient in terms of coverage, energy consumption to fit IoT needs. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) emerged as an a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
5,524 Views
15 Pages

Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) are emerging as appealing solutions for several Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as healthcare, smart cities and Industry 4.0, thanks to their ease of deployment, low energy consumption and large cover...

  • Article
  • Open Access
65 Citations
8,487 Views
26 Pages

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) enable a growing number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications with large geographical coverage, low bit-rate, and long lifetime requirements. LoRa (Long Range) is a well-known LPWAN technology that uses a propr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,024 Views
23 Pages

2 October 2022

Smart cities are, nowadays, an unavoidable and growing reality, supported on software platforms that support city management, through the processing and presentation of a large number of data, obtained from sensors used throughout the cities. Low-pow...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
65 Citations
15,183 Views
18 Pages

Tracking and Monitoring System Based on LoRa Technology for Lightweight Boats

  • Ramon Sanchez-Iborra,
  • Ignacio G. Liaño,
  • Christian Simoes,
  • Elena Couñago and
  • Antonio F. Skarmeta

Maritime communications are really challenging due to the adverse transmission conditions and the lack of a pre-provided infrastructure for supporting long range connectivity with land. Communications in high seas are usually covered by satellite lin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
47 Citations
11,764 Views
27 Pages

On the Use of LoRaWAN for the Monitoring and Control of Distributed Energy Resources in a Smart Campus

  • Marco Pasetti,
  • Paolo Ferrari,
  • Diego Rodrigo Cabral Silva,
  • Ivanovitch Silva and
  • Emiliano Sisinni

1 January 2020

The application of the most recent advances of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology to the automation of buildings is emerging as a promising solution to achieve greater efficiencies in energy consumption, and to allow the realization of sustainab...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
6,137 Views
19 Pages

Evaluating LoRaWAN Connectivity in a Marine Scenario

  • Sara Pensieri,
  • Federica Viti,
  • Gabriele Moser,
  • Sebastiano Bruno Serpico,
  • Luca Maggiolo,
  • Martina Pastorino,
  • David Solarna,
  • Andrea Cambiaso,
  • Carlo Carraro and
  • Roberto Bozzano
  • + 3 authors

4 November 2021

The growing need for interoperability among the different oceanic monitoring systems to deliver services able to answer the requirements of stakeholders and end-users led to the development of a low-cost machine-to-machine communication system able t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,159 Views
26 Pages

Beacon Success Rate versus Gateway Density in Sub-GHz Sensor Networks

  • Başak Can,
  • Bora Karaoğlu,
  • Srikar Potta,
  • Franklin Zhang,
  • Artur Balanuta,
  • Muhammed Faruk Gencel,
  • Uttam Bhat,
  • Johnny Huang,
  • Pooja Patankar and
  • Vinay Sagar Krishnamurthy Vijaya Shankar
  • + 3 authors

30 November 2023

Multiple Gateways (GWs) provide network connectivity to Internet of Things (IoT) sensors in a Wide Area Network (WAN). The End Nodes (ENs) can connect to any GW by discovering and acquiring its periodic beacons. This provides GW diversity, improving...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
4,846 Views
15 Pages

Reliability Improvement of LoRa with ARQ and Relay Node

  • Rocksan Choi,
  • SeungGwan Lee and
  • Sungwon Lee

4 April 2020

In our modern world, many Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are being researched and developed. IoT devices are currently being used in many fields. IoT devices use Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, however, communication distance is short and battery consump...

  • Article
  • Open Access
57 Citations
9,791 Views
29 Pages

23 July 2019

In this paper the authors discuss the realization of a Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) network infrastructure to be employed for monitoring activities within the marine environment. In particular, transmission ranges as well as the assessment...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
895 Views
32 Pages

8 April 2025

This paper presents two innovative wireless network designs for the automation system of the Sof-Algeen water station in Zintan, addressing the challenge of connecting field instruments—such as pressure switches, solenoid valves, and differenti...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,279 Views
13 Pages

Measurement-Based Investigations of the NB-IoT Uplink Performance at Boundary Propagation Conditions

  • Kamil Staniec,
  • Michał Kucharzak,
  • Zbigniew Jóskiewicz and
  • Bartłomiej Chowański

18 November 2020

This paper presents experimental results of investigations on narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) uplink channel performance under extreme pathloss conditions, approaching the boundary maximum coupling loss (MCL) defined for cellular IoT systems....

