Life | Editor’s choice Articles

11 pages, 468 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Association Between Physical Performance, Gait Variability, and Fall Risk in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Predictive Validity of Step-Width Variability for Screening of Fall Risk

by Yongnam Park and Youngsook Bae

Life 2025, 15(9), 1469; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091469 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1273

Abstract

Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the associations between physical performance, gait variability, and fall risk in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A total of 446 participants were divided into fall-risk and non-fall-risk groups. Physical performance was assessed using hand grip [...] Read more.

Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the associations between physical performance, gait variability, and fall risk in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A total of 446 participants were divided into fall-risk and non-fall-risk groups. Physical performance was assessed using hand grip strength (HGS), the Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) test, and the Five Times Sit-to-Stand test (5TSTS). Spatiotemporal gait parameters and their coefficients of variation (CV) were measured on a treadmill. Results: Logistic regression revealed that TUG, HGS, step-width CV, and velocity CV were significantly associated with fall risk, whereas age was not. Among these, TUG and step-width CV demonstrated the highest discriminative ability (AUC = 0.708 and 0.715, respectively). Conclusions: Step-width CV was a particularly sensitive indicator of gait stability. These findings suggest that a combination of TUG and step-width CV may help identify older adults at risk of falls, underscoring the importance of gait variability in fall risk screening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Trends and Applications—4th Edition)

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17 pages, 863 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

When a Woman’s Heart Fails to Contain: Takotsubo Syndrome as a Gendered Collapse of Emotional Regulation

by Giuseppe Marano, Enrico Romagnoli, Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai, Gianandrea Traversi, Osvaldo Mazza, Roberto Pola, Eleonora Gaetani and Marianna Mazza

Life 2025, 15(9), 1431; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091431 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1508

Abstract

Background: Takotsubo Syndrome (TTS), or stress-induced cardiomyopathy, is an acute and typically reversible cardiac condition that mimics acute coronary syndrome without obstructive coronary artery disease. Predominantly affecting postmenopausal women, TTS has been increasingly recognized as a psychobiological disorder involving neuroendocrine dysregulation, autonomic imbalance, [...] Read more.

Background: Takotsubo Syndrome (TTS), or stress-induced cardiomyopathy, is an acute and typically reversible cardiac condition that mimics acute coronary syndrome without obstructive coronary artery disease. Predominantly affecting postmenopausal women, TTS has been increasingly recognized as a psychobiological disorder involving neuroendocrine dysregulation, autonomic imbalance, psychosocial stress, and gendered patterns of emotional regulation. This review aimed to synthesize multidisciplinary evidence to propose an integrative, gender-informed model of TTS. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science (2000–2025) to identify clinical, neurobiological, psychosocial, and psychoanalytic studies addressing sex/gender differences, psychiatric comorbidities, and emotional regulation in TTS. Results: Evidence indicates that catecholamine surge, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation, estrogen deficiency, and autonomic imbalance provide a biological substrate for stress-induced myocardial stunning. Psychosocial factors, such as caregiving burden, chronic stress, and alexithymia, further decrease resilience. Gendered coping scripts and unconscious symbolic processes may amplify vulnerability and influence clinical presentation. The integrative model combines biological, psychological, and social mechanisms, highlighting the predominance of emotional triggers in women and worse in-hospital outcomes in men. Conclusions: TTS should be approached as both a cardiac and affective disorder. Gender-sensitive, multidisciplinary management, including psychiatric screening, psychocardiology interventions, and psychoanalytically informed care, may improve prevention, diagnosis, and patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Perspectives of Takotsubo Syndrome)

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14 pages, 2332 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Preconditioning with Low-Dose Radiation Improves Antitumor Immunity and Survival in DC-Vaccinated Mice

by Eric Kwon, Shelby Namen, Colin J. Willoughby, Solomon Kang, Gaurav Pandey, Alexander B. Kim and Carl J. DeSelm

Life 2025, 15(9), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091402 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1119

Abstract

Preconditioning regimens are essential for the immunologic success of cell therapies like CAR T cells. Nevertheless, their effect on cancer vaccines is underexplored, and preconditioning regimens are generally absent from cancer vaccine clinical trials. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated the impact [...] Read more.

Preconditioning regimens are essential for the immunologic success of cell therapies like CAR T cells. Nevertheless, their effect on cancer vaccines is underexplored, and preconditioning regimens are generally absent from cancer vaccine clinical trials. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated the impact of various preconditioning strategies on dendritic cell (DC) vaccine efficacy in a murine tumor model. Mice bearing syngeneic tumors received preconditioning with 2 Gy low-dose radiation therapy (LD RT; whole-body or tumor-only), cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, LD RT plus cyclophosphamide, or no preconditioning, followed by administration of antigen-loaded DCs. Whether whole-body or tumor-directed, LD RT preconditioning significantly enhanced vaccine-induced antitumor CD8⁺ T cell responses and improved survival compared to DC vaccine alone and all other preconditioning groups. Cyclophosphamide preconditioning reduced vaccine efficacy and negated the benefits of LD RT, while paclitaxel had no significant effect. Notably, whole-body LD RT induced the strongest tumor antigen-specific T cell response. These findings suggest that preconditioning regimens can significantly influence cancer vaccine outcomes, as in CAR T cell therapy. Rational selection of preconditioning agents may either maximize or minimize the therapeutic potential of DC cancer vaccines and should be considered carefully in clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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14 pages, 1834 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phytochemical Profiling and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Rubus parvifolius Leaf Extract in an Atopic Dermatitis Model

by Junseong Kim, Derrick Kakooza, Chang-Dae Lee, Su-Young Jung, Kyung Choi, Sung-Kwon Moon, Hoon Kim and Sanghyun Lee

Life 2025, 15(9), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091383 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 922

Abstract

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Rubus parvifolius leaf (RPL) extract, and its phytochemical composition was characterized using LC-MS/MS and HPLC analyses. In an inflammation model using HaCaT keratinocytes, treatment with RPL extract led to a significant reduction in inflammatory markers, indicating [...] Read more.

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Rubus parvifolius leaf (RPL) extract, and its phytochemical composition was characterized using LC-MS/MS and HPLC analyses. In an inflammation model using HaCaT keratinocytes, treatment with RPL extract led to a significant reduction in inflammatory markers, indicating strong anti-inflammatory activity. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the extract is rich in flavonoids, with quercetin 3,7-diglucoside (12.73 mg/g DW) as the most abundant compound, followed by hirsutrin (4.74 mg/g DW) and ellagic acid (1.58 mg/g DW). Kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide was detected in lower amounts (0.31 mg/g DW), and tiliroside was present only in trace levels. These compounds are well known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting that RPL extract may exert multiple beneficial effects on skin health. Collectively, these findings support the potential of RPL extract as a natural therapeutic agent for managing skin inflammation, particularly in conditions such as atopic dermatitis, with its efficacy likely attributed to the high levels of quercetin 3,7-diglucoside, hirsutrin, and ellagic acid. However, the present work was confined to in vitro experiments, and the mechanistic pathways were not experimentally validated. Future in vivo studies are needed to confirm these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

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13 pages, 721 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hepatic T1 Mapping in Takotsubo Syndrome: A Preliminary Imaging Insight into the Cardiohepatic Axis

by Riccardo Cau, Alessandro Pinna, Maria Francesca Marchetti, Jasjit S. Suri, Roberta Montisci and Luca Saba

Life 2025, 15(9), 1335; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15091335 - 22 Aug 2025

Viewed by 805

Abstract

Background: Takotsubo syndrome (TS) is an acute heart failure characterized by transient systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle (LV). Given the complex cardiohepatic interactions in heart failure, the purpose of this study was to examine the role of hepatic T1 mapping in TS [...] Read more.

Background: Takotsubo syndrome (TS) is an acute heart failure characterized by transient systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle (LV). Given the complex cardiohepatic interactions in heart failure, the purpose of this study was to examine the role of hepatic T1 mapping in TS patients as an imaging biomarker of the cardiohepatic axis and to explore its correlation with demographics, laboratory data, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) findings. Methods: In this retrospective pilot study, CMR was performed in 62 consecutive patients with TS (54 females, 73.47 ± 9.88 years). Additionally, 24 age- and sex-matched control subjects were included (20 females, 69.67 ± 6.88 years). A dedicated CMR software (CV42 6.0, CVI42, Circle Cardiovascular Imaging Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada) was used to assess atrial and ventricular strain parameters, as well as parametric mapping, including hepatic T1 mapping. Results: TS patients exhibited significantly higher hepatic T1 mapping values compared with the age-, sex-, and cardiovascular risk factor-matched control group (499.80 ± 141.86 vs. 425.26 ± 51.91, p = 0.017). In multivariable analysis, hepatic T1 mapping was independently associated with right ventricular (RV) longitudinal strain (β coefficient = 2.936, p = 0.007) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (β coefficient = 2.395, p = 0.024). Conclusions: In this pilot study, hepatic T1 mapping was elevated in TS patients, suggesting its potential role as an imaging biomarker of cardiohepatic interaction. Hepatic T1 also showed independent associations with RV longitudinal strain and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, both well-known markers of adverse outcomes in TS. These preliminary findings warrant validation in larger studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Perspectives of Takotsubo Syndrome)

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24 pages, 639 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Systemic Perspective of the Link Between Microbiota and Cardiac Health: A Literature Review

by Ionica Grigore, Oana Roxana Ciobotaru, Delia Hînganu, Gabriela Gurau, Dana Tutunaru and Marius Valeriu Hînganu

Life 2025, 15(8), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081251 - 7 Aug 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1206

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading global cause of death, with long-term hospitalization becoming increasingly frequent in advanced or chronic cases. In this context, the interplay between systemic factors such as lipid metabolism, circulating metabolites, gut microbiota, and oral health is gaining attention [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading global cause of death, with long-term hospitalization becoming increasingly frequent in advanced or chronic cases. In this context, the interplay between systemic factors such as lipid metabolism, circulating metabolites, gut microbiota, and oral health is gaining attention for its potential role in influencing inflammation, cardiometabolic risk, and long-term outcomes. Despite their apparent independence, these domains are increasingly recognized as interconnected and influential in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Methods: This narrative review was conducted by analyzing studies published between 2015 and 2024 from databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Keywords such as “lipid profile,” “metabolomics,” “gut microbiota,” “oral health,” and “cardiovascular disease” were used. Original research, meta-analyses, and reviews relevant to hospitalized cardiac patients were included. A critical integrative approach was applied to highlight cross-domain connections. Results and Discussion: Evidence reveals significant interrelations between altered lipid profiles, gut dysbiosis (including increased TMAO levels), metabolic imbalances, and oral inflammation. Each component contributes to a systemic pro-inflammatory state that worsens cardiovascular prognosis, particularly in long-term hospitalized patients. Despite isolated research in each domain, there is a paucity of studies integrating all four. The need for interdisciplinary diagnostic models and preventive strategies is emphasized, especially in populations with frailty or immobilization. Conclusions: Monitoring lipid metabolism, metabolomic shifts, gut microbial balance, and oral status should be considered part of comprehensive cardiovascular care. Gut microbiota exerts a dual role in cardiac health: when balanced, it supports anti-inflammatory and metabolic homeostasis; when dysbiotic, it contributes to systemic inflammation and worsened cardiac outcomes. Future research should aim to develop integrative screening tools and personalized interventions that address the multifactorial burden of disease. A systemic approach may improve both short- and long-term outcomes in this complex and vulnerable patient population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Emerging Role of Microbiota in Health and Diseases)

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14 pages, 3361 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bacteremia Caused by a Putative Novel Species in the Genus Erwinia: A Case Report and Genomic Analysis

by Jiwoo Lee, Taek Soo Kim, Hyunwoong Park and Jae Hyeon Park

Life 2025, 15(8), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081227 - 3 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1135

Abstract

We report a case of catheter-associated bloodstream infection caused by a putative novel species in the genus Erwinia, identified using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). A female adolescent receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition via a central venous catheter (CVC) presented with a fever. Gram-negative [...] Read more.

