LoRaWAN Performance Analysis for a Water Monitoring and Leakage Detection System in a Housing Complex
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN)
LoRa/LoRaWAN
2.2. Related Work
3. Proposed Model
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR)
4.2. Energy Consumption
4.3. Average Throughput
4.4. Collisions
4.5. Traffic Distribution over Spreading Factor (SF)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Muteba, F.; Djouani, K.; Olwal, T. A comparative Survey Study on LPWA IoT Technologies: Design, considerations, challenges and solutions. Procedia Comput. Sci. 2019, 155, 636–641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mekki, K.; Bajic, E.; Chaxel, F.; Meyer, F. A comparative study of LPWAN technologies for large-scale IoT deployment. ICT Express 2019, 5, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gambiroza, J.C.; Mastelic, T.; Solic, P.; Cagalj, M. Capacity in LoRaWAN networks: Challenges and opportunities. In Proceedings of the 2019 4th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech), Split, Croatia, 18–21 June 2019; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2019; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Torroglosa-Garcia, E.M.; Calero, J.M.A.; Bernabe, J.B.; Skarmeta, A. Enabling roaming across heterogeneous IoT wireless networks: LoRaWAN MEETS 5G. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 103164–103180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vangelista, L.; Zanella, A.; Zorzi, M. Long-range IoT technologies: The dawn of LoRa™. In Future Access Enablers of Ubiquitous and Intelligent Infrastructures; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2015; pp. 51–58. [Google Scholar]
- Haxhibeqiri, J.; De Poorter, E.; Moerman, I.; Hoebeke, J. A survey of LoRaWAN for IoT: From technology to application. Sensors 2018, 18, 3995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khutsoane, O.; Isong, B.; Abu-Mahfouz, A.M. IoT devices and applications based on LoRa/LoRaWAN. In Proceedings of the IECON 2017-43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Beijing, China, 29 October–1 November 2017; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2017; pp. 6107–6112. [Google Scholar]
- Augustin, A.; Yi, J.; Clausen, T.; Townsley, W.M. A study of LoRa: Long range & low power networks for the IoT. Sensors 2016, 16, 1466. [Google Scholar]
- Aldahdouh, K.; Alouneh, S. Optimizing the energy consumption level in lorawan networks. In Proceedings of the 2020 21st International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT), Giza, Egypt, 28–30 November 2020; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2020; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, Q.; Zheng, K.; Hou, L.; Xing, J.; Xu, R. Design and implementation of open LoRa for IoT. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 100649–100657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lavric, A.; Popa, V. Internet of things and LoRa™ low-power wide-area networks: A survey. In Proceedings of the 2017 International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS), Iasi, Romania, 13–14 July 2017; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2017; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar]
- Noura, H.; Hatoum, T.; Salman, O.; Yaacoub, J.; Chehab, A. LoRaWAN security survey: Issues, threats and possible mitigation techniques. Internet Things 2020, 12, 100303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slabicki, M.; Premsankar, G.; Di Francesco, M. Adaptive configuration of LoRa networks for dense IoT deployments. In Proceedings of the NOMS 2018—2018 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, Taipei, Taiwan, 23–27 April 2018; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2018; pp. 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Liando, J.C.; Gamage, A.; Tengourtius, A.W.; Li, M. Known and unknown facts of LoRa: Experiences from a large-scale measurement study. Acm Trans. Sens. Netw. (TOSN) 2019, 15, 1–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosli, N.; Aziz, I.A.; Jaafar, N.S.M. Home Underground Pipeline Leakage Alert System Based on Water Pressure. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Conference on Wireless Sensors (ICWiSe), Langkawi, Malaysia, 21–22 November 2018; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2018; pp. 12–16. [Google Scholar]
- Wixted, A.J.; Kinnaird, P.; Larijani, H.; Tait, A.; Ahmadinia, A.; Strachan, N. Evaluation of LoRa and LoRaWAN for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE SENSORS, Orlando, FL, USA, 30 October–3 November 2016; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2016; pp. 1–3. [Google Scholar]
- Lim, J.; Lee, J.; Kim, D.; Kim, J. Performance analysis of LoRa (Long Range) according to the distances in indoor and outdoor spaces. J. KIISE 2017, 44, 733–741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsakmakis, A.; Valkanis, A.; Beletsioti, G.; Kantelis, K.; Nicopolitidis, P.; Papadimitriou, G. An Adaptive LoRaWAN MAC Protocol for Event Detection Applications. Sensors 2022, 22, 3538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saravanan, K.; Anusuya, E.; Kumar, R.; Son, L.H. Real-time water quality monitoring using Internet of Things in SCADA. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2018, 190, 556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olisa, S.C.; Asiegbu, C.N.; Olisa, J.E.; Ekengwu, B.O.; Shittu, A.A.; Eze, M.C. Smart two-tank water quality and level detection system via IoT. Heliyon 2021, 7, e07651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Júnior, A.C.D.S.; Munoz, R.; Quezada, M.D.L. Á; Neto, A.V.L.; Hassan, M.M.; De Albuquerque, V.H.C. Internet of water things: A remote raw water monitoring and control system. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 35790–35800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pointl, M.; Fuchs-Hanusch, D. Assessing the potential of LPWAN communication technologies for near real-time leak detection in water distribution systems. Sensors 2021, 21, 293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olatinwo, S.O.; Joubert, T. Enabling communication networks for water quality monitoring applications: A survey. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 100332–100362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babazadeh, M. Edge analytics for anomaly detection in water networks by an Arduino101-LoRa based WSN. ISA Trans. 2019, 92, 273–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khutsoane, O.; Isong, B.; Gasela, N.; Abu-Mahfouz, A.M. Watergrid-sense: A lora-based sensor node for industrial iot applications. IEEE Sensors J. 2019, 20, 2722–2729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slany, V.; Lucansky, A.; Koudelka, P.; Marecek, J.; Krcalova, E.; Martinek, R. An integrated iot architecture for smart metering using next generation sensor for water management based on lorawan technology: A pilot study. Sensors 2020, 20, 4712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Liu, Y.; Lei, Z.; Wu, K.; Zhao, X.; Feng, C.; Liu, H.; Shuai, X.; Tang, Z.; Wu, L. Smart water lora IoT system. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Communication Engineering and Technology, Tianjin, China, 19–21 September 2018; pp. 48–51. [Google Scholar]