  • Article
  • Open Access
66 Citations
11,708 Views
12 Pages

LoRa 2.4 GHz Communication Link and Range

  • Thomas Janssen,
  • Noori BniLam,
  • Michiel Aernouts,
  • Rafael Berkvens and
  • Maarten Weyn

5 August 2020

Recently, Semtech has released a Long Range (LoRa) chipset which operates at the globally available 2.4 GHz frequency band, on top of the existing sub-GHz, km-range offer, enabling hardware manufacturers to design region-independent chipsets. The SX1...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
5,138 Views
25 Pages

Mobility of LoRaWAN Gateways for Efficient Environmental Monitoring in Pristine Sites

  • Salma Sobhi,
  • Ahmed Elzanaty,
  • Mohamed Y. Selim,
  • Atef M. Ghuniem and
  • Mohamed F. Abdelkader

3 February 2023

Environmental monitoring of delicate ecosystems or pristine sites is critical to their preservation. The communication infrastructure for such monitoring should have as little impact on the natural ecosystem as possible. Because of their wide range c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,721 Views
16 Pages

Impact of Inter-Gateway Distance on LoRaWAN Performance

  • Bruno Citoni,
  • Shuja Ansari,
  • Qammer Hussain Abbasi,
  • Muhammad Ali Imran and
  • Sajjad Hussain

8 September 2021

The large-scale behaviour of LoRaWAN networks has been studied through mathematical analysis and discrete-time simulations to understand their limitations. However, current literature is not always coherent in its assumptions and network setups. This...

  • Article
  • Open Access
35 Citations
7,804 Views
18 Pages

Real-Time Extensive Livestock Monitoring Using LPWAN Smart Wearable and Infrastructure

  • Roberto Casas,
  • Arturo Hermosa,
  • Álvaro Marco,
  • Teresa Blanco and
  • Francisco Javier Zarazaga-Soria

29 January 2021

Extensive unsupervised livestock farming is a habitual technique in many places around the globe. Animal release can be done for months, in large areas and with different species packing and behaving very differently. Nevertheless, the farmer’s needs...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,440 Views
26 Pages

Prototype of an Emergency Response System Using IoT in a Fog Computing Environment

  • Iván Ortiz-Garcés,
  • Roberto O. Andrade,
  • Santiago Sanchez-Viteri and
  • William Villegas-Ch.

Currently, the internet of things (IoT) is a technology entering various areas of society, such as transportation, agriculture, homes, smart buildings, power grids, etc. The internet of things has a wide variety of devices connected to the network, w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
69 Citations
12,238 Views
24 Pages

Architecting and Deploying IoT Smart Applications: A Performance–Oriented Approach

  • Ivan Zyrianoff,
  • Alexandre Heideker,
  • Dener Silva,
  • João Kleinschmidt,
  • Juha-Pekka Soininen,
  • Tullio Salmon Cinotti and
  • Carlos Kamienski

21 December 2019

Layered internet of things (IoT) architectures have been proposed over the last years as they facilitate understanding the roles of different networking, hardware, and software components of smart applications. These are inherently distributed, spann...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,361 Views
20 Pages

ScienceIoT: Evolution of the Wireless Infrastructure of KREONET

  • Cheonyong Kim,
  • Joobum Kim,
  • Ki-Hyeon Kim,
  • Sang-Kwon Lee,
  • Kiwook Kim,
  • Syed Asif Raza Shah and
  • Young-Hoon Goo

30 August 2021

Here, we introduce the current stage and future directions of the wireless infrastructure of the Korea Research Environment Open NETwork (KREONET), a representative national research and education network in Korea. In 2018, ScienceLoRa, a pioneering...

  • Article
  • Open Access
257 Citations
18,964 Views
25 Pages

LoRa Scalability: A Simulation Model Based on Interference Measurements

  • Jetmir Haxhibeqiri,
  • Floris Van den Abeele,
  • Ingrid Moerman and
  • Jeroen Hoebeke

23 May 2017

LoRa is a long-range, low power, low bit rate and single-hop wireless communication technology. It is intended to be used in Internet of Things (IoT) applications involving battery-powered devices with low throughput requirements. A LoRaWAN network c...