We report a case of catheter-associated bloodstream infection caused by a putative novel species in the genus Erwinia, identified using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). A female adolescent receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition via a central venous catheter (CVC) presented with a fever. Gram-negative rods were isolated from two CVC-derived blood culture sets, while peripheral cultures remained negative. Conventional identification methods, including VITEK 2, Phoenix M50, MALDI-TOF MS, and 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequencing, failed to achieve species-level identification. WGS was performed on the isolate using Illumina MiSeq. Genomic analysis revealed a genome size of 5.39 Mb with 56.8% GC content and high assembly completeness. The highest average nucleotide identity (ANI) was 90.3% with Pantoea coffeiphila, and ≤85% with known Erwinia species, suggesting that it represents a distinct taxon. Phylogenetic analyses placed the isolate within the Erwinia clade but separate from any known species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed broad susceptibility. This case highlights the utility of WGS for the identification of rare or novel organisms not captured by conventional methods and expands the clinical spectrum of Erwinia species. While the criteria for species delineation were met, the phenotypic characterization remains insufficient to formally propose a new species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Isolation and Characterization of New Microbial Species and Strains)

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24 pages, 5292 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Drought–Heat Dual Stress Tolerance in Woody Plants and Selection of Stress-Tolerant Species

by Dong-Jin Park, Seong-Hyeon Yong, Do-Hyun Kim, Kwan-Been Park, Seung-A Cha, Ji-Hyeon Lee, Seon-A Kim and Myung-Suk Choi

Life 2025, 15(8), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081207 - 29 Jul 2025

Viewed by 971

Abstract

Sequential drought and heat stress pose a growing threat to forest ecosystems in the context of climate change, yet systematic evaluation methods for woody plants remain limited. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive screening platform for identifying woody plant species tolerant to [...] Read more.

Sequential drought and heat stress pose a growing threat to forest ecosystems in the context of climate change, yet systematic evaluation methods for woody plants remain limited. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive screening platform for identifying woody plant species tolerant to sequential drought and heat stress among 27 native species growing in Korea. A sequential stress protocol was applied: drought stress for 2 weeks, followed by high-temperature exposure at 45 °C. Physiological indicators, including relative water content (RWC) and electrolyte leakage index (ELI), were used for preliminary screening, supported by phenotypic observations, Evans blue staining for cell death, and DAB staining to assess oxidative stress and recovery ability. The results revealed clear differences among species. Chamaecyparis obtusa, Quercus glauca, and Q. myrsinaefolia exhibited strong tolerance, maintaining high RWC and low ELI values, while Albizia julibrissin was highly susceptible, showing severe membrane damage and low survival. DAB staining successfully distinguished tolerance levels based on oxidative recovery. Additional species such as Camellia sinensis, Q. acuta, Q. phillyraeoides, Q. salicina, and Ternstroemia japonica showed varied responses: Q. phillyraeoides demonstrated high tolerance, T. japonica showed moderate tolerance, and Q. salicina was relatively sensitive. The integrated screening system effectively differentiated tolerant species through multiscale analysis—physiological, cellular, and morphological—demonstrating its robustness and applicability. This study provides a practical and reproducible framework for evaluating sequential drought and heat stress in trees and offers valuable resources for urban forestry, reforestation, and climate-resilient species selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses 2024)

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16 pages, 3274 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cometabolic Biodegradation of Hydrazine by Chlorella vulgaris–Bacillus Extremophilic Consortia: Synergistic Potential for Space and Industry

by Yael Kinel-Tahan, Reut Sorek-Abramovich, Rivka Alexander-Shani, Irit Shoval, Hagit Hauschner, Chen Corsia, Ariel Z. Kedar, Igor Derzy, Itsik Sapir, Yitzhak Mastai, Ashraf Al Ashhab and Yaron Yehoshua

Life 2025, 15(8), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081197 - 28 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1985

Abstract

Hydrazine, a highly toxic and reactive compound widely used as rocket fuel, poses significant environmental and health risks, particularly in long-term space missions. This study investigates the cometabolic capacity of Chlorella vulgaris and seven extremophilic Bacillus spp. strains—isolated from the arid Dead Sea [...] Read more.

Hydrazine, a highly toxic and reactive compound widely used as rocket fuel, poses significant environmental and health risks, particularly in long-term space missions. This study investigates the cometabolic capacity of Chlorella vulgaris and seven extremophilic Bacillus spp. strains—isolated from the arid Dead Sea region—to tolerate and degrade hydrazine at concentrations up to 25 ppm. The microalga C. vulgaris reduced hydrazine levels by 81% within 24 h at 20 ppm, while the Bacillus isolates achieved an average reduction of 45% over 120 h. Identified strains included B. licheniformis, B. cereus, and B. atrophaeus. Co-culture experiments demonstrated that C. vulgaris and B. cereus (isolate ISO-36) stably coexisted without antagonistic effects, suggesting a synergistic detoxification interaction. Flow cytometry revealed that most bacteria transitioned into spores under stress, highlighting a survival adaptation. Titanium, representing a biocompatible material common in aerospace hardware, did not inhibit microbial growth or hydrazine degradation. These findings underscore the potential of Dead Sea-derived microbial consortia for cometabolic hydrazine detoxification and support the feasibility of converting spacecraft components into functional photobioreactors. This approach offers dual-use benefits for space missions and industrial wastewater treatment. Future studies should investigate degradation pathways, stress resilience, and bioreactor scale-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microalgae and Their Biotechnological Potential)

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32 pages, 1078 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Postbiotics: A Promising Approach to Combat Age-Related Diseases

by Adel Hamdi, Charmaine Lloyd, Rajaraman Eri and Thi Thu Hao Van

Life 2025, 15(8), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081190 - 26 Jul 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4929

Abstract

Dietary patterns have been identified as one of the most important modifiable risk factors for several non-communicable diseases, inextricably linked to the health span of older people. Poor dietary choices may act as triggers for immune responses such as aggravated inflammatory reactions and [...] Read more.

Dietary patterns have been identified as one of the most important modifiable risk factors for several non-communicable diseases, inextricably linked to the health span of older people. Poor dietary choices may act as triggers for immune responses such as aggravated inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress contributing to the pathophysiology of several ageing hallmarks. Novel dietary interventions are being explored to restore gut microbiota balance and promote overall health in ageing populations. Probiotics and, most recently, postbiotics, which are products of probiotic fermentation, have been reported to modulate different signalling biomolecules involved in immunity, metabolism, inflammation, and oxidation pathways. This review presents evidence-based literature on the effects of postbiotics in promoting healthy ageing and mitigating various age-related diseases. The development of postbiotic-based therapeutics and diet-based interventions within a personalised microbiota-targeted approach is proposed as a possible direction for improving health in the elderly population. Despite growing evidence, the data regarding their exact mechanistic pathways for antioxidant and immunomodulating activities remain largely unexplored. Expanding our understanding of the mechanistic and chemical determinants of postbiotics could contribute to disease management approaches, as well as the development of and optimisation of biotherapeutics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postbiotics—Bioactive Microbial Compounds as Health-Promoting Agents)

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18 pages, 35958 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

OpenFungi: A Machine Learning Dataset for Fungal Image Recognition Tasks

by Anca Cighir, Roland Bolboacă and Teri Lenard

Life 2025, 15(7), 1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071132 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 2147

Abstract

A key aspect driving advancements in machine learning applications in medicine is the availability of publicly accessible datasets. Evidently, there are studies conducted in the past with promising results, but they are not reproducible due to the fact that the data used are [...] Read more.

A key aspect driving advancements in machine learning applications in medicine is the availability of publicly accessible datasets. Evidently, there are studies conducted in the past with promising results, but they are not reproducible due to the fact that the data used are closed or proprietary or the authors were not able to publish them. The current study aims to narrow this gap for researchers who focus on image recognition tasks in microbiology, specifically in fungal identification and classification. An open database named OpenFungi is made available in this work; it contains high-quality images of macroscopic and microscopic fungal genera. The fungal cultures were grown from food products such as green leaf spices and cereals. The quality of the dataset is demonstrated by solving a classification problem with a simple convolutional neural network. A thorough experimental analysis was conducted, where six performance metrics were measured in three distinct validation scenarios. The results obtained demonstrate that in the fungal species classification task, the model achieved an overall accuracy of 99.79%, a true-positive rate of 99.55%, a true-negative rate of 99.96%, and an F1 score of 99.63% on the macroscopic dataset. On the microscopic dataset, the model reached a 97.82% accuracy, a 94.89% true-positive rate, a 99.19% true-negative rate, and a 95.20% F1 score. The results also reveal that the model maintains promising performance even when trained on smaller datasets, highlighting its robustness and generalization capabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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15 pages, 266 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Correlates of Rehabilitation Length of Stay in Asian Traumatic Brain Injury Inpatients in a Superaged Country: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Karen Sui Geok Chua, Zachary Jieyi Cheong, Emily Yee and Rathi Ratha Krishnan

Life 2025, 15(7), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071136 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 737

Abstract

Background: While Asia contributes 44.3% of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) worldwide, data regarding Asian TBI inpatient rehabilitation length of stay (RLOS) is scarce. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine correlates of inpatient RLOS (days) and prolonged RLOS >30 days (PRLOS > [...] Read more.

