The influence of salinity on the characteristics of individual bubbles (2–4 mm in diameter) in fresh and saline water (up to 40 practical salinity units) was investigated. Bubbles were produced by forcing air through capillary tubes. Aqueous solution...
Sea surface salinity (SSS) can change as a result of surface freshwater forcing (FWF) or internal ocean processes such as upwelling or advection. SSS should follow FWF by ¼ cycle, or 3 months, if FWF is the primary process controlling it at th...
Passive microwave remote sensing of sea surface salinity from space is done with measurements in the 27 MHz wide spectral window at 1.413 GHz (L-band) which is protected for passive use only. The frequency, 1.413 GHz, is near the peak in sensitivity...
Exploring the relationship between evaporation (
Recent studies have shown significant sea surface salinity (SSS) changes at scales ranging from regional to global. In this study, we estimate global salinity means and trends using historical (1950–2014) SSS data from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre...
Aquarius was the first NASA satellite to observe the sea surface salinity (SSS) over the global ocean. The mission successfully collected data from 25 August 2011 to 7 June 2015. The Aquarius project released its final version (Version-5) of the SSS...
Characterizing temperature and salinity (T-S) conditions is a standard framework in oceanography to identify and describe deep water masses and their dynamics. At the surface, this practice is hindered by multiple air–sea–land processes i...
The coastal ocean off western Patagonia is one of the main coastal regions with high freshwater inputs from rivers, rain, and glaciers in the Southern Hemisphere. This study conducts an analysis of the seasonal and interannual variations in sea surfa...
The Pilot-Mission Exploitation Platform (Pi-MEP) for salinity is an ESA initiative originally meant to support and widen the uptake of Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission data over the ocean. Starting in 2017, the project aims at setting...
Salinity in the Bering Sea is vital for the physical environment that is tied to the productive ecosystem and the properties of Pacific waters transported to the Arctic Ocean. Its salinity variability reflects many fundamental processes, including se...
This Special Issue gathers papers reporting research on various aspects of remote sensing of sea surface salinity (SSS) and the use of satellites SSS in oceanography. It includes contributions presenting improvements in empirical or theoretical radia...
In this study, the combined effect of temperature (T) and pore water salinity on electrical surface conduction parameters was investigated. Two new electrical surface conduction parameters, namely, electrical conductivity of effective solid (σs...
We used NASA’s high-resolution (1/48° or 2.3 km, hourly) Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) estimates of salinity at a 1 m depth from November 2011 to October 2012 to detect semi-diurnal and diurnal internal tides (I...
Multi-year records of satellite remote sensing of sea surface salinity (SSS) provide an opportunity to investigate the climatological characteristics of the SSS response to tropical cyclones (TCs). In this study, the influence of TC winds, rainfall a...
Based on satellite surface salinity (SSS) observations from the SMOS, Aquarius and SMAP missions, we investigate the interannual SSS variability during the period from 2010 to 2020 in the Gulf of Guinea, impacted by the Congo River run-off. Combined...
Marine regions are undergoing rapid evolution, primarily driven by natural and anthropogenic activities. Safeguarding these ecosystems necessitates the ability to observe their physical features and control processes with precision in both space and...
Satellite validation is the process of comparing satellite measurements with in-situ measurements to ensure their accuracy. Satellite and in-situ sea surface salinity (SSS) measurements are different due to instrumental errors (IE), retrieval errors...
Satellite remote sensing of sea surface salinity (SSS) in the recent decade (2010–2019) has proven the capability of L-band (1.4 GHz) measurements to resolve SSS spatiotemporal variability in the tropical and subtropical oceans. However, the fi...
The Water Cycle Observation Mission (WCOM) is an Earth science mission focused on the observation of the water cycle global climate change intensity through three different payloads. WCOM’s main payload is an interferometric microwave imager (I...
Subfootprint variability (SFV), or representativeness error, is variability within the footprint of a satellite that can impact validation by comparison of in situ and remote sensing data. This study seeks to determine the size of the sea surface sal...
Since 2009, three low frequency microwave sensors have been launched into space with the capability of global monitoring of sea surface salinity (SSS). The European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthe...
Validation of satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) products is typically based on comparisons with in-situ measurements at a few meters’ depth, which are mostly done at a single location and time. The difference in term of spatio-temporal resol...
Salinity is one of the oldest parameters being measured in oceanography and one of the most important to study in the context of climate change. However, its quantification by satellite remote sensing has been a relatively recent achievement. Current...
In this study, we explore the interannual variability of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) in the Dotson–Getz Trough located in West Antarctica, focusing on the month of February. Utilizing the oceanic analysis product EN4, we first validate the EN4 S...
Sea surface salinity (SSS) satellite measurements are validated using in situ observations usually made by surfacing Argo floats. Validation statistics are computed using matched values of SSS from satellites and floats. This study explores how the m...