  • Review
  • Open Access
99 Citations
17,145 Views
21 Pages

LoRaWAN Mesh Networks: A Review and Classification of Multihop Communication

  • Jeferson Rodrigues Cotrim and
  • João Henrique Kleinschmidt

31 July 2020

The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) led to the deployment of many applications that use wireless networks, like smart cities and smart agriculture. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) meet many requirements of IoT, such as energy efficiency,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,231 Views
15 Pages

12 October 2023

Coverage limitation due to signal attenuation is one of the main challenges facing single-hop LoRaWAN when deployed in IoT applications that require low power consumption and operate over a wide area network. The challenge can be figured out using th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,315 Views
16 Pages

Software-Defined Virtual Private Network for SD-WAN

  • Chunle Fu,
  • Bailing Wang,
  • Hongri Liu and
  • Wei Wang

Software-Defined Wide Area Networks (SD-WANs) are an emerging Software-Defined Network (SDN) technology to reinvent Wide Area Networks (WANs) for ubiquitous network interconnections in cloud computing, edge computing, and the Internet of Everything....

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
2,870 Views
18 Pages

Reducing Operational Expenses of LoRaWAN-Based Internet of Remote Things Applications

  • Mariano Finochietto,
  • Rodrigo Santos,
  • Sergio F. Ochoa and
  • Roc Meseguer

13 October 2022

LoRaWAN has become the most widely used low-power wide-area network technology to implement monitoring solutions based on the Internet of remote things (IoRT) paradigm. Typically, these solutions interconnect remote sensing areas and data processing...

  • Review
  • Open Access
178 Citations
12,826 Views
25 Pages

5 September 2020

Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a fast-growing communication system for Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) in the Internet of Things (IoTs) deployments. LoRaWAN is built to optimize LPWANs for battery lifetime, capacity, range, and cost....

  • Article
  • Open Access
252 Citations
18,719 Views
19 Pages

Performance Evaluation of LoRa Considering Scenario Conditions

  • Ramon Sanchez-Iborra,
  • Jesus Sanchez-Gomez,
  • Juan Ballesta-Viñas,
  • Maria-Dolores Cano and
  • Antonio F. Skarmeta

3 March 2018

New verticals within the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm such as smart cities, smart farming, or goods monitoring, among many others, are demanding strong requirements to the Radio Access Network (RAN) in terms of coverage, end-node’s power consump...

  • Article
  • Open Access
75 Citations
9,312 Views
18 Pages

Enhancing LoRaWAN Security through a Lightweight and Authenticated Key Management Approach

  • Ramon Sanchez-Iborra,
  • Jesús Sánchez-Gómez,
  • Salvador Pérez,
  • Pedro J. Fernández,
  • José Santa,
  • José L. Hernández-Ramos and
  • Antonio F. Skarmeta

5 June 2018

Luckily, new communication technologies and protocols are nowadays designed considering security issues. A clear example of this can be found in the Internet of Things (IoT) field, a quite recent area where communication technologies such as ZigBee o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
8,939 Views
15 Pages

22 September 2022

The automation of water leakage detection and monitoring systems has recently been made possible by the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the high cost is an obstacle when applying a network over a large area. The Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,930 Views
18 Pages

30 January 2022

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) play crucial roles in the implementation of low-power and low-cost wide area distributed systems. Currently, two enabling technologies are the main competitors within the connectivity field for the Internet of Th...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,372 Views
12 Pages

18 February 2022

Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is an open-source protocol for the standard Internet of Things (IoT) Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN). This work’s focal point is the LoRa Multi-Armed Bandit decentralized decision-making solution. The...

  • Review
  • Open Access
220 Citations
25,587 Views
32 Pages

A Survey on LoRaWAN Technology: Recent Trends, Opportunities, Simulation Tools and Future Directions

  • Mukarram A. M. Almuhaya,
  • Waheb A. Jabbar,
  • Noorazliza Sulaiman and
  • Suliman Abdulmalek

Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies play a pivotal role in IoT applications, owing to their capability to meet the key IoT requirements (e.g., long range, low cost, small data volumes, massive device number, and low energy consumption)....

