Safety

36 pages, 884 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Real-Time Cognitive State Monitoring via Physiological Signals in Commercial Aviation: A Systematic Literature Review with Reasoned Snowballing Expansion

by Giacomo Belloni and Petru Lucian Curșeu

Safety 2026, 12(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12020056 - 20 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1997

Abstract

Aviation safety depends critically on pilots’ mental and cognitive states, particularly in high-stakes and complex operational environments where human errors cause most safety events today. This paper reviews current advances in real-time monitoring of commercial pilots’ cognitive states through physiological and neurophysiological signals [...] Read more.

Aviation safety depends critically on pilots’ mental and cognitive states, particularly in high-stakes and complex operational environments where human errors cause most safety events today. This paper reviews current advances in real-time monitoring of commercial pilots’ cognitive states through physiological and neurophysiological signals and identifies methods applicable to enhance aviation safety and efficiency. In an increasingly complex and congested system, it is essential to investigate the relationships between pilots’ mental workload, stress, startle effect, and physiological parameters to highlight cognitive overload or deficiencies in real time. This systematic literature review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, using Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed, and identified 26 eligible studies. A targeted backward citation search screened 17 additional records, and two studies were added to the initial set. Twenty-eight records were therefore included and the review highlights a range of biometric indicators of pilots’ mental states with varying degrees of validity and operational applicability. Collectively, these studies offer a clear overview of state-of-the-art approaches, while also evidencing constraints related to intrusiveness and real-world feasibility. Physiological monitoring holds strong promise for enhancing pilot performance and safety by detecting early signs of overload and stress. However, its integration into operational aviation remains limited. Future research should prioritise longitudinal, in situ evaluations, multimodal data fusion, and pilot-centred design to ensure practical applicability, non-intrusiveness, and regulatory compliance, ultimately bridging the gap between academic research and cockpit reality. Full article

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20 pages, 2631 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Reducing the Occurrence of Risk in the Urban Transport of Dangerous Goods to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals

by Francesco Russo and Corrado Rindone

Safety 2026, 12(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12020043 - 17 Mar 2026

Viewed by 883

Abstract

The transport of dangerous goods (TDG) produces serious risks, particularly in urban areas, due to the high presence of people and sensitive infrastructures from a social, environmental and economic point of view. Transport Risk Assessment combines occurrence, vulnerability and exposure to support urban [...] Read more.

The transport of dangerous goods (TDG) produces serious risks, particularly in urban areas, due to the high presence of people and sensitive infrastructures from a social, environmental and economic point of view. Transport Risk Assessment combines occurrence, vulnerability and exposure to support urban transport planning aimed at achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The objective of this paper is to propose a simplified risk calculation method, referring to a single link of the urban transport network, with reference to the occurrence component of the risk. The proposed formulation considers the sequence of factors that determine the overall dangerous event. The specification of the occurrence factors and a quantitative definition of the different parameters for a widespread type of transport of dangerous goods in urban areas is proposed. The results obtained are interesting because (1) the method, with quantitative parameters, can be applied to any urban area, and (2) some of the factors can also be used by replacing and introducing, where known, specific factors and relative parameters calibrated for the area for which it is planned to be implemented. The results indicate the feasibility of the proposed method without significant chemical–physical or electromechanical insights. This work is of potential interest for urban transport planners and public and private decision makers. Full article

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10 pages, 765 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of Lead Indicators to Reduce Injury in Australian Agriculture: Protocol for a Modified Delphi Study

by Lisa Jane Harrison, Kerri-Lynn Peachey, Carlos Mesa-Castrillon, David Lyle, Richard Franklin and Tony Lower

Safety 2026, 12(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12020042 - 11 Mar 2026

Viewed by 789

Abstract

Agriculture remains one of the most hazardous industries in Australia, with consistently high rates of workplace injury and fatality. Traditional approaches to monitoring safety performance in agriculture have largely relied on reactive lag indicators, metrics that capture incidents after they occur, such as [...] Read more.

Agriculture remains one of the most hazardous industries in Australia, with consistently high rates of workplace injury and fatality. Traditional approaches to monitoring safety performance in agriculture have largely relied on reactive lag indicators, metrics that capture incidents after they occur, such as injury rates, compensation claims, or fatalities. While useful for identifying trends and measuring past performance, there is a need for proactive lead indicators, and these are preventive measures that identify risk and promote safer practices before injuries occur. With limited research available on leading indicators specific to the agricultural industry, the modified Delphi method has been identified and designed for this study. A panel of experts will be engaged with the aim to achieve consensus on a set of valid lead indicators for Australian agriculture. This study will include four rounds of Delphi questionnaires with the addition of a face-to-face consensus conference to be included in round four. The data gathered in this study to identify Work Health and Safety (WHS) leading indicators has potential to improve farmers’ safety, wellbeing, and personal health, as well as reducing injuries and fatalities across the Australian agricultural industry. Full article

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16 pages, 287 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Safety Implications of Cannabis Use: Rates, Characteristics, and Circumstances of Cannabis-Related Deaths in New Zealand, 2012–2016

by Rebbecca Lilley, Bronwen McNoe and Gabrielle Davie

Safety 2026, 12(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12020032 - 1 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1508

Abstract

Cannabis is the most-used psychoactive drug in Aotearoa—New Zealand (NZ); recreational use remains illegal, while medicinal use was legalized in 2020. Cannabis use is associated with increased risk of injury; however, there is little known on the causes and circumstances of cannabis-related fatal [...] Read more.

Cannabis is the most-used psychoactive drug in Aotearoa—New Zealand (NZ); recreational use remains illegal, while medicinal use was legalized in 2020. Cannabis use is associated with increased risk of injury; however, there is little known on the causes and circumstances of cannabis-related fatal injuries. This retrospective population study utilized coronial case files to describe the contribution and circumstances of cannabis-related fatal injuries in NZ. Between 2012 and 2016, cannabis was reported in 273 of 3599 unintentional/assault injury deaths (1.32 deaths per 100,000 person-years, 95% CI 1.17, 1.49). High-risk groups included males aged 15–44 years, Indigenous Māori, and those in deprived areas, for whom higher rates of post mortem testing were conducted. Cannabis-related fatalities mainly resulted from road crashes and multi-drug poisonings with concomitant alcohol use common, especially in traffic crashes on public roads (49% of concomitant use). Cannabis use was mainly observed in the decedent (n = 256, 94%). One in five deaths involved a worker, either as a user or as a bystander to another’s use. Coronial files identified important opportunities for safety countermeasures targeting cannabis use among drivers and its concomitant use with alcohol. Improved coverage of post mortem testing could address data limitations, including biased testing patterns and missing medical use. Full article

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19 pages, 1013 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Towards a Worker-Centered Framework for Categorizing Procedural Adaptations

by Atif Mohammed Ashraf, S. Camille Peres and Farzan Sasangohar

Safety 2026, 12(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010028 - 11 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1283

Abstract

Safety science has developed extensive taxonomies for categorizing human performance failures but lacks equivalent vocabulary for describing successful work performance, leaving practitioners without adequate language to discuss adaptive practices that enable successful work under varying conditions. This study developed a worker-centered framework for [...] Read more.

Safety science has developed extensive taxonomies for categorizing human performance failures but lacks equivalent vocabulary for describing successful work performance, leaving practitioners without adequate language to discuss adaptive practices that enable successful work under varying conditions. This study developed a worker-centered framework for categorizing procedural adaptations through empirical research at a petrochemical facility. The research employed three-phase convergent validation: Phase 1 captured behavioral data through video observation of 1422 procedural steps; Phase 2 documented differences between Work-As-Imagined and Work-As-Done using the Skip-Order-Action Framework with subject matter expert interpretation; Phase 3 evaluated emerging patterns through worker interviews. Analysis revealed that 32.9% of procedural steps showed adaptations, yet all tasks were completed successfully. Three distinct categories emerged from convergent evidence: routine adaptations represent normalized workplace practices; efficiency adaptations optimize workflow while maintaining safety standards; and safety adaptations exceed prescribed requirements through additional verification. The resulting Routine-Efficiency-Safety (RES) framework provides practical vocabulary for Safety-II implementation, enabling organizations to distinguish between different types of procedural adaptations and their functions, moving beyond binary compliance assessments toward learning-focused conversations about successful work practices. Full article

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22 pages, 296 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

How Platform Affordances Shape Risks of Harassment in Platform-Mediated Work

by Mette Lykke Nielsen, Louise Yung Nielsen and Johnny Dyreborg

Safety 2026, 12(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010027 - 9 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1431

Abstract

Platform-mediated work (PMW) represents a highly unregulated and individualized segment of the labor market, with significant implications for psychosocial work environment and limited occupational health and safety (OHS) management efforts. The use of algorithmic management (AM) by digital platforms extensively directs and disciplines [...] Read more.

Platform-mediated work (PMW) represents a highly unregulated and individualized segment of the labor market, with significant implications for psychosocial work environment and limited occupational health and safety (OHS) management efforts. The use of algorithmic management (AM) by digital platforms extensively directs and disciplines remote workers in PMW, and may exacerbate risks. This study employs the affordance concept initially introduced into safety science by Vicente and Rasmussen in 1992 and later applied in social media studies. Adopting a platform-sensitive approach, this study examines how digital mediation facilitates encounters between platform workers and customers across three types of PMW, and in turn affects harassment among platform workers. The analysis draws on 22 qualitative interviews with young platform workers supplemented by three workshops involving 13 stakeholder participants, informed by the Canadian Knowledge Transfer–Exchange approach. The findings identify three high-level affordances that significantly shape risks of harassment: (1) platforms’ ability to transcend physical space; (2) a digital blurring of private–professional boundaries; and (3) the amplification of asymmetric power relations among platform workers’ customers and platforms, relations that are gendered, classed, and racialized. The type and severity of harassment differ across the three types of platforms explored. Full article

17 pages, 948 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Yoga-Related Injuries in Emergency Care: A Single-Center Analysis of 67 Cases

by Jolanta Klukowska-Rötzler, Céline D. Fäh and Mairi Ziaka

Safety 2026, 12(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010025 - 7 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1418

Abstract

Background: Yoga has gained popularity worldwide and is generally considered a safe physical activity. However, injuries associated with yoga practice are increasingly reported, while data on cases requiring emergency care remain limited. Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted, analyzing cases of yoga-related [...] Read more.

