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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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20 pages, 920 KB  
Article
Analytical Assessment of Pedestrian Crashes on Low-Speed Corridors
by Therezia Matongo and Deo Chimba
Safety 2025, 11(4), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11040123 - 9 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 615
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive statewide analysis of pedestrian-involved crashes recorded in Tennessee between 2002 and 2025. We evaluated the influence of roadway, traffic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors on pedestrian crash frequency and severity with substantial components focused on lighting impacts including dark [...] Read more.
This study presents a comprehensive statewide analysis of pedestrian-involved crashes recorded in Tennessee between 2002 and 2025. We evaluated the influence of roadway, traffic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors on pedestrian crash frequency and severity with substantial components focused on lighting impacts including dark and nighttime. A multi-method analytical framework was implemented, combining descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests, regression analysis, and advanced machine learning techniques including the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and the gradient boosting model (XGBoost). Results indicated that dark and nighttime conditions accounted for a disproportionate share of severe crashes—fatal and serious injuries under dark conditions reached over 40%, compared to less than 20% during daylight. The statistical tests revealed statistically significant differences in both total injuries and fatalities between low-speed (≤35 mph) and higher-speed (40–45 mph) corridors. The regression result identified AADT and the number of lanes as the strongest predictors of crash frequency, showing that greater traffic exposure and wider cross-sections substantially elevate pedestrian risk, while terrain and peak-hour traffic exhibited negative associations with severe injuries. The XGBoost model, consisting of 300 trees, achieved R2 = 0.857, in which the SHAP analysis revealed that AADT, the roadway functional class, and the number of lanes are the most influential variables. The ANFIS model demonstrated that areas with higher population density and greater proportions of households without vehicles experience more pedestrian crashes. These findings collectively establish how pedestrian crash risks are correlated with traffic exposure, roadway geometry, lighting, and socioeconomic conditions, providing a strong analytical foundation for data-driven safety interventions and policy development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety of Vulnerable Road Users at Night)
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13 pages, 1917 KB  
Article
Occupational Ergonomic Risks Among Women in Underground Coal Mining, South Africa
by Ouma S. Mokwena, Joyce Shirinde and Thabiso J. Morodi
Safety 2025, 11(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11040116 - 25 Nov 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 728
Abstract
Although women have participated in mining activities across the world for centuries, the industry continues to be perceived as predominantly male-oriented. This perception persists largely due to the male-dominated workforce and the physically demanding nature of mining operations. This paper examines the ergonomic [...] Read more.
Although women have participated in mining activities across the world for centuries, the industry continues to be perceived as predominantly male-oriented. This perception persists largely due to the male-dominated workforce and the physically demanding nature of mining operations. This paper examines the ergonomic impacts of mining machinery on female mineworkers. The study was conducted in three underground coal mining operations located in Mpumalanga, South Africa, using a quantitative research approach. To evaluate the ergonomic demands placed on women working underground, the researchers employed the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) in combination with direct observation techniques. The findings revealed that female mineworkers experience considerable challenges when performing tasks requiring significant physical strength and endurance. The observed female mineworker recorded a final REBA score of seven, indicating a medium-risk level. Ergonomic challenges in underground coal mining are further intensified for female mineworkers due to the absence of gender-specific considerations in equipment design, task allocation, and the overall working environment. Although the risk classification was moderate, the results underscore the need for further investigation and the timely implementation of corrective measures. Addressing these issues will require the integration of inclusive ergonomic principles that account for gender diversity within the mining workforce. Full article
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39 pages, 1420 KB  
Article
Identifying a Framework for Implementing Vision Zero Approach to Road Safety in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Qualitative Perspective
by Mahfooz Ulhaq Bajwa, Wafaa Saleh and Grigorios Fountas
Safety 2025, 11(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11040093 - 2 Oct 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1938
Abstract
Road traffic fatalities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are continuing to rise, posing significant socio-economic and public health challenges. To prevent these road deaths and avoid the corresponding costs, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended implementing the vision zero approach to [...] Read more.
Road traffic fatalities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are continuing to rise, posing significant socio-economic and public health challenges. To prevent these road deaths and avoid the corresponding costs, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended implementing the vision zero approach to road safety. Vision Zero aims to eliminate road deaths and reduce serious injuries. It has been adopted by many developed countries, however LMICs have faced difficulties implementing this approach due to a lack of guidance. This study aims to develop a framework for implementing vision zero in LMICs by examining the processes in India and Sweden. A qualitative research approach with a multiple-case study design was utilized, selecting 16 participants through purposive and snowball sampling. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Grounded Theory method based on Strauss and Corbin’s approach. The study identified five core implementation steps such as agenda setting, approval, planning, monitoring and evaluation, and continuous improvement. Also, a set of influencing conditions such as preconditions, objectives, strategies, intervening factors and contextual conditions were identified. Furthermore, 38 implementation proposals were suggested in the framework to guide policymakers. The proposed framework provides a road map for LMICs that is intended to act as a guide for policymakers and road safety practitioners to enhance road safety performance in LMICs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Safety Culture)
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21 pages, 1014 KB  
Review
Pharmaceutical Packaging Materials and Medication Safety: A Mini-Review
by Yaokang Lv, Nianyu Liu, Chao Chen, Zhiwei Cai and Jianhang Li
Safety 2025, 11(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11030069 - 18 Jul 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 12149
Abstract
Pharmaceutical packaging materials play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications. This mini-review examines the properties of common packaging materials (glass, plastics, metals, and rubber) and their implications for drug safety. By analyzing 127 research articles from PubMed, Web [...] Read more.
Pharmaceutical packaging materials play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications. This mini-review examines the properties of common packaging materials (glass, plastics, metals, and rubber) and their implications for drug safety. By analyzing 127 research articles from PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI databases (2000–2025), we also discuss recent regulatory updates in China and highlight emerging technologies, including nanomaterials, sustainable packaging solutions, and intelligent packaging systems that present new opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry. Key findings include the following: (1) The physicochemical properties of packaging materials and potential microbial contamination risks during production significantly impact drug quality and safety, underscoring the need for enhanced research and regulatory oversight. (2) Each material exhibits distinct advantages and limitations: glass demonstrates superior chemical stability but may leach ions; plastics offer versatility but risk plasticizer migration; metals provide exceptional strength yet have limited applications; rubber ensures effective sealing but may release additives compromising drug quality. (3) The pharmaceutical packaging sector is evolving toward intelligent systems and sustainable solutions to address contemporary healthcare challenges. This review can aid pharmaceutical companies in selecting drug packaging and guide manufacturers in developing innovative packaging solutions. Full article
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29 pages, 6791 KB  
Article
Health and Safety Management System (HSMS) and Its Impact on Employee Satisfaction and Performance—A New HSMS Model
by Prodromos D. Chatzoglou, Athanasios E. Kotzakolios and Panagiotis K. Marhavilas
Safety 2025, 11(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020052 - 6 Jun 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 9385
Abstract
The main aim of this study is to investigate the association of an assortment of factors pertaining to the implementation of a Health and Safety Management System (HSMS) with firms’ Health and Safety (H&S) level and employees’ satisfaction and performance. The proposed research [...] Read more.
The main aim of this study is to investigate the association of an assortment of factors pertaining to the implementation of a Health and Safety Management System (HSMS) with firms’ Health and Safety (H&S) level and employees’ satisfaction and performance. The proposed research model incorporates six independent factors: (i) the development of a safety culture, (ii) the availability of H&S specific procedures/instructions/rules, (iii) the forethought of H&S-focused training, (iv) the availability of the essential resources to improve H&S equipment, (v) the augmentation of employee motivation for safe behavior, and (vi) the top management commitment to upgrade H&S at the workplace. The model was empirically tested using primary data from 230 employees of 10 manufacturing firms operating in Greece. It was found that H&S meliorates employees’ performance, but, on the other hand, firm’s management should be committed towards creating a high-level safety culture. To achieve this, proper resources should be invested, comprehensible procedures/instructions/rules should be established, and focused training should be provided. The acceptance of this policy would result in an enhanced safety culture, an augmented firm H&S level, amplified employee satisfaction and, accordingly, improved employee performance. In addition, this article suggests a new HSMS model, which, by relying on the principles of the Plan–Do–Check–Act cycle, incorporates the examined six H&S factors, which can upgrade other known standards (like OHSAS 18001 and ISO 45001). Full article
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18 pages, 2735 KB  
Article
Workplace Safety in Industry 4.0 and Beyond: A Case Study on Risk Reduction Through Smart Manufacturing Systems in the Automotive Sector
by Alin Nioata, Alin Țăpirdea, Oana Roxana Chivu, Anamaria Feier, Ioana Catalina Enache, Marilena Gheorghe and Claudia Borda
Safety 2025, 11(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020050 - 5 Jun 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7405
Abstract
An important step toward automation and digitization in Industry 4.0 is the automobile sector’s use of smart manufacturing integrated systems (SMISs). Although this change increases productivity and competitiveness, it also creates new hazards for workplace safety. Key issues include ergonomic and cognitive strain [...] Read more.
An important step toward automation and digitization in Industry 4.0 is the automobile sector’s use of smart manufacturing integrated systems (SMISs). Although this change increases productivity and competitiveness, it also creates new hazards for workplace safety. Key issues include ergonomic and cognitive strain from greater human–machine interactions, particularly with collaborative robots (cobots), and cybersecurity threats from the IIoT and cyber–physical systems. This paper looks at these hazards and stresses the value of safety precautions like predictive maintenance, traceability, and real-time monitoring. This case study investigates how the integration of smart manufacturing integrated systems (SMISs) and cyber–physical systems (CPSs) within Industry 4.0 frameworks enhances workplace safety in the automotive sector. Through a comprehensive case study of the final assembly line, this research explores how these technologies contribute to predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring, and human–machine collaboration, leading to significant reductions in ergonomic and cybersecurity risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Safety Challenges in the Context of Industry 4.0)
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17 pages, 1640 KB  
Article
An Occupational Risk Analysis in the Bituminous Emulsion Transport and Spreading Process: A Case Study Applied in a Company in Romania
by Adriana Milea (Pârvu) and Lucian-Ionel Cioca
Safety 2025, 11(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020046 - 16 May 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1069
Abstract
This paper analyzes the occupational risks associated with the activities of transporting and spreading bituminous emulsion, focusing on a specific technological process used in a company in Romania. This study aims to identify risk factors, systematically evaluate them, and propose preventive measures aimed [...] Read more.
