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Nutrients
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Pathways Linking Nutrition with Cognitive and Mental Health
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Pathways Linking Nutrition with Cognitive and Mental Health

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 5 July 2025 | Viewed by 24756

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Julia Sheffler

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
Interests: aging; Alzheimer’s disease; diet, interventions; health; emotion regulation; psychopathology; cognitive decline; adverse childhood experiences; lifespan
Dr. Ravinder Nagpal

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
Interests: nutrition and microbiome; Mediterranean diet; dietary fiber; probiotics and prebiotics; aging; nutrients for brain health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In older adults, certain dietary patterns, nutrition, and malnutrition all play an important role in maintaining a positive cognitive and emotional well-being. Prior work demonstrates that there are complex and interacting relationships between nutrition, cognitive functioning, and mental health that may have an impact on the aging brain. Certain diets (e.g., MIND, DASH, ketogenic) are associated with better cognitive outcomes in adults, as well as an improved mental health and well-being.

This Special Issue aims to cover recent advances in this field, with a particular interest in elucidating pathways and mechanisms linking nutrition with cognitive and/or mental health outcomes in adults.

We are specifically soliciting research that utilizes cutting-edge analytical models, clinical trials, statistical algorithms, and experimental tools and technologies that aim to address this timely and important area of research and advance our understanding of the role of dietary and nutritional elements in cognitive and mental health in adults.

We welcome original research, reviews, or perspective articles providing novel insights into the pathways through which nutrition and dietary factors are associated with cognition (e.g., cognitive status, neurological health, neurodegenerative diseases) and mental health in aging adults.

Dr. Julia Sheffler
Dr. Ravinder Nagpal
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • aging
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • cardiometabolic
  • cognitive health
  • dementia
  • intervention
  • longevity
  • mental health
  • memory
  • microbiome
  • neurodegenerative diseases
  • neurological health
  • nutrition
  • nutritional neuroscience
  • psychopathology
  • psychosocial