Background: Yoga has gained popularity worldwide and is generally considered a safe physical activity. However, injuries associated with yoga practice are increasingly reported, while data on cases requiring emergency care remain limited. Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted, analyzing cases of yoga-related injuries treated at a Swiss emergency department between 2013 and 2023. Medical records of 67 adult patients (aged ≥16 years) were reviewed for demographics, injury characteristics, management, and clinical outcomes. The study population consisted predominantly of females (76.1%), with a median age of 35 years. Results: Most injuries were musculoskeletal in nature and predominantly affected a single body region (95.5%). The most frequently involved areas were the head (29.9%), lower extremities (25.4%), and spine (19.4%). Soft tissue injuries, particularly muscle and tendon strains as well as contusions, were most common. Injury patterns differed across subgroups: older patients were more likely to sustain head injuries, whereas younger individuals more frequently presented with extremity injuries, including the rare cases of fractures and dislocations. Conservative treatment was sufficient in 94% of cases, although 20.9% of patients required hospitalization. Conclusion: Yoga-related injuries presenting to emergency care are generally minor and mainly involve soft tissues; however, injury patterns vary across demographic subgroups. Older adults appear more susceptible to balance-related and head injuries, while younger practitioners are more prone to acute extremity trauma. Recognizing these population-specific differences may support targeted prevention strategies and safer yoga practice. Full article

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15 pages, 3132 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ergonomic Benefits of Prismatic Deflection Loupes in Ophthalmic Surgery: A Biomechanical and Psychometric Evaluation

by Jenny N. Wang, Brian Ngo, Michael Madsen, Josephine Lu, Christine E. King, Benjamin K. Young, Kourosh Shahraki and Donny W. Suh

Safety 2026, 12(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010024 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1322

Abstract

Prismatic deflection loupes (PDLs) may offer ergonomic benefits over traditional through-the-lens (TTL) loupes and no loupe during ophthalmic microsurgery. Ten medical students performed microsuturing tasks under three conditions: PDL, TTL, and no loupes. Surface electromyography (EMG) captured bilateral upper trapezius activity, and a [...] Read more.

Prismatic deflection loupes (PDLs) may offer ergonomic benefits over traditional through-the-lens (TTL) loupes and no loupe during ophthalmic microsurgery. Ten medical students performed microsuturing tasks under three conditions: PDL, TTL, and no loupes. Surface electromyography (EMG) captured bilateral upper trapezius activity, and a post-task 10-point Likert survey assessed comfort and related perceptions. Side-profile photos provided craniovertebral angles, which fed a trigometric model to estimate cervical spine loading (lbf) per condition. Relative to TTL, PDLs reduced upper trapezius activation by 17.2% (p = 0.009); relative to no loupe, PDL reductions were significant (p = 0.004). The TTL and no-loupe conditions did not differ significantly (p = 0.42). Comfort was highest for PDLs (7.8/10 on average); perceived strain was lowest with PDLs. CV angle and estimated cervical load were strongly inversely correlated (R² = 0.94, p < 0.001). PDLs appear to reduce neck/shoulder muscle activity and cervical loading while enhancing comfort, supporting ergonomic value in ophthalmic surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ergonomics and Safety)

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17 pages, 10950 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Simulation Framework for Synthetic Data Generation and Safety Assessment at Intersections

by Giovanni Andrea Dimauro, Salvatore Cafiso, Alessandro Di Graziano, Francesco Zito and Giuseppina Pappalardo

Safety 2026, 12(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010022 - 5 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1133

Abstract

This study proposes a modelling framework for simulating cyclist–vehicle interactions at urban intersections characterised by geometric constraints and variable visibility conditions. A Digital Model (DM) of the intersection geometry was developed in SUMO, complemented by a custom behavioural model calibrated using experimental trajectory [...] Read more.

This study proposes a modelling framework for simulating cyclist–vehicle interactions at urban intersections characterised by geometric constraints and variable visibility conditions. A Digital Model (DM) of the intersection geometry was developed in SUMO, complemented by a custom behavioural model calibrated using experimental trajectory data to capture cyclists’ and drivers’ perception–reaction and braking behaviour. These two components were combined to simulate scenarios with varying visibility conditions and perception-triggered braking responses in severe conflict situations. Results show that reduced visibility significantly reduces temporal safety margins, with over 50% of all simulated interactions yielding differential time-to-arrival (TTA₂) values below 2 s. Furthermore, obstructed conditions lead to higher- and more-dispersed relative crossing speeds (DV), typically increasing by 0.5–1.0 m/s compared to unobstructed conditions. Simulation data confirmed that clear visibility promotes anticipatory and adaptive user behaviour, whereas limited sightlines reduce braking availability and increase the likelihood and severity of conflicts, with distributions conditioned by the intersection’s geometry. The ability to generate detailed synthetic datasets of cyclist–vehicle interactions, often not obtainable through field observation, demonstrates the potential of the proposed framework for safety assessment. This approach supports the evaluation of mitigation strategies, including C-ITS-based solutions, and provides a basis for developing predictive AI models to enhance the safety of vulnerable road users. Full article

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18 pages, 426 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Worker Well-Being in Italian Manufacturing: A Cluster Analysis of Work Engagement, Exhaustion, and Work Ability

by Giulia Bacci, Daniela Converso, Gloria Guidetti, Ilaria Sottimano and Sara Viotti

Safety 2026, 12(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010021 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1183

Abstract

The present study examines the well-being of workers in an Italian manufacturing plant, focusing on work engagement, emotional exhaustion and work ability. These dimensions have received relatively little attention in manufacturing contexts. Utilising a person-centred approach, the objective is to identify distinct subjective [...] Read more.

The present study examines the well-being of workers in an Italian manufacturing plant, focusing on work engagement, emotional exhaustion and work ability. These dimensions have received relatively little attention in manufacturing contexts. Utilising a person-centred approach, the objective is to identify distinct subjective well-being profiles among Italian manufacturing workers and to examine how work-related psychosocial characteristics differentiate these profiles. The research, which collected data from 340 workers (predominantly male at 62.1%) between July and September 2023, focused on work engagement, emotional exhaustion, and work ability—factors that have been previously understudied in manufacturing environments. Through cluster analysis, researchers were able to identify three worker profiles. The largest group, designated “Motivated & Healthy” (45.3%), exhibited the most favourable characteristics: strong work engagement, minimal emotional exhaustion, and adequate work ability. These workers reported experiencing reduced physical demands, greater autonomy in decision-making, and superior rewards compared to their colleagues. The second-largest group, “Motivated & Stressed” (32.5%), demonstrated a mixed profile. While maintaining average work engagement, these workers experienced high levels of emotional exhaustion and diminished work ability. The smallest group, termed “Disillusioned” (22.2%), consisted entirely of blue-collar workers and exhibited the most concerning pattern: low engagement, high exhaustion, and mediocre work ability. This group also reported the most challenging working conditions, including the highest physical and cognitive demands, least decision-making authority, and lowest rewards. The study corroborates earlier research findings by identifying significant relationships between work engagement and work ability (positive correlation) and emotional exhaustion (negative correlation). These results suggest that manufacturing facilities might benefit from tailoring their support strategies to address the specific needs of each worker profile, rather than applying one-size-fits-all solutions. Full article

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11 pages, 6812 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Comprehensive Biosafety-Driven Workflow for Saliva-Based SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostics at a Large University Research Laboratory

by Sankar Prasad Chaki, Melissa M. Kahl-McDonagh and Kurt A. Zuelke

Safety 2026, 12(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010020 - 3 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 811

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the urgent need for rapid, reliable, and safe laboratory workflows that ensure both diagnostic accuracy and biosafety for laboratory personnel. We developed a comprehensive approach for SARS-CoV-2 detection using saliva-based RT-qPCR that spans the entire process from sample transfer [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the urgent need for rapid, reliable, and safe laboratory workflows that ensure both diagnostic accuracy and biosafety for laboratory personnel. We developed a comprehensive approach for SARS-CoV-2 detection using saliva-based RT-qPCR that spans the entire process from sample transfer to final disposal. This workflow integrates biosafety principles with efficient diagnostic procedures, ensuring safe handling, minimized exposure risks, and reliable molecular testing. Critical components included biosecurity, standardized protocols for sample receipt, secure transfer, safe processing, and environmentally responsible disposal. By applying a holistic safety framework, we not only protected laboratory staff during the pandemic but also established a model that can inform preparedness for future emerging infectious disease threats. This approach demonstrates how laboratory safety and diagnostic efficiency can be simultaneously achieved, offering a reference for institutions seeking to balance biosafety and public health needs in outbreak situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Research in Work-Related Diseases, Safety and Health)

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29 pages, 2818 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ergonomic Optimization of Assembly Workstations: Effects on Productivity and Mental Workload

by Marija Savković, Marko Djapan, Carlo Caiazzo, Miloš Pušica, Arso Vukićević, Dragan Marinković and Nikola Komatina

Safety 2026, 12(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010015 - 29 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3063

Abstract

The main aim of this research paper is to improve the effectiveness of production processes through ergonomic optimization of industrial workstations where workers perform repetitive, monotonous assembly tasks. The study analyzes the impact of applying ergonomic and lean principles, standard of “the golden [...] Read more.

The main aim of this research paper is to improve the effectiveness of production processes through ergonomic optimization of industrial workstations where workers perform repetitive, monotonous assembly tasks. The study analyzes the impact of applying ergonomic and lean principles, standard of “the golden zone standard” in the design of assembly workstations on participants’ brain activity and productivity, as well as on the quality of the final products in traditional (non-ergonomic) and ergonomic scenario. The results indicated significant differences in brain activity patterns between the two scenarios, revealing higher levels of mental workload during assembly tasks in the non-ergonomic scenario for all participants. Furthermore, improvements in production processes were observed, including increased productivity; specifically, the average mental workload was reduced by approximately 35% in the ergonomic scenario, accompanied by an approximately 5% increase in productivity and an approximately 8% reduction in working time. The obtained results provide a foundation for improving the design of assembly workstations in industrial environments, as well as contributing to a broader understanding of the importance of ergonomics in the optimization of industrial processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ergonomics and Safety)

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16 pages, 274 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Two Wheels or Four Wheels: A Comparative Study of Police Tasks on Bicycle vs. Car in Saguenay

by Pier-Luc Langlais, Marc-Antoine Masse and Martin Lavallière

Safety 2026, 12(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010008 - 9 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1193

Abstract

Modern police work requires a high degree of versatility, shifting between sedentary tasks and intense physical demands. While bicycle patrols are recognized as a tool for enhancing community policing, few empirical studies have examined the specific nature and frequency of the tasks performed [...] Read more.