This paper analyzes the occupational risks associated with the activities of transporting and spreading bituminous emulsion, focusing on a specific technological process used in a company in Romania. This study aims to identify risk factors, systematically evaluate them, and propose preventive measures aimed at reducing occupational accidents and diseases. The main hazards identified include exposure to hazardous chemicals, mechanical risks generated by the equipment used, and ergonomic factors that may affect workers’ health. Given the specificity of the activity analyzed, there is currently a lack of relevant studies specifically addressing the occupational safety and health of this category of workers, which further highlights the novelty and importance of the present research. Based on the results obtained, recommendations are formulated for optimizing work conditions, including the use of appropriate protective equipment, improving operational procedures, and implementing effective technical and organizational measures. This study contributes to the development of a solid preventive framework in the field of transporting and applying bituminous emulsion, thus supporting the improvement of occupational safety and health in the road construction industry. The results obtained can be used to develop more effective policies in the field of occupational safety and to raise awareness among decision-makers about the need for proactive measures in preventing occupational risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Performance Assessment and Management in Construction)
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27 pages, 2509 KB  
Article
Assessment of Occupational Health and Safety Management: Implications for Corporate Performance in the Secondary Sector
by Stavroula (Vivi) Mixafenti, Antonia Moutzouri, Aristi Karagkouni, Maria Sartzetaki and Dimitrios Dimitriou
Safety 2025, 11(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020044 - 13 May 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8712
Abstract
Management of occupational health and safety (OHS) plays a critical role in building safe and effective working environments, especially in industries defined by dangerous operations like manufacturing. Secondary industries are characterized by their use of dangerous materials, complex machinery, and repetitive manual work, [...] Read more.
Management of occupational health and safety (OHS) plays a critical role in building safe and effective working environments, especially in industries defined by dangerous operations like manufacturing. Secondary industries are characterized by their use of dangerous materials, complex machinery, and repetitive manual work, prompting the need for stringent OHS laws to protect employees and support business sustainability. Although extensive regulatory materials like ISO 45001 and EU Directive 89/391/EEC exist, the implementation of OHS standards varies among organizations significantly. While larger organizations adopt structured frameworks of safety management, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are often confronted by economic and technical constraints. As a result, policies only appear on paper, and their attitude toward occupational safety is passive. Employing a structured survey analysis, this study evaluates the level at which manufacturing companies in Macedonia-Thrace, a region in Northern Greece, implement OHS actions, the barriers that face them, and how OHS programs influence business performance. Based on the findings, companies that apply proactive OHS practices achieve more productivity, increased staff retention, and lower costs due to accidents, while SMEs often find it difficult to undertake comprehensive policies. The research further identifies the impact of electronic technology, regulation, and leadership on enhancing OHS performance. This study provides evidence-based recommendations on policy changes through the exploration of regionalized patterns of adoption of OHS practices by industrial companies and key policy intervention areas. By eliminating underlying structural loopholes in the implementation of OHS, this paper provides research-backed policy solutions aimed at enhancing work safety and improving corporate performance in the secondary industry. The reinforcement of OHS measures not only reduces hazards at the workplace but also improves the resilience of business, its competitiveness, and conformity to regulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Occupational Health and Safety in A Changing World: Realities, Challenges and Perspectives)
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44 pages, 1732 KB  
Article
From Inception to Innovation: A Comprehensive Review and Bibliometric Analysis of IoT-Enabled Fire Safety Systems
by Ali Abdullah S. AlQahtani, Mohammed Sulaiman, Thamraa Alshayeb and Hosam Alamleh
Safety 2025, 11(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020041 - 8 May 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 10293
Abstract
This paper offers an in-depth analysis of the role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in fire safety systems, with a particular emphasis on fire detection, localization, and evacuation. Through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis, we identify pivotal research trends and advancements in IoT-based [...] Read more.
This paper offers an in-depth analysis of the role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in fire safety systems, with a particular emphasis on fire detection, localization, and evacuation. Through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis, we identify pivotal research trends and advancements in IoT-based sensors, devices, and network architectures that facilitate real-time fire management. In addition, we examine the integration of emerging technologies—such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and quantum computing—that enhance system performance and operational efficiency. Our study further highlights critical challenges and research gaps, including issues related to dynamic system adaptability, cross-domain synergies, bio-inspired fire safety mechanisms, post-fire analysis capabilities, linguistic and cultural barriers in research, and data security and privacy concerns. Finally, we outline prospective directions for future inquiry, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and robust cybersecurity strategies to fully harness the potential of IoT in transforming fire safety. Full article
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15 pages, 640 KB  
Article
Effectiveness of Toolbox Talks as a Workplace Safety Intervention in the United States: A Scoping Review
by Gregory D. Kearney, Jamie Hisel and John A. Staley
Safety 2025, 11(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020035 - 14 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7413
Abstract
Toolbox Talks are widely adopted and valued by supervisors and safety managers as a core component of occupational safety and health training, yet their effectiveness as an intervention has not been systematically evaluated in the peer-reviewed literature. Persistently high rates of occupational fatalities [...] Read more.
Toolbox Talks are widely adopted and valued by supervisors and safety managers as a core component of occupational safety and health training, yet their effectiveness as an intervention has not been systematically evaluated in the peer-reviewed literature. Persistently high rates of occupational fatalities and injuries, particularly among high-risk industries, compounded by an increasingly diverse workforce, involving linguistic diversity, high turnover, and mobile job sites, highlight the urgent need for evidence-based approaches to safety training. This scoping review addresses this gap by examining the effectiveness of Toolbox Talks as an occupational safety intervention through three guiding questions focused on their reported impact, implementation challenges, and the best practices and delivery methods that enhance their effectiveness. The Adult Learning Theory served as the framework to assess evidence-based studies. Four bibliographic databases were used to search for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Data were charted based on effectiveness, measured as outcomes, and categorized as any combination of safety knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behavior, or health outcomes. Unforeseen challenges and recommended best practices were gleaned from each study to provide additional insight. A total of fourteen (14) studies met our inclusion criteria, with the majority centered on construction workplaces (n = 10). Reported effectiveness outcome measures were positive across all studies, with notable improvements in workers’ safety knowledge. Training challenges encountered included worker disengagement, language diversity, and production pressures. Recommended best practices for increasing Toolbox Talk training effectiveness included conducting regularly scheduled training, engaging workers, training supervisors, and providing culturally appropriate and tailored materials. While Toolbox Talks demonstrate significant potential to enhance workplace safety, their effectiveness is hinged on the quality of content and delivery methods, particularly when aligned with adult learning principles that emphasize relevance, engagement, and experimental learning. Future research should explore how emerging technologies, such as e-learning platforms, combined with cultural inclusive approaches and long-term impact assessments, can optimize the design and implementation of Toolbox Talks across diverse occupational settings. Full article
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22 pages, 5036 KB  
Article
Occupational Health and Safety Management System of a South African University Setting
by Ntombenhle Mtikitiki, Benett Siyabonga Madonsela, Thabang Maphanga, Karabo Shale, Xolisiwe Sinalo Grangxabe and Tshidi Mokgatsane Baloyi
Safety 2025, 11(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020034 - 10 Apr 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4415
Abstract
The quality of education is significantly influenced by occupational health and safety (OHS) measures. To this end, a safety incident at a university could have far-reaching negative effects on facilitating teaching and learning for both lecturers and students. Although OHS standards are widely [...] Read more.
The quality of education is significantly influenced by occupational health and safety (OHS) measures. To this end, a safety incident at a university could have far-reaching negative effects on facilitating teaching and learning for both lecturers and students. Although OHS standards are widely established in numerous industries, they are often overlooked in the academic setting. It is for this reason that, to date, research gap exists in OHS systems in academic settings. While universities primarily focus on education, they also pose significant health and safety risks to staff and students due to their design and setup. Effective implementation of an occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) within universities can mitigate these risks. However, there is a notable lack of research focusing on the efficiency of OHSMS in South African universities. This study, therefore, aimed to fill this gap by assessing the efficiency of the OHSMS at a South African university. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis qualitative research methods. Data analysis was carried out using the thematic analysis approach. Inductive logic was used in the interpretation of the current study results. This study highlights that while there is strong awareness of the OHS Act 85 of 1993 (>90%) among university staff, significant gaps exist in the communication and enforcement (5%) of OHS policy, alongside the poor communication of hazards and risks (30%). Amongst other challenges are infrastructure maintenance (>35%), as well as the lack of standard operation procedures (>5%). To address some of these setbacks, the current study recommends enhancing policy communication, conducting regular hazard assessments, increasing training participation, and improving documentation practices. These steps aim to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the university’s OHSMS, ensuring a safer environment for all stakeholders. Full article
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24 pages, 4556 KB  
Review
Trends in Safety Culture Research: A Scopus Analysis
by Al-Baraa Abdulrahman Al-Mekhlafi, Noreen Kanwal, Mohammed Nasser Alhajj, Ahmad Shahrul Nizam Isha and Abdullah O. Baarimah
Safety 2025, 11(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020033 - 7 Apr 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5563
Abstract
Safety culture plays a vital role in creating safer work environments, making its understanding important. This paper comprehensively analyzes safety culture research trends through a bibliometric study using the Scopus database. This study provided a full insight by analyzing 7058 papers published between [...] Read more.
Safety culture plays a vital role in creating safer work environments, making its understanding important. This paper comprehensively analyzes safety culture research trends through a bibliometric study using the Scopus database. This study provided a full insight by analyzing 7058 papers published between 1978 and 2023, employing the PRISMA method and VOSviewer 1.6.19 for bibliometric mapping. The USA, England, China, and Australia are the leading contributors, with Johns Hopkins University being the most active institution. Approximately 75% of publications are co-authored, indicating strong collaboration in this field. Guldenmund (2000) is the most referenced work in safety culture research. Based on the results, this work identifies significant geographical gaps, particularly in Oceania, South America, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa, as well as underexplored sectors such as transportation, logistics, energy, sports, education, and construction. The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted research in this area, particularly healthcare, while potentially diverting attention from other critical sectors. This study contributes a fresh perspective on the trends of safety culture research, offering valuable insights for scholars and practitioners. Additionally, it highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing the unique challenges faced by safety culture across diverse industries and regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Risk Management in Process Industries)
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30 pages, 3827 KB  
Article
Digital Approaches for Mitigating Occupational Vibration Exposure in the Context of Industry 4.0
by Doru Costin Darabont, Lucian-Ionel Cioca and Daniel Onut Badea
Safety 2025, 11(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020031 - 1 Apr 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2652
Abstract
Whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure presents occupational health risks across multiple industries, particularly in tasks involving heavy machinery and prolonged seating. This study examines WBV risk factors, intervention strategies, and the potential for digital monitoring solutions to strengthen workplace safety. A sector-wide analysis assessed [...] Read more.
Whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure presents occupational health risks across multiple industries, particularly in tasks involving heavy machinery and prolonged seating. This study examines WBV risk factors, intervention strategies, and the potential for digital monitoring solutions to strengthen workplace safety. A sector-wide analysis assessed vibration exposure levels, worker-reported discomfort, and the effectiveness of the existing control measures. The study introduces a conceptual framework for a mobile application designed to integrate real-time exposure tracking, structured worker feedback, and predictive risk assessment. The findings confirm that WBV exposure varies across industries, with the energy and maritime logistics sectors showing the highest levels of noncompliance. A tiered intervention strategy, classified by impact and effort, provides a structured method for prioritizing risk reduction measures. Immediate actions, such as real-time monitoring and preventive maintenance, require minimal effort but provide high-impact benefits, while long-term strategies, including ergonomic workstation redesign, demand greater investment but contribute to sustained exposure reduction. The proposed framework offers a scalable, data-driven approach to WBV risk management, transitioning workplace safety from compliance-based monitoring to proactive prevention. Future research should explore implementation feasibility, worker adoption, and the integration of AI-driven safety recommendations to support continuous improvements in workplace safety strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Safety Challenges in the Context of Industry 4.0)
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22 pages, 2173 KB  
Article
The Relationship Between Safety Climate and Safety Performance in the Large-Scale Building Construction Industry in Ethiopia: A Structural Equation Model Using the NOSACQ-50 Tool
by Teferi Abegaz, Wakgari Deressa and Bente Elisabeth Moen
Safety 2025, 11(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010028 - 12 Mar 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3556
Abstract
A cross-sectional study of safety climate and safety performance was performed in Ethiopian construction sites, among 1203 workers from 22 large-scale construction sites. The Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire was administered using interviews. We developed a model to show the interrelations between safety climate [...] Read more.
A cross-sectional study of safety climate and safety performance was performed in Ethiopian construction sites, among 1203 workers from 22 large-scale construction sites. The Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire was administered using interviews. We developed a model to show the interrelations between safety climate and performance. This model was examined using factor analysis. Low scores for all seven safety climate dimensions were found, with values ranging from 2.33 to 3.08 and a mean of 2.70. Similarly, the mean score of the safety performance construct was 2.95 for safety participation and 3.58 for safety compliance. A strong positive correlation was found between safety climate and safety performance, and safety involvement accounted for 29.2% of the variance, while safety compliance accounted for 28.6% of the variance. The suggested association between self-reported injuries and safety climate was not confirmed. Nonetheless, Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated a statistically significant negative correlation with safety climate. In conclusion, low scores for all safety climate dimensions show that safety on construction sites must be improved. The safety climate positively influences employees’ safety behavior (safety compliance and safety participation) and minimizes occupational injuries. Full article
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29 pages, 541 KB  
Article
Preliminary Safety Assessment of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage System for Commercial Aviation
by Mirko Simonetto, John-Alan Pascoe and Alexei Sharpanskykh
Safety 2025, 11(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010027 - 11 Mar 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4392
Abstract
The development of liquid hydrogen storage systems is a key aspect to enable future clean air transportation. However, safety analysis research for such systems is still limited and is hindered by the limited experience with liquid hydrogen storage in aviation. This paper presents [...] Read more.
The development of liquid hydrogen storage systems is a key aspect to enable future clean air transportation. However, safety analysis research for such systems is still limited and is hindered by the limited experience with liquid hydrogen storage in aviation. This paper presents the outcomes of a preliminary safety assessment applied to this new type of storage system, accounting for the hazards of hydrogen. The methodology developed is based on hazard identification and frequency evaluation across all system features to identify the most critical safety concerns. Based on the safety assessment, a set of safety recommendations concerning different subsystems of the liquid hydrogen storage system is proposed, identifying hazard scopes and necessary mitigation actions across various system domains. The presented approach has been proven to be suitable for identifying essential liquid hydrogen hazards despite the novelty of the technology and for providing systematic design recommendations at a relatively early design stage. Full article
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31 pages, 9859 KB  
Article
Design of Manual Handling Carts: A Novel Approach Combining Corrective Forces and Modelling to Prevent Injuries
by Stephane Gille
Safety 2025, 11(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010025 - 10 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4120
Abstract
Design standards for manual handling equipment tend to measure maximal loads and moving forces using a smooth, flat, horizontal steel plate; yet, in everyday use, such equipment is used on floor coverings. Such test methods therefore overestimate the maximal loads acceptable for operators, [...] Read more.
Design standards for manual handling equipment tend to measure maximal loads and moving forces using a smooth, flat, horizontal steel plate; yet, in everyday use, such equipment is used on floor coverings. Such test methods therefore overestimate the maximal loads acceptable for operators, which increases the risk of injury including the development of musculoskeletal disorders. This study presents a new approach for calculating the pushing force for manually handled equipment moving longitudinally on resilient floor coverings from the pushing force measured on a steel plate. This method combines corrective forces with the pushing force model presented in this study. Corrective force abaci, which describe corrective forces as functions of the hardness of the floor covering’s base foam, are provided for each type of tread and bearing in the cart’s wheels. These abaci have been elaborated from pushing force measurements obtained with 44 wheel designs (of varying diameters, treads and bearings) tested on five different floors on a custom-built test bench. A mean deviation between experimental results and model predictions of 5.1% is obtained for pushing forces. These results permit us to account for the real conditions in which manual handling equipment is used and help in reducing the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Occupational Health and Safety: Engineering and Management Aspects)
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21 pages, 307 KB  
Article
Study on Safety Culture Following the Implementation of a Near-Miss Management System in the Traditional Manufacturing Industry
by Maria H. Pedrosa, Ana K. Salazar, Carla Cardoso and Joana C. Guedes
Safety 2025, 11(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010023 - 2 Mar 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8417
Abstract
Safety culture is crucial for organisations aiming to enhance safety performance and is challenging in traditional sectors. This study explored the effects of a new near-miss management system (NMS) on safety culture in traditional manufacturing companies. The data collection followed a mixed-methods design: [...] Read more.
Safety culture is crucial for organisations aiming to enhance safety performance and is challenging in traditional sectors. This study explored the effects of a new near-miss management system (NMS) on safety culture in traditional manufacturing companies. The data collection followed a mixed-methods design: quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-implementation surveys, and qualitative data were derived from focus group discussions (FGDs) developed a year after NMS implementation in two footwear companies. After that period, it is possible to infer that the NMS led to changes in the safety culture. OHS management commitment, accident and near-miss investigation, and OHS meetings and training dimensions were impacted. Employees perceived the NMS introduction as a signal of management′s commitment and the possibility of accessing training and participating in near-miss and accident investigations. In organisations that rely on intensive manual labour, ongoing training is essential to ensure that safety measures are effective and that the organisation′s safety management system (NMS) is sustainable. Although limited by the small sample size and sector focus, the results show that even a simplified NMS procedure adapted to the company and adequate training provided to the workforce significantly impacts the company′s safety culture and workers′ safety behaviour. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Emerging Trends and Future Directions)
24 pages, 1976 KB  
Article
Levels of Automation for a Computer-Based Procedure for Simulated Nuclear Power Plant Operation: Impacts on Workload and Trust
by Jacquelyn Schreck, Gerald Matthews, Jinchao Lin, Sean Mondesire, David Metcalf, Kelly Dickerson and John Grasso
Safety 2025, 11(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010022 - 2 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2180
Abstract
Nuclear power plants increasingly utilize digitalized systems, including computer-based procedures (CBPs) and automation. These novel technologies require human factors’ evaluation to ensure safety. Potentially, automation contributes to safety by reducing workload, but automation may also induce a loss of situation awareness and trust [...] Read more.
Nuclear power plants increasingly utilize digitalized systems, including computer-based procedures (CBPs) and automation. These novel technologies require human factors’ evaluation to ensure safety. Potentially, automation contributes to safety by reducing workload, but automation may also induce a loss of situation awareness and trust miscalibration. The current study investigated workload during a simulated nuclear power plant (NPP) emergency operation procedure (EOP) executed using a CBP supported by automation. Two levels of automation (LOA) were compared within subjects: management-by-consent (lower LOA) and management-by-exception (higher LOA). Subjective workload and trust were assessed, together with objective psychophysiological and performance-based workload measures. LOA effects varied across the different workload measures. The hypothesis that workload would be reduced at the higher LOA was confirmed for a behavioral measure (secondary task response time). However, other metrics, including instantaneous self-assessment (ISA) and heart rate variability (HRV), showed increased workload at the higher LOA. Different LOAs may produce differing operator strategies that require multivariate workload assessment to evaluate. Effect sizes for the impact of LOA on workload were indexed by Cohen’s d. Several of these effect sizes were in the 0.4–0.6 range, indicating effects of medium magnitude. In addition, subjective workload data were compared with those from a previous study that simulated conventional NPP operations. As anticipated, workload tended to be lower with the automated procedure. The study suggests future directions for human factors research on plant modernization. Full article
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23 pages, 2336 KB  
Article
A Framework for Effective Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment in Post-Mining Areas
by Dafni M. Nalmpant-Sarikaki, Alexandros I. Theocharis, Nikolaos C. Koukouzas and Ioannis E. Zevgolis
Safety 2025, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010018 - 19 Feb 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3005
Abstract
This work presents a structured methodology for multi-hazard risk assessment in post-mining coal areas, addressing the complex interactions between natural, mining, and technological hazards. The methodology provides a flexible, semi-quantitative mixed-methods framework designed to evaluate multi-hazard risk scenarios through a seven-step process, which [...] Read more.