Sea surface salinity (SSS) is one of the Essential Climate Variables (ECVs), defined by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Salinity is modified by river discharge, land run-off, precipitation, and evaporation, and it is advected by oceanic c...
The variability in sea surface salinity (SSS) on different time scales plays an important role in associated oceanic or climate processes. In this study, we compare the SSS on sub-annual, annual, and interannual time scales among ten datasets, includ...
Salinity is a critical parameter in the Arctic Ocean, having potential implications for climate and weather. This study presents the first systematic analysis of 6 commonly used sea surface salinity (SSS) products from the National Aeronautics and Sp...
Sea surface salinity (SSS) variability at mesoscales has become an important research topic in recent decades, thanks to satellite missions enabling observations of SSS with global capacity and mesoscale resolution. Here, we analyze the near-global d...
The Vendée Globe is the world’s most famous solo, non-stop, unassisted sailing race. The Institute of Marine Sciences and the Barcelona Ocean Sailing Foundation installed a MicroCAT on the One Ocean One Planet boat. The skipper, Dí...
This paper uses the Argo sea surface salinity (SSSArgo) before and after the passage of 25 tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Bay of Bengal from 2015 to 2019 to evaluate the sea surface salinity (SSS) of the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) remote sen...
Satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) products suffer from coarse spatiotemporal resolution, limiting their utility for mesoscale ocean monitoring. To address this, we proposed the Transformer-based satellite SSS super-resolution (SR) model (TSR) coup...
In this study, we investigate the connection between planetary equatorial waves, modulated by the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the interannual variabilities of the salinity distribution in the Bay of B...
Traditional ways of validating satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) products by comparing with buoy measurements, do not allow for evaluating the impact of mesoscale-to-submesoscale variability. We present th...
The Chukchi Sea is an open estuary in the southwestern Arctic. Its near-surface salinities are higher than those of the surrounding open Arctic waters due to the key inflow of saltier and warmer Pacific waters through the Bering Strait. This salinity...
The aim of this work is to obtain high-resolution values of sea surface salinity (SSS) and temperature (SST) in the global ocean by using raw satellite data (i.e., without any band data pre-processing or atmospheric correction). Sentinel-2 Level 1-C...
A new methodology using a combination of debiased non-Bayesian retrieval, DINEOF (Data Interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions) and multifractal fusion has been used to obtain Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) fi...
Large rivers are key components of the land-ocean branch of the global water and biogeochemical cycles. River discharges can have important influences on physical, biological, optical, and chemical processes in coastal oceans. It is, therefore, of im...
Sea surface salinity (SSS) is one of the Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) as defined by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Acquiring high-quality SSS datasets with high spatial-temporal resolution is crucial for research on the hydrologica...
Hudson Bay (HB) is the largest semi-inland sea in the Northern Hemisphere, connecting with the Arctic Ocean through the Foxe Basin and the northern Atlantic Ocean through the Hudson Strait. HB is covered by ice and snow in winter, which completely me...
A new method for improving the accuracy of gridded sea surface salinity (SSS) fields is proposed in this paper. The method mainly focuses on dual quality–distance weighting of the Aquarius level 2 along-track SSS data according to quality flags...
Changes in sea surface salinity (SSS) caused by the discharge of freshwater plumes from rivers affect the marine environment in estuaries; therefore, monitoring SSS is essential for understanding the changes in physical phenomena within coastal ecosy...
We present a study on the potential of the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) mission for the global monitoring of Sea-Surface Salinity (SSS) using Level-4 (gap-free) analysis processing. Space-based SSS are currently provided by the Soil...
Validating Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) data has become a key component of the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission. In this study, the gridded SMOS SSS products are compared with in situ SSS data from analyzed products, a ship-based t...
Sea surface salinity (SSS) is a crucial indicator that is used to monitor the hydrological cycle in the ocean system. In this study, we evaluated the simulation skill of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models in reproducing...
Subfootprint variability (SFV) is variability at a spatial scale smaller than the footprint of a satellite, and it cannot be resolved by satellite observations. It is important to quantify and understand, as it contributes to the error budget for sat...
Subfootprint variability (SFV), variability within the footprint of a satellite measurement, is a source of error associated with the validation process, especially for a satellite measurement with a large footprint such as those measuring sea surfac...
The prediction of oceanic features is always an important issue in oceanography, where deep learning has been proven to be a useful tool. In this study, we applied the improved U-net model to predict the monthly sea surface salinity (SSS) over the we...
Knowledge about the spatiotemporal distribution of sea surface salinity (SSS) provides valuable and important information for understanding various marine biogeochemical processes and ecosystems, especially for those coastal waters significantly affe...
The Algerian Basin is a key area for the general circulation in the western Mediterranean Sea. The basin has an intense inflow/outflow regime with complex circulation patterns, involving both fresh Atlantic water and more saline Mediterranean water....
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