Modern police work requires a high degree of versatility, shifting between sedentary tasks and intense physical demands. While bicycle patrols are recognized as a tool for enhancing community policing, few empirical studies have examined the specific nature and frequency of the tasks performed by bicycle patrol officers. This study aims to compare the professional tasks of bicycle and car patrol officers in the city of Saguenay, Québec, over a three-year period. A retrospective analysis of 539 computer-aided dispatch (PCAD) entries was conducted for eight male officers (six on bicycles, two in police cars) during the summer months of 2021 to 2023. We analyzed task frequency, duration, priority, and risk level using descriptive statistics. Results showed that while both patrol types performed similar core tasks, such as citizen assistance, enforcement of municipal regulations, and responses to suspicious individuals, bicycle patrols were associated with significantly longer total PCAD-recorded intervention times (49 ± 47 min vs. 33 ± 29 min). Moreover, the distribution of call types suggests a slightly higher proportion of interventions occurring in public spaces or involving direct citizen contact, although this does not constitute a measure of increased proximity. No significant differences were observed in terms of priority or risk. Because the PCAD system does not systematically record on-scene time, the longer durations observed for bicycle patrols cannot be interpreted as qualitative advantages. Instead, the study reveals operational similarities alongside noteworthy differences between patrol types. As one of the first Canadian CAD-based analyses of bicycle patrol tasks, this research underscores the need for future studies capable of isolating on-scene time and examining the qualitative dimensions of police–citizen interactions. Full article

23 pages, 3238 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Agricultural Injury Severity Prediction Using Integrated Data-Driven Analysis: Global Versus Local Explainability Using SHAP

by Omer Mermer, Yanan Liu, Charles A. Jennissen, Milan Sonka and Ibrahim Demir

Safety 2026, 12(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010006 - 8 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1469

Abstract

Despite the agricultural sector’s consistently high injury rates, formal reporting is often limited, leading to sparse national datasets that hinder effective safety interventions. To address this, our study introduces a comprehensive framework leveraging advanced ensemble machine learning (ML) models to predict and interpret [...] Read more.

Despite the agricultural sector’s consistently high injury rates, formal reporting is often limited, leading to sparse national datasets that hinder effective safety interventions. To address this, our study introduces a comprehensive framework leveraging advanced ensemble machine learning (ML) models to predict and interpret the severity of agricultural injuries. We use a unique, manually curated dataset of over 2400 agricultural incidents from AgInjuryNews, a public repository of news reports detailing incidents across the United States. We evaluated six ensemble models, including Gradient Boosting (GB), eXtreme Grading Boosting (XGB), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Histogram-based Gradient Boosting Regression Trees (HistGBRT), and Random Forest (RF), for their accuracy in classifying injury outcomes as fatal or non-fatal. A key contribution of our work is the novel integration of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), specifically SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), to overcome the “black-box” nature of complex ensemble models. The models demonstrated strong predictive performance, with most achieving an accuracy of approximately 0.71 and an F1-score of 0.81. Through global SHAP analysis, we identified key factors influencing injury severity across the dataset, such as the presence of helmet use, victim age, and the type of injury agent. Additionally, our application of local SHAP analysis revealed how specific variables like location and the victim’s role can have varying impacts depending on the context of the incident. These findings provide actionable, context-aware insights for developing targeted policy and safety interventions for a range of stakeholders, from first responders to policymakers, offering a powerful tool for a more proactive approach to agricultural safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farm Safety, 2nd Edition)

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41 pages, 701 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

New Trends in the Use of Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing for Occupational Risks Prevention

by Natalia Orviz-Martínez, Efrén Pérez-Santín and José Ignacio López-Sánchez

Safety 2026, 12(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety12010007 - 8 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2777

Abstract

In an increasingly technologized and automated world, workplace safety and health remain a major global challenge. After decades of regulatory frameworks and substantial technical and organizational advances, the expanding interaction between humans and machines and the growing complexity of work systems are gaining [...] Read more.

In an increasingly technologized and automated world, workplace safety and health remain a major global challenge. After decades of regulatory frameworks and substantial technical and organizational advances, the expanding interaction between humans and machines and the growing complexity of work systems are gaining importance. In parallel, the digitalization of Industry 4.0/5.0 is generating unprecedented volumes of safety-relevant data and new opportunities to move from reactive analysis to proactive, data-driven prevention. This review maps how artificial intelligence (AI), with a specific focus on natural language processing (NLP) and large language models (LLMs), is being applied to occupational risk prevention across sectors. A structured search of the Web of Science Core Collection (2013–October 2025), combined OSH-related terms with AI, NLP and LLM terms. After screening and full-text assessment, 123 studies were discussed. Early work relied on text mining and traditional machine learning to classify accident types and causes, extract risk factors and support incident analysis from free-text narratives. More recent contributions use deep learning to predict injury severity, potential serious injuries and fatalities (PSIF) and field risk control program (FRCP) levels and to fuse textual data with process, environmental and sensor information in multi-source risk models. The latest wave of studies deploys LLMs, retrieval-augmented generation and vision–language architectures to generate task-specific safety guidance, support accident investigation, map occupations and job tasks and monitor personal protective equipment (PPE) compliance. Together, these developments show that AI-, NLP- and LLM-based systems can exploit unstructured OSH information to provide more granular, timely and predictive safety insights. However, the field is still constrained by data quality and bias, limited external validation, opacity, hallucinations and emerging regulatory and ethical requirements. In conclusion, this review positions AI and LLMs as tools to support human decision-making in OSH and outlines a research agenda centered on high-quality datasets and rigorous evaluation of fairness, robustness, explainability and governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ergonomics and Safety)

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20 pages, 920 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analytical Assessment of Pedestrian Crashes on Low-Speed Corridors

by Therezia Matongo and Deo Chimba

Safety 2025, 11(4), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11040123 - 9 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1330

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive statewide analysis of pedestrian-involved crashes recorded in Tennessee between 2002 and 2025. We evaluated the influence of roadway, traffic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors on pedestrian crash frequency and severity with substantial components focused on lighting impacts including dark [...] Read more.

This study presents a comprehensive statewide analysis of pedestrian-involved crashes recorded in Tennessee between 2002 and 2025. We evaluated the influence of roadway, traffic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors on pedestrian crash frequency and severity with substantial components focused on lighting impacts including dark and nighttime. A multi-method analytical framework was implemented, combining descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests, regression analysis, and advanced machine learning techniques including the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and the gradient boosting model (XGBoost). Results indicated that dark and nighttime conditions accounted for a disproportionate share of severe crashes—fatal and serious injuries under dark conditions reached over 40%, compared to less than 20% during daylight. The statistical tests revealed statistically significant differences in both total injuries and fatalities between low-speed (≤35 mph) and higher-speed (40–45 mph) corridors. The regression result identified AADT and the number of lanes as the strongest predictors of crash frequency, showing that greater traffic exposure and wider cross-sections substantially elevate pedestrian risk, while terrain and peak-hour traffic exhibited negative associations with severe injuries. The XGBoost model, consisting of 300 trees, achieved R² = 0.857, in which the SHAP analysis revealed that AADT, the roadway functional class, and the number of lanes are the most influential variables. The ANFIS model demonstrated that areas with higher population density and greater proportions of households without vehicles experience more pedestrian crashes. These findings collectively establish how pedestrian crash risks are correlated with traffic exposure, roadway geometry, lighting, and socioeconomic conditions, providing a strong analytical foundation for data-driven safety interventions and policy development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety of Vulnerable Road Users at Night)

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13 pages, 1917 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Occupational Ergonomic Risks Among Women in Underground Coal Mining, South Africa

by Ouma S. Mokwena, Joyce Shirinde and Thabiso J. Morodi

Safety 2025, 11(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11040116 - 25 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1783

Abstract

Although women have participated in mining activities across the world for centuries, the industry continues to be perceived as predominantly male-oriented. This perception persists largely due to the male-dominated workforce and the physically demanding nature of mining operations. This paper examines the ergonomic [...] Read more.

Although women have participated in mining activities across the world for centuries, the industry continues to be perceived as predominantly male-oriented. This perception persists largely due to the male-dominated workforce and the physically demanding nature of mining operations. This paper examines the ergonomic impacts of mining machinery on female mineworkers. The study was conducted in three underground coal mining operations located in Mpumalanga, South Africa, using a quantitative research approach. To evaluate the ergonomic demands placed on women working underground, the researchers employed the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) in combination with direct observation techniques. The findings revealed that female mineworkers experience considerable challenges when performing tasks requiring significant physical strength and endurance. The observed female mineworker recorded a final REBA score of seven, indicating a medium-risk level. Ergonomic challenges in underground coal mining are further intensified for female mineworkers due to the absence of gender-specific considerations in equipment design, task allocation, and the overall working environment. Although the risk classification was moderate, the results underscore the need for further investigation and the timely implementation of corrective measures. Addressing these issues will require the integration of inclusive ergonomic principles that account for gender diversity within the mining workforce. Full article

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39 pages, 1420 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identifying a Framework for Implementing Vision Zero Approach to Road Safety in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Qualitative Perspective

by Mahfooz Ulhaq Bajwa, Wafaa Saleh and Grigorios Fountas

Safety 2025, 11(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11040093 - 2 Oct 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3528

Abstract

Road traffic fatalities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are continuing to rise, posing significant socio-economic and public health challenges. To prevent these road deaths and avoid the corresponding costs, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended implementing the vision zero approach to [...] Read more.

Road traffic fatalities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are continuing to rise, posing significant socio-economic and public health challenges. To prevent these road deaths and avoid the corresponding costs, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended implementing the vision zero approach to road safety. Vision Zero aims to eliminate road deaths and reduce serious injuries. It has been adopted by many developed countries, however LMICs have faced difficulties implementing this approach due to a lack of guidance. This study aims to develop a framework for implementing vision zero in LMICs by examining the processes in India and Sweden. A qualitative research approach with a multiple-case study design was utilized, selecting 16 participants through purposive and snowball sampling. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Grounded Theory method based on Strauss and Corbin’s approach. The study identified five core implementation steps such as agenda setting, approval, planning, monitoring and evaluation, and continuous improvement. Also, a set of influencing conditions such as preconditions, objectives, strategies, intervening factors and contextual conditions were identified. Furthermore, 38 implementation proposals were suggested in the framework to guide policymakers. The proposed framework provides a road map for LMICs that is intended to act as a guide for policymakers and road safety practitioners to enhance road safety performance in LMICs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Safety Culture)

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20 pages, 665 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effective Interprofessional Communication for Patient Safety in Low-Resource Settings: A Concept Analysis

by Mercy Ngalonde Katantha, Reinhard Strametz, Masumbuko Albert Baluwa, Patrick Mapulanga and Ellen Mbweza Chirwa

Safety 2025, 11(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030091 - 18 Sep 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 24083

Abstract

Background: Implementing effective interprofessional communication (IPC) in low-resource settings is challenging, primarily due to limited awareness and understanding of the concept. This analysis examined the concept of effective IPC for patient safety in low-resource settings. Its key attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents [...] Read more.