This work presents a structured methodology for multi-hazard risk assessment in post-mining coal areas, addressing the complex interactions between natural, mining, and technological hazards. The methodology provides a flexible, semi-quantitative mixed-methods framework designed to evaluate multi-hazard risk scenarios through a seven-step process, which includes identification of hazards, analysis of hazard interactions, and calculation of the Multi-Hazard Index (MHI), Vulnerability Index (VI), and Multi-Risk Value (MRV). The MHI assesses the cumulative intensity of hazard interactions, while the MRV quantifies the socio-economic impacts of various multi-hazard scenarios. The framework also incorporates vulnerability assessments, using social and physical vulnerability indices, to better understand the potential risks to communities. The methodology aims to enhance the safety of post-mining areas by mitigating the cascading effects of hazard interactions and by systematically increasing the knowledge of hazard interdependencies. This approach is adaptable to diverse post-mining contexts, offering a comprehensive framework for assessing and managing multi-hazard risks. It aligns with the broader objectives of the European Green Deal by promoting sustainable land management and addressing the transition of coal regions toward a carbon-neutral economy. It equips stakeholders with necessary tools to enhance resilience and ensure the long-term socio-economic and environmental stability and safety of post-mining areas. Full article
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23 pages, 859 KB  
Review
Caught-In/Between Accidents in the Construction Industry: A Systematic Review
by Aminu Darda’u Rafindadi, Bishir Kado, Abdurra’uf M. Gora, Ibrahim B. Dalha, Sadi I. Haruna, Yasser E. Ibrahim and Omar Ahmed Shabbir
Safety 2025, 11(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010012 - 4 Feb 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7156
Abstract
This systematic review examines caught-in/between accidents in construction, revealing complex safety challenges involving machinery errors, vehicle incidents, loading mistakes, and structural collapses. The analysis highlights significant risks, including heavy equipment rollovers, trench cave-ins, and material shifts, with injuries ranging from minor to fatal. [...] Read more.
This systematic review examines caught-in/between accidents in construction, revealing complex safety challenges involving machinery errors, vehicle incidents, loading mistakes, and structural collapses. The analysis highlights significant risks, including heavy equipment rollovers, trench cave-ins, and material shifts, with injuries ranging from minor to fatal. Despite the critical nature of these accidents, existing research demonstrates notable gaps, particularly in understanding long-term worker health impacts, economic consequences, and nuanced risk factors. Most studies insufficiently explore correlations between worker experience, age, and accident susceptibility, while gender-specific risks remain poorly documented. Training inadequacies and safety protocol non-adherence emerge as primary contributors to these incidents. This review identifies a pressing need for standardized, comprehensive safety interventions that address technological, human, and organizational factors. Recommendations include stricter safety regulations, enhanced training programs, advanced safety technologies, and robust support systems for workers. By fostering a holistic safety culture and addressing research gaps, the construction industry can potentially mitigate caught-in/between accidents, ultimately protecting worker well-being and improving overall productivity. Full article
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13 pages, 505 KB  
Article
Job Stress, Burnout, and Work Ability in Tire Manufacturing: The Role of Age and Experience
by Jinwon Lee, Kyung-Sun Lee, Jiyeon Ha and Jaejin Hwang
Safety 2025, 11(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010008 - 17 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2912
Abstract
This study examined the challenges of the predominantly male, aging workforce in South Korea′s tire manufacturing industry, focusing on physical demands, job stress, and burnout. The present study surveyed 400 workers employed on the production line at a tire manufacturing company in the [...] Read more.
This study examined the challenges of the predominantly male, aging workforce in South Korea′s tire manufacturing industry, focusing on physical demands, job stress, and burnout. The present study surveyed 400 workers employed on the production line at a tire manufacturing company in the Republic of Korea. This study revealed a predominantly male workforce, a majority of married employees, an older age demographic, a diverse range of employment tenures with a significant portion of long-term staff, and variability in rest period durations and frequencies. An analysis of data from tire manufacturing workers revealed that high job autonomy and relationship conflict contributed to lower job satisfaction and increased stress. Generational conflicts between older, experienced workers and younger employees further exacerbated dissatisfaction. Despite the physically demanding nature of the job, no significant difference in physical ability across age groups was observed. This study also found a high burnout index, characterized by cynicism, emotional exhaustion, and decreased professional efficacy, particularly among those performing repetitive tasks. The findings suggest a need for interventions to address burnout and improve job conditions for the aging workforce. Full article
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13 pages, 1395 KB  
Article
Classifying Aviation Safety Reports: Using Supervised Natural Language Processing (NLP) in an Applied Context
by Michael D. New and Ryan J. Wallace
Safety 2025, 11(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010007 - 16 Jan 2025
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3423
Abstract
This paper presents a practical approach to classifying aviation safety reports in an operational context. The goals of the research are as follows: (a) successfully demonstrate a replicable, practical methodology leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP) to classify aviation safety report narratives; (b) determine [...] Read more.
This paper presents a practical approach to classifying aviation safety reports in an operational context. The goals of the research are as follows: (a) successfully demonstrate a replicable, practical methodology leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP) to classify aviation safety report narratives; (b) determine the number of reports (per class) required to train the NLP model to achieve an F1 performance score greater than 0.90 consistently; and, (c) demonstrate the model could be implemented locally, within the confines of a typical corporate infrastructure (i.e., behind the firewall) to allay information security concerns. The authors purposefully sampled 425 safety reports from 2019 to 2021 from a university flight training program. The authors varied the number of reports used to train an NLP model to classify narrative safety reports into three separate event categories. The NLP model’s performance was evaluated both with and without distractor data, running 30 iterations at each training level. NLP model success was measured using a confusion matrix and calculating Macro Average F1-Scores. Parametric testing was conducted on macro average F1 score performance using an ANOVA and post hoc Levene statistic. We determined that 60 training samples were required to consistently achieve a macro average F1-Score above the established 0.90 performance threshold. In future studies, we intend to expand this line of research to include multi-tiered analysis to support classification within a safety taxonomy, enabling improved root cause analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aviation Safety—Accident Investigation, Analysis and Prevention)
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24 pages, 378 KB  
Article
Do Expectations of Risk Prevention Play a Role in the Adoption of Smart Home Technology? Findings from a Swiss Survey
by Raphael Iten, Joël Wagner and Angela Zeier Röschmann
Safety 2025, 11(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010003 - 7 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3075
Abstract
Smart homes offer promising opportunities for risk prevention in private households, especially concerning safety and health. For instance, they can reduce safety risks by detecting water leakages quickly and support health by monitoring air quality. Current research on smart home technology predominantly focuses [...] Read more.
Smart homes offer promising opportunities for risk prevention in private households, especially concerning safety and health. For instance, they can reduce safety risks by detecting water leakages quickly and support health by monitoring air quality. Current research on smart home technology predominantly focuses on usability, performance expectations, and cyber risks, overlooking the potential importance of risk prevention benefits to prospective users. We address this gap by utilizing data from a recent survey to construct a structural equation model. Our overarching hypothesis is that prevention benefits and comfort considerations positively influence adoption. The results confirm the relevance of comfort, as suggested by previous research. In addition, the results reveal significant prevention benefits in safety and health, which are positively related to technology expectations and the intention to adopt smart homes. Furthermore, newly included variables such as technology affinity and active aging lifestyle emerge as indicators of potential smart home users, extending the knowledge of user characteristics beyond traditional sociodemographic indicators. The findings contribute to filling a gap in the current risk and technology literature and are also relevant for smart home device manufacturers and risk and insurance practitioners looking to evolve their business models. Full article
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16 pages, 1567 KB  
Article
Evaluation of a Biomathematical Modeling Software Tool for the Prediction of Risk in Flight Schedules Compared Against Incidence of Fatigue Reports
by Jaime K. Devine, Jake Choynowski and Steven R. Hursh
Safety 2025, 11(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010004 - 7 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2976
Abstract
Background: Modeling tools should be tested against real-world outcomes to confirm their predictive ability compared to random chance. Insights is an analytical tool within the biomathematical modeling software SAFTE-FAST that identifies work patterns that consistently result in elevated fatigue risk. This study investigated [...] Read more.
Background: Modeling tools should be tested against real-world outcomes to confirm their predictive ability compared to random chance. Insights is an analytical tool within the biomathematical modeling software SAFTE-FAST that identifies work patterns that consistently result in elevated fatigue risk. This study investigated the ability of Insights to correctly identify duties with an associated fatigue report using previously collected flight schedule and report data. Methods: Planned and completed flight roster schedules were analyzed using SAFTE-FAST Insights after the rosters had been flown. Fatigue reports were independently linked to planned and completed schedules at the duty level. Odds ratio (OR) analysis investigated the ability of Insights to predict which duties would be linked to a fatigue report. Differences in duties were compared using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a two-sample t-test. Results: There were 157 fatigue reports out of 78,061 planned duties and 235 fatigue reports out of 82,612 completed duties. Insights had 3.04 odds of correctly identifying fatigue reports in planned duties but 0.41 odds for completed duties. Discussion: Insights showed good odds of correctly identifying a fatigue report duty using planned schedules but poor odds of identifying a fatigue report duty from completed schedules. Completed duties started later in the day and were shorter in duration than planned duties. Day-of-operations schedule changes may have reduced the fatigue risk in response to the fatigue reports. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aviation Safety—Accident Investigation, Analysis and Prevention)
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13 pages, 4025 KB  
Article
The Effects of Temporary Portable Rumble Strips on Vehicle Speeds in Road Work Zones
by Ahmed Jalil Al-Bayati, Mason Ali, Fadi Alhomaidat, Nishantha Bandara and Yuting Chen
Safety 2024, 10(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10040105 - 16 Dec 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3765
Abstract
The safety of construction and maintenance work zones has been highlighted as a crucial aspect of construction management that requires special attention due to the increasing number of fatal and non-fatal injuries in recent years. Temporary traffic control (TTC) is required by the [...] Read more.
The safety of construction and maintenance work zones has been highlighted as a crucial aspect of construction management that requires special attention due to the increasing number of fatal and non-fatal injuries in recent years. Temporary traffic control (TTC) is required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to improve overall safety performance during road construction and maintenance projects. The fact that speeding and distracted drivers may overlook TTC warning signs and directions has been reported as one of the leading causes of work zone incidents. This study aimed to examine both the impact of temporary portable rumble strips (TPRSs) on traffic speeds and the response of different vehicle types in road work zones, including trucks and cars. Accordingly, field experiments were conducted in collaboration with the Road Commission for Oakland County (RCOC) in Michigan. The findings indicate that TPRSs have a statistically significant impact on the driving speed of light vehicle drivers but not on medium and heavy vehicles, such as trucks. This study contributes to the existing literature by quantifying the safety benefits of TPRS use, providing valuable data for policymakers and construction professionals. By demonstrating the effectiveness of TPRSs in reducing the speed of light vehicles, this research supports the implementation of these systems as a practical measure for enhancing safety within road construction work zones. Additionally, this study highlights the need for tailored approaches to address the limited impact on larger vehicles, underscoring the importance of developing complementary strategies to ensure comprehensive safety improvements across all vehicle types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Performance Assessment and Management in Construction)
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13 pages, 1060 KB  
Article
Workload Factors Influencing Mental Health and the Intent to Leave Job During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey Analysis of Healthcare Workers Handling Mass Fatalities in the United States
by Vaishakhi Suresh, Ashish D. Nimbarte and Avishek Choudhury
Safety 2024, 10(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10040103 - 10 Dec 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4494
Abstract
This study examines the impact of workload demands on mental distress and job retention among healthcare workers (HCWs) handling mass fatalities during the COVID-19 pandemic. We utilized a cross-sectional validated survey to collect self-reported data from 206 HCWs in the United States between [...] Read more.