Background: While Asia contributes 44.3% of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) worldwide, data regarding Asian TBI inpatient rehabilitation length of stay (RLOS) is scarce. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine correlates of inpatient RLOS (days) and prolonged RLOS >30 days (PRLOS > 30). (2) Methods: Data extraction of discharged inpatient records was performed from 2018 to 2024. Dependent variables included RLOS (days) and PRLOS > 30. Independent variables included demographic characteristics, TBI severity (emergency-room Glasgow Coma Scale-GCS), admission/discharge Functional Independence Measure (FIM), intra-rehabilitation complications, post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) duration, and discharge placement. (3) Results: Altogether, 289 data sets were analysed, median (IQR) age, 64 (28) years, 78.9% (228/289) males, and 79.6% (230/289) Chinese. Median (IQR) RLOS was 28 (21) days, with PRLOS >30 at 39.8% (115/289); RLOS of 44 (19.5) days. PRLOS > 30 was significantly associated with PTA duration >28 days (OR 4.01, 95% CI 1.90–8.45, p < 0.001), admission FIM ≤ 40/126 (OR 4.71, 95% CI 2.32–9.59, p < 0.001), delayed neurosurgical complications (OR 4.74, 95% CI 1.28–17.6, p = 0.02) and discharge to non-home destination (OR 2.75. 95% CI 1.12–6.76, p = 0.03). (4) Conclusion: PRLOS >30 was significantly associated with longer PTA > 4 weeks, lower admission FIM score, delayed neurosurgical complications, and discharge to a nursing home. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Trends and Applications—4th Edition)

17 pages, 1609 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Meta-Analysis of Wild Relatives and Domesticated Species of Rice, Tomato, and Soybean Using Publicly Available Transcriptome Data

by Makoto Yumiya and Hidemasa Bono

Life 2025, 15(7), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071088 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1322

Abstract

The domesticated species currently available in the market have been developed through the breeding of wild relatives. Breeding strategies using wild relatives with high genetic diversity are attracting attention as an important approach for addressing climate change and ensuring sustainable food supply. However, [...] Read more.

The domesticated species currently available in the market have been developed through the breeding of wild relatives. Breeding strategies using wild relatives with high genetic diversity are attracting attention as an important approach for addressing climate change and ensuring sustainable food supply. However, studies examining gene expression variation in multiple wild and domesticated species are limited. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the changes in gene expression associated with domestication. We performed a meta-analysis of public gene expression data of domesticated species of rice, tomato, and soybean and their presumed ancestral species using 21 pairs for rice, 36 pairs for tomato, and 56 pairs for soybean. In wild relatives, the expression of genes involved in osmotic, drought, and wound stress tolerance was upregulated, with 18 genes included in the top 5% of DW scores. In domesticated species, upregulated expression was observed in genes related to auxin and those involved in the efflux of heavy metals and harmful substances, with 36 genes included in the top 5% of DW scores. These findings provide insights into how domestication influences changes in crop traits. Thus, our findings may contribute to rapid breeding and the development of new varieties capable of growing in harsh natural environments. Hence, a new cultivation method called “de novo domestication” has been proposed, which combines the genetic diversity of currently unused wild relatives and wild relatives with genome editing technologies that enable rapid breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Crop Genetics and Breeding)

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11 pages, 2968 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physiological and Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Effect of ABA on Promoting Persimmon Fruit Postharvest Deastringency

by Han Zhou, Jiao-Jiao Nie, Meng-Lin Ren, Yu-Duan Ding, Ya-Xiu Xu and Qing-Gang Zhu

Life 2025, 15(7), 1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071027 - 27 Jun 2025

Viewed by 813

Abstract

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit can accumulate proanthocyanidins (tannins) during development, which causes astringency and affects consumption. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been reported to play a key role in fruit ripening and softening. However, the effect of ABA on postharvest [...] Read more.

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit can accumulate proanthocyanidins (tannins) during development, which causes astringency and affects consumption. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been reported to play a key role in fruit ripening and softening. However, the effect of ABA on postharvest persimmon fruit deastringency remains unclear. In this study, we found that 300 mg/L ABA treatment could decrease the content of soluble tannins, thus leading removal of persimmon fruit astringency. The contents of acetaldehyde and ethanol did not increase during the storage time, indicating that ABA treatment-promoted persimmon fruit deastringency was not due to the acetaldehyde interaction with soluble tannins. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis showed that 6713 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and the WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis) showed that one module, which comprises 575 DEGs, significantly correlated with the contents of soluble and resoluble tannins. The analysis based on the carbohydrate metabolism pathway indicated that 37 differentially expressed structural genes involved in acetaldehyde metabolism were upregulated by ABA. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that the previously reported key genes, including structural genes and transcription factors, were all upregulated by ABA treatment. The obtained results indicate that ABA treatment, promoting persimmon fruit astringency removal, may occur through gel polymerization of cell wall materials with soluble tannins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Softening, Flavor and Quality of Fruits: Molecular Mechanisms and Regulatory Approaches)

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20 pages, 864 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Refractory Nausea and Vomiting Due to Central Nervous System Injury: A Focused Review

by Stefan Stoica, Christopher Hogge and Brett James Theeler

Life 2025, 15(7), 1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071021 - 27 Jun 2025

Viewed by 3929

Abstract

The area postrema (AP) is a circumventricular organ (CVO) at the base of the fourth ventricle. It has a crucial role in regulating nausea and vomiting due to its unique blood–brain barrier (BBB)-permeability and extensive neural connectivity. Here, we present two cases of [...] Read more.

The area postrema (AP) is a circumventricular organ (CVO) at the base of the fourth ventricle. It has a crucial role in regulating nausea and vomiting due to its unique blood–brain barrier (BBB)-permeability and extensive neural connectivity. Here, we present two cases of area postrema syndrome (APS), a rare condition of intractable nausea and vomiting resulting from direct AP injury. Our cases each occurred in the context of infratentorial neoplasms or their treatment. Using these cases as a framework, we review the literature on central emetic pathways and propose a treatment algorithm for managing refractory nausea and vomiting of central origin. We also highlight other targets beyond conventional serotonergic, dopaminergic, or histaminergic blockade and their roles in central hyperemesis. Our literature review suggests that APS is due to the disruption of the baseline inhibitory tone of outgoing AP signals. When other options fail, our algorithm culminates in the off-label use of combined serotonergic and neurokinin-1 blockade, which is otherwise used to manage chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). We believe multimodal CNS receptor blockade is efficacious in APS because it addresses the underlying central neural dysregulation, rather than solely targeting peripheral emetic triggers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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17 pages, 4596 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

OsMYBR1, a 1R-MYB Family Transcription Factor Regulates Starch Biosynthesis in Rice Endosperm

by Kunyong Huang, Long Chen, Guiai Jiao, Zheyan Ruan, Xinwei Li, Shaoqing Tang, Peisong Hu and Xiangjin Wei

Life 2025, 15(6), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15060962 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1069

Abstract

Starch is the primary component of the endosperm and plays a crucial role in rice quality. Although the enzymes involved in starch synthesis have been extensively studied, the transcription factors that regulate these enzymes remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a MYB family [...] Read more.

Starch is the primary component of the endosperm and plays a crucial role in rice quality. Although the enzymes involved in starch synthesis have been extensively studied, the transcription factors that regulate these enzymes remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a MYB family transcription factor, OsMYBR1, that regulates starch biosynthesis in rice. OsMYBR1 is highly expressed during endosperm development. Mutations of OsMYBR1 result in reduced grain thickness and a decrease in 1000-grain weight. The endosperm of osmybr1 mutants exhibit rounded and loosely packed starch granules, decreased amylose content, altered fine structure of amylopectin, and modified physicochemical properties. The analysis of RT-qPCR showed that the expression of several starch-synthesis enzyme-coding genes (SSEGs), including OsGBSSⅠ, OsAGPL1, OsAGPL2, OsBEⅡb, OsISA1, PHOL, and OsSSⅢa, is altered in osmybr1 mutants. Further experiments indicated that OsMYBR1 directly binds to the promoters of OsGBSSⅠ, OsAGPL1, OsAGPL2, OsISA1, OsBEⅡb, and PHOL, resulting in an increase in the expression of OsGBSSⅠ but a decrease in the expression of OsAGPL2, OsISA1, and OsSSⅢa. In contrast, OsMYBR1-overexpressing endosperm appears normal, with starch granule morphology, increased amylopectin content, and improved alkali spreading value, indicating enhanced rice eating and cooking quality (ECQ). These findings suggest that the overexpression of OsMYBR1 could be a promising strategy for improving rice ECQ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Crop Genetics and Breeding)

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13 pages, 7555 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Healed Perforated Corneal Ulcers in Human

by Yasser Helmy Mohamed, Masafumi Uematsu, Mao Kusano, Keiji Suzuki and Akio Oishi

Life 2025, 15(6), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15060939 - 11 Jun 2025

Viewed by 857

Abstract

This study investigates the pathophysiological process of healed perforated corneal ulcers (HPCUs) in humans. All subjects underwent keratoplasty due to opacities or leakage from HPCUs. Half of each specimen was fixed with 4% glutaraldehyde for transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination. The other half [...] Read more.

This study investigates the pathophysiological process of healed perforated corneal ulcers (HPCUs) in humans. All subjects underwent keratoplasty due to opacities or leakage from HPCUs. Half of each specimen was fixed with 4% glutaraldehyde for transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination. The other half was fixed in 10% formaldehyde for immunofluorescence (IF) examination. TEM identified layered structures with two cell types (polygonal and elongated) connected by gap or adherent junctions during early stage of healing. Both apoptotic and mitotic changes were found in both types of cells. There were no endothelial cells or Descemet’s membrane (DM) present in early stage of healing. During the intermediate stage, the healed area comprised three layers: epithelium, Bowman’s layer, and stroma, with an increase in stromal collagen. Later, adjacent endothelial cells crept in, forming DM and completing the cornea’s 5-layer structure. IF examinations revealed that vimentin⁺ and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)⁺ myofibroblasts gathered around the damaged site. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen⁺ cells, which indicated cell proliferation, were found in both cells. Anti-phospho-histone H2AX antibodies were found in some epithelial cells. CK14-positive cells were only found in superficial polygonal cells. Corneal wound healing is a complex process that includes apoptosis, cell migration, mitosis, differentiation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1926 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Patterns of Variation and Coordination in Shoot Traits Across Four Branching Orders of Larix principis-rupprechtii

by Yang Yu, Huayong Zhang, Zhongyu Wang and Zhao Liu

Life 2025, 15(6), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15060927 - 9 Jun 2025

Viewed by 670

Abstract

Intraspecific variation in functional traits can more accurately quantify plant responses to environmental changes and resource competition, while the plant economic spectrum provides a fundamental framework for understanding trait variation along environmental gradients. As the structural units of the aboveground branching system in [...] Read more.