Background: Implementing effective interprofessional communication (IPC) in low-resource settings is challenging, primarily due to limited awareness and understanding of the concept. This analysis examined the concept of effective IPC for patient safety in low-resource settings. Its key attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents were identified. Methods: The Walker and Avant framework was used to analyze effective IPC. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Google Scholar, covering research from 2014 to 13 May 2025. Results: Effective IPC embodies clarity, accuracy, consistency, trust, collaboration, and timely information exchange. Strong leadership commitment, transparent communication, ongoing training, and a systematic incident reporting method contribute to better patient safety (PS) and improved healthcare outcomes. Conclusions: Effective interprofessional communication (IPC) is crucial for enhancing patient safety (PS). The concept and its attributes are unclear and underutilized in low-income countries like Malawi due to inadequate training, lack of standardized tools, weak leadership support, and limited psychological safety. Effective IPC should be integrated into preservice training, standardize PS education, and foster collaboration in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic The Imperative of Patient Safety and Safety Culture in Contemporary Healthcare)

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25 pages, 482 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Influence of Managers’ Safety Perceptions and Practices on Construction Workers’ Safety Behaviors in Saudi Arabian Projects: The Mediating Roles of Workers’ Safety Awareness, Competency, and Safety Actions

by Talal Mousa Alshammari, Musab Rabi, Mazen J. Al-Kheetan and Abdulrazzaq Jawish Alkherret

Safety 2025, 11(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030077 - 5 Aug 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4558

Abstract

Improving construction site safety remains a critical challenge in Saudi Arabia’s rapidly growing construction sector, where high accident rates and diverse labor forces demand evidence-based managerial interventions. This study investigated the influence of Managers’ Safety Perceptions and Practices (MSP) on Workers’ Safety Behaviors [...] Read more.

Improving construction site safety remains a critical challenge in Saudi Arabia’s rapidly growing construction sector, where high accident rates and diverse labor forces demand evidence-based managerial interventions. This study investigated the influence of Managers’ Safety Perceptions and Practices (MSP) on Workers’ Safety Behaviors (WSB) in the Saudi construction industry, emphasizing the mediating roles of Workers’ Safety Awareness (WSA), Safety Competency (WSC), and Safety Actions (SA). The conceptual framework integrates these three mediators to explain how managerial attitudes and practices translate into frontline safety outcomes. A quantitative, cross-sectional design was adopted using a structured questionnaire distributed among construction workers, supervisors, and project managers. A total of 352 from 384 valid responses were collected, and the data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS 4. The findings revealed that MSP does not directly influence WSB but has significant indirect effects through WSA, WSC, and SA. Among these, WSC emerged as the most powerful mediator, followed by WSA and SA, indicating that competency is the most critical driver of safe worker behavior. These results provide robust empirical support for a multidimensional mediation model, highlighting the need for managers to enhance safety behaviors not merely through supervision but through fostering awareness and competency, providing technical training, and implementing proactive safety measures. Theoretically, this study contributes a novel and integrative framework to the occupational safety literature, particularly within underexplored Middle Eastern construction contexts. Practically, it offers actionable insights for safety managers, industry practitioners, and policymakers seeking to improve construction safety performance in alignment with Saudi Vision 2030. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Performance Assessment and Management in Construction)

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21 pages, 1014 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Pharmaceutical Packaging Materials and Medication Safety: A Mini-Review

by Yaokang Lv, Nianyu Liu, Chao Chen, Zhiwei Cai and Jianhang Li

Safety 2025, 11(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030069 - 18 Jul 2025

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 20283

Abstract

Pharmaceutical packaging materials play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications. This mini-review examines the properties of common packaging materials (glass, plastics, metals, and rubber) and their implications for drug safety. By analyzing 127 research articles from PubMed, Web [...] Read more.

Pharmaceutical packaging materials play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications. This mini-review examines the properties of common packaging materials (glass, plastics, metals, and rubber) and their implications for drug safety. By analyzing 127 research articles from PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI databases (2000–2025), we also discuss recent regulatory updates in China and highlight emerging technologies, including nanomaterials, sustainable packaging solutions, and intelligent packaging systems that present new opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry. Key findings include the following: (1) The physicochemical properties of packaging materials and potential microbial contamination risks during production significantly impact drug quality and safety, underscoring the need for enhanced research and regulatory oversight. (2) Each material exhibits distinct advantages and limitations: glass demonstrates superior chemical stability but may leach ions; plastics offer versatility but risk plasticizer migration; metals provide exceptional strength yet have limited applications; rubber ensures effective sealing but may release additives compromising drug quality. (3) The pharmaceutical packaging sector is evolving toward intelligent systems and sustainable solutions to address contemporary healthcare challenges. This review can aid pharmaceutical companies in selecting drug packaging and guide manufacturers in developing innovative packaging solutions. Full article

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29 pages, 6791 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Health and Safety Management System (HSMS) and Its Impact on Employee Satisfaction and Performance—A New HSMS Model

by Prodromos D. Chatzoglou, Athanasios E. Kotzakolios and Panagiotis K. Marhavilas

Safety 2025, 11(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020052 - 6 Jun 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 12926

Abstract

The main aim of this study is to investigate the association of an assortment of factors pertaining to the implementation of a Health and Safety Management System (HSMS) with firms’ Health and Safety (H&S) level and employees’ satisfaction and performance. The proposed research [...] Read more.

The main aim of this study is to investigate the association of an assortment of factors pertaining to the implementation of a Health and Safety Management System (HSMS) with firms’ Health and Safety (H&S) level and employees’ satisfaction and performance. The proposed research model incorporates six independent factors: (i) the development of a safety culture, (ii) the availability of H&S specific procedures/instructions/rules, (iii) the forethought of H&S-focused training, (iv) the availability of the essential resources to improve H&S equipment, (v) the augmentation of employee motivation for safe behavior, and (vi) the top management commitment to upgrade H&S at the workplace. The model was empirically tested using primary data from 230 employees of 10 manufacturing firms operating in Greece. It was found that H&S meliorates employees’ performance, but, on the other hand, firm’s management should be committed towards creating a high-level safety culture. To achieve this, proper resources should be invested, comprehensible procedures/instructions/rules should be established, and focused training should be provided. The acceptance of this policy would result in an enhanced safety culture, an augmented firm H&S level, amplified employee satisfaction and, accordingly, improved employee performance. In addition, this article suggests a new HSMS model, which, by relying on the principles of the Plan–Do–Check–Act cycle, incorporates the examined six H&S factors, which can upgrade other known standards (like OHSAS 18001 and ISO 45001). Full article

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18 pages, 2735 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Workplace Safety in Industry 4.0 and Beyond: A Case Study on Risk Reduction Through Smart Manufacturing Systems in the Automotive Sector

by Alin Nioata, Alin Țăpirdea, Oana Roxana Chivu, Anamaria Feier, Ioana Catalina Enache, Marilena Gheorghe and Claudia Borda

Safety 2025, 11(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020050 - 5 Jun 2025

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 9873

Abstract

An important step toward automation and digitization in Industry 4.0 is the automobile sector’s use of smart manufacturing integrated systems (SMISs). Although this change increases productivity and competitiveness, it also creates new hazards for workplace safety. Key issues include ergonomic and cognitive strain [...] Read more.

An important step toward automation and digitization in Industry 4.0 is the automobile sector’s use of smart manufacturing integrated systems (SMISs). Although this change increases productivity and competitiveness, it also creates new hazards for workplace safety. Key issues include ergonomic and cognitive strain from greater human–machine interactions, particularly with collaborative robots (cobots), and cybersecurity threats from the IIoT and cyber–physical systems. This paper looks at these hazards and stresses the value of safety precautions like predictive maintenance, traceability, and real-time monitoring. This case study investigates how the integration of smart manufacturing integrated systems (SMISs) and cyber–physical systems (CPSs) within Industry 4.0 frameworks enhances workplace safety in the automotive sector. Through a comprehensive case study of the final assembly line, this research explores how these technologies contribute to predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring, and human–machine collaboration, leading to significant reductions in ergonomic and cybersecurity risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Safety Challenges in the Context of Industry 4.0)

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17 pages, 1640 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Occupational Risk Analysis in the Bituminous Emulsion Transport and Spreading Process: A Case Study Applied in a Company in Romania

by Adriana Milea (Pârvu) and Lucian-Ionel Cioca

Safety 2025, 11(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020046 - 16 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1813

Abstract

This paper analyzes the occupational risks associated with the activities of transporting and spreading bituminous emulsion, focusing on a specific technological process used in a company in Romania. This study aims to identify risk factors, systematically evaluate them, and propose preventive measures aimed [...] Read more.

This paper analyzes the occupational risks associated with the activities of transporting and spreading bituminous emulsion, focusing on a specific technological process used in a company in Romania. This study aims to identify risk factors, systematically evaluate them, and propose preventive measures aimed at reducing occupational accidents and diseases. The main hazards identified include exposure to hazardous chemicals, mechanical risks generated by the equipment used, and ergonomic factors that may affect workers’ health. Given the specificity of the activity analyzed, there is currently a lack of relevant studies specifically addressing the occupational safety and health of this category of workers, which further highlights the novelty and importance of the present research. Based on the results obtained, recommendations are formulated for optimizing work conditions, including the use of appropriate protective equipment, improving operational procedures, and implementing effective technical and organizational measures. This study contributes to the development of a solid preventive framework in the field of transporting and applying bituminous emulsion, thus supporting the improvement of occupational safety and health in the road construction industry. The results obtained can be used to develop more effective policies in the field of occupational safety and to raise awareness among decision-makers about the need for proactive measures in preventing occupational risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Performance Assessment and Management in Construction)

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27 pages, 2509 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Occupational Health and Safety Management: Implications for Corporate Performance in the Secondary Sector

by Stavroula (Vivi) Mixafenti, Antonia Moutzouri, Aristi Karagkouni, Maria Sartzetaki and Dimitrios Dimitriou

Safety 2025, 11(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020044 - 13 May 2025

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 12522

Abstract

Management of occupational health and safety (OHS) plays a critical role in building safe and effective working environments, especially in industries defined by dangerous operations like manufacturing. Secondary industries are characterized by their use of dangerous materials, complex machinery, and repetitive manual work, [...] Read more.