This study examines the impact of workload demands on mental distress and job retention among healthcare workers (HCWs) handling mass fatalities during the COVID-19 pandemic. We utilized a cross-sectional validated survey to collect self-reported data from 206 HCWs in the United States between April and May of 2023. The survey measured various dimensions of workload, including mental, physical, and temporal demands, as well as frustration, and their effects on mental distress and the intent to leave their job. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling was employed to analyze the relationships among these variables, providing robust insights into the direct and indirect effects of workload demands on mental distress and job retention. Our findings reveal significant associations between mental, physical, and temporal demands, frustration, and increased mental distress, which in turn heightened the intent to leave their job. Mental distress emerged as a critical mediator, linking workload demands to job retention decisions. This study highlights the cycle of understaffing and workload intensification, exacerbated during pandemics, which contributes to higher turnover rates. It underscores the need for targeted interventions to alleviate workload pressures, especially the physical exertion and mental distress associated with handling dead bodies. This support can help improve HCWs’ mental health and job retention, ultimately enhancing the resilience of healthcare systems in crisis situations. Full article
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21 pages, 13254 KB  
Article
The Role of LEM in Mine Slope Safety: A Pre- and Post-Blast Perspective
by Refky Adi Nata, Gaofeng Ren, Yongxiang Ge, Ahmad Fadhly, Fadhilah Muzer, M. Fajar Ramadhan and Verra Syahmer
Safety 2024, 10(4), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10040101 - 3 Dec 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2299
Abstract
Slopes are formed as a result of mining operations. These slopes are classified as artificial slopes. Improper planning of slopes can lead to instability and potentially trigger landslides. PT. Allied Indo Coal Jaya employs the open-pit mining method in its coal mining operations. [...] Read more.
Slopes are formed as a result of mining operations. These slopes are classified as artificial slopes. Improper planning of slopes can lead to instability and potentially trigger landslides. PT. Allied Indo Coal Jaya employs the open-pit mining method in its coal mining operations. Slopes are naturally formed in open-pit mines. Additionally, PT. Allied Indo Coal Jaya utilizes blasting for rock demolition. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the impact of blasting activities on slope stability. This study investigates the influence of blasting on slope stability in coal mines using the limit equilibrium method (LEM). The study evaluates the effects of factors such as ground vibration, blast distance, and blast hole count on the factor of safety (FoS) of slopes. The limit equilibrium method (Fellenius, Bishop, Janbu, Spencer, and Morgenstern-Price) is employed to determine the factor of safety. The factor of safety is modeled using RocScience SLIDE version 6.0 in this study. The factor of safety (FoS) is defined as the ratio of the stabilizing force to the destabilizing force acting on the slope. This study also models the influence of ground vibration, distance, and total number of blast holes on the factor-of-safety (FoS) value. The results indicate that the slope remains stable both pre- and post-blasting, with an overall FoS value greater than 1 for the five slopes examined using various limit equilibrium method (LEM) techniques. However, the FoS value decreased prior to blasting due to the impact of ground vibration and blast distance. It is evident that the ground vibration (PPA) increases with the number of blast holes. The amount of ground vibration decreases as the number of blast holes increases. An increased number of blast holes leads to a decrease in the FoS value. The observed decline in slope FoS values and the increase in PPAs is attributable to the growing number of blast holes. The type of explosive, along with its power and rate of detonation, influences the amount of energy produced, which in turn affects the degree of ground vibration. The findings indicate that the slopes remain stable (FoS > 1) both before and after blasting, although blasting slightly reduces the FoS. The study reveals that as the number of blast holes increases, both ground vibration (PPA) and the reduction in FoS increase, underscoring the effects of explosive power and detonation rate on slope stability. Full article
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18 pages, 1029 KB  
Article
Exploring Cyclists’ Behavior, Traffic Safety Literacy, and Crash Occurrence in Latvia
by Katrina Volgemute, Zermena Vazne and Sergio A. Useche
Safety 2024, 10(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10040097 - 19 Nov 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2555
Abstract
While the role of safe riding behavior as a safety contributor for cyclists has been increasingly studied in recent years, there have been few studies analyzing cycling behavior in relation to crash-related outcomes. Indeed, to the best of our knowledge, this is the [...] Read more.
While the role of safe riding behavior as a safety contributor for cyclists has been increasingly studied in recent years, there have been few studies analyzing cycling behavior in relation to crash-related outcomes. Indeed, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time this issue has been addressed in the case of Latvia. Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the relationships among self-reported cyclists’ behavior, traffic safety literacy, and their cycling crash involvement rates. Method: A total of 299 cyclists aged M = 32.8 from across Latvia participated in an online survey, which included questions regarding respondents’ demographics, frequency of riding, cycling behaviors, and the number of crashes in the previous five years. The Cycling Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) and the Cyclist Risk Perception and Regulation Scale (RPRS) were applied to assess cyclists’ behavior patterns and traffic safety literacy. Results: According to the findings, it can be inferred that cyclists frequently engage in riding errors and traffic violations while cycling. Those who exhibit more anti-social behavior (such as traffic violations and riding errors) patterns are also more likely to be involved in road crashes. Conversely, cyclists with greater positive behavior rates more often also tend to possess better knowledge of traffic rules and exhibit a heightened risk perception, indicating a greater awareness of road traffic safety. Conclusions: This study underscores key age differences, with older individuals significantly less involved in riding crashes, exhibiting fewer driving errors and a higher level of risk perception, which serves as a relevant factor in road safety. At the practical level, these results stress the need to address both traffic safety literacy and protective cycling factors of cyclists, to improve overall road safety and promote active transport modes in Latvia. Full article
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24 pages, 3429 KB  
Article
Defect Trends in Fire Alarm Systems: A Basis for Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) Approaches
by Stefan Veit and Frantisek Steiner
Safety 2024, 10(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10040095 - 11 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2665
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive statistical evaluation of defect frequency in fire alarm systems under real operating conditions, focusing on risk-based factors. The aim is not to introduce a complete RBI approach but rather to assess defect trends that can inform future RBI-based [...] Read more.
This article presents a comprehensive statistical evaluation of defect frequency in fire alarm systems under real operating conditions, focusing on risk-based factors. The aim is not to introduce a complete RBI approach but rather to assess defect trends that can inform future RBI-based inspection strategies. The study categorizes and evaluates defects by frequency, particularly examining components such as cable and wire systems, acoustic signal devices, and the impact of detector contamination. These findings establish a foundation for developing tailored risk-based inspection and predictive maintenance strategies. A three-stage explanatory research design was employed, analyzing 4629 inspection reports with findings verified through expert surveys and cross-sample analysis. Results indicate that certain components, including acoustic devices and detectors, exhibit a significant increase in defects after 10 years, especially under challenging environmental conditions. Additionally, while ring bus technology supports less frequent functional testing, cable and wire systems require heightened attention in the early operational years. The study also identifies statistically significant trends and their potential for application to a broader system population, supporting enhanced RBI-based maintenance practices. These insights contribute to refining current maintenance approaches and offer practical recommendations for optimizing inspection routines based on risk factors. The article does not propose a system overhaul but lays essential groundwork for further research and improvement in fire alarm system reliability through targeted, risk-informed practices. Full article
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23 pages, 1148 KB  
Article
Physical Security Auditing for Utilities: A Guide to Resilient Substation
by Nawaraj Kumar Mahato, Jiaxuan Yang, Junfeng Yang, Gangjun Gong and Jianhong Hao
Safety 2024, 10(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10030080 - 13 Sep 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4820
Abstract
Electric power substations, as critical components of modern power grids, are increasingly becoming targets for intentional physical attacks, including vandalism, theft, and sabotage. These threats, coupled with the potential for cyber-attacks and the weaponization of technologies, necessitate robust security measures and comprehensive auditing [...] Read more.
Electric power substations, as critical components of modern power grids, are increasingly becoming targets for intentional physical attacks, including vandalism, theft, and sabotage. These threats, coupled with the potential for cyber-attacks and the weaponization of technologies, necessitate robust security measures and comprehensive auditing practices. Despite utilities providers’ focus on understanding grid vulnerability and implementing physical security upgrades, there is a recognized gap in evaluating the effectiveness and long-term usability of these measures. This paper addresses the need for regular security audits to identify vulnerabilities and ensure the overall resilience of substations against evolving threats. The rationale behind this study is to propose a conventional auditing method that includes an auditing framework, checklists, inspections, and post-inspection suggestions. Through the systematic identification and addressing of vulnerabilities via security auditing, the framework aims to significantly enhance the resilience of substations against physical threats. This paper provides a comprehensive guideline for the physical security auditing procedure, which is essential for the reliable operation of the power grid. Full article
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18 pages, 312 KB  
Review
Digital and Virtual Technologies for Work-Related Biomechanical Risk Assessment: A Scoping Review
by Paulo C. Anacleto Filho, Ana Colim, Cristiano Jesus, Sérgio Ivan Lopes and Paula Carneiro
Safety 2024, 10(3), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10030079 - 12 Sep 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4910
Abstract
The field of ergonomics has been significantly shaped by the advent of evolving technologies linked to new industrial paradigms, often referred to as Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and, more recently, Industry 5.0 (I5.0). Consequently, several studies have reviewed the integration of advanced technologies for [...] Read more.
