Diversity

23 pages, 2308 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modeling Wolf, Canis lupus, Recolonization Dynamics to Plan Conservation Actions Ahead: Will the “Big Bad Wolves” Howl Again in Slavonia, Croatia?

by Matko Bišćan, Dušan Jelić, Ivana Maguire and Alessandro Massolo

Diversity 2025, 17(7), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17070461 - 28 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2955

Abstract

A century ago, wolves ranged throughout Croatia but were eradicated from Slavonia—a region that could serve as a crucial corridor connecting the Carpathian and Dinaric–Balkan wolf populations. Such a corridor would promote genetic exchange and help maintain ecosystem stability. Recent wolf sightings in [...] Read more.

A century ago, wolves ranged throughout Croatia but were eradicated from Slavonia—a region that could serve as a crucial corridor connecting the Carpathian and Dinaric–Balkan wolf populations. Such a corridor would promote genetic exchange and help maintain ecosystem stability. Recent wolf sightings in Slavonia indicate that natural recolonization may be possible. Understanding how this process unfolds under different management scenarios is essential for minimizing conflicts and supporting successful recolonization. In this study, we modeled wolf population dynamics in Slavonia and surrounding areas using 11 scenarios, grouped into three categories: adverse events, increased carrying capacity, and population supplementation. These scenarios encompassed various management strategies, including a baseline scenario and others designed to address system uncertainties. Our results show that scenarios involving corridor construction and wolf translocation have the lowest probability of extinction. In contrast, adverse events carry a high risk of extinction, and simply expanding suitable habitats is not enough to ensure population viability. These findings underscore the importance of integrated conservation strategies that combine habitat corridors, population management, and conflict mitigation. Long-term planning is critical, as differences in outcomes become more pronounced over time. Connectivity with stable neighboring populations is vital for the long-term survival of wolves in the region. Future research should investigate whether protected areas alone are sufficient to sustain wolves as apex predators or if large-scale ecosystem restoration—including trophic rewilding—is necessary for successful recolonization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife in Natural and Altered Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

42 pages, 22657 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Holocene Flora, Vegetation and Land-Use Changes on Dingle Peninsula, Ireland, as Reflected in Pollen Analytical, Archaeological and Historical Records

by Michael O’Connell and Steffen Wolters

Diversity 2025, 17(7), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17070456 - 27 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2320

Abstract

Palaeoecological investigations connected with extensive pre-bog, stone walls, and field systems at Kilmore, Dingle peninsula, Ireland, are presented. The main pollen profile, KLM I, spans the last 4000 years. When the record opened, pine (Pinus sylvestris) was already a minor tree, [...] Read more.

Palaeoecological investigations connected with extensive pre-bog, stone walls, and field systems at Kilmore, Dingle peninsula, Ireland, are presented. The main pollen profile, KLM I, spans the last 4000 years. When the record opened, pine (Pinus sylvestris) was already a minor tree, oak (probably Quercus petraea) was the main tall-canopy tree, and birch and alder were dominant locally. Substantial farming is recorded between ca. 1530 and 600 BCE (Bronze Age) when the stone walls were likely constructed. From ca. 560 CE onwards, intensive farming was conducted for much of the time. A largely treeless landscape emerged in the late twelfth century CE. Fine-spatial reconstructions of landscape and vegetation dynamics, including the timing of blanket bog initiation, are made. Post-glacial change in the western Dingle peninsula, based on published Holocene lake profiles and drawing on the new information presented here, is discussed. Reported are (a) fossil spores of the filmy ferns Hymenophyllum tunbrigense, H. wilsonii, and Trichomanes speciosum; (b) the first fossil pollen record for Arbutus unedo (strawberry tree) in the Dingle peninsula (540 CE); and (c) the first published records for Fagopyrum fossil pollen in Ireland, indicating that buckwheat was grown at Kilmore in the late eighteenth/early nineteenth centuries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Succession and Vegetation Dynamics)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 1200 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

An Overview of Post-Fertilization Parental Care in Gobiidae

by Miguel Trujillo-García, Bertha Patricia Ceballos-Vázquez, Palestina Guevara-Fiore and Hope Klug

Diversity 2025, 17(7), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17070446 - 24 Jun 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3681

Abstract

Parental care increases offspring survival but is typically costly to the parent providing it. Understanding diversity in parental care across animals is a timely topic in evolutionary ecology. Fishes are particularly well suited for studies aimed at understanding the diversity of parental care [...] Read more.

Parental care increases offspring survival but is typically costly to the parent providing it. Understanding diversity in parental care across animals is a timely topic in evolutionary ecology. Fishes are particularly well suited for studies aimed at understanding the diversity of parental care because parental care in fishes is highly variable across species. In most fish species, no care is provided. When parental care is provided, it is often paternal, although biparental and maternal care occur in some fish species as well. Parental care in fishes ranges from simple guarding of eggs in a territory to prolonged care of young after hatching. Within fishes, gobies are thought to exhibit diverse parental care. In the current manuscript, we begin to synthesize our knowledge of patterns of parental care in gobies by providing a review of the parental care strategies that are exhibited by gobiid species. Our review reveals that parental care in gobies most often includes guarding, fanning, and cleaning, although some species engage in other types of care such as larval release, the production of antimicrobial substances, and the construction of post-mating mounds. Care in gobies is most often paternal, but maternal and biparental care have been documented in some species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolutionary History of Fishes)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

23 pages, 5310 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ecoacoustic Baseline of a Successional Subarctic Ecosystem Post-Glaciation Amidst Climate Change in South-Central Alaska

by Timothy C. Mullet and Almo Farina

Diversity 2025, 17(7), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17070443 - 23 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1107

Abstract

As climate change alters subarctic ecosystems and human activities in Alaska, ecological baselines are critical for long-term conservation. We applied an ecoacoustic approach to characterize the ecological conditions of a rapidly deglaciating region in Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska. Using automated recording units [...] Read more.