Management of occupational health and safety (OHS) plays a critical role in building safe and effective working environments, especially in industries defined by dangerous operations like manufacturing. Secondary industries are characterized by their use of dangerous materials, complex machinery, and repetitive manual work, prompting the need for stringent OHS laws to protect employees and support business sustainability. Although extensive regulatory materials like ISO 45001 and EU Directive 89/391/EEC exist, the implementation of OHS standards varies among organizations significantly. While larger organizations adopt structured frameworks of safety management, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are often confronted by economic and technical constraints. As a result, policies only appear on paper, and their attitude toward occupational safety is passive. Employing a structured survey analysis, this study evaluates the level at which manufacturing companies in Macedonia-Thrace, a region in Northern Greece, implement OHS actions, the barriers that face them, and how OHS programs influence business performance. Based on the findings, companies that apply proactive OHS practices achieve more productivity, increased staff retention, and lower costs due to accidents, while SMEs often find it difficult to undertake comprehensive policies. The research further identifies the impact of electronic technology, regulation, and leadership on enhancing OHS performance. This study provides evidence-based recommendations on policy changes through the exploration of regionalized patterns of adoption of OHS practices by industrial companies and key policy intervention areas. By eliminating underlying structural loopholes in the implementation of OHS, this paper provides research-backed policy solutions aimed at enhancing work safety and improving corporate performance in the secondary industry. The reinforcement of OHS measures not only reduces hazards at the workplace but also improves the resilience of business, its competitiveness, and conformity to regulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Occupational Health and Safety in A Changing World: Realities, Challenges and Perspectives)

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44 pages, 1732 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

From Inception to Innovation: A Comprehensive Review and Bibliometric Analysis of IoT-Enabled Fire Safety Systems

by Ali Abdullah S. AlQahtani, Mohammed Sulaiman, Thamraa Alshayeb and Hosam Alamleh

Safety 2025, 11(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020041 - 8 May 2025

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 12974

Abstract

This paper offers an in-depth analysis of the role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in fire safety systems, with a particular emphasis on fire detection, localization, and evacuation. Through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis, we identify pivotal research trends and advancements in IoT-based [...] Read more.

This paper offers an in-depth analysis of the role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in fire safety systems, with a particular emphasis on fire detection, localization, and evacuation. Through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis, we identify pivotal research trends and advancements in IoT-based sensors, devices, and network architectures that facilitate real-time fire management. In addition, we examine the integration of emerging technologies—such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and quantum computing—that enhance system performance and operational efficiency. Our study further highlights critical challenges and research gaps, including issues related to dynamic system adaptability, cross-domain synergies, bio-inspired fire safety mechanisms, post-fire analysis capabilities, linguistic and cultural barriers in research, and data security and privacy concerns. Finally, we outline prospective directions for future inquiry, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and robust cybersecurity strategies to fully harness the potential of IoT in transforming fire safety. Full article

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15 pages, 640 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effectiveness of Toolbox Talks as a Workplace Safety Intervention in the United States: A Scoping Review

by Gregory D. Kearney, Jamie Hisel and John A. Staley

Safety 2025, 11(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020035 - 14 Apr 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 10220

Abstract

Toolbox Talks are widely adopted and valued by supervisors and safety managers as a core component of occupational safety and health training, yet their effectiveness as an intervention has not been systematically evaluated in the peer-reviewed literature. Persistently high rates of occupational fatalities [...] Read more.

Toolbox Talks are widely adopted and valued by supervisors and safety managers as a core component of occupational safety and health training, yet their effectiveness as an intervention has not been systematically evaluated in the peer-reviewed literature. Persistently high rates of occupational fatalities and injuries, particularly among high-risk industries, compounded by an increasingly diverse workforce, involving linguistic diversity, high turnover, and mobile job sites, highlight the urgent need for evidence-based approaches to safety training. This scoping review addresses this gap by examining the effectiveness of Toolbox Talks as an occupational safety intervention through three guiding questions focused on their reported impact, implementation challenges, and the best practices and delivery methods that enhance their effectiveness. The Adult Learning Theory served as the framework to assess evidence-based studies. Four bibliographic databases were used to search for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Data were charted based on effectiveness, measured as outcomes, and categorized as any combination of safety knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behavior, or health outcomes. Unforeseen challenges and recommended best practices were gleaned from each study to provide additional insight. A total of fourteen (14) studies met our inclusion criteria, with the majority centered on construction workplaces (n = 10). Reported effectiveness outcome measures were positive across all studies, with notable improvements in workers’ safety knowledge. Training challenges encountered included worker disengagement, language diversity, and production pressures. Recommended best practices for increasing Toolbox Talk training effectiveness included conducting regularly scheduled training, engaging workers, training supervisors, and providing culturally appropriate and tailored materials. While Toolbox Talks demonstrate significant potential to enhance workplace safety, their effectiveness is hinged on the quality of content and delivery methods, particularly when aligned with adult learning principles that emphasize relevance, engagement, and experimental learning. Future research should explore how emerging technologies, such as e-learning platforms, combined with cultural inclusive approaches and long-term impact assessments, can optimize the design and implementation of Toolbox Talks across diverse occupational settings. Full article

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22 pages, 5036 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Occupational Health and Safety Management System of a South African University Setting

by Ntombenhle Mtikitiki, Benett Siyabonga Madonsela, Thabang Maphanga, Karabo Shale, Xolisiwe Sinalo Grangxabe and Tshidi Mokgatsane Baloyi

Safety 2025, 11(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020034 - 10 Apr 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6204

Abstract

The quality of education is significantly influenced by occupational health and safety (OHS) measures. To this end, a safety incident at a university could have far-reaching negative effects on facilitating teaching and learning for both lecturers and students. Although OHS standards are widely [...] Read more.

The quality of education is significantly influenced by occupational health and safety (OHS) measures. To this end, a safety incident at a university could have far-reaching negative effects on facilitating teaching and learning for both lecturers and students. Although OHS standards are widely established in numerous industries, they are often overlooked in the academic setting. It is for this reason that, to date, research gap exists in OHS systems in academic settings. While universities primarily focus on education, they also pose significant health and safety risks to staff and students due to their design and setup. Effective implementation of an occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) within universities can mitigate these risks. However, there is a notable lack of research focusing on the efficiency of OHSMS in South African universities. This study, therefore, aimed to fill this gap by assessing the efficiency of the OHSMS at a South African university. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis qualitative research methods. Data analysis was carried out using the thematic analysis approach. Inductive logic was used in the interpretation of the current study results. This study highlights that while there is strong awareness of the OHS Act 85 of 1993 (>90%) among university staff, significant gaps exist in the communication and enforcement (5%) of OHS policy, alongside the poor communication of hazards and risks (30%). Amongst other challenges are infrastructure maintenance (>35%), as well as the lack of standard operation procedures (>5%). To address some of these setbacks, the current study recommends enhancing policy communication, conducting regular hazard assessments, increasing training participation, and improving documentation practices. These steps aim to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the university’s OHSMS, ensuring a safer environment for all stakeholders. Full article

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24 pages, 4556 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Trends in Safety Culture Research: A Scopus Analysis

by Al-Baraa Abdulrahman Al-Mekhlafi, Noreen Kanwal, Mohammed Nasser Alhajj, Ahmad Shahrul Nizam Isha and Abdullah O. Baarimah

Safety 2025, 11(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020033 - 7 Apr 2025

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7260

Abstract

Safety culture plays a vital role in creating safer work environments, making its understanding important. This paper comprehensively analyzes safety culture research trends through a bibliometric study using the Scopus database. This study provided a full insight by analyzing 7058 papers published between [...] Read more.

Safety culture plays a vital role in creating safer work environments, making its understanding important. This paper comprehensively analyzes safety culture research trends through a bibliometric study using the Scopus database. This study provided a full insight by analyzing 7058 papers published between 1978 and 2023, employing the PRISMA method and VOSviewer 1.6.19 for bibliometric mapping. The USA, England, China, and Australia are the leading contributors, with Johns Hopkins University being the most active institution. Approximately 75% of publications are co-authored, indicating strong collaboration in this field. Guldenmund (2000) is the most referenced work in safety culture research. Based on the results, this work identifies significant geographical gaps, particularly in Oceania, South America, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa, as well as underexplored sectors such as transportation, logistics, energy, sports, education, and construction. The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted research in this area, particularly healthcare, while potentially diverting attention from other critical sectors. This study contributes a fresh perspective on the trends of safety culture research, offering valuable insights for scholars and practitioners. Additionally, it highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing the unique challenges faced by safety culture across diverse industries and regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Risk Management in Process Industries)

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30 pages, 3827 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Digital Approaches for Mitigating Occupational Vibration Exposure in the Context of Industry 4.0

by Doru Costin Darabont, Lucian-Ionel Cioca and Daniel Onut Badea

Safety 2025, 11(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020031 - 1 Apr 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3801

Abstract

Whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure presents occupational health risks across multiple industries, particularly in tasks involving heavy machinery and prolonged seating. This study examines WBV risk factors, intervention strategies, and the potential for digital monitoring solutions to strengthen workplace safety. A sector-wide analysis assessed [...] Read more.

Whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure presents occupational health risks across multiple industries, particularly in tasks involving heavy machinery and prolonged seating. This study examines WBV risk factors, intervention strategies, and the potential for digital monitoring solutions to strengthen workplace safety. A sector-wide analysis assessed vibration exposure levels, worker-reported discomfort, and the effectiveness of the existing control measures. The study introduces a conceptual framework for a mobile application designed to integrate real-time exposure tracking, structured worker feedback, and predictive risk assessment. The findings confirm that WBV exposure varies across industries, with the energy and maritime logistics sectors showing the highest levels of noncompliance. A tiered intervention strategy, classified by impact and effort, provides a structured method for prioritizing risk reduction measures. Immediate actions, such as real-time monitoring and preventive maintenance, require minimal effort but provide high-impact benefits, while long-term strategies, including ergonomic workstation redesign, demand greater investment but contribute to sustained exposure reduction. The proposed framework offers a scalable, data-driven approach to WBV risk management, transitioning workplace safety from compliance-based monitoring to proactive prevention. Future research should explore implementation feasibility, worker adoption, and the integration of AI-driven safety recommendations to support continuous improvements in workplace safety strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Safety Challenges in the Context of Industry 4.0)

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16 pages, 1572 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Study on the Factors Affecting Safety Behaviors and Safety Performance in the Manufacturing Sector: Job Demands-Resources Approach

by Hyun Jeong Seo, Seung-Yoon Rhee and Nam Kyun Kim

Safety 2025, 11(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020029 - 24 Mar 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6575

Abstract

(1) Background: The dynamic nature of workplaces highlights the urgent need for effective strategies to promote a safe working environment and enhance workers’ well-being. These strategies must address both organizational safety performance and individual safety behaviors. (2) Methods: This study employed the job [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The dynamic nature of workplaces highlights the urgent need for effective strategies to promote a safe working environment and enhance workers’ well-being. These strategies must address both organizational safety performance and individual safety behaviors. (2) Methods: This study employed the job demands-resources (JD-R) model to examine the impact of workplace factors on safety behaviors and organizational safety performance among 3255 manufacturing companies. The data utilized in this study originate from the 10th Occupational Safety and Health Status Survey by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute (KOSHA). (3) Results: Occupational stressors involving physical and psychological risks (job demand) significantly reduced employees’ adherence to safety practices while increasing workplace diseases and accidents. Conversely, when job resources were effectively mobilized to bolster individual resources, safety behaviors improved, and the incidence of workplace diseases and accidents decreased. Middle managers’ safety competency emerged as a critical moderating factor in these relationships, amplifying the positive impact of job resources. (4) Conclusions: The results highlight the necessity of managing physical and emotional hazards while enhancing middle managers’ abilities to promote workplace safety. A multidimensional approach is essential for preventing workplace accidents and improving safety outcomes. Implementing a comprehensive stress management system is particularly vital to safeguarding workers in the manufacturing industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Emerging Trends and Future Directions)

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22 pages, 2173 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Relationship Between Safety Climate and Safety Performance in the Large-Scale Building Construction Industry in Ethiopia: A Structural Equation Model Using the NOSACQ-50 Tool

by Teferi Abegaz, Wakgari Deressa and Bente Elisabeth Moen

Safety 2025, 11(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010028 - 12 Mar 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4747

Abstract

A cross-sectional study of safety climate and safety performance was performed in Ethiopian construction sites, among 1203 workers from 22 large-scale construction sites. The Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire was administered using interviews. We developed a model to show the interrelations between safety climate [...] Read more.