The field of ergonomics has been significantly shaped by the advent of evolving technologies linked to new industrial paradigms, often referred to as Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and, more recently, Industry 5.0 (I5.0). Consequently, several studies have reviewed the integration of advanced technologies for improved ergonomics in different industry sectors. However, studies often evaluate specific technologies, such as extended reality (XR), wearables, artificial intelligence (AI), and collaborative robot (cobot), and their advantages and problems. In this sense, there is a lack of research exploring the state of the art of I4.0 and I5.0 virtual and digital technologies in evaluating work-related biomechanical risks. Addressing this research gap, this study presents a comprehensive review of 24 commercial tools and 10 academic studies focusing on work-related biomechanical risk assessment using digital and virtual technologies. The analysis reveals that AI and digital human modelling (DHM) are the most commonly utilised technologies in commercial tools, followed by motion capture (MoCap) and virtual reality (VR). Discrepancies were found between commercial tools and academic studies. However, the study acknowledges limitations, including potential biases in sample selection and search methodology. Future research directions include enhancing transparency in commercial tool validation processes, examining the broader impact of emerging technologies on ergonomics, and considering human-centred design principles in technology integration. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolving landscape of biomechanical risk assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ergonomics and Safety)
12 pages, 1231 KB  
Article
Is Declined Cognitive Function Predictive for Fatal Accidents Involving Aging Pilots?
by Douglas D. Boyd and Alan J. Stolzer
Safety 2024, 10(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10030071 - 5 Aug 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3432
Abstract
Background. Civil aviation comprises airlines/charters and general aviation (GA). Currently, airlines are experiencing a pilot shortage, partly reflecting scheduled retirements mandatory for airline (but not GA) pilots aged 65 years, fueling a debate as to whether the retirement age should be increased. Herein, [...] Read more.
Background. Civil aviation comprises airlines/charters and general aviation (GA). Currently, airlines are experiencing a pilot shortage, partly reflecting scheduled retirements mandatory for airline (but not GA) pilots aged 65 years, fueling a debate as to whether the retirement age should be increased. Herein, using 16–40 years-of-age aviators as a reference, we determined whether GA pilots aged 60+ years (i) incurred an elevated accident rate, employing, for the first time, age-tiered flight time as a measure of risk exposure and (ii) carried an excess risk for cognitive deficiency-related fatal accidents. Methods. Airplane accidents (2002–2016) involving Class 3 medical certificated pilots were per the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) databases. Age-tiered pilot risk exposure represented a summation of flight hours per Class 3 medical applications. Cognitive decline measures were per NTSB field codes. Statistical analyses employed Chi-Square, Mann–Whitney, logistic regression, and binomial tests. Results. Using flight hours as the denominator, the fatal accident rate for older pilots (41–80 years) was unchanged compared with aviators aged 16–40 years. In the logistic regression, no cognitive deficiency measure was predictive (p = 0.11, p = 0.15) for pilots aged 61+ years who were involved in fatal accidents. Conclusion. These findings question the necessity of an automatic disqualification of air transport pilots at 65 years of age. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aviation Safety—Accident Investigation, Analysis and Prevention)
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18 pages, 23855 KB  
Article
Risk Analysis of Underground Tunnel Construction with Tunnel Boring Machine by Using Fault Tree Analysis and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process
by Nitidetch Koohathongsumrit and Wasana Chankham
Safety 2024, 10(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10030068 - 1 Aug 2024
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4983
Abstract
Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are preferred for constructing tunnels, particularly for underground mass transit railways, because of their speed, minimal environmental impact, and increased safety. However, TBM tunneling involves unavoidable risks, necessitating careful assessment and management for successful project completion. This study presents [...] Read more.
Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are preferred for constructing tunnels, particularly for underground mass transit railways, because of their speed, minimal environmental impact, and increased safety. However, TBM tunneling involves unavoidable risks, necessitating careful assessment and management for successful project completion. This study presents a novel hybrid risk-analysis method for tunnel construction using TBMs. The proposed method integrates fault tree analysis (FTA) and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP). FTA was employed to calculate the probabilities of risk occurrences, while fuzzy AHP was utilized to determine the consequences of the risks. These probability and consequence values were used to calculate continuous risk levels for more accurate risk analysis. The proposed method was applied to a real case of metro line construction. The results demonstrated that the proposed method effectively analyzes the risks, accurately reflecting decision support data. The risks were categorized based on the continuous risk levels in descending order. The most significant risk was the deterioration of the TBM. The benefits of this study provide project managers and stakeholders involved in underground construction with a new risk-analysis method that enhances work safety and facilitates the timely execution of urban tunnel construction projects. Full article
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33 pages, 1485 KB  
Review
Occupational Chemical Exposure and Health Status of Wildland Firefighters at the Firefront: A Systematic Review
by Tatiana Teixeira, Liliana Almeida, Isabel Dias, João Santos Baptista, Joana Santos, Mário Vaz and Joana Guedes
Safety 2024, 10(3), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10030060 - 5 Jul 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4800
Abstract
Wildland firefighting represents a physically and mentally demanding endeavour fraught with various risk factors. The primary aim of this study is to delineate occupational chemical exposure within the firefighting work environment on the firefront and its implications for firefighters’ health status. A systematic [...] Read more.
Wildland firefighting represents a physically and mentally demanding endeavour fraught with various risk factors. The primary aim of this study is to delineate occupational chemical exposure within the firefighting work environment on the firefront and its implications for firefighters’ health status. A systematic literature review was conducted utilising diverse keyword combinations across Scopus, Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, and ScienceDirect databases. Only English-language journal articles, real-world monitoring reports, and studies featuring samples of firefighters were considered for inclusion. Forty-one studies were analysed, with 26 focusing on firefighters’ occupational exposure to chemical agents during wildland firefighting and 15 addressing the health impairments of wildland firefighting activities. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), VOCs, and particulates emerged as the most prevalent chemical agents in the exposure profiles of frontline firefighters. They were shown to be the main incidents of cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and work-related cancer. The rigorous demands of wildland firefighting have been demonstrated to significantly impact firefighter health, resulting in a notable prevalence of fatalities and illnesses. Given that an elevated number of health issues are common in this occupation, adopting advanced assessment technologies is imperative. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic New Research in Work-Related Diseases, Safety and Health)
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22 pages, 295 KB  
Article
“Emergency Decisions”: The Choice of a Simulated Emergency Scenario to Reproduce a Decision-Making Condition in an Emergency Context as Close to Reality as Possible
by Ivan D’Alessio
Safety 2024, 10(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10020054 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2513
Abstract
Decisions are a crucial aspect of human life, especially when made in emergency contexts. This research involved 348 subjects, evaluating the relationship between socio-demographic variables and the choice of one of the proposed emergency scenarios suitable for reproducing a decision-making condition in an [...] Read more.
Decisions are a crucial aspect of human life, especially when made in emergency contexts. This research involved 348 subjects, evaluating the relationship between socio-demographic variables and the choice of one of the proposed emergency scenarios suitable for reproducing a decision-making condition in an emergency. Three scenarios were presented: one on climate change, one on pandemics, and one on seismic events. The survey captured individuals’ perceptions of the scenarios for dimensions such as realism (present, past, and future), emotions, risk, worry, emergency, catastrophe, immediate choice, and immediate decision. The results suggest that age, gender, education, and previous experience are predictive factors for subjects’ preferences regarding the chosen scenario and their evaluation of the related dimensions. To optimize decisions in emergencies by institutional decision makers and crisis managers, it is useful to expand knowledge and have data relevant to this area. This research provides a basis in terms of data and tools for designing future research and studies on decision making in emergency contexts. Full article
14 pages, 1129 KB  
Article
Evolution of Occupational Safety and Health Disclosure Practices: Insights from 8 Years in Taiwan’s Construction Industry
by Chieh-Wen Chang, Tomohisa Nagata, Louise E. Anthony and Ro-Ting Lin
Safety 2024, 10(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10020046 - 13 May 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5191
Abstract
The construction industry has been identified as a major contributor to occupational accidents that can lead to fatalities. As a result, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of new safety and health regulations and revised guidelines in improving safety and health disclosures [...] Read more.
The construction industry has been identified as a major contributor to occupational accidents that can lead to fatalities. As a result, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of new safety and health regulations and revised guidelines in improving safety and health disclosures and performance within the construction industry. We retrieved safety and health disclosure reports from 25 Taiwanese construction companies between 2013 and 2020 using the Market Observation Post System website. We analyzed the data using the Kaplan–Meier method to assess the timing of disclosures and differences between larger (≥300 employees) and smaller (<300 employees) companies. We found that construction companies reported safety indicators more promptly than health indicators and that larger companies disclosed earlier compared to smaller ones. Only 45% of companies provide detailed reviews and preventative measures in their sustainability reports despite 64% disclosing occupational accidents. We found that from 2013 to 2020, more companies improved their occupational safety and health (OSH) reporting. This improvement coincided significantly with the adoption of international standards and Taiwan’s government regulations. In summary, the study found that larger companies were more likely to disclose OSH data compared to smaller ones. This suggests that company size and available resources could have an impact on reporting practices. While some progress was made, companies still struggle to provide detailed reports on major accidents, balancing transparency with competitiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Building a Sustainable Construction Workforce)
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24 pages, 1775 KB  
Article
Analysis of Hydrogen Value Chain Events: Implications for Hydrogen Refueling Stations’ Safety
by Eulàlia Badia, Joaquín Navajas, Roser Sala, Nicola Paltrinieri and Hitomi Sato
Safety 2024, 10(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10020044 - 30 Apr 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2993
Abstract
Renewable hydrogen is emerging as the key to a sustainable energy transition with multiple applications and uses. In the field of transport, in addition to fuel cell vehicles, it is necessary to develop an extensive network of hydrogen refueling stations (hereafter HRSs). The [...] Read more.
Renewable hydrogen is emerging as the key to a sustainable energy transition with multiple applications and uses. In the field of transport, in addition to fuel cell vehicles, it is necessary to develop an extensive network of hydrogen refueling stations (hereafter HRSs). The characteristics and properties of hydrogen make ensuring the safe operation of these facilities a crucial element for their successful deployment and implementation. This paper shows the outcomes of an analysis of hydrogen incidents and accidents considering their potential application to HRSs. For this purpose, the HIAD 2.0 was reviewed and a total of 224 events that could be repeated in any of the major industrial processes related to hydrogen refueling stations were analyzed. This analysis was carried out using a mixed methodology of quantitative and qualitative techniques, considering the following hydrogen value chain: production, storage, delivery and industrial use. The results provide general information segmented by event frequency, damage classes and failure typology. The analysis shows the main processes of the value chain allow the identification of key aspects for the safety management of refueling facilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Worldwide Accidents: Trends, Investigation and Prevention)
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13 pages, 1576 KB  
Article
Assessment of Fire Safety Management for Special Needs Schools in South Africa
by Tlou D. Raphela and Ndivhuwo Ndaba
Safety 2024, 10(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10020043 - 30 Apr 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3047
Abstract
The safety and well-being of learners with special educational needs in South Africa remain a paramount concern, significantly impacting their constitutional rights and dignity. Despite legislative commitments aimed at fostering inclusive education, a pervasive absence of adequate fire safety measures in special needs [...] Read more.