Intraspecific variation in functional traits can more accurately quantify plant responses to environmental changes and resource competition, while the plant economic spectrum provides a fundamental framework for understanding trait variation along environmental gradients. As the structural units of the aboveground branching system in woody plants, it remains unclear whether shoots exhibit a universal whole-plant economic spectrum and whether branch order significantly affects the patterns of trait variation and coordination. We collected 1551 shoots of Larix principis-rupprechtii to examine the patterns of trait variation and coordination from different branch orders to the whole-plant level. From the perspective of the plant economic spectrum, five functional traits were selected to represent the trade-off between structural and nutrient investment: the stem diameter (SD), stem length (SL), stem dry mass (SDM), specific stem length (SSL), and stem tissue density (STD). From different branch orders to the whole-plant level, allocation played a relatively more important role, and the patterns of pairwise trait correlations and trade-offs along the resource economic axis were consistent. Branch order did not strongly influence the correlations and degree of coordination within the shoot economic spectrum, as the whole-plant shoot economic spectrum was evident within each branch order. Our results support the hypothesis that the coordinated economic spectrum across branch orders forms an integrated whole-plant economic spectrum representing a “conservative–collaborative” resource management strategy. This strategy is robust to recent evolutionary changes (such as genotypic variation and even differences among shoots within the same species) as well as to variation across different branch orders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

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31 pages, 1898 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Traumatic Brain Injury: Novel Experimental Approaches and Treatment Possibilities

by Kristina Pilipović, Tamara Janković, Jelena Rajič Bumber, Andrej Belančić and Jasenka Mršić-Pelčić

Life 2025, 15(6), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15060884 - 30 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7055

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a critical global health issue with limited effective treatments. Traditional care of TBI patients focuses on stabilization and symptom management without regenerating damaged brain tissue. In this review, we analyze the current state of treatment of TBI, with [...] Read more.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a critical global health issue with limited effective treatments. Traditional care of TBI patients focuses on stabilization and symptom management without regenerating damaged brain tissue. In this review, we analyze the current state of treatment of TBI, with focus on novel therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing secondary brain injury and promoting recovery. There are few innovative strategies that break away from the traditional, biological target-focused treatment approaches. Precision medicine includes personalized treatments based on biomarkers, genetics, advanced imaging, and artificial intelligence tools for prognosis and monitoring. Stem cell therapies are used to repair tissue, regulate immune responses, and support neural regeneration, with ongoing development in gene-enhanced approaches. Nanomedicine uses nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery, neuroprotection, and diagnostics by crossing the blood–brain barrier. Brain–machine interfaces enable brain-device communication to restore lost motor or neurological functions, while virtual rehabilitation and neuromodulation use virtual and augmented reality as well as brain stimulation techniques to improve rehabilitation outcomes. While these approaches show great potential, most are still in development and require more clinical testing to confirm safety and effectiveness. The future of TBI therapy looks promising, with innovative strategies likely to transform care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI))

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17 pages, 3648 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Placental Pathology and Placental Growth Factor (PlGF)/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) Pathway Expression Evaluation in Fetal Congenital Heart Defects

by Alexandru Cristian Bolunduț, Ximena Maria Mureșan, Rada Teodora Suflețel, Lavinia Patricia Mocan, Simina Pîrv, Sergiu Șușman and Carmen Mihaela Mihu

Life 2025, 15(6), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15060837 - 22 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1945

Abstract

The heart and placenta have simultaneous embryologic development, the interactions between the two organs representing the heart–placental axis. They both share key developmental pathways, one of which involves the placental growth factor (PlGF) and its receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1). The [...] Read more.

The heart and placenta have simultaneous embryologic development, the interactions between the two organs representing the heart–placental axis. They both share key developmental pathways, one of which involves the placental growth factor (PlGF) and its receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1). The aim of this study was to evaluate the placental pathology and the expression patterns of PlGF and VEGFR-1 in pregnancies with fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHDs). We analyzed placental gross and microscopic alterations between placentas from pregnancies with CHD fetuses and pregnancies with structurally normal heart fetuses. We also performed the immunohistochemical (IHC) assessment of the placental expression of PlGF and VEGFR-1 in the two groups. We discovered significant gross placental abnormalities in pregnancies with CHD fetuses, including a shorter umbilical cord, marginal or velamentous umbilical cord insertion, and a lower fetal-to-placental weight ratio. Also, 88.2% of the placentas in the CHD group displayed microscopic pathologic aspects. We demonstrated significant placental immunostaining for PlGF and VEGFR-1 in the syncytiotrophoblast and decidual cells compared to villous endothelial cells. We identified a lower placental IHC expression of PlGF in pregnancies with CHD fetuses compared to controls but no differences in the placental immunostaining pattern for VEGFR-1 between the two groups. Our study uncovered a potential role played by the PlGF/VEGFR-1 pathway in the development of CHDs through placental-mediated mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Stem Cells to Embryos, Congenital Anomalies and Epidemiology)

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13 pages, 2602 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Retinal Phosphenes Induced by Transorbital Electrical Stimulation: Influence of Light Adaptation, Electrode Montage, and View Direction

by Alexander Hunold, Daniela Ortega, Stefanie Freitag, Dietmar Link, Andrea Antal, Sascha Klee and Jens Haueisen

Life 2025, 15(5), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050820 - 21 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3102

Abstract

In this study, the perception of phosphenes was used as a surrogate identifier for stimulation sites for use in retinal-degenerative diseases. We aimed to investigate the influence of adaptation, electrode montage, and direction of view on electrically induced phosphenes. We developed a practical [...] Read more.

In this study, the perception of phosphenes was used as a surrogate identifier for stimulation sites for use in retinal-degenerative diseases. We aimed to investigate the influence of adaptation, electrode montage, and direction of view on electrically induced phosphenes. We developed a practical methodology to assess non-invasive ocular electrical stimulation, addressing specific areas in the retina. Phosphene thresholds were identified under light and dark adaptation for non-invasive transorbital electrical stimulation. The location and extent characterized the morphology of electrically induced retinal phosphenes for five directions of view and for seven electrode montages in 62 participants. Our results indicated the lowest phosphene thresholds under light adaptation. Cumulative charts of phosphenes visualized the location of phosphene hot spots and their focality for the investigated directions of view and electrode montages. Under consistent light adaptation, we found changes in electrode montage generated stronger changes in the phosphenes’ morphology and distribution. Adjusting the electrodes in the orbital vicinity was more effective than changing the direction of view to shift the phosphene hot spot location to a pathological region to induce neuronal activity there. In this study, we established the first practical methodology to adapt non-invasive transorbital electrical stimulation to address specific areas in the retina. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technical Innovations in Transcranial Electrical Stimulation)

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15 pages, 1552 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cognitive Slowing, Dysfunction in Verbal Working Memory, Divided Attention and Response Inhibition in Post COVID-19 Condition in Young Adults

by Johanna Takács, Darina Deák, Beáta Seregély and Akos Koller

Life 2025, 15(5), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050821 - 21 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 12554

Abstract

After COVID-19 infection, about 30% of people have clinically persisting symptoms, characterized as Post COVID-19 Condition (PCC). One of the most reported symptoms in PCC is cognitive dysfunction, yet there are only a few studies investigating long-term effects on different domains of cognitive [...] Read more.

After COVID-19 infection, about 30% of people have clinically persisting symptoms, characterized as Post COVID-19 Condition (PCC). One of the most reported symptoms in PCC is cognitive dysfunction, yet there are only a few studies investigating long-term effects on different domains of cognitive function. A total of 107 young adults, university students aged 18–34 years, participated. In total, 68.2% had contracted SARS-CoV-2; 21.9% showed PCC. Three groups were compared: no-C19 (COVID-19-negative controls), C19 (COVID-19-recovered without PCC) and PCC. Attention and executive function were measured with the Vienna Test System (Schuhfried^®, Mödling, Austria). In verbal working memory, the PCC group had a significantly lower performance with a moderate effect. The rate of below-average performance was higher in PCC (56.2%) compared to no-C19 (20.6%) and C19 (15.8%). In divided attention and response inhibition, PCC also showed lower performance, 62.5% and 37.5%, respectively, than no-C19 and C19. The co-occurrence of decreased cognitive functions was pronounced in PCC. The present study revealed significant long-lasting cognitive dysfunction in PCC in young adults, two years after COVID-19 infection. Verbal working memory was significantly impaired, and a lower performance was found in divided attention and response inhibition. In addition, there was an increased reaction time in most cognitive tasks, demonstrating cognitive slowing in young people with PCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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32 pages, 3117 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Cardiac Manifestations and Emerging Biomarkers in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Diana-Andreea Ciortea, Mădălina Nicoleta Matei, Mihaela Debita, Ancuța Lupu, Mirela Mătăsaru, Gabriela Isabela Verga (Răuță) and Silvia Fotea

Life 2025, 15(5), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050805 - 19 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1929

Abstract

Background: Cardiac involvement is a key prognostic factor in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a rare but serious inflammatory condition that typically occurs 2–6 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection and is characterized by fever, systemic inflammation, and multiorgan involvement. Biomarkers may aid in [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiac involvement is a key prognostic factor in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a rare but serious inflammatory condition that typically occurs 2–6 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection and is characterized by fever, systemic inflammation, and multiorgan involvement. Biomarkers may aid in early detection, severity assessment, and treatment stratification. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of established and emerging serum biomarkers in MIS-C, with an emphasis on cardiac dysfunction and disease severity. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to April 2025. Eligible studies included pediatric MIS-C cases with reported serum biomarkers. Meta-analyses were performed for NT-proBNP and troponin using random-effects models. Descriptive profiling was applied to emerging biomarkers. Subgroup comparisons were explored between severe and moderate MIS-C. Quality assessment followed the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and publication bias was assessed via funnel plots and Egger’s test. Results: A total of 67 studies were included, comprising >4000 pediatric MIS-C cases. NT-proBNP and troponin were consistently elevated (pooled means: 9697 pg/mL and 0.384 ng/mL, respectively), with a low risk of publication bias. Emerging biomarkers such as CXCL9, angiopoietin-2, and vitamin D revealed high inter-study variability but potential prognostic value. Subgroup analyses for selected studies (n = 5) suggested higher biomarker levels in severe MIS-C. Conclusions: NT-proBNP and troponin are robust indicators of cardiac injury in MIS-C. Emerging biomarkers show promise but require validation. Future studies should include copeptin and adopt standardized reporting to refine biomarker-guided management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinarity in Cardiovascular Pathology)

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21 pages, 613 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Techniques in Skin Regeneration: Current Insights and Future Perspectives

by Anna Barbara Di Stefano, Valentina Urrata, Kim Schilders, Mara Franza, Simona Di Leo, Francesco Moschella, Adriana Cordova and Francesca Toia

Life 2025, 15(5), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050787 - 15 May 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4658

Abstract

Skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. It is enriched with skin appendages, including hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands, which play essential roles in regulating fluid exchange, controlling body temperature, and providing protection against pathogens. Currently, skin [...] Read more.

Skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. It is enriched with skin appendages, including hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands, which play essential roles in regulating fluid exchange, controlling body temperature, and providing protection against pathogens. Currently, skin regeneration treatments rely on transplantations. However, this approach has several disadvantages, including hemostasis at the recipient site, limitations in donor area closure, increased graft contraction, and hypertrophic scarring. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technologies have enabled the fabrication of structures that closely mimic native tissues, with the aim of enhancing tissue regeneration. Bioprinting offers several advantages, such as high reproducibility, precision, and the ability to create complex geometries. The most promising bioinks combine excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, with mechanical and rheological stability. This review highlights the most recent and innovative studies on 3D-printed bioinks in the field of skin tissue engineering. In particular, considering the growing interest in the regenerative potential of exosomes, we discuss cutting-edge research involving exosome-loaded bioinks and their potential to support skin regeneration and repair. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanism, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Novelties in Dermatology: 3rd Edition)

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40 pages, 1730 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Integrative Strategies for Preventing and Managing Metabolic Syndrome: The Impact of Exercise and Diet on Oxidative Stress Reduction—A Review

by Ana Onu, Daniela-Marilena Trofin, Andrei Tutu, Ilie Onu, Anca-Irina Galaction, Dragos-Petrica Sardaru, Dan Trofin, Cristiana Amalia Onita, Daniel-Andrei Iordan and Daniela-Viorelia Matei

Life 2025, 15(5), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050757 - 8 May 2025

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7634

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and chronic inflammation, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Effective management of MetS is critical, with exercise being a key intervention. This review analyzed the effects [...] Read more.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and chronic inflammation, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Effective management of MetS is critical, with exercise being a key intervention. This review analyzed the effects of different exercise intensities—low, moderate, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)—on metabolic health, oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and cardiovascular function. A search of Medline, PEDro, and EBSCO identified 2251 articles, with 159 studies published between 1999 and 2025 included after screening. Low-intensity exercise improved insulin sensitivity, reduced OS markers (e.g., MDA, 8-OHdG), and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. Moderate-intensity exercise showed similar benefits with notable reductions in inflammatory markers (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α). HIIT promoted fat loss and improved metabolic markers but temporarily increased OS and inflammation. Dietary strategies also play a critical role. The Mediterranean diet and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets are well established, emphasizing nutrient-dense foods like unsaturated fats and fiber to reduce inflammation and manage weight. The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat, low-carbohydrate approach, has recently gained attention for its metabolic benefits. KD induces ketosis, improving insulin sensitivity, reducing triglycerides, and enhancing fat oxidation. Studies show KD effectively reduces body weight and glucose levels, though long-term adherence and nutrient deficiencies remain challenges. Intermittent fasting also showed potential benefits, though effects on glucose metabolism were inconsistent. This review underscores the need for tailored approaches combining exercise, diet, and fasting to optimize MetS outcomes, offering integrative strategies for prevention and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Vascular Disease)

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18 pages, 11122 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Serotonin Signaling and Macrophage Subsets in Goldfish Gills: Unraveling the Neuroimmune Network for Gill Homeostasis

by Manal T. Hussein, Giacomo Zaccone, Marco Albano, Alessio Alesci, Sebastian Marino, Rasha Alonaizan and Doaa M. Mokhtar

Life 2025, 15(5), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050751 - 7 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1018

Abstract

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) gills function as both respiratory and immune-regulatory organs, integrating neuroendocrine and immune responses to environmental stimuli. This study explores the spatial organization and interaction of neuroendocrine cells (NECs) and immune cells within goldfish gills using confocal immunohistochemistry and [...] Read more.

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) gills function as both respiratory and immune-regulatory organs, integrating neuroendocrine and immune responses to environmental stimuli. This study explores the spatial organization and interaction of neuroendocrine cells (NECs) and immune cells within goldfish gills using confocal immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. NECs, identified near blood capillaries and nerve fibers, highlight their role in environmental sensing and physiological regulation. These cells express serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmitter critical for neuroimmune communication. Two distinct macrophage subsets were observed: iNOS-positive macrophages, concentrated in the basal epithelium, suggest a pro-inflammatory role, whereas 5-HT-positive macrophages, dispersed in the subepithelium, likely contribute to immune modulation. The co-localization of MHC-II and CD68 in macrophages further supports an active antigen-processing system in the gills. Ultrastructural analysis revealed diverse immune cells, including rodlet cells, telocytes, and lymphocytes, within the gill epithelium. Telocytes formed intricate networks with immune cells, highlighting their role in immune coordination and tissue homeostasis. These findings provide new insights into the neuroimmune interactions in fish gills, contributing to a broader understanding of aquatic immune systems and environmental adaptability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Animal Science: 4th Edition)

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18 pages, 2231 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Predicting the S. cerevisiae Gene Expression Score by a Machine Learning Classifier

by Piotr H. Pawłowski and Piotr Zielenkiewicz

Life 2025, 15(5), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050723 - 29 Apr 2025

Viewed by 973

Abstract

The topic of this work is gene expression and its score according to various factors analyzed globally using machine learning techniques. The expression score (ES) of genes characterizes their activity and, thus, their importance for cellular processes. This may depend on many different [...] Read more.

The topic of this work is gene expression and its score according to various factors analyzed globally using machine learning techniques. The expression score (ES) of genes characterizes their activity and, thus, their importance for cellular processes. This may depend on many different factors (attributes). To find the most important classifier, a machine learning classifier (random forest) was selected, trained, and optimized on the Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis WEKA platform, resulting in the most accurate attribute-dependent prediction of the ES of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes. In this way, data from the Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD), presenting ES values corresponding to a wide spectrum of attributes, were used, revised, classified, and balanced, and the significance of the considered attributes was evaluated. In this way, the novel random forest model indicates the most important attributes determining classes of low, moderate, and high ES. They cover both the experimental conditions and the genetic, physical, statistical, and logistic features. During validation, the obtained model could classify the instances of a primary unknown test set with a correctness of 84.1%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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14 pages, 2599 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Immune Escape and Drug Resistance Mutations in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Clinical and Epidemiological Implications

by Maria Antonia De Francesco, Franco Gargiulo, Francesca Dello Iaco, Laert Zeneli, Serena Zaltron, Giorgio Tiecco, Simone Pellizzeri, Emanuele Focà, Arnaldo Caruso and Eugenia Quiros-Roldan

Life 2025, 15(4), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040672 - 20 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1746

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genetic variability, shaped by high mutation rates and selective pressures, complicates its management and increases the emergence of drug-resistant and immune-escape variants. This study aims to analyze immune escape mutations (IEMs) and drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in patients with [...] Read more.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genetic variability, shaped by high mutation rates and selective pressures, complicates its management and increases the emergence of drug-resistant and immune-escape variants. This study aims to analyze immune escape mutations (IEMs) and drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in patients with HBV infection exposed to antiviral therapies and exhibiting detectable plasma HBV viremia. This monocentric retrospective real-life study was carried out at the ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Italy, from 2015 to 2023. A total of 102 consecutive patients with detectable serum HBV-DNA exposed to at least one NA and for whom a drug resistance assay was available were included in our study. HBV sequences were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed for mutations using Geno2pheno and Stanford University tools. Phylogenetic analysis and statistical regression were performed to confirm genotypes and identify mutation patterns and associated risk factors. Our study shows a 38.2% prevalence of DRMs, with M204I/V (95%) and L180M (64%) being the most common, and a 43% prevalence of IEMs, primarily in the major hydrophilic region. Genotype D3 exhibited a higher mutation burden than other genotypes. Significant associations were found between HBsAb presence and increased IEM burden, while HBeAg was protective against DRMs. Atypical serological profiles were observed in 18.6% of patients, including cases of HBV reactivation under immunosuppressive therapy. This study highlights the high prevalence of IEMs and DRMs in a real-world setting, particularly among HBV genotype D3 carriers. These findings underscore the importance of mutation surveillance to guide therapeutic strategies, vaccine design, and public health policies to address the challenges posed by HBV genetic variability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

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18 pages, 2490 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparison of Three DNA Isolation Methods and Two Sequencing Techniques for the Study of the Human Microbiota

by Julio Plaza-Díaz, Mariana F. Fernández, Federico García, Natalia Chueca, Luis Fontana and Ana I. Álvarez-Mercado

Life 2025, 15(4), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040599 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 2332

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and the second leading cause of female death. Altered interactions between the host and the gut microbiota appear to play an influential role in carcinogenesis. Several studies have shown different signatures of the [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and the second leading cause of female death. Altered interactions between the host and the gut microbiota appear to play an influential role in carcinogenesis. Several studies have shown different signatures of the gut microbiota in patients with breast cancer compared to healthy women. Currently, there is disagreement regarding the different DNA isolation and sequencing methodologies for studies on the human microbiota, given that they can influence the interpretation of the results obtained. The goal of this work was to compare (1) three different DNA extraction strategies to minimize the impact of human DNA, and (2) two sequencing strategies (16S rRNA and shotgun) to identify discrepancies in microbiome results. We made use of breast tissue and fecal samples from both healthy women and breast cancer patients who participated in the MICROMA study (reference NCT03885648). DNA was isolated by means of mechanical lysis, trypsin, or saponin. The amount of eukaryotic DNA isolated using the trypsin and saponin methods was lower compared to the mechanical lysis method (mechanical lysis, 89.11 ± 2.32%; trypsin method, 82.63 ± 1.23%; saponin method, 80.53 ± 4.09%). In samples with a predominance of prokaryotic cells, such as feces, 16S rRNA sequencing was the most advantageous approach. For other tissues, which are expected to have a more complex microbial composition, the need for an in-depth evaluation of the multifactorial interaction between the various components of the microbiota makes shotgun sequencing the most appropriate method. As for the three extraction methods evaluated, when sequencing samples other than stool, the trypsin method is the most convenient. For fecal samples, where contamination by host DNA is low, no prior treatment is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiota in Health and Disease)

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13 pages, 1363 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trends and Types of Pediatric Burn Injuries: Lessons from a National Burn Center and the Role of Strategic Resource Allocation

by Raluca Tatar, Dan Mircea Enescu, Doina Iulia Nacea, Gabriela Viorela Nițescu, Andreea Lescaie, Mihaela Pertea, Petruța Mitrache and Laura Sorina Diaconu

Life 2025, 15(4), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040544 - 26 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1091

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic had a huge global impact on healthcare systems that affected all medical services, including burn care facilities. This paper analyzes the effects of this medical crisis on pediatric burn injuries by comparing patient data from 2019 (pre-pandemic) and 2020 (during [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a huge global impact on healthcare systems that affected all medical services, including burn care facilities. This paper analyzes the effects of this medical crisis on pediatric burn injuries by comparing patient data from 2019 (pre-pandemic) and 2020 (during the pandemic) at a national burn center in Romania. The study included, overall, 676 patients, out of which 412 were admitted in 2019. In 2020, the admissions decreased by 35.9% (n = 264). However, moderate and severe burns remained constant and burn severity increased in 2020, with a larger total body surface area affected on average. Surgical management rates and hospital stay duration increased in 2020 from 18% to 39% and from 7 days to 11 days, respectively. Admissions to the intensive care unit and mortality rates remained similar between 2019 and 2020. Scalds were the leading cause of burns in both years; however, in 2020, they affected a larger total body surface area. Contact burns decreased significantly in 2020 from 10.9% to 5.2%, likely due to reduced outdoor activities. The concomitant presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and burn injuries did not have a negative impact on complication rates, surgical management approaches, or duration of hospitalization. These findings emphasize the need to preserve dedicated burn care human and material resources during global health crises in order to offer access to the best quality of care, thus ensuring optimal patient outcomes, regardless of fluctuations in admission rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health Before, During, and After COVID-19)

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17 pages, 2959 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Non-Invasive Spectroscopic Determination of the Skin and Blood Carotenoids of Term and Preterm Infants in the First Month of Life and the Influence of Free Radical-Mediated Diseases

by Hanne Lademann, Maxim E. Darvin, Anna Häfke, Jürgen Lademann, Laura Wagner, Jan Däbritz and Dirk M. Olbertz

Life 2025, 15(4), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040534 - 24 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1532

Abstract

Postpartum adaptation causes an increased formation of free radicals (FRs) in the organism, which can lead to development of various FR-mediated diseases (FRMDs) in the newborn. The present study investigates the kinetics of skin and blood carotenoid antioxidants in term and preterm infants [...] Read more.