A cross-sectional study of safety climate and safety performance was performed in Ethiopian construction sites, among 1203 workers from 22 large-scale construction sites. The Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire was administered using interviews. We developed a model to show the interrelations between safety climate and performance. This model was examined using factor analysis. Low scores for all seven safety climate dimensions were found, with values ranging from 2.33 to 3.08 and a mean of 2.70. Similarly, the mean score of the safety performance construct was 2.95 for safety participation and 3.58 for safety compliance. A strong positive correlation was found between safety climate and safety performance, and safety involvement accounted for 29.2% of the variance, while safety compliance accounted for 28.6% of the variance. The suggested association between self-reported injuries and safety climate was not confirmed. Nonetheless, Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated a statistically significant negative correlation with safety climate. In conclusion, low scores for all safety climate dimensions show that safety on construction sites must be improved. The safety climate positively influences employees’ safety behavior (safety compliance and safety participation) and minimizes occupational injuries. Full article

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18 pages, 2560 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring Vibrotactile Displays to Support Hazard Awareness in Multitasking Control Tasks for Heavy Machinery Work

by S. M. Ashif Hossain, Allen Yin and Thomas K. Ferris

Safety 2025, 11(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010026 - 11 Mar 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3423

Abstract

(1) Background: The safe execution of heavy machinery operations and high-risk construction tasks requires operators to manage multiple tasks, with a constant awareness of coworkers and hazards. With high demands on visual and auditory resources, vibrotactile feedback systems offer a solution to enhance [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The safe execution of heavy machinery operations and high-risk construction tasks requires operators to manage multiple tasks, with a constant awareness of coworkers and hazards. With high demands on visual and auditory resources, vibrotactile feedback systems offer a solution to enhance awareness without overburdening vision or hearing. (2) Aim: This study evaluates the impact of vibrotactile feedback regarding proximity to hazards on multitasking performance and cognitive workload in order to support hazard awareness in a controlled task environment. (3) Method: Twenty-four participants performed a joystick-controlled navigation task and a concurrent mental spatial rotation task. Proximity to hazards in the navigation task was conveyed via different encodings of vibrotactile feedback: No Vibration, Intensity-Modulation, Pulse Duration, and Pulse Spacing. Performance metrics, including obstacle collisions, target hits, contact time, and accuracy, were assessed alongside perceived workload. (4) Results: Intensity-Modulated feedback reduced obstacle collisions and proximity time, while lowering workload, compared to No Vibration. No significant effects were found on spatial rotation accuracy, indicating that vibrotactile feedback effectively guides navigation and supports spatial awareness. (5) Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of vibrotactile feedback to improve navigation performance and hazard awareness, offering valuable insights into multimodal safety systems in high-demand environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Occupational Health and Safety: Engineering and Management Aspects)

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29 pages, 541 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Preliminary Safety Assessment of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage System for Commercial Aviation

by Mirko Simonetto, John-Alan Pascoe and Alexei Sharpanskykh

Safety 2025, 11(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010027 - 11 Mar 2025

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7011

Abstract

The development of liquid hydrogen storage systems is a key aspect to enable future clean air transportation. However, safety analysis research for such systems is still limited and is hindered by the limited experience with liquid hydrogen storage in aviation. This paper presents [...] Read more.

The development of liquid hydrogen storage systems is a key aspect to enable future clean air transportation. However, safety analysis research for such systems is still limited and is hindered by the limited experience with liquid hydrogen storage in aviation. This paper presents the outcomes of a preliminary safety assessment applied to this new type of storage system, accounting for the hazards of hydrogen. The methodology developed is based on hazard identification and frequency evaluation across all system features to identify the most critical safety concerns. Based on the safety assessment, a set of safety recommendations concerning different subsystems of the liquid hydrogen storage system is proposed, identifying hazard scopes and necessary mitigation actions across various system domains. The presented approach has been proven to be suitable for identifying essential liquid hydrogen hazards despite the novelty of the technology and for providing systematic design recommendations at a relatively early design stage. Full article

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31 pages, 9859 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design of Manual Handling Carts: A Novel Approach Combining Corrective Forces and Modelling to Prevent Injuries

by Stephane Gille

Safety 2025, 11(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010025 - 10 Mar 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5517

Abstract

Design standards for manual handling equipment tend to measure maximal loads and moving forces using a smooth, flat, horizontal steel plate; yet, in everyday use, such equipment is used on floor coverings. Such test methods therefore overestimate the maximal loads acceptable for operators, [...] Read more.

Design standards for manual handling equipment tend to measure maximal loads and moving forces using a smooth, flat, horizontal steel plate; yet, in everyday use, such equipment is used on floor coverings. Such test methods therefore overestimate the maximal loads acceptable for operators, which increases the risk of injury including the development of musculoskeletal disorders. This study presents a new approach for calculating the pushing force for manually handled equipment moving longitudinally on resilient floor coverings from the pushing force measured on a steel plate. This method combines corrective forces with the pushing force model presented in this study. Corrective force abaci, which describe corrective forces as functions of the hardness of the floor covering’s base foam, are provided for each type of tread and bearing in the cart’s wheels. These abaci have been elaborated from pushing force measurements obtained with 44 wheel designs (of varying diameters, treads and bearings) tested on five different floors on a custom-built test bench. A mean deviation between experimental results and model predictions of 5.1% is obtained for pushing forces. These results permit us to account for the real conditions in which manual handling equipment is used and help in reducing the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Occupational Health and Safety: Engineering and Management Aspects)

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21 pages, 307 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Study on Safety Culture Following the Implementation of a Near-Miss Management System in the Traditional Manufacturing Industry

by Maria H. Pedrosa, Ana K. Salazar, Carla Cardoso and Joana C. Guedes

Safety 2025, 11(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010023 - 2 Mar 2025

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 10216

Abstract

Safety culture is crucial for organisations aiming to enhance safety performance and is challenging in traditional sectors. This study explored the effects of a new near-miss management system (NMS) on safety culture in traditional manufacturing companies. The data collection followed a mixed-methods design: [...] Read more.

Safety culture is crucial for organisations aiming to enhance safety performance and is challenging in traditional sectors. This study explored the effects of a new near-miss management system (NMS) on safety culture in traditional manufacturing companies. The data collection followed a mixed-methods design: quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-implementation surveys, and qualitative data were derived from focus group discussions (FGDs) developed a year after NMS implementation in two footwear companies. After that period, it is possible to infer that the NMS led to changes in the safety culture. OHS management commitment, accident and near-miss investigation, and OHS meetings and training dimensions were impacted. Employees perceived the NMS introduction as a signal of management′s commitment and the possibility of accessing training and participating in near-miss and accident investigations. In organisations that rely on intensive manual labour, ongoing training is essential to ensure that safety measures are effective and that the organisation′s safety management system (NMS) is sustainable. Although limited by the small sample size and sector focus, the results show that even a simplified NMS procedure adapted to the company and adequate training provided to the workforce significantly impacts the company′s safety culture and workers′ safety behaviour. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Emerging Trends and Future Directions)

24 pages, 1976 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Levels of Automation for a Computer-Based Procedure for Simulated Nuclear Power Plant Operation: Impacts on Workload and Trust

by Jacquelyn Schreck, Gerald Matthews, Jinchao Lin, Sean Mondesire, David Metcalf, Kelly Dickerson and John Grasso

Safety 2025, 11(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010022 - 2 Mar 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3054

Abstract

Nuclear power plants increasingly utilize digitalized systems, including computer-based procedures (CBPs) and automation. These novel technologies require human factors’ evaluation to ensure safety. Potentially, automation contributes to safety by reducing workload, but automation may also induce a loss of situation awareness and trust [...] Read more.

Nuclear power plants increasingly utilize digitalized systems, including computer-based procedures (CBPs) and automation. These novel technologies require human factors’ evaluation to ensure safety. Potentially, automation contributes to safety by reducing workload, but automation may also induce a loss of situation awareness and trust miscalibration. The current study investigated workload during a simulated nuclear power plant (NPP) emergency operation procedure (EOP) executed using a CBP supported by automation. Two levels of automation (LOA) were compared within subjects: management-by-consent (lower LOA) and management-by-exception (higher LOA). Subjective workload and trust were assessed, together with objective psychophysiological and performance-based workload measures. LOA effects varied across the different workload measures. The hypothesis that workload would be reduced at the higher LOA was confirmed for a behavioral measure (secondary task response time). However, other metrics, including instantaneous self-assessment (ISA) and heart rate variability (HRV), showed increased workload at the higher LOA. Different LOAs may produce differing operator strategies that require multivariate workload assessment to evaluate. Effect sizes for the impact of LOA on workload were indexed by Cohen’s d. Several of these effect sizes were in the 0.4–0.6 range, indicating effects of medium magnitude. In addition, subjective workload data were compared with those from a previous study that simulated conventional NPP operations. As anticipated, workload tended to be lower with the automated procedure. The study suggests future directions for human factors research on plant modernization. Full article

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28 pages, 1326 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Systematic Literature Review of Cargo Loss Risks in Road Transportation: Impacts and Future Directions

by Praiya Panjee, Varunya Kaewchueaknang and Sataporn Amornsawadwatana

Safety 2025, 11(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010020 - 26 Feb 2025

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8810

Abstract

This systematic literature review aims to identify and discuss specific cargo loss risks in road transportation. The research also examines their impacts, challenges, and mitigation strategies. By synthesizing insights from 24 studies using a systematic snowballing methodology, this study categorizes risks into five [...] Read more.