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 479 KiB  
Article
The Concurrent Association of Magnesium and Calcium Deficiencies with Cognitive Function in Older Hospitalized Adults
by Ganna Kravchenko, Serena S. Stephenson, Agnieszka Gutowska, Karolina Klimek, Zuzanna Chrząstek, Małgorzata Pigłowska, Tomasz Kostka and Bartłomiej K. Sołtysik
Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3756; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213756 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 8014
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia are common conditions among older adults that may contribute to cognitive decline. However, most of the existing research has focused primarily on dietary intake rather than the actual serum levels of these nutrients or examined them separately. This [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia are common conditions among older adults that may contribute to cognitive decline. However, most of the existing research has focused primarily on dietary intake rather than the actual serum levels of these nutrients or examined them separately. This study aims to investigate the relationship between hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and the concurrent presence of both deficiencies in relation to cognitive performance among seniors. Methods: A total of 1220 hospitalized patients aged 60 and older were included in the analysis. The participants were categorized into four groups: those with normal serum levels of magnesium and calcium, those with hypomagnesemia, those with hypocalcemia, and those with both serum magnesium and calcium deficiencies. To evaluate the potential influence of age, sex, common comorbidities, and disturbances in magnesium and calcium levels on cognitive performance, two general linear models were employed, using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clock-Drawing Test (CDT) as dependent variables. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and comorbidities, the mean values for the MMSE and CDT were 23.33 (95%CI: 22.89–23.79) and 5.56 (95%CI: 5.29–5.83) for the group with normomagnesemia and normocalcemia, 22.59 (95%CI: 21.94–23.24) and 5.16 (95%CI: 4.77–5.54) for the group with hypomagnesemia, 19.53 (95%CI: 18.36–20.70) and 4.52 (95%CI: 3.83–5.21) for the group with hypocalcemia, and 21.14 (95%CI 19.99–22.29) and 4.28 (95%CI 3.61–4.95) for the group with both hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia, respectively. Magnesium and calcium deficiencies contributed to MMSE and CDT variance in the general linear models. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that in addition to age, body mass index, and chronic heart failure, both hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia are associated with reduced cognitive performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathways Linking Nutrition with Cognitive and Mental Health)
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15 pages, 651 KiB  
Article
Exercise and Nutrition in the Mental Health of the Older Adult Population: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
by María del Carmen Carcelén-Fraile, Noelia del Pino Déniz-Ramírez, Jessica Sabina-Campos, Agustín Aibar-Almazán, Yulieth Rivas-Campo, Ana María González-Martín and Yolanda Castellote-Caballero
Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111741 - 1 Jun 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5512
Abstract
(1) Background: Global population aging is changing demographic structures and presents significant challenges for health systems, which must adapt to an increasingly elderly population. (2) Methods: The study employed a randomized controlled trial design with a total of 116 older adults aged 65 [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Global population aging is changing demographic structures and presents significant challenges for health systems, which must adapt to an increasingly elderly population. (2) Methods: The study employed a randomized controlled trial design with a total of 116 older adults aged 65 or older, randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 57) undergoing a combined resistance program and Mediterranean diet program and a control group (n = 59) who did not receive any intervention. Anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), sleep quality through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and perceived stress using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). (3) Results: Statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) were observed both within and between groups in anxiety (Cohen’s d = 0.38 and 0.78, respectively), depression (Cohen’s d = 0.56 and 0.18, respectively), perceived stress (Cohen’s d = 0.15 and 0.39, respectively), and in the PSQI domains: subjective sleep quality (Cohen’s d = 1.01 and 0.53, respectively), sleep duration (Cohen’s d = 0.112 and 0.53, respectively), sleep disturbances (Cohen’s d = 1.92 and 0.95, respectively), use of medications (Cohen’s d = 0.34 and 0.40, respectively), and the PSQI total score (Cohen’s d = 0.68 and 0.49, respectively). No significant differences were observed in sleep latency or daytime dysfunction. (4) Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that resistance intervention may be an effective therapeutic option to improve mental health and sleep quality in older adults aged 65 or older, offering a non-pharmacological approach to improving overall well-being in this demographic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathways Linking Nutrition with Cognitive and Mental Health)
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14 pages, 1151 KiB  
Article
Improving Adherence to a Mediterranean Ketogenic Nutrition Program for High-Risk Older Adults: A Pilot Randomized Trial
by Julia L. Sheffler, Dimitris N. Kiosses, Zhe He, Bahram H. Arjmandi, Neda S. Akhavan, Kamelia Klejc and Sylvie Naar
Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2329; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102329 - 16 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4192
Abstract
(1) Background: Mediterranean ketogenic nutrition (MKN) may directly target multiple neurobiological mechanisms associated with dementia risk in older adults. Despite its promise, this type of nutrition can be challenging to learn and adhere to in a healthy manner. Our team used the National [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Mediterranean ketogenic nutrition (MKN) may directly target multiple neurobiological mechanisms associated with dementia risk in older adults. Despite its promise, this type of nutrition can be challenging to learn and adhere to in a healthy manner. Our team used the National Institutes of Health Obesity Related Behavioral Intervention Trials (NIH ORBIT) model to develop and pilot a program to help older adults with memory concerns use MKN. (2) Methods: Using a two-arm, randomized design, we evaluated an MKN Adherence (MKNA) program compared to an MKN education (MKNE) program (N = 58). The primary difference between study arms involved the use of motivational interviewing (MI) strategies and behavior change techniques (BCT) only in the MKNA arm. Participants were included if they evidenced subjective memory concerns or objective memory impairment on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Score 19 ≤ 26). Primary outcomes examined included feasibility, acceptability, adherence, and clinical outcomes associated with the program. (3) Results: Overall, there was relatively high program completion in both groups, with 79% of participants completing the 6-week program. The recruitment protocol required adjustment but was successful in reaching the target sample size. Retention (82%) and session attendance (91%) were higher in the MKNA arm compared to the MKNE (retention = 72%; attendance = 77%). Overall, most participants in both groups rated the program as “excellent” using the client satisfaction questionnaire. Participants in the MKNA arm evidenced higher objective and self-reported adherence to MKN during the 6-week program. Further, there was some evidence of clinical benefits of the program, although these effects diminished as adherence decreased in the 3 months follow-up. (4) Discussion: This pilot trial demonstrated that the MKN program incorporating MI and BCT strategies may better engage and retain participants than a nutrition education program alone, although participants in both groups reported high satisfaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathways Linking Nutrition with Cognitive and Mental Health)
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17 pages, 1077 KiB  
Article
Post-Prandial Cognitive and Blood Pressure Effects of a DHA-Rich Omega-3 Powder in Middle-Aged Males: A Pilot Study
by Andrew Pipingas, Jeffery Michael Reddan, Sarah Gauci, Lauren M. Young, Greg Kennedy, Renee Rowsell, Rebecca King, Sam Spiteri, Anne Marie Minihane and Andrew Scholey
Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2198; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092198 - 5 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2958
Abstract
The use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) supplements is increasingly common among middle-aged and older adults. Users of ω-3 PUFA supplements often report using such supplements to support cognitive health, despite mixed findings reported within the ω-3 PUFA literature. To date, [...] Read more.
The use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) supplements is increasingly common among middle-aged and older adults. Users of ω-3 PUFA supplements often report using such supplements to support cognitive health, despite mixed findings reported within the ω-3 PUFA literature. To date, very few studies have explored cognitive effects in distinctly middle-aged (40 to 60 years) adults, and none have examined the acute effects (in the hours following a single dose) on cognitive performance. The current study evaluated whether a single dose of ω-3 PUFA (4020 mg docosahexaenoic acid and 720 mg eicosapentaenoic acid) influences cognitive performance and cardiovascular function in middle-aged males. Cognitive performance and cardiovascular function were assessed before and 3.5–4 h after consumption of a high dose of ω-3 PUFA (DHA + EPA) or placebo, incorporated into a standardized meal (i.e., single serve of Greek yogurt). In this study of middle-aged males, no significant differential treatment effects were observed for cognitive performance. However, a significant reduction in aortic systolic blood pressure (pre-dose to post-dose) was apparent following consumption of the ω-3 PUFA (DHA + EPA) treatment (mean difference = −4.11 mmHg, p = 0.004) but not placebo (mean difference = −1.39 mmHg, p = 0.122). Future replication in a sample comprising females, as well as patients with hypertension, is merited. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathways Linking Nutrition with Cognitive and Mental Health)
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Review