The safety and well-being of learners with special educational needs in South Africa remain a paramount concern, significantly impacting their constitutional rights and dignity. Despite legislative commitments aimed at fostering inclusive education, a pervasive absence of adequate fire safety measures in special needs schools (SNSs) in South Africa has persisted, leading to the vulnerability of these learners. Tragic incidents, such as fatal fires in these schools, as reported in the literature, underscore the urgent need for immediate intervention to ensure the safety and security of these learners, especially with regards to fire hazards. This study, conducted within the Northwest Province of South Africa, assessed the state of fire safety management in SNSs by applying a series of chi-squared (χ2) tests of independence for categorical variables, descriptive statistics, and regression analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS), Version 20 and found that limited access to power is the potential root cause of fires in these schools; also, the limited amount of fire safety initiatives was a problem. In addition, the ordinal regression showed a statistically significant relationship when the question of to what extent the learners in the sampled schools are involved in fire safety programs was regressed with the questions of whether management and stakeholders were involved in fire safety programs and also on taking part in the physical fire safety programs (χ2 = 47.412; df = 2; p < 0.001; R2 = 70.5%). Furthermore, fire safety management was not sufficiently implemented in the sampled schools and the safety legislations of the country were not implemented accordingly when it came to fire safety. This study identified root causes of fire risks, gauged stakeholders’ awareness and involvement in fire safety management, and advocated for more stringent safety policies and practices within the SNS based on the above findings. Full article
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9 pages, 415 KB  
Article
Monitoring Occupational Radiation Dose in Radiography Students: Implications for Safety and Training
by Mohamed Abuzaid, Zarmeena Noorajan, Wiam Elshami and Manal Ibham
Safety 2024, 10(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10020035 - 4 Apr 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7652
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the occupational exposure of undergraduate radiography students to ionising radiation and evaluate the effectiveness of safety protocols and training in reducing radiation exposure. Methods: This study tracked undergraduate radiography students from the University of Sharjah, UAE, using [...] Read more.
Background: This study aimed to investigate the occupational exposure of undergraduate radiography students to ionising radiation and evaluate the effectiveness of safety protocols and training in reducing radiation exposure. Methods: This study tracked undergraduate radiography students from the University of Sharjah, UAE, using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) from 2015 to 2023. TLD readings were conducted every 15 weeks during 384 h of clinical placement. This study encompassed various radiographic procedures, and the TLDs were used to measure shallow (HP (0.07)) and deep doses (HP (10)). Results: A data analysis from 599 dosimeters revealed an average of 74 students annually. The average effective doses for HP (10) and HP (0.07) were 0.227 mSv and 0.222 mSv, respectively. These doses were well-below the recommended annual limits. Conclusion: This study’s results indicated that radiography students’ occupational radiation exposure during clinical training was within the safe limits, demonstrating the effectiveness of training and safety protocols. A comparison with international data corroborated the low exposure levels. Clinical training is essential for radiography students, and this study highlights the success of safety protocols in minimising occupational radiation exposure. Continuous monitoring and education are crucial to sustaining these positive outcomes. Full article
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14 pages, 3796 KB  
Article
A Comparative Approach Study on the Thermal and Calorimetric Analysis of Fire-Extinguishing Powders
by An-Chi Huang, Fang-Chao Cao and Xin-Yue Ma
Safety 2024, 10(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010031 - 15 Mar 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3771
Abstract
This study offers a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of expansible graphite (EG) and potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) in suppressing metal fires, which are known for their high intensity and resistance. Our assessment, utilizing thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), [...] Read more.
This study offers a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of expansible graphite (EG) and potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) in suppressing metal fires, which are known for their high intensity and resistance. Our assessment, utilizing thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealed that compositions of EG–KHCO3 can endure temperatures of up to 350 °C, indicating their thermal resilience. The 3:1 EG–KHCO3 mixture demonstrated exceptional performance in fire suppression tests by extinguishing sodium flames in a mere 20 s, using approximately 50 g of the agent. This highlights a substantial improvement in efficiency. In addition, FTIR analysis identified important gaseous compounds released during decomposition, while XRD and SEM techniques confirmed the advantageous insertion of KHCO3 into the EG matrix, enhancing its resistance to heat and chemical reactions. The mixture with a ratio of 3:1 also demonstrated a higher cooling rate of 2.34 °C/s within the temperature range of 350 to 200 °C. The results emphasize the potential of EG–KHCO3 compositions, specifically in a 3:1 ratio, for efficient fire management by integrating fire suppression, heat resistance, and quick cooling. Subsequent investigations will prioritize the evaluation of these compositions across different circumstances and the assessment of their environmental and industrial viability. Full article
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30 pages, 14699 KB  
Article
Deep Learning for Detection of Proper Utilization and Adequacy of Personal Protective Equipment in Manufacturing Teaching Laboratories
by Adinda Sekar Ludwika and Achmad Pratama Rifai
Safety 2024, 10(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010026 - 7 Mar 2024
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6755
Abstract
Occupational sectors are perennially challenged by the potential for workplace accidents, particularly in roles involving tools and machinery. A notable cause of such accidents is the inadequate use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), essential in preventing injuries and illnesses. This risk is not [...] Read more.
Occupational sectors are perennially challenged by the potential for workplace accidents, particularly in roles involving tools and machinery. A notable cause of such accidents is the inadequate use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), essential in preventing injuries and illnesses. This risk is not confined to workplaces alone but extends to educational settings with practical activities, like manufacturing teaching laboratories in universities. Current methods for monitoring and ensuring proper PPE usage especially in the laboratories are limited, lacking in real-time and accurate detection capabilities. This study addresses this gap by developing a visual-based, deep learning system specifically tailored for assessing PPE usage in manufacturing teaching laboratories. The method of choice for object detection in this study is You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithms, encompassing YOLOv4, YOLOv5, and YOLOv6. YOLO processes images in a single pass through its architecture, in which its efficiency allows for real-time detection. The novel contribution of this study lies in its computer vision models, adept at not only detecting compliance but also assessing adequacy of PPE usage. The result indicates that the proposed computer vision models achieve high accuracy for detection of PPE usage compliance and adequacy with a mAP value of 0.757 and an F1-score of 0.744, obtained with the YOLOv5 model. The implementation of a deep learning system for PPE compliance in manufacturing teaching laboratories could markedly improve safety, preventing accidents and injuries through real-time compliance monitoring. Its effectiveness and adaptability could set a precedent for safety protocols in various educational settings, fostering a wider culture of safety and compliance. Full article
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24 pages, 4897 KB  
Article
Analyzing Pile-Up Crash Severity: Insights from Real-Time Traffic and Environmental Factors Using Ensemble Machine Learning and Shapley Additive Explanations Method
by Seyed Alireza Samerei, Kayvan Aghabayk and Alfonso Montella
Safety 2024, 10(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010022 - 23 Feb 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4768
Abstract
Pile-up (PU) crashes, which involve multiple collisions between more than two vehicles within a brief timeframe, carry substantial consequences, including fatalities and significant damages. This study aims to investigate the real-time traffic, environmental, and crash characteristics and their interactions in terms of their [...] Read more.
Pile-up (PU) crashes, which involve multiple collisions between more than two vehicles within a brief timeframe, carry substantial consequences, including fatalities and significant damages. This study aims to investigate the real-time traffic, environmental, and crash characteristics and their interactions in terms of their contributions to severe PU crashes, which have been understudied. This study investigates and interprets the effects of Total Volume/Capacity (TV/C), “Heavy Vehicles Volume/Total Volume” (HVV/TV), and average speed. For this purpose, the PU crash severity was modelled and interpreted using the crash and real-time traffic data of Iran’s freeways over a 5-year period. Among six machine learning methods, the CatBoost model demonstrated superior performance, interpreted via the SHAP method. The results indicate that avg.speed > 90 km/h, TV/C < 0.6, HVV/TV ≥ 0.1, horizontal curves, longitudinal grades, nighttime, and the involvement of heavy vehicles are associated with the risk of severe PU crashes. Additionally, several interactions are associated with severe PU crashes, including the co-occurrence of TV/C ≈ 0.1, HVV/TV ≥ 0.25, and nighttime; the interactions between TV/C ≈ 0.1 or 0.45, HVV/TV ≥ 0.25, and avg.speed > 90 km/h; horizontal curves and high average speeds; horizontal curves; and nighttime. Overall, this research provides essential insights into traffic and environmental factors driving severe PU crashes, supporting informed decision-making for policymakers. Full article
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16 pages, 3920 KB  
Article
Inertial Motion Capturing in Ergonomic Workplace Analysis: Assessing the Correlation between RULA, Upper-Body Posture Deviations and Musculoskeletal Discomfort
by Steven Simon, Jonas Dully, Carlo Dindorf, Eva Bartaguiz, Oliver Walle, Ilsemarie Roschlock-Sachs and Michael Fröhlich
Safety 2024, 10(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010016 - 2 Feb 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4896
Abstract
(1) Background: Mobile movement analysis systems, for example, those based on Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), enable digital real-time methods of collecting data in workplace ergonomics, but the relationship between observational method scores such as Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), upper-body posture, and their [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Mobile movement analysis systems, for example, those based on Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), enable digital real-time methods of collecting data in workplace ergonomics, but the relationship between observational method scores such as Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), upper-body posture, and their influence on musculoskeletal discomfort, has not yet been well investigated. This field study aimed to evaluate the relationship of these variables in two different target groups: production and office workers. (2) Methods: There were 64 subjects (44 men and 20 women) participating. Data collection was divided into two categories: (1) Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ) (n = 64) and 3D stereophotogrammetric posture analysis (n = 58), and (2) Investigation of workload via IMU-based motion capture (MoCap) and the Borg CR-10 body map (n = 24). Correlation tests and regression analysis were performed using SPSS and MATLAB software to examine the relationship between the upper-body posture and RULA. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to examine group differences. (3) Results: The findings did not support the authors’ hypothesis that posture risk at work significantly correlates with static upper-body posture and musculoskeletal discomfort. Pelvic tilt had a weak but significant influence on RULA. The data revealed interesting trends in physical exertion, musculoskeletal discomfort, and differences between production and office workers. However, the statistical analysis did not support this. Such approaches have the potential to enhance the accuracy of assessment outcomes and, in turn, provide a stronger foundation for enhancing ergonomic conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Risk Assessment—Health and Safety)
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18 pages, 873 KB  
Review
Noise Exposure, Prevention, and Control in Agriculture and Forestry: A Scoping Review
by Massimo Cecchini, Leonardo Assettati, Pierluigi Rossi, Danilo Monarca and Simone Riccioni
Safety 2024, 10(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010015 - 1 Feb 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7025
Abstract
Noise is a major physical hazard in agricultural activities, and numerous research activities have managed to detect its effects, resulting in surveys and measurements which help to define exposure limits, prevention methods, and control strategies. This review aims to collect and analyse the [...] Read more.