This systematic literature review aims to identify and discuss specific cargo loss risks in road transportation. The research also examines their impacts, challenges, and mitigation strategies. By synthesizing insights from 24 studies using a systematic snowballing methodology, this study categorizes risks into five primary domains: Man, Method, Machine, Material, and Environment. Specifically, the review highlights major cargo loss risks within the context of road transportation. A fishbone diagram illustrates the multifactorial interactions that contribute to cargo loss. Emerging technological solutions, such as predictive analytics, IoT-enabled monitoring, and advanced packaging designs, are explored as key strategies to mitigate these risks. The findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to enhance road transport safety, reduce cargo loss, and strengthen the resilience of global supply chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Traffic Risk Assessment: Control and Prevention of Collisions)

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23 pages, 2336 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Framework for Effective Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment in Post-Mining Areas

by Dafni M. Nalmpant-Sarikaki, Alexandros I. Theocharis, Nikolaos C. Koukouzas and Ioannis E. Zevgolis

Safety 2025, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010018 - 19 Feb 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4647

Abstract

This work presents a structured methodology for multi-hazard risk assessment in post-mining coal areas, addressing the complex interactions between natural, mining, and technological hazards. The methodology provides a flexible, semi-quantitative mixed-methods framework designed to evaluate multi-hazard risk scenarios through a seven-step process, which [...] Read more.

This work presents a structured methodology for multi-hazard risk assessment in post-mining coal areas, addressing the complex interactions between natural, mining, and technological hazards. The methodology provides a flexible, semi-quantitative mixed-methods framework designed to evaluate multi-hazard risk scenarios through a seven-step process, which includes identification of hazards, analysis of hazard interactions, and calculation of the Multi-Hazard Index (MHI), Vulnerability Index (VI), and Multi-Risk Value (MRV). The MHI assesses the cumulative intensity of hazard interactions, while the MRV quantifies the socio-economic impacts of various multi-hazard scenarios. The framework also incorporates vulnerability assessments, using social and physical vulnerability indices, to better understand the potential risks to communities. The methodology aims to enhance the safety of post-mining areas by mitigating the cascading effects of hazard interactions and by systematically increasing the knowledge of hazard interdependencies. This approach is adaptable to diverse post-mining contexts, offering a comprehensive framework for assessing and managing multi-hazard risks. It aligns with the broader objectives of the European Green Deal by promoting sustainable land management and addressing the transition of coal regions toward a carbon-neutral economy. It equips stakeholders with necessary tools to enhance resilience and ensure the long-term socio-economic and environmental stability and safety of post-mining areas. Full article

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23 pages, 859 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Caught-In/Between Accidents in the Construction Industry: A Systematic Review

by Aminu Darda’u Rafindadi, Bishir Kado, Abdurra’uf M. Gora, Ibrahim B. Dalha, Sadi I. Haruna, Yasser E. Ibrahim and Omar Ahmed Shabbir

Safety 2025, 11(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010012 - 4 Feb 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8862

Abstract

This systematic review examines caught-in/between accidents in construction, revealing complex safety challenges involving machinery errors, vehicle incidents, loading mistakes, and structural collapses. The analysis highlights significant risks, including heavy equipment rollovers, trench cave-ins, and material shifts, with injuries ranging from minor to fatal. [...] Read more.

This systematic review examines caught-in/between accidents in construction, revealing complex safety challenges involving machinery errors, vehicle incidents, loading mistakes, and structural collapses. The analysis highlights significant risks, including heavy equipment rollovers, trench cave-ins, and material shifts, with injuries ranging from minor to fatal. Despite the critical nature of these accidents, existing research demonstrates notable gaps, particularly in understanding long-term worker health impacts, economic consequences, and nuanced risk factors. Most studies insufficiently explore correlations between worker experience, age, and accident susceptibility, while gender-specific risks remain poorly documented. Training inadequacies and safety protocol non-adherence emerge as primary contributors to these incidents. This review identifies a pressing need for standardized, comprehensive safety interventions that address technological, human, and organizational factors. Recommendations include stricter safety regulations, enhanced training programs, advanced safety technologies, and robust support systems for workers. By fostering a holistic safety culture and addressing research gaps, the construction industry can potentially mitigate caught-in/between accidents, ultimately protecting worker well-being and improving overall productivity. Full article

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13 pages, 505 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Job Stress, Burnout, and Work Ability in Tire Manufacturing: The Role of Age and Experience

by Jinwon Lee, Kyung-Sun Lee, Jiyeon Ha and Jaejin Hwang

Safety 2025, 11(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010008 - 17 Jan 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4093

Abstract

This study examined the challenges of the predominantly male, aging workforce in South Korea′s tire manufacturing industry, focusing on physical demands, job stress, and burnout. The present study surveyed 400 workers employed on the production line at a tire manufacturing company in the [...] Read more.

This study examined the challenges of the predominantly male, aging workforce in South Korea′s tire manufacturing industry, focusing on physical demands, job stress, and burnout. The present study surveyed 400 workers employed on the production line at a tire manufacturing company in the Republic of Korea. This study revealed a predominantly male workforce, a majority of married employees, an older age demographic, a diverse range of employment tenures with a significant portion of long-term staff, and variability in rest period durations and frequencies. An analysis of data from tire manufacturing workers revealed that high job autonomy and relationship conflict contributed to lower job satisfaction and increased stress. Generational conflicts between older, experienced workers and younger employees further exacerbated dissatisfaction. Despite the physically demanding nature of the job, no significant difference in physical ability across age groups was observed. This study also found a high burnout index, characterized by cynicism, emotional exhaustion, and decreased professional efficacy, particularly among those performing repetitive tasks. The findings suggest a need for interventions to address burnout and improve job conditions for the aging workforce. Full article

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13 pages, 1395 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Classifying Aviation Safety Reports: Using Supervised Natural Language Processing (NLP) in an Applied Context

by Michael D. New and Ryan J. Wallace

Safety 2025, 11(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010007 - 16 Jan 2025

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5178

Abstract

This paper presents a practical approach to classifying aviation safety reports in an operational context. The goals of the research are as follows: (a) successfully demonstrate a replicable, practical methodology leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP) to classify aviation safety report narratives; (b) determine [...] Read more.

This paper presents a practical approach to classifying aviation safety reports in an operational context. The goals of the research are as follows: (a) successfully demonstrate a replicable, practical methodology leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP) to classify aviation safety report narratives; (b) determine the number of reports (per class) required to train the NLP model to achieve an F₁ performance score greater than 0.90 consistently; and, (c) demonstrate the model could be implemented locally, within the confines of a typical corporate infrastructure (i.e., behind the firewall) to allay information security concerns. The authors purposefully sampled 425 safety reports from 2019 to 2021 from a university flight training program. The authors varied the number of reports used to train an NLP model to classify narrative safety reports into three separate event categories. The NLP model’s performance was evaluated both with and without distractor data, running 30 iterations at each training level. NLP model success was measured using a confusion matrix and calculating Macro Average F₁-Scores. Parametric testing was conducted on macro average F₁ score performance using an ANOVA and post hoc Levene statistic. We determined that 60 training samples were required to consistently achieve a macro average F₁-Score above the established 0.90 performance threshold. In future studies, we intend to expand this line of research to include multi-tiered analysis to support classification within a safety taxonomy, enabling improved root cause analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aviation Safety—Accident Investigation, Analysis and Prevention)

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24 pages, 378 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Do Expectations of Risk Prevention Play a Role in the Adoption of Smart Home Technology? Findings from a Swiss Survey

by Raphael Iten, Joël Wagner and Angela Zeier Röschmann

Safety 2025, 11(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010003 - 7 Jan 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4165

Abstract

Smart homes offer promising opportunities for risk prevention in private households, especially concerning safety and health. For instance, they can reduce safety risks by detecting water leakages quickly and support health by monitoring air quality. Current research on smart home technology predominantly focuses [...] Read more.

Smart homes offer promising opportunities for risk prevention in private households, especially concerning safety and health. For instance, they can reduce safety risks by detecting water leakages quickly and support health by monitoring air quality. Current research on smart home technology predominantly focuses on usability, performance expectations, and cyber risks, overlooking the potential importance of risk prevention benefits to prospective users. We address this gap by utilizing data from a recent survey to construct a structural equation model. Our overarching hypothesis is that prevention benefits and comfort considerations positively influence adoption. The results confirm the relevance of comfort, as suggested by previous research. In addition, the results reveal significant prevention benefits in safety and health, which are positively related to technology expectations and the intention to adopt smart homes. Furthermore, newly included variables such as technology affinity and active aging lifestyle emerge as indicators of potential smart home users, extending the knowledge of user characteristics beyond traditional sociodemographic indicators. The findings contribute to filling a gap in the current risk and technology literature and are also relevant for smart home device manufacturers and risk and insurance practitioners looking to evolve their business models. Full article

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16 pages, 1567 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of a Biomathematical Modeling Software Tool for the Prediction of Risk in Flight Schedules Compared Against Incidence of Fatigue Reports

by Jaime K. Devine, Jake Choynowski and Steven R. Hursh

Safety 2025, 11(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010004 - 7 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5041

Abstract

Background: Modeling tools should be tested against real-world outcomes to confirm their predictive ability compared to random chance. Insights is an analytical tool within the biomathematical modeling software SAFTE-FAST that identifies work patterns that consistently result in elevated fatigue risk. This study investigated [...] Read more.

Background: Modeling tools should be tested against real-world outcomes to confirm their predictive ability compared to random chance. Insights is an analytical tool within the biomathematical modeling software SAFTE-FAST that identifies work patterns that consistently result in elevated fatigue risk. This study investigated the ability of Insights to correctly identify duties with an associated fatigue report using previously collected flight schedule and report data. Methods: Planned and completed flight roster schedules were analyzed using SAFTE-FAST Insights after the rosters had been flown. Fatigue reports were independently linked to planned and completed schedules at the duty level. Odds ratio (OR) analysis investigated the ability of Insights to predict which duties would be linked to a fatigue report. Differences in duties were compared using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a two-sample t-test. Results: There were 157 fatigue reports out of 78,061 planned duties and 235 fatigue reports out of 82,612 completed duties. Insights had 3.04 odds of correctly identifying fatigue reports in planned duties but 0.41 odds for completed duties. Discussion: Insights showed good odds of correctly identifying a fatigue report duty using planned schedules but poor odds of identifying a fatigue report duty from completed schedules. Completed duties started later in the day and were shorter in duration than planned duties. Day-of-operations schedule changes may have reduced the fatigue risk in response to the fatigue reports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aviation Safety—Accident Investigation, Analysis and Prevention)

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13 pages, 4025 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effects of Temporary Portable Rumble Strips on Vehicle Speeds in Road Work Zones

by Ahmed Jalil Al-Bayati, Mason Ali, Fadi Alhomaidat, Nishantha Bandara and Yuting Chen

Safety 2024, 10(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10040105 - 16 Dec 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4657

Abstract

The safety of construction and maintenance work zones has been highlighted as a crucial aspect of construction management that requires special attention due to the increasing number of fatal and non-fatal injuries in recent years. Temporary traffic control (TTC) is required by the [...] Read more.