Postpartum adaptation causes an increased formation of free radicals (FRs) in the organism, which can lead to development of various FR-mediated diseases (FRMDs) in the newborn. The present study investigates the kinetics of skin and blood carotenoid antioxidants in term and preterm infants and the influence of FRMD. In the first phase, a diffuse reflectance spectroscopy-based scanner was validated for non-invasive measurements of skin carotenoids in term infants (thenar eminence) by correlation with blood carotenoids via reflection spectroscopy. In the second phase, the skin and blood carotenoids of 22 term and 13 preterm infants with and without FRMD were assessed from birth until discharge. It could be shown that the scanner reliably assessed carotenoids in the infants’ skin. The term and preterm infants showed similar kinetics of skin carotenoids, which increased and entered a plateau after 3–4 days. In our cohort, FRMD did not have a significant influence on skin carotenoid concentration. This was due to immature sweat glands and an insufficient excretion of carotenoids. Skin carotenoids seem to be unavailable, suggesting that they may have to be supplemented in infants with FRMD. Blood carotenoid concentrations tended to be lower in preterm infants and infants with FRMD compared to healthy term infants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Dermatology: Pathology, Clinical Manifestation, Investigation and Therapy: 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 3194 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Efficacy in Anxiety Disorders: A Scoping Review of fMRI-Based Studies That Tested the Dual Model

by Judith Domínguez-Pérez, Wenceslao Peñate-Castro and Francisco Luis Rivero-Pérez

Life 2025, 15(3), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030493 - 18 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7426

Abstract

Anxiety disorders are common mental health conditions characterized by excessive fear and anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has demonstrated efficacy, yet the possible neurobiological mechanisms underpinning its effects remain debated. The dual-route model offers a potential explanation by suggesting that CBT increases activation [...] Read more.

Anxiety disorders are common mental health conditions characterized by excessive fear and anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has demonstrated efficacy, yet the possible neurobiological mechanisms underpinning its effects remain debated. The dual-route model offers a potential explanation by suggesting that CBT increases activation in the brain areas responsible for emotion regulation while decreasing activation in limbic areas. This scoping review examined possible neurobiological mechanisms supporting CBT’s efficacy in anxiety disorders by exclusively reviewing studies that utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The included studies published since 2018 focused on adult samples that received CBT for anxiety disorders, with pre- or post-treatment fMRI data. The data extraction followed a standardized process, with key variables, such as the study design, population, and neuroimaging findings, systematically charted. While the dual-route model explains key aspects of CBT’s neurobiological effects, the findings suggest the need for expansion to incorporate areas such as the precuneus, particularly in specific phobias and social anxiety disorder. Further research is required to refine this model and explore additional mechanisms underlying CBT’s efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

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37 pages, 4776 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Long COVID-19: A Narrative Review of Clinical Aspects and Therapeutic Approaches

by Olga Adriana Caliman-Sturdza, Roxana Gheorghita and Andrei Lobiuc

Life 2025, 15(3), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030439 - 11 Mar 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 10502

Abstract

The COVID-19 (C-19) pandemic has highlighted the significance of understanding the long-term effects of this disease on the quality of life of those infected. Long COVID-19 (L-C19) presents as persistent symptoms that continue beyond the main illness period, usually lasting weeks to years. [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 (C-19) pandemic has highlighted the significance of understanding the long-term effects of this disease on the quality of life of those infected. Long COVID-19 (L-C19) presents as persistent symptoms that continue beyond the main illness period, usually lasting weeks to years. One of the lesser-known but significant aspects of L-C19 is its impact on neuropsychiatric manifestations, which can have a profound effect on an individual’s quality of life. Research shows that L-C19 creates neuropsychiatric issues such as mental fog, emotional problems, and brain disease symptoms, along with sleep changes, extreme fatigue, severe head pain, tremors with seizures, and pain in nerves. People with cognitive problems plus fatigue and mood disorders experience great difficulty handling everyday activities, personal hygiene, and social interactions. Neuropsychiatric symptoms make people withdraw from social activity and hurt relationships, thus causing feelings of loneliness. The unpredictable state of L-C19 generates heavy psychological pressure through emotional suffering, including depression and anxiety. Neuropsychiatric changes such as cognitive impairment, fatigue, and mood swings make it hard for people to work or study effectively, which decreases their output at school or work and lowers their job contentment. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the clinical data present in the literature regarding the neuropsychiatric manifestations of L-C19, to identify current methods of diagnosis and treatment that lead to correct management of the condition, and to highlight the impact of these manifestations on patients’ quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health Before, During, and After COVID-19)

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25 pages, 1535 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Traumatic Brain Injury and Artificial Intelligence: Shaping the Future of Neurorehabilitation—A Review

by Seun Orenuga, Philip Jordache, Daniel Mirzai, Tyler Monteros, Ernesto Gonzalez, Ahmed Madkoor, Rahim Hirani, Raj K. Tiwari and Mill Etienne

Life 2025, 15(3), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030424 - 7 Mar 2025

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 11435

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and death globally, presenting significant challenges for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. As healthcare technology advances, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool in enhancing TBI rehabilitation outcomes. This literature review explores [...] Read more.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and death globally, presenting significant challenges for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. As healthcare technology advances, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool in enhancing TBI rehabilitation outcomes. This literature review explores the current and potential applications of AI in TBI management, focusing on AI’s role in diagnostic tools, neuroimaging, prognostic modeling, and rehabilitation programs. AI-driven algorithms have demonstrated high accuracy in predicting mortality, functional outcomes, and personalized rehabilitation strategies based on patient data. AI models have been developed to predict in-hospital mortality of TBI patients up to an accuracy of 95.6%. Furthermore, AI enhances neuroimaging by detecting subtle abnormalities that may be missed by human radiologists, expediting diagnosis and treatment decisions. Despite these advances, ethical considerations, including biases in AI algorithms and data generalizability, pose challenges that must be addressed to optimize AI’s implementation in clinical settings. This review highlights key clinical trials and future research directions, emphasizing AI’s transformative potential in improving patient care, rehabilitation, and long-term outcomes for TBI patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI))

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20 pages, 615 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Factors Associated with Post-COVID Cardiac Conditions and Potential Prognostic Factors: A Systematic Review

by Lidian Franci Batalha Santa Maria, Josicélia Estrela Tuy Batista, Virginia Kagure Wachira, Wenderval Borges Carvalho Junior, Alexandre Anderson de Sousa Munhoz Soares, Isis Polianna Silva Ferreira de Carvalho and Henry Maia Peixoto

Life 2025, 15(3), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030388 - 28 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1964

Abstract

Cardiac conditions are a significant category of post-COVID conditions. The objective of this study was to synthesise the evidence on the factors associated with the development of post-COVID cardiac conditions, the frequency of clinical outcomes in affected patients, and the potential prognostic factors. [...] Read more.

Cardiac conditions are a significant category of post-COVID conditions. The objective of this study was to synthesise the evidence on the factors associated with the development of post-COVID cardiac conditions, the frequency of clinical outcomes in affected patients, and the potential prognostic factors. A systematic review was conducted using the databases EBSCOhost, MEDLINE via PubMed, BVS, and Embase, covering studies from 2019 to December 2023. A total of 8343 articles were identified, and seven met the eligibility criteria for data extraction. The protective effect of vaccination stood out among the associated factors, showing a reduced risk of developing post-COVID cardiac conditions. Conversely, COVID-19 reinfections were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes. Regarding the main outcomes in these patients, most recovered, although some cases persisted beyond 200 days of follow-up. The study included in the analysis of prognostic factors reported that the four children who did not recover by the end of the study were between two and five years old and had gastrointestinal symptoms during the illness. The COVID-19 vaccination regimen reduces the risk of developing post-COVID cardiac conditions. Public health policies promoting immunisation should be encouraged to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections and reinfections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection COVID-19 and Life)

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15 pages, 773 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Role of the Subcostal Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Facilitating Operating Room Extubation After Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis

by Jaewon Huh and Min Suk Chae

Life 2025, 15(2), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020297 - 14 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1406

Abstract

Background: Effective pain management is essential to early extubation and recovery in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The subcostal transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block has emerged as a potential strategy to address postoperative pain while reducing opioid consumption. This study evaluated the effectiveness [...] Read more.

Background: Effective pain management is essential to early extubation and recovery in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The subcostal transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block has emerged as a potential strategy to address postoperative pain while reducing opioid consumption. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the TAP block in facilitating early extubation in the OR and examined its impact on re-intubation rates, postoperative fentanyl requirements, and pain intensity upon ICU admission to determine its role in perioperative pain management. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included adult patients who underwent LDLT for hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria. Propensity score matching was performed to compare outcomes between patients who received the subcostal TAP block and those who did not. The primary outcome was the rate of successful extubation in the operating room (OR). Secondary outcomes included re-intubation rates, postoperative fentanyl requirements, and peak numeric rating scale (NRS) pain scores upon ICU admission. Results: The subcostal TAP block was associated with a significantly higher rate of successful OR extubation compared with no TAP block. Multivariable analysis revealed that the TAP block independently increased the likelihood of successful extubation. Patients receiving the TAP block required less fentanyl for pain management and demonstrated lower peak NRS pain scores upon ICU admission. No complications related to the TAP block were observed, underscoring its safety in this high-risk population. Conclusions: The subcostal TAP block facilitates early OR extubation by effectively managing postoperative pain and reducing opioid requirements, promoting smoother recovery without increasing adverse events. These findings support its inclusion in multimodal analgesia protocols for optimizing perioperative outcomes in LDLT patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Health: Clinical Research and Therapeutic Innovations)

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25 pages, 331 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Breaking Barriers to an HIV-1 Cure: Innovations in Gene Editing, Immune Modulation, and Reservoir Eradication

by Ana Borrajo

Life 2025, 15(2), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020276 - 11 Feb 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 15240

Abstract

Recent advances in virology, particularly in the study of HIV-1, have significantly progressed the pursuit of a definitive cure for the disease. Emerging therapeutic strategies encompass innovative gene-editing technologies, immune-modulatory interventions, and next-generation antiretroviral agents. Efforts to eliminate or control viral reservoirs have [...] Read more.

Recent advances in virology, particularly in the study of HIV-1, have significantly progressed the pursuit of a definitive cure for the disease. Emerging therapeutic strategies encompass innovative gene-editing technologies, immune-modulatory interventions, and next-generation antiretroviral agents. Efforts to eliminate or control viral reservoirs have also gained momentum, with the aim of achieving durable viral remission without the continuous requirement for antiretroviral therapy. Despite these promising developments, critical challenges persist in bridging the gap between laboratory findings and clinical implementation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent breakthroughs, ongoing clinical trials, and the barriers that must be addressed to translate these advancements into effective treatments, emphasizing the multifaceted approaches being pursued to achieve a curative solution for HIV-1 infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Knowledge on Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

29 pages, 398 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Extracting Knowledge from Machine Learning Models to Diagnose Breast Cancer

by José Manuel Martínez-Ramírez, Cristobal Carmona, María Jesús Ramírez-Expósito and José Manuel Martínez-Martos

Life 2025, 15(2), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020211 - 31 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2261

Abstract

This study explored the application of explainable machine learning models to enhance breast cancer diagnosis using serum biomarkers, contrary to many studies that focus on medical images and demographic data. The primary objective was to develop models that are not only accurate but [...] Read more.