- Ye, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zhu, L.; Wang, J.; Rao, D. A lora-based low-power smart water metering system. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics and Computer Engineering (ICCECE), Guangzhou, China, 15–17 January 2021; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2021; pp. 301–305. [Google Scholar]
- Suryaa, K.S.; Vigneshwaran, S.; Sujatha, R. LoRaWAN Based Secured Water Leak Monitoring System. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 4th Conference on Information & Communication Technology (CICT), Chennai, India, 3–5 December 2020; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2020; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Sammaneh, H.; Al-Jabi, M. IoT-enabled adaptive smart water distribution management system. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Promising Electronic Technologies (ICPET), Gaza City, Palestine, 23–24 October 2019; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2019; pp. 40–44. [Google Scholar]
- Lalle, Y.; Fourati, L.C.; Fourati, M.; Barraca, J.P. LoRaWAN network capacity analysis for smart water grid. In Proceedings of the 2020 12th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), Porto, Portugal, 20–22 July 2020; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2020; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Bagariang, Y.; Nashiruddin, M.I.; Adriansyah, N.M. LoRa-based IoT Network Planning for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Urban, Suburban and Rural Scenario. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 5–6 December 2019; pp. 188–193. [Google Scholar]
- Alset, U.; Kulkarni, A.; Mehta, H. Performance Analysis of Various LoRaWAN Frequencies For Optimal Data Transmission Of Water Quality Parameter Measurement. In Proceedings of the 2020 11th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Kharagpur, India, 1–3 July 2020; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2020; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Wehrle, K.; Günes, M.; Gross, J. Modeling and Tools for Network Simulation; Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Al Mojamed, M. Smart Mina: LoRaWAN Technology for Smart Fire Detection Application for Hajj Pilgrimage. Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng. 2022, 40, 259–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, R.; Zhao, L.; Wang, P. Performance evaluations of LoRa wireless communication in building environments. Sensors 2020, 20, 3828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, Z.; Henna, S.; Akhunzada, A.; Raza, M.; Kim, S.W. Performance evaluation of LoRaWAN for green Internet of Things. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 164102–164112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Markkula, J.; Mikhaylov, K.; Haapola, J. Simulating LoRaWAN: On importance of inter spreading factor interference and collision effect. In Proceedings of the ICC 2019—2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Shanghai, China, 20–24 May 2019; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2019; pp. 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Pukrongta, N.; Kumkhet, B. The relation of LoRaWAN efficiency with energy consumption of sensor node. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Power, Energy and Innovations (ICPEI), Pattaya, Thailand, 16–18 October 2019; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2019; pp. 90–93. [Google Scholar]
- Hattarge, S.; Kekre, A.; Kothari, A. LoRaWAN based GPS tracking of city-buses for smart public transport system. In Proceedings of the 2018 First International Conference on Secure Cyber Computing and Communication (ICSCCC), Jalandhar, India, 15–17 December 2018; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2018; pp. 265–269. [Google Scholar]
Ref. | Objective | Area Size | Number of Gateways | Number of Nodes | Frequency | Spreading Factor | Location | Simulator |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[31] | To determine the number of smart water meters with a single LoRaWAN gateway | 177 km | 1 | 100 | 868 MHz | 7–12 | Tunisia | NS3 |
[32] | To measure LoRaWAN scalability to be used in water-metering grid infrastructure | 114.66 km rural, 55.66 km suburban, 256 km urban | 2, 4, 14 | - | 920–923 MHz | 7–12 | Three cities, Indonesia | Forsk Atoll |
[33] | To evaluate the usability of LoRaWAN parameters in a water quality monitoring system | 15 km | 1 | - | 433 MHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz | 7–12 | Pune, India | MATLAB (Simulink) |
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Simulation time | 7d |
Spreading factor | 7–12 |
Packet size | 32 bytes, 51 bytes |
Frequency | 868 MHz |
Bandwidth | 125 KHz |
Coding rate | 4/8 |
Transmission power | 14 dBm |
Simulation area | 1, 4, 9, 16, and 25 km² |
Number of nodes | 72, 288, 648, 1152, 1800 |
Interval | 300 s, 1800 s |
Repetition | 10 times |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Alghamdi, A.M.; Khairullah, E.F.; Al mojamed, M.M. LoRaWAN Performance Analysis for a Water Monitoring and Leakage Detection System in a Housing Complex. Sensors 2022, 22, 7188. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197188
Alghamdi AM, Khairullah EF, Al mojamed MM. LoRaWAN Performance Analysis for a Water Monitoring and Leakage Detection System in a Housing Complex. Sensors. 2022; 22(19):7188. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197188
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlghamdi, Atheer M., Enas F. Khairullah, and Mohammad M. Al mojamed. 2022. "LoRaWAN Performance Analysis for a Water Monitoring and Leakage Detection System in a Housing Complex" Sensors 22, no. 19: 7188. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197188
APA StyleAlghamdi, A. M., Khairullah, E. F., & Al mojamed, M. M. (2022). LoRaWAN Performance Analysis for a Water Monitoring and Leakage Detection System in a Housing Complex. Sensors, 22(19), 7188. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197188