The safety of construction and maintenance work zones has been highlighted as a crucial aspect of construction management that requires special attention due to the increasing number of fatal and non-fatal injuries in recent years. Temporary traffic control (TTC) is required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to improve overall safety performance during road construction and maintenance projects. The fact that speeding and distracted drivers may overlook TTC warning signs and directions has been reported as one of the leading causes of work zone incidents. This study aimed to examine both the impact of temporary portable rumble strips (TPRSs) on traffic speeds and the response of different vehicle types in road work zones, including trucks and cars. Accordingly, field experiments were conducted in collaboration with the Road Commission for Oakland County (RCOC) in Michigan. The findings indicate that TPRSs have a statistically significant impact on the driving speed of light vehicle drivers but not on medium and heavy vehicles, such as trucks. This study contributes to the existing literature by quantifying the safety benefits of TPRS use, providing valuable data for policymakers and construction professionals. By demonstrating the effectiveness of TPRSs in reducing the speed of light vehicles, this research supports the implementation of these systems as a practical measure for enhancing safety within road construction work zones. Additionally, this study highlights the need for tailored approaches to address the limited impact on larger vehicles, underscoring the importance of developing complementary strategies to ensure comprehensive safety improvements across all vehicle types. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Performance Assessment and Management in Construction)

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13 pages, 1060 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Workload Factors Influencing Mental Health and the Intent to Leave Job During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey Analysis of Healthcare Workers Handling Mass Fatalities in the United States

by Vaishakhi Suresh, Ashish D. Nimbarte and Avishek Choudhury

Safety 2024, 10(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10040103 - 10 Dec 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5737

Abstract

This study examines the impact of workload demands on mental distress and job retention among healthcare workers (HCWs) handling mass fatalities during the COVID-19 pandemic. We utilized a cross-sectional validated survey to collect self-reported data from 206 HCWs in the United States between [...] Read more.

This study examines the impact of workload demands on mental distress and job retention among healthcare workers (HCWs) handling mass fatalities during the COVID-19 pandemic. We utilized a cross-sectional validated survey to collect self-reported data from 206 HCWs in the United States between April and May of 2023. The survey measured various dimensions of workload, including mental, physical, and temporal demands, as well as frustration, and their effects on mental distress and the intent to leave their job. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling was employed to analyze the relationships among these variables, providing robust insights into the direct and indirect effects of workload demands on mental distress and job retention. Our findings reveal significant associations between mental, physical, and temporal demands, frustration, and increased mental distress, which in turn heightened the intent to leave their job. Mental distress emerged as a critical mediator, linking workload demands to job retention decisions. This study highlights the cycle of understaffing and workload intensification, exacerbated during pandemics, which contributes to higher turnover rates. It underscores the need for targeted interventions to alleviate workload pressures, especially the physical exertion and mental distress associated with handling dead bodies. This support can help improve HCWs’ mental health and job retention, ultimately enhancing the resilience of healthcare systems in crisis situations. Full article

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21 pages, 13254 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Role of LEM in Mine Slope Safety: A Pre- and Post-Blast Perspective

by Refky Adi Nata, Gaofeng Ren, Yongxiang Ge, Ahmad Fadhly, Fadhilah Muzer, M. Fajar Ramadhan and Verra Syahmer

Safety 2024, 10(4), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10040101 - 3 Dec 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3065

Abstract

Slopes are formed as a result of mining operations. These slopes are classified as artificial slopes. Improper planning of slopes can lead to instability and potentially trigger landslides. PT. Allied Indo Coal Jaya employs the open-pit mining method in its coal mining operations. [...] Read more.

Slopes are formed as a result of mining operations. These slopes are classified as artificial slopes. Improper planning of slopes can lead to instability and potentially trigger landslides. PT. Allied Indo Coal Jaya employs the open-pit mining method in its coal mining operations. Slopes are naturally formed in open-pit mines. Additionally, PT. Allied Indo Coal Jaya utilizes blasting for rock demolition. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the impact of blasting activities on slope stability. This study investigates the influence of blasting on slope stability in coal mines using the limit equilibrium method (LEM). The study evaluates the effects of factors such as ground vibration, blast distance, and blast hole count on the factor of safety (FoS) of slopes. The limit equilibrium method (Fellenius, Bishop, Janbu, Spencer, and Morgenstern-Price) is employed to determine the factor of safety. The factor of safety is modeled using RocScience SLIDE version 6.0 in this study. The factor of safety (FoS) is defined as the ratio of the stabilizing force to the destabilizing force acting on the slope. This study also models the influence of ground vibration, distance, and total number of blast holes on the factor-of-safety (FoS) value. The results indicate that the slope remains stable both pre- and post-blasting, with an overall FoS value greater than 1 for the five slopes examined using various limit equilibrium method (LEM) techniques. However, the FoS value decreased prior to blasting due to the impact of ground vibration and blast distance. It is evident that the ground vibration (PPA) increases with the number of blast holes. The amount of ground vibration decreases as the number of blast holes increases. An increased number of blast holes leads to a decrease in the FoS value. The observed decline in slope FoS values and the increase in PPAs is attributable to the growing number of blast holes. The type of explosive, along with its power and rate of detonation, influences the amount of energy produced, which in turn affects the degree of ground vibration. The findings indicate that the slopes remain stable (FoS > 1) both before and after blasting, although blasting slightly reduces the FoS. The study reveals that as the number of blast holes increases, both ground vibration (PPA) and the reduction in FoS increase, underscoring the effects of explosive power and detonation rate on slope stability. Full article

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18 pages, 1029 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring Cyclists’ Behavior, Traffic Safety Literacy, and Crash Occurrence in Latvia

by Katrina Volgemute, Zermena Vazne and Sergio A. Useche

Safety 2024, 10(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10040097 - 19 Nov 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3600

Abstract

While the role of safe riding behavior as a safety contributor for cyclists has been increasingly studied in recent years, there have been few studies analyzing cycling behavior in relation to crash-related outcomes. Indeed, to the best of our knowledge, this is the [...] Read more.

While the role of safe riding behavior as a safety contributor for cyclists has been increasingly studied in recent years, there have been few studies analyzing cycling behavior in relation to crash-related outcomes. Indeed, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time this issue has been addressed in the case of Latvia. Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the relationships among self-reported cyclists’ behavior, traffic safety literacy, and their cycling crash involvement rates. Method: A total of 299 cyclists aged M = 32.8 from across Latvia participated in an online survey, which included questions regarding respondents’ demographics, frequency of riding, cycling behaviors, and the number of crashes in the previous five years. The Cycling Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) and the Cyclist Risk Perception and Regulation Scale (RPRS) were applied to assess cyclists’ behavior patterns and traffic safety literacy. Results: According to the findings, it can be inferred that cyclists frequently engage in riding errors and traffic violations while cycling. Those who exhibit more anti-social behavior (such as traffic violations and riding errors) patterns are also more likely to be involved in road crashes. Conversely, cyclists with greater positive behavior rates more often also tend to possess better knowledge of traffic rules and exhibit a heightened risk perception, indicating a greater awareness of road traffic safety. Conclusions: This study underscores key age differences, with older individuals significantly less involved in riding crashes, exhibiting fewer driving errors and a higher level of risk perception, which serves as a relevant factor in road safety. At the practical level, these results stress the need to address both traffic safety literacy and protective cycling factors of cyclists, to improve overall road safety and promote active transport modes in Latvia. Full article

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24 pages, 3429 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Defect Trends in Fire Alarm Systems: A Basis for Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) Approaches

by Stefan Veit and Frantisek Steiner

Safety 2024, 10(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10040095 - 11 Nov 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3859

Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive statistical evaluation of defect frequency in fire alarm systems under real operating conditions, focusing on risk-based factors. The aim is not to introduce a complete RBI approach but rather to assess defect trends that can inform future RBI-based [...] Read more.

This article presents a comprehensive statistical evaluation of defect frequency in fire alarm systems under real operating conditions, focusing on risk-based factors. The aim is not to introduce a complete RBI approach but rather to assess defect trends that can inform future RBI-based inspection strategies. The study categorizes and evaluates defects by frequency, particularly examining components such as cable and wire systems, acoustic signal devices, and the impact of detector contamination. These findings establish a foundation for developing tailored risk-based inspection and predictive maintenance strategies. A three-stage explanatory research design was employed, analyzing 4629 inspection reports with findings verified through expert surveys and cross-sample analysis. Results indicate that certain components, including acoustic devices and detectors, exhibit a significant increase in defects after 10 years, especially under challenging environmental conditions. Additionally, while ring bus technology supports less frequent functional testing, cable and wire systems require heightened attention in the early operational years. The study also identifies statistically significant trends and their potential for application to a broader system population, supporting enhanced RBI-based maintenance practices. These insights contribute to refining current maintenance approaches and offer practical recommendations for optimizing inspection routines based on risk factors. The article does not propose a system overhaul but lays essential groundwork for further research and improvement in fire alarm system reliability through targeted, risk-informed practices. Full article

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23 pages, 1148 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physical Security Auditing for Utilities: A Guide to Resilient Substation

by Nawaraj Kumar Mahato, Jiaxuan Yang, Junfeng Yang, Gangjun Gong and Jianhong Hao

Safety 2024, 10(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10030080 - 13 Sep 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5880

Abstract

Electric power substations, as critical components of modern power grids, are increasingly becoming targets for intentional physical attacks, including vandalism, theft, and sabotage. These threats, coupled with the potential for cyber-attacks and the weaponization of technologies, necessitate robust security measures and comprehensive auditing [...] Read more.

Electric power substations, as critical components of modern power grids, are increasingly becoming targets for intentional physical attacks, including vandalism, theft, and sabotage. These threats, coupled with the potential for cyber-attacks and the weaponization of technologies, necessitate robust security measures and comprehensive auditing practices. Despite utilities providers’ focus on understanding grid vulnerability and implementing physical security upgrades, there is a recognized gap in evaluating the effectiveness and long-term usability of these measures. This paper addresses the need for regular security audits to identify vulnerabilities and ensure the overall resilience of substations against evolving threats. The rationale behind this study is to propose a conventional auditing method that includes an auditing framework, checklists, inspections, and post-inspection suggestions. Through the systematic identification and addressing of vulnerabilities via security auditing, the framework aims to significantly enhance the resilience of substations against physical threats. This paper provides a comprehensive guideline for the physical security auditing procedure, which is essential for the reliable operation of the power grid. Full article

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