This study explored the application of explainable machine learning models to enhance breast cancer diagnosis using serum biomarkers, contrary to many studies that focus on medical images and demographic data. The primary objective was to develop models that are not only accurate but also provide insights into the factors driving predictions, addressing the need for trustworthy AI in healthcare. Several classification models were evaluated, including OneR, JRIP, the FURIA, J48, the ADTree, and the Random Forest, all of which are known for their explainability. The dataset included a variety of biomarkers, such as electrolytes, metal ions, marker proteins, enzymes, lipid profiles, peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and hormone receptors. The Random Forest model achieved the highest accuracy at 99.401%, followed closely by JRIP, the FURIA, and the ADTree at 98.802%. OneR and J48 achieved 98.204% accuracy. Notably, the models identified oxytocin as a key predictive biomarker, with most models featuring it in their rules. Other significant parameters included GnRH,

β

-endorphin, vasopressin, IRAP, and APB, as well as factors like iron, cholinesterase, the total protein, progesterone, 5-nucleotidase, and the BMI, which are considered clinically relevant to breast cancer pathogenesis. This study discusses the roles of the identified parameters in cancer development, thus underscoring the potential of explainable machine learning models for enhancing early breast cancer diagnosis by focusing on explainability and the use of serum biomarkers.The combination of both can lead to improved early detection and personalized treatments, emphasizing the potential of these methods in clinical settings. The identified markers also provide additional research and therapeutic targets for breast cancer pathogenesis and a deep understanding of their interactions, advancing personalized approaches to breast cancer management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Breast Cancer: Current Controversies and Future Perspectives)

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15 pages, 1153 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Use of Live Biopreservatives and Bacteriophages to Enhance the Safety of Meat Products

by Cristina Rodríguez-Marca, Cristina Domenech-Coca, Miho Nakamura, Nàdia Ortega-Olivé and Pere Puigbò

Life 2025, 15(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020197 - 28 Jan 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3510

Abstract

Critical health considerations for both raw and processed meats include addressing bacterial spoilage and ensuring safety. Nitrites and nitrates are widely used in the meat industry to enhance color and flavor and extend shelf life. However, health concerns linked to their use make [...] Read more.

Critical health considerations for both raw and processed meats include addressing bacterial spoilage and ensuring safety. Nitrites and nitrates are widely used in the meat industry to enhance color and flavor and extend shelf life. However, health concerns linked to their use make reducing nitrites and nitrates in meat production a significant challenge with potential benefits for both the food industry and consumer health. This challenge has been addressed with the use of biopreservatives, i.e., substances extracted from natural sources or produced by fermentation that can enhance food quality and safety. In this article, we assess the use of live biopreservatives (LBs), defined here as microorganisms that produce antimicrobial substances that can be used to preserve and extend the shelf life of food. Moreover, the potential synergistic effects of LBs with bacteriophages and biodegradable food packaging for meat is also explored. This innovative combination offers a comprehensive approach to meat preservation, enhancing both microbial control and sustainability. Overall, the inclusion of LBs extends the shelf life of meat products through bacteriostatic mechanisms, whereas bacteriophages offer direct (lytic) action against pathogens. Enhancing meat preservation and safety with mixed microbe-mediated strategies requires deeper empirical and theoretical insights and further revision of laws and ethical considerations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Innovations)

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24 pages, 2805 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dairy Wastewaters to Promote Mixotrophic Metabolism in Limnospira (Spirulina) platensis: Effect on Biomass Composition, Phycocyanin Content, and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Profile

by Luca Baraldi, Luca Usai, Serenella Torre, Giacomo Fais, Mattia Casula, Debora Dessi, Paola Nieri, Alessandro Concas and Giovanni Antonio Lutzu

Life 2025, 15(2), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020184 - 26 Jan 2025

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2891

Abstract

This study explores the mixotrophic cultivation of Limnospira platensis using dairy byproducts, specifically scotta whey (SW), buttermilk wastewater (BMW), and dairy wastewater (DWW), to promote biomass production and enhance the composition of bioactive compounds. By assessing various concentrations (1%, 2%, and 4% v [...] Read more.

This study explores the mixotrophic cultivation of Limnospira platensis using dairy byproducts, specifically scotta whey (SW), buttermilk wastewater (BMW), and dairy wastewater (DWW), to promote biomass production and enhance the composition of bioactive compounds. By assessing various concentrations (1%, 2%, and 4% v v⁻¹) of these byproducts in a modified growth medium, this study aims to evaluate their effect on L. platensis growth, phycocyanin (C-PC) content, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. The results show that the optimal biomass production was achieved with 2% scotta and dairy wastewater, reaching maximum concentrations of 3.30 g L⁻¹ and 3.19 g L⁻¹, respectively. Mixotrophic cultivation led to increased C-PC yields, especially in buttermilk and dairy wastewater treatments, highlighting the potential for producing valuable pigments. Additionally, the FAME profiles indicated minimal changes compared to the control, with oleic and γ-linolenic acids being dominant in mixotrophic conditions. These findings support the viability of utilizing dairy byproducts for sustainable L. platensis cultivation, contributing to a circular bioeconomy while producing bioactive compounds of nutritional and commercial interest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algae—a Step Forward in the Sustainability of Resources: 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1131 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Divergent Patterns of Metabolite Expression in Red Seaweeds (Devaleraea mollis and Palmaria hecatensis) Following Nitrate and Ammonium Supplementation

by Schery Umanzor, Jae Woo Jung, Muriel Dittrich, Jang K. Kim, Patrick Tomco, Zachary C. Redman and Monica Brandhuber

Life 2025, 15(2), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020143 - 21 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1580

Abstract

This study explores species-specific metabolic responses to different nitrogen-rich formulations in Devaleraea mollis and Palmaria hecatensis, highlighting distinct adaptive strategies. We evaluated the effects of Von Stosch Enrichment (VSE, nitrate-only), F/2 (nitrate-only), and Jack’s Special (JS, nitrate and ammonium) on metabolic profiles. [...] Read more.

This study explores species-specific metabolic responses to different nitrogen-rich formulations in Devaleraea mollis and Palmaria hecatensis, highlighting distinct adaptive strategies. We evaluated the effects of Von Stosch Enrichment (VSE, nitrate-only), F/2 (nitrate-only), and Jack’s Special (JS, nitrate and ammonium) on metabolic profiles. D. mollis exhibited elevated energy storage and growth-related metabolites, with JS enhancing creatine production for energy storage and regeneration, alongside increased DNA/RNA synthesis and cell division activity. This suggests D. mollis prioritizes rapid growth and energy demands, supporting broader ecological adaptability. Conversely, P. hecatensis showed higher expression of metabolites linked to amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis, indicating a focus on efficient nitrogen use for protein production, likely advantageous in low-light, high-turbidity conditions. Nitrogen sources significantly influence amino acid metabolism, with JS promoting broader amino acid production and VSE and F/2 stimulating specific metabolites. These species-specific metabolic patterns underscore the flexibility of D. mollis in energy use versus adaptations of P. hecatensis to protein synthesis pathways. These findings highlight species-specific nutrient formulations as essential for optimizing seaweed growth and metabolic traits in aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algae—a Step Forward in the Sustainability of Resources: 2nd Edition)

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27 pages, 856 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Alzheimer’s Disease and Porphyromonas gingivalis: Exploring the Links

by Ivana Shawkatova, Vladimira Durmanova and Juraj Javor

Life 2025, 15(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010096 - 14 Jan 2025

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 11603

Abstract

Recent research highlights compelling links between oral health, particularly periodontitis, and systemic diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although the biological mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear, the role of periodontal pathogens, particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis, has garnered significant attention. P. gingivalis, a [...] Read more.

Recent research highlights compelling links between oral health, particularly periodontitis, and systemic diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although the biological mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear, the role of periodontal pathogens, particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis, has garnered significant attention. P. gingivalis, a major driver of periodontitis, is recognized for its potential systemic effects and its putative role in AD pathogenesis. This review examines evidence connecting P. gingivalis to hallmark AD features, such as amyloid β accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and other neuropathological features consistent with AD. Virulence factors, such as gingipains and lipopolysaccharides, were shown to be implicated in blood–brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation, and neuronal damage. P. gingivalis-derived outer membrane vesicles may serve to disseminate virulence factors to brain tissues. Indirect mechanisms, including systemic inflammation triggered by chronic periodontal infections, are also supposed to exacerbate neurodegenerative processes. While the exact pathways remain uncertain, studies detecting P. gingivalis virulence factors and its other components in AD-affected brains support their possible role in disease pathogenesis. This review underscores the need for further investigation into P. gingivalis-mediated mechanisms and their interplay with host responses. Understanding these interactions could provide critical insights into novel strategies for reducing AD risk through periodontal disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Developments in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy)

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15 pages, 3560 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gut Microbiota Regulates the Homeostasis of Dendritic Epidermal T Cells

by Jinwoo Chung, Joo-Chan Lee, Hanna Oh, Yesung Kim, Suin Lim, Chanu Lee, Yoon-Gyu Shim, Eun-Chong Bang and Jea-Hyun Baek

Life 2024, 14(12), 1695; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121695 - 21 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1779

Abstract

Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) are a γδ T cell subset residing in the skin epidermis. Although they have been known for decades, the fate of DETCs has largely remained enigmatic. Recent studies have highlighted the relationship between the gut microbiome and γδ [...] Read more.

Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) are a γδ T cell subset residing in the skin epidermis. Although they have been known for decades, the fate of DETCs has largely remained enigmatic. Recent studies have highlighted the relationship between the gut microbiome and γδ T cells in various epithelial and non-epithelial tissues, such as the small intestine, lung, liver, gingiva, and testis. While the skin microbiota has been shown to impact skin γδ T cells, a direct relationship between the gut microbiota and DETCs remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated whether DETCs are regulated by the gut microbiota in the steady-state skin epidermis. We examined the occurrence of DETCs in Balb/c mice, which have a skin epidermis barely populated with DETCs, compared to C57BL/6 mice, under different housing conditions. Our findings reveal that local skin inflammation markedly increases DETC numbers in the ear epidermis of Balb/c mice and that DETCs are activated by environmental factors. Furthermore, an investigation of the gut microbiota under different housing conditions revealed distinct microbial compositions and functional profiles. Taken together, these results suggest a strong connection between DETCs and gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiota in Health and Disease)

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12 pages, 2269 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Immunomodulatory Properties of Multi-Strain Postbiotics on Human CD14⁺ Monocytes

by Kyle D. Roberts, Sadia Ahmed, Erin San Valentin, Luca Di Martino, Thomas S. McCormick and Mahmoud A. Ghannoum

Life 2024, 14(12), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121673 - 17 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2101

Abstract

The ability of probiotics, comprising live microbiota, to modulate the composition of intestinal microbiomes has been connected to modulation of the central nervous system (Gut–Brain axis), neuroendocrine system (Gut–Skin axis), and immune response (Gut–Immune axis). Less information is known regarding the ability of [...] Read more.