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22 pages, 884 KiB  
Review
The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders
by Ewelina Młynarska, Ewelina Barszcz, Emilian Budny, Agata Gajewska, Kacper Kopeć, Jakub Wasiak, Jacek Rysz and Beata Franczyk
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071135 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 3165
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex neurodevelopmental conditions with a heterogeneous and multifactorial etiology that is not yet fully understood. Among the various factors that may contribute to ASD development, alterations in the gut microbiota have been increasingly recognized. Microorganisms [...] Read more.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex neurodevelopmental conditions with a heterogeneous and multifactorial etiology that is not yet fully understood. Among the various factors that may contribute to ASD development, alterations in the gut microbiota have been increasingly recognized. Microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract play a crucial role in the gut–brain axis (GBA), affecting nervous system development and behavior. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the microbiota, has been linked to both behavioral and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in individuals with ASD. The microbiota interacts with the central nervous system through mechanisms such as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the regulation of neurotransmitters, and immune system modulation. Alterations in its composition, including reduced diversity or an overabundance of specific bacterial taxa, have been associated with the severity of ASD symptoms. Dietary modifications, such as gluten-free or antioxidant-rich diets, have shown potential for improving gut health and alleviating behavioral symptoms. Probiotics, with their anti-inflammatory properties, may support neural health and reduce neuroinflammation. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is being considered, particularly for individuals with persistent GI symptoms. It has shown promising outcomes in enhancing microbial diversity and mitigating GI and behavioral symptoms. However, its limitations should be considered, as discussed in this narrative review. Further research is essential to better understand the long-term effects and safety of these therapies. Emphasizing the importance of patient stratification and phenotype characterization is crucial for developing personalized treatment strategies that account for individual microbiota profiles, genetic predispositions, and coexisting conditions. This approach could lead to more effective interventions for individuals with ASD. Recent findings suggest that gut microbiota may play a key role in innovative therapeutic approaches to ASD management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathways Linking Nutrition with Cognitive and Mental Health)
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