  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,557 Views
11 Pages

The low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) paradigm is gradually gaining market acceptance. In particular, three prominent LPWAN technologies are emerging at the moment: LoRaWAN™ and SigFox™, which operate on unlicensed frequency bands, and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,366 Views
21 Pages

Enhancing Reliability in Rural Networks Using a Software-Defined Wide Area Network

  • Luca Borgianni,
  • Davide Adami,
  • Stefano Giordano and
  • Michele Pagano

Due to limited infrastructure and remote locations, rural areas often need help providing reliable and high-quality network connectivity. We propose an innovative approach that leverages Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN) architecture to enh...

  • Review
  • Open Access
27 Citations
5,253 Views
30 Pages

11 July 2024

The field of the Internet of Things (IoT) is dominating various areas of technology. As the number of devices has increased, there is a need for efficient communication with low resource consumption and energy efficiency. Low Power Wide Area Networks...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,616 Views
8 Pages

31 August 2021

Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is the one of the promising low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies at present and is expected to grow in the foreseeable future as a tool to provide connectivity among small things. In this paper, we p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
2,878 Views
14 Pages

Improving the Convergence Period of Adaptive Data Rate in a Long Range Wide Area Network for the Internet of Things Devices

  • Khola Anwar,
  • Taj Rahman,
  • Asim Zeb,
  • Yousaf Saeed,
  • Muhammad Adnan Khan,
  • Inayat Khan,
  • Shafiq Ahmad,
  • Abdelaty Edrees Abdelgawad and
  • Mali Abdollahian

7 September 2021

A Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the most efficient technologies and is widely adopted for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The IoT consists of massive End Devices (EDs) deployed over large geographical areas, forming a la...

  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
6,557 Views
19 Pages

A Comprehensive Analysis of LoRaWAN Key Security Models and Possible Attack Solutions

  • Koketso Ntshabele,
  • Bassey Isong,
  • Naison Gasela and
  • Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz

21 September 2022

Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is a wireless WAN technology that connects low-powered and low-bandwidth devices with low bit rates atop Long Ranges (LoRa). It is characterized by improved scalability, wide area coverage, and low power consumptio...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,277 Views
19 Pages

Collision Avoidance Adaptive Data Rate Algorithm for LoRaWAN

  • Rachel Kufakunesu,
  • Gerhard P. Hancke and
  • Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz

19 October 2024

Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) technology offers efficient connectivity for numerous end devices over a wide coverage area in the Internet of Things (IoT) network, enabling the exchange of data over the Internet between even the most minor In...

  • Article
  • Open Access
32 Citations
6,509 Views
35 Pages

Smart Control and Energy Efficiency in Irrigation Systems Using LoRaWAN

  • Francisco Sánchez-Sutil and
  • Antonio Cano-Ortega

24 October 2021

Irrigation installations in cities or agricultural operations use large amounts of water and electrical energy in their activity. Therefore, optimising these resources is essential nowadays. Wireless networks offer ideal support for such applications...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
8,220 Views
20 Pages

Exploring LoRaWAN Traffic: In-Depth Analysis of IoT Network Communications

  • Ales Povalac,
  • Jan Kral,
  • Holger Arthaber,
  • Ondrej Kolar and
  • Marek Novak

22 August 2023

In the past decade, Long-Range Wire-Area Network (LoRaWAN) has emerged as one of the most widely adopted Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) standards. Significant efforts have been devoted to optimizing the operation of this network. However, resear...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,087 Views
22 Pages

Combined Use of LoRaWAN Medium Access Control Protocols for IoT Applications

  • Luca Leonardi,
  • Lucia Lo Bello,
  • Gaetano Patti,
  • Alessio Pirri and
  • Mattia Pirri

11 February 2023

The low power wide area networks (LPWANs) based on the LoRaWAN standard are suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) applications that involve a large number of low-power devices distributed over large areas. The LoRaWAN standard imposes some limitation...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
7,313 Views
28 Pages

Analysis of LoRaWAN 1.0 and 1.1 Protocols Security Mechanisms

  • Slim Loukil,
  • Lamia Chaari Fourati,
  • Anand Nayyar and
  • K.-W.-A. Chee

13 May 2022

LoRaWAN is a low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology protocol introduced by the LoRa Alliance in 2015. It was designed for its namesake features: long range, low power, low data rate, and wide area networks. Over the years, several proposals o...

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