Effects of Salinity on Surface Lifetime of Large Individual Bubbles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Conditions
2.2. Data Collection and Processing
3. Results
3.1. Bubble Surface Lifetime
3.2. Bubble Size
3.3. Bubble Rise Velocity
4. Discussion
4.1. Salinity Action during Experiments
4.2. Salinity Role for Bubble Stabilization
4.3. Salinity Effect on Large Bubble Sizes
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Wide variations of the bubble surface lifetime t are measured with a range of 0.4–35 s. Changing water surface conditions after bubble bursting are most likely causing such wide variations; this effect is more pronounced in cleaner solutions (Figure 1c,d).
- (2)
- Even weakly contaminated solutions can stabilize bubbles at low S (Figure 1c). The anti-foaming action of S decreases bubble surface lifetime when surface tension approaches negative film pressure in a weakly contaminated water (Figure 1a,c). At a given level of contamination, bubbles are short-lived (less stable) at S > 30 psu (Figure 1c,d).
- (3)
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Formation of Individual Bubbles
Appendix B. Surface Tension Variations
Appendix C. Stabilization of Air–Water Interfaces by Surface Films
- (1)
- An increase of γ above that of pure water γ0 (solid and dotted lines), typical for inorganic electrolytes (e.g., salts);
- (2)
- A decrease of γ progressively (dash-dot line), typical of simple, un-ionized organic compounds (e.g., alcohols); and
- (3)
- A decrease of γ until a saturation level is reached (dashed line), typical of surface-active materials (surfactants).
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Parameter | Values by Capillary Size | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary inner diameter, 2R (mm) | 0.5 | 1 | 1.15 | 1.5 |
Predicted bubble diameter *, dpred (mm) | 2.81 | 3.54 | 3.7 | 4.04 |
Measured bubble diameter **, d ± σd (mm) | 2.54 ± 0.3 | 3.01 ± 0.4 | 3.63 ± 0.5 | 4.17 ± 0.43 |
Mean rise velocity Vr ± σV (cm s−1) | 29.2 ± 1.4 | 26.1 ± 1.8 | 25.5 ± 1.7 | 28.1 ± 1.6 |
Flow rate, F (cm3 min−1) | 0.232 | 0.464 | 0.53 | 0.694 |
Water type | Distilled | Distilled | Distilled | Filtered |
Distilled Water Data Plotted in Figure 1a | Filtered Tap Water Data Plotted in Figure 1b | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S psu | T °C | γ0 mN m−1 | γ mN m−1 | σγ mN m−1 | ∆γ mN m−1 | S psu | T °C | γ0 mN m−1 | γ mN m−1 | σγ mN m−1 | ∆γ mN m−1 |
2 | 19.7 | 72.85 | 60.87 | 4.08 | 11.98 | 2 | 17.4 | 73.18 | 66.92 | 2.03 | 6.26 |
6 | 19.9 | 72.91 | 66.15 | 4.75 | 6.76 | 6 | 18.2 | 73.15 | 67.13 | 2.14 | 6.02 |
10 | 20.1 | 72.97 | 71.14 | 2.59 | 1.83 | 12 | 17.9 | 73.33 | 65.66 | 4.17 | 7.67 |
14 | 20.3 | 73.03 | 70.47 | 4.14 | 2.56 | 17 | 18.1 | 73.41 | 62.82 | 6.41 | 10.59 |
19 | 20.3 | 73.14 | 74.79 | 0.40 | −1.65 | 21 | 18.1 | 73.50 | 62.21 | 4.46 | 11.29 |
24 | 20.5 | 73.22 | 72.98 | 3.49 | 0.24 | 26 | 18.2 | 73.59 | 63.49 | 3.86 | 10.10 |
29 | 20.2 | 73.37 | 73.69 | 2.20 | −0.32 | 30 | 18.5 | 73.64 | 61.28 | 4.01 | 12.36 |
34 | 20.1 | 73.50 | 71.74 | 5.00 | 1.76 | 34 | 18.7 | 73.70 | 58.21 | 5.42 | 15.49 |
37 | 20.5 | 73.51 | 72.49 | 4.27 | 1.02 | 39 | 18.7 | 73.81 | 54.28 | 5.36 | 19.53 |
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Anguelova, M.D.; Huq, P. Effects of Salinity on Surface Lifetime of Large Individual Bubbles. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2017, 5, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse5030041
Anguelova MD, Huq P. Effects of Salinity on Surface Lifetime of Large Individual Bubbles. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2017; 5(3):41. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse5030041
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnguelova, Magdalena D., and Pablo Huq. 2017. "Effects of Salinity on Surface Lifetime of Large Individual Bubbles" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 5, no. 3: 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse5030041