Noise is a major physical hazard in agricultural activities, and numerous research activities have managed to detect its effects, resulting in surveys and measurements which help to define exposure limits, prevention methods, and control strategies. This review aims to collect and analyse the data from research studies and to provide a comprehensive overview on the subject. Thus, a set of 81 papers, gathered from the Scopus and PubMed scientific databases, has been analysed to provide information regarding the evolution of noise exposure levels over time, to highlight findings on noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), and to list strategies for noise prevention and control in agriculture. Bibliographic research showed that noise measurements between 1991 and 2022, included in scientific research on farming, forestry, and animal husbandry, mainly reported values beyond the threshold of 85 dB(A); furthermore, several research activities on NIHL showed that farmers’ family members and children are often exposed to high levels of noise. Lastly, an analysis of the prevention and control strategies over time is provided, focusing on prevention programmes, screening, and the use of hearing protection devices (HPD). The identified literature suggests that additional efforts are required in regards to machinery design relating to the socio-technical aspects of agricultural activities and that side-effects of NIHL, as well as the negative impact of noise on other risks, might deserve further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Emerging Trends and Future Directions)
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18 pages, 719 KB  
Article
Nonlinear Analysis of the Effects of Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Technological Factors on the Number of Fatal Traffic Accidents
by Nassim Sohaee and Shahram Bohluli
Safety 2024, 10(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010011 - 10 Jan 2024
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5266
Abstract
This study explores the complex connections among various socioeconomic, demographic, and technological aspects and their impact on fatal traffic accidents. Utilizing the Lasso polynomial regression model, this study explores the impact of demographic variables, including income, education, unemployment rates, and family size. Additionally, [...] Read more.
This study explores the complex connections among various socioeconomic, demographic, and technological aspects and their impact on fatal traffic accidents. Utilizing the Lasso polynomial regression model, this study explores the impact of demographic variables, including income, education, unemployment rates, and family size. Additionally, socioeconomic factors such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, inflation rate, minimum wage, and government spending on transportation and infrastructure are examined for their impact on the occurrence of fatal accidents. This study also investigates the influence of technological advances in vehicles on the outcomes of traffic safety. The findings of this research reveal that certain factors, such as average, alcohol consumption, unemployment rate, minimum wage, and vehicle miles traveled (VMT), among others, have a substantial impact on the multifactorial model and play a considerable role in the frequency of fatal accident rates. The research results have significant implications for policymakers, highlighting the need for a comprehensive approach that accounts for the interdependence of economic indicators, behavioral patterns, and traffic safety outcomes. This study underscores the importance of considering a wide range of socioeconomic, demographic, and technological factors to develop effective policies and strategies to reduce fatal traffic accidents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Safety Culture)
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21 pages, 12715 KB  
Article
Adaptive Intervention Algorithms for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
by Kui Yang, Christelle Al Haddad, Rakibul Alam, Tom Brijs and Constantinos Antoniou
Safety 2024, 10(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010010 - 9 Jan 2024
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4383
Abstract
Advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) have recently gained popularity as they assist vehicle operators in staying within safe boundaries, helping them thereby to prevent possible collisions. However, despite their success and development, most ADAS use common and deterministic warning thresholds for all drivers [...] Read more.
Advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) have recently gained popularity as they assist vehicle operators in staying within safe boundaries, helping them thereby to prevent possible collisions. However, despite their success and development, most ADAS use common and deterministic warning thresholds for all drivers in all driving environments. This may occasionally lead to the issuance of annoying inadequate warnings, due to the possible differences between drivers, the changing environments and driver statuses, thus reducing their acceptance and effectiveness. To fill this gap, this paper proposes adaptive algorithms for commonly used warnings based on real-time traffic environments and driver status including distraction and fatigue. We proposed adaptive algorithms for headway monitoring, illegal overtaking, over-speeding, and fatigue. The algorithms were then tested using a driving simulator. Results showed that the proposed adaptive headway warning algorithm was able to automatically update the headway warning thresholds and that, overall, the proposed algorithms provided the expected warnings. In particular, three or four different warning types were designed to distinguish different risk levels. The designed real-time intervention algorithms can be implemented in ADAS to provide warnings and interventions tailored to the driver status to further ensure driving safety. Full article
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22 pages, 1319 KB  
Article
Perceived Factors Affecting the Implementation of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems in the South African Construction Industry
by Rejoice Kunodzia, Luviwe Steve Bikitsha and Rainer Haldenwang
Safety 2024, 10(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010005 - 2 Jan 2024
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 11547
Abstract
Although notable efforts have been made in the past to improve Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), the overall performance has not significantly improved as high-level injuries, risks, and fatalities continue to occur. Earlier studies have shown that implementing an Occupational Health and Safety [...] Read more.
Although notable efforts have been made in the past to improve Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), the overall performance has not significantly improved as high-level injuries, risks, and fatalities continue to occur. Earlier studies have shown that implementing an Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) ensures a reduction in accidents on site, which is, however, not easy due to the many challenges arising during its implementation. The research objectives were to identify, in order of importance, factors that affect the implementation of an OHSMS on construction sites and to analyse how an OHSMS can be implemented in the construction industry of the Western Cape, South Africa, using the Plan Do Check Act (PDCA) method. The research questionnaire obtained online opinions from construction professionals. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 27.0. The data were interpreted through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, frequencies, descriptive statistics, and a multi-regression analysis. A multi-regression test was conducted to determine the relationship between internal and external factors and the implementation of an OHSMS, including the use of the PDCA method. The findings reveal that both internal and external factors affected the implementation of the OHSMS. The most important internal factors were risk control strategies, senior management commitment, and support and communication channels. The most common external factors were pressure from clients on project delivery, company reputation, OHS enforcement, and government legislation. A framework was developed to outline how an OHSMS can be implemented using the PDCA approach based on the findings from this study. The framework can be adopted by the construction industry to improve effectiveness when implementing their OHSMS. Full article
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34 pages, 1696 KB  
Article
Enhancing System Safety and Reliability through Integrated FMEA and Game Theory: A Multi-Factor Approach
by Mohammad Yazdi
Safety 2024, 10(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10010004 - 22 Dec 2023
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6729
Abstract
This study aims to address the limitations of traditional Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) in managing safety and reliability within complex systems characterized by interdependent critical factors. We propose an integrated framework that combines FMEA with the strategic decision-making principles of Game [...] Read more.
This study aims to address the limitations of traditional Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) in managing safety and reliability within complex systems characterized by interdependent critical factors. We propose an integrated framework that combines FMEA with the strategic decision-making principles of Game Theory, thereby enhancing the assessment and mitigation of risks in intricate environments. The novel inclusion of the Best Worst Method (BWM) and Pythagorean fuzzy uncertain linguistic variables refines the accuracy of risk evaluation by overcoming the inherent deficiencies of conventional FMEA approaches. Through sensitivity analysis, the framework’s efficacy in identifying and prioritizing failure modes is empirically validated, guiding the development of targeted interventions. The practical application of our methodology is demonstrated in a comprehensive healthcare system analysis, showcasing its versatility and significant potential to improve operational safety and reliability across various sectors. This research is particularly beneficial for systems engineers, risk managers, and decision-makers seeking to fortify complex systems against failures and their effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety, Resilience and Reliability Challenges and Engineering Research in Renewable Energies)
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26 pages, 886 KB  
Review
The Role of Deep Learning Models in the Detection of Anti-Social Behaviours towards Women in Public Transport from Surveillance Videos: A Scoping Review
by Marcella Papini, Umair Iqbal, Johan Barthelemy and Christian Ritz
Safety 2023, 9(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety9040091 - 13 Dec 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5307
Abstract
Increasing women’s active participation in economic, educational, and social spheres requires ensuring safe public transport environments. This study investigates the potential of machine learning-based models in addressing behaviours impacting the safety perception of women commuters. Specifically, we conduct a comprehensive review of the [...] Read more.
Increasing women’s active participation in economic, educational, and social spheres requires ensuring safe public transport environments. This study investigates the potential of machine learning-based models in addressing behaviours impacting the safety perception of women commuters. Specifically, we conduct a comprehensive review of the existing literature concerning the utilisation of deep learning models for identifying anti-social behaviours in public spaces. Employing a scoping review methodology, our study synthesises the current landscape, highlighting both the advantages and challenges associated with the automated detection of such behaviours. Additionally, we assess available video and audio datasets suitable for training detection algorithms in this context. The findings not only shed light on the feasibility of leveraging deep learning for recognising anti-social behaviours but also provide critical insights for researchers, developers, and transport operators. Our work aims to facilitate future studies focused on the development and implementation of deep learning models, enhancing safety for all passengers in public transportation systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Issues in Safety)
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20 pages, 304 KB  
Article
Relationship between Safety Climate and Safety Behavior in Company X in Indonesia
by Arief Hertanto, Dadan Erwandi, Baiduri Widanarko and Mila Tejamaya
Safety 2023, 9(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety9040089 - 12 Dec 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8646
Abstract
Throughout 2019–2021, there was a considerable rise in total work accident cases in Indonesia, increasing from 210,789 to 234,370. According to the location of the incident, accident cases in the workplace also escalated from 139,999 to 144,929. The purpose of this study was [...] Read more.
Throughout 2019–2021, there was a considerable rise in total work accident cases in Indonesia, increasing from 210,789 to 234,370. According to the location of the incident, accident cases in the workplace also escalated from 139,999 to 144,929. The purpose of this study was to measure the maturity level of the safety climate at Company X in Indonesia and analyze its relationship with safety behavior. This was a quantitative study on a total of 200 respondents using a questionnaire as the data collection method. A structured questionnaire was used to capture the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, the safety climate, and safety behavior. Respondents participated in this study by responding to the items in the questionnaire distributed. The findings of this study indicated that the maturity level of the safety climate at Company X was at the adequate level with a very strong relationship between the sub-dimensional variables and safety climate. The relationship between safety climate and safety behavior was quite strong. This study emphasized that an increase in the level of safety climate could improve safety behavior. Therefore, increasing safety climate level is effective to reduce the incidence of occupational accidents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Occupational Health and Safety in A Changing World: Realities, Challenges and Perspectives)
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