The ability of probiotics, comprising live microbiota, to modulate the composition of intestinal microbiomes has been connected to modulation of the central nervous system (Gut–Brain axis), neuroendocrine system (Gut–Skin axis), and immune response (Gut–Immune axis). Less information is known regarding the ability of postbiotics (cell wall components and secreted metabolites derived from live organisms) to regulate host immunity. In the present study, we tested postbiotics comprising single strains of bacteria and yeast (Lactobacillus acidophilus 16axg, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus 18fx, Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii 16mxg) as well as combinations of multiple strains for their ability to stimulate cytokine production by human CD14⁺ monocytes. We quantified cytokine gene and protein expression levels in monocytes following stimulation with postbiotics. Both heat-killed L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus stimulated naïve monocytes without significant differences between them. Heat-killed S. boulardii stimulated less cytokine production compared to postbiotic bacteria at the same concentration. Interestingly, the addition of heat-killed yeast to heat-killed L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus resulted in an enhancement of immune stimulation. Thus, heat-killed postbiotics have immune-modulating potential, particularly when bacteria and yeast are combined. This approach may hold promise for developing targeted interventions that can be fine-tuned to modulate host immune response with beneficial health impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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14 pages, 261 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Learning Curve of First-Trimester Detailed Cardiovascular Ultrasound Screening by Moderately Experienced Obstetricians in 3509 Consecutive Unselected Pregnancies with Fetal Follow-Up

by Tibor Elekes, Gyula Csermely, Krisztina Kádár, László Molnár, Gábor Keszthelyi, Andrea Hozsdora, Miklós Vizer, Marianna Török, Petra Merkely and Szabolcs Várbíró

Life 2024, 14(12), 1632; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121632 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 2192

Abstract

Our primary objective was to assess the effectiveness of detailed cardiovascular ultrasound screening during the first trimester, which was performed by obstetricians with intermediate experience. We collected first-trimester fetal cardiac screening data from an unselected pregnant population at RMC-Fetal Medicine Center during a [...] Read more.

Our primary objective was to assess the effectiveness of detailed cardiovascular ultrasound screening during the first trimester, which was performed by obstetricians with intermediate experience. We collected first-trimester fetal cardiac screening data from an unselected pregnant population at RMC-Fetal Medicine Center during a study period spanning from 1 January 2010, to 31 January 2015, in order to analyze our learning curve. A pediatric cardiologist performed a follow-up assessment in cases where the examining obstetrician determined that the fetal cardiac screening results were abnormal or high-risk. Overall, 42 (0.88%) congenital heart abnormalities were discovered prenatally out of 4769 fetuses from 4602 pregnant women who had at least one first-trimester cardiac ultrasonography screening. In total, 89.2% of the major congenital heart abnormalities (27 of 28) in the following fetuses were discovered (or at least highly suspected) at the first-trimester screening and subsequent fetal echocardiography by the pediatric cardiology specialist. Of these, 96.4% were diagnosed prenatally. According to our results, the effectiveness of first-trimester fetal cardiovascular ultrasound screening conducted by moderately experienced obstetricians in an unselected (’routine’) pregnant population may reach as high as 90% in terms of major congenital heart defects, provided that equipment, quality assurance, and motivation are appropriate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obstetrics and Gynecology Medicine: Go From Bench to Bedside)

15 pages, 5384 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Intrauterine Growth Restriction Alters Postnatal Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Neuron and Microglia Morphology and Cytokine/Chemokine Milieu in Mice

by Frank A. Strnad, Ashley S. Brown, Matthew Wieben, Emilio Cortes-Sanchez, Megan E. Williams and Camille M. Fung

Life 2024, 14(12), 1627; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121627 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1600

Abstract

Infants born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have up to a five-fold higher risk of learning and memory impairment than those with normal growth. Using a mouse model of hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (HDP) to replicate uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI), we have previously shown [...] Read more.

Infants born with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have up to a five-fold higher risk of learning and memory impairment than those with normal growth. Using a mouse model of hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (HDP) to replicate uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI), we have previously shown that UPI causes premature embryonic hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenesis in IUGR offspring. The DG is a brain region that receives the first cortical information for memory formation. In the current study, we examined the postnatal DG neuron morphology one month after delivery (P28) using recombinant adeno-associated viral labeling of neurons. We also examined DG microglia’s morphology using immunofluorescent histochemistry and defined the hippocampal cytokine/chemokine milieu using Luminex xMAP technology. We found that IUGR preserved the principal dendrite lengths but decreased the dendritic branching and volume of DG neurons. IUGR augmented DG microglial number and cell size. Lastly, IUGR altered the hippocampal cytokine/chemokine profile in a sex-specific manner. We conclude that the prematurely-generated neuronal progenitors develop abnormal morphologies postnatally in a cell-autonomous manner. Microglia appear to modulate neuronal morphology by interacting with dendrites amidst a complex cytokine/chemokine environment that could ultimately lead to adult learning and memory deficits in our mouse model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1412 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Regulation of Plant Growth and Development by Melatonin

by Dawei Shi, Lejia Zhao, Ruijia Zhang and Qiaofeng Song

Life 2024, 14(12), 1606; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121606 - 4 Dec 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2686

Abstract

Melatonin is a naturally occurring chemical with pleiotropic effects in various species. In plants, melatonin is associated with a variety of plant physiological processes, including plant growth and development, stress responses, etc. Thus, melatonin may hold promise for improving crop yields and agricultural [...] Read more.

Melatonin is a naturally occurring chemical with pleiotropic effects in various species. In plants, melatonin is associated with a variety of plant physiological processes, including plant growth and development, stress responses, etc. Thus, melatonin may hold promise for improving crop yields and agricultural sustainability. This review describes the biosynthetic mode of melatonin and its properties and summarizes its functions in growth, development, and reproduction. In addition, the role of melatonin in plants facing various stressful environments is elaborated upon, and its relationship with other phytohormones is summarized. Through this review, we recognize the problems and challenges facing melatonin research and propose some feasible solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Adaptation Mechanisms to Abiotic Stresses)

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9 pages, 438 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Continuous Intake of Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 on Tissues Surrounding Implants: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

by Yusuke Taniguchi, Nao Suzuki, Kae Kakura, Kazunari Tanabe, Ryutaro Ito, Tadahiro Kashiwamura, Akie Fujimoto, Marie Naito, Masahiro Yoneda, Takashi Hanioka and Hirofumi Kido

Life 2024, 14(12), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121532 - 22 Nov 2024

Viewed by 4217

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to improve the health of peri-implant tissues through continuous intake of Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 (LSWB21) tablets. Methods: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 23 maintenance patients who had generally healthy oral peri-implant tissues. Participants were divided into [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to improve the health of peri-implant tissues through continuous intake of Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 (LSWB21) tablets. Methods: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 23 maintenance patients who had generally healthy oral peri-implant tissues. Participants were divided into a test group (n = 12) receiving LSWB21 tablets and a control group (n = 11) receiving placebos. All patients took one tablet three times daily for 2 months. Evaluation measures included modified Gingival Index (mGI), modified Plaque Index (mPI), modified Bleeding Index (mBI), salivary secretory IgA, and oral symptoms assessed at baseline, 1 month, and 2 months. Results: After 2 months, significant improvements in the mGI, mPI, and mBI were observed in the test group; significant improvement in the mPI was observed in the control group. Changes in the mGI over 2 months significantly differed between the groups (p = 0.038), and multiple regression analysis confirmed the effectiveness of LSWB21 in reducing the mGI (p = 0.034). Subjective symptoms such as bad breath in the test group and tongue symptoms in the control group also significantly improved. Conclusion: Continuous intake of LSWB21 may be beneficial for stabilizing peri-implant tissue. Trial registration: UMIN000039392 (UMIN-CTR). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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14 pages, 603 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Extremophiles and Extremophilic Behaviour—New Insights and Perspectives

by George N. Angelakis, Chrysianna Psarologaki, Stergios Pirintsos and Kiriakos Kotzabasis

Life 2024, 14(11), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111425 - 5 Nov 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6820

Abstract

Extremophiles, throughout evolutionary time, have evolved a plethora of unique strategies to overcome hardships associated with the environments they are found in. Modifying their genome, showing a bias towards certain amino acids, redesigning their proteins, and enhancing their membranes and other organelles with [...] Read more.

Extremophiles, throughout evolutionary time, have evolved a plethora of unique strategies to overcome hardships associated with the environments they are found in. Modifying their genome, showing a bias towards certain amino acids, redesigning their proteins, and enhancing their membranes and other organelles with specialised chemical compounds are only some of those strategies. Scientists can utilise such attributes of theirs for a plethora of biotechnological and astrobiological applications. Moreover, the rigorous study of such microorganisms regarding their evolution and ecological niche can offer deep insight into science’s most paramount inquiries such as how life originated on Earth and whether we are alone in the universe. The intensification of studies involving extremophiles in the future can prove to be highly beneficial for humanity, even potentially ameliorating modern problems such as those related to climate change while also expanding our knowledge about the complex biochemical reactions that ultimately resulted in life as we know it today. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extremophiles Breakthrough: Hot Topics and Current Issues in Their Isolation, Identification and Biotechnological Applications)

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19 pages, 1172 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Unlocking the Potential of Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers in Glioblastoma

by Sanika Suvarnapathaki, Antolin Serrano-Farias, Jonathan C. Dudley, Chetan Bettegowda and Jordina Rincon-Torroella

Life 2024, 14(10), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101312 - 16 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5634

Abstract

Using microRNAs (miRNAs) as potential circulating biomarkers in diagnosing and treating glioblastoma (GBM) has garnered a lot of scientific and clinical impetus in the past decade. As an aggressive primary brain tumor, GBM poses challenges in early detection and effective treatment with significant [...] Read more.

Using microRNAs (miRNAs) as potential circulating biomarkers in diagnosing and treating glioblastoma (GBM) has garnered a lot of scientific and clinical impetus in the past decade. As an aggressive primary brain tumor, GBM poses challenges in early detection and effective treatment with significant current diagnostic constraints and limited therapeutic strategies. MiRNA dysregulation is present in GBM. The intricate involvement of miRNAs in altering cell proliferation, invasion, and immune escape makes them prospective candidates for identifying and monitoring GBM diagnosis and response to treatment. These miRNAs could play a dual role, acting as both potential diagnostic markers and targets for therapy. By modulating the activity of various oncogenic and tumor-suppressive proteins, miRNAs create opportunities for precision medicine and targeted therapies in GBM. This review centers on the critical role and function of circulating miRNA biomarkers in GBM diagnosis and treatment. It highlights their significance in providing insights into disease progression, aiding in early diagnosis, and potential use as targets for novel therapeutic interventions. Ultimately, the study of miRNA would contribute to improving patient outcomes in the challenging landscape of GBM management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches to Early Cancer Detection)

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