As climate change alters subarctic ecosystems and human activities in Alaska, ecological baselines are critical for long-term conservation. We applied an ecoacoustic approach to characterize the ecological conditions of a rapidly deglaciating region in Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska. Using automated recording units deployed at increasing distances from a road, we collected over 120,000 one-minute audio samples during the tourist seasons of 2021 and 2022. Ecoacoustic indices—Sonic Heterogeneity Index (SHI_tf), Spectral Sonic Signature (SSS), Weighted Proportion of Occupied Frequencies (wPOF), and Normalized Difference Sonic Heterogeneity Index (NDSHI)—were used to measure spatio-temporal patterns of the sonoscape. Results revealed higher sonic heterogeneity near the road attributed to technophony (vehicles) and geophony (wind) that spanned across the frequency spectrum, masking mid-high frequency biophony. Seasonal phenology and diel variations reflected ecological and human rhythms, including biophony from the dawn chorus from May–June, technophony from vehicle-based tourism from July–September, and decreased sonic activity in the form of geophonic ambience in October. Low-frequency geophonies were prevalent throughout the sonoscape with more natural sounds at greater distances from the road. Our findings demonstrate the benefits of using ecoacoustic methods to assess ecosystem dynamics for establishing ecological baselines useful for future comparisons in rapidly changing environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife in Natural and Altered Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2370 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Coral Reef Restoration Techniques and Management Strategies in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic: A Quantitative Literature Review

by Leah Hodges and Pamela Hallock

Diversity 2025, 17(6), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060434 - 19 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6357

Abstract

A quantitative literature review of restoration techniques and supporting management strategies used throughout the Caribbean and Western Atlantic from 1998 through 2024 was compiled using references from the Web of Science to highlight those with potential for reef replenishment. From 93 sources listed, [...] Read more.

A quantitative literature review of restoration techniques and supporting management strategies used throughout the Caribbean and Western Atlantic from 1998 through 2024 was compiled using references from the Web of Science to highlight those with potential for reef replenishment. From 93 sources listed, 74 publications were relevant and categorized into subtopics based on the most prevalent restoration techniques. Roughly half the studies focused on three general topics: the benefits of restoring Acropora species, studies utilizing micro-fragmentation and fragment nurseries, and outplanting techniques. Other subtopics, each with at least three references, included optimizing substrates and artificial reefs, enhancing larval recruitment, emphasizing the role of herbivory, improving management practices, and addressing the impacts of tourism and community engagement. The information from the references was compiled to determine the overlap among categories and the ways in which techniques and management strategies might be applied simultaneously to enhance restoration outcomes. Additionally, sources were analyzed according to time and location of publication to better visualize the emergence of this area of research and restoration efforts. An increase in publications was observed from 2014 to 2024, associated with the rise in major events impacting coral reefs. The major locations for published research were the Florida reef tract and Puerto Rico, though restoration studies were also reported from the Bahamas and sites around the Caribbean. Criteria to assess the success of techniques included coral survival, recruitment, coral coverage, habitat structure and complexity, and biomass of marine life, including fish and invertebrates that inhabited a restored reef. Most restoration efforts utilized either fragmentation or assisted sexual breeding, followed by cultivation in nurseries or labs. Outplanting success depended on fragment size, attachment style, and site selection, with less-intrusive techniques and intermediate planting densities promoting survival. Tools like GAO maps can guide site selection based on herbivore presence and algal coverage. Monitoring is critical to ensuring coral survival, especially after the first year of outplanting, while community involvement can foster public engagement in reef conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Paleoecology of Atlantic and Caribbean Coral Reefs)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

26 pages, 9470 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mt. Fuji in the Ocean–Description of a Strange New Species of Sea Anemone, Discoactis tritentaculata fam., gen., and sp. nov. (Cnidaria; Anthozoa; Actiniaria; Actinostoloidea) from Japan, with the Foundation of a New Family and Genus

by Takato Izumi, Kensuke Yanagi and Hisanori Kohtsuka

Diversity 2025, 17(6), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060430 - 18 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4069

Abstract

A new species in a new family and genus of sea anemone, Discoactis tritentaculata fam. gen. and sp. nov., was discovered at several localities around Japan. These anemones were indicated to belong to the superfamily Actinostoloidea by phylogenetic analyses. However, the specimens have [...] Read more.

A new species in a new family and genus of sea anemone, Discoactis tritentaculata fam. gen. and sp. nov., was discovered at several localities around Japan. These anemones were indicated to belong to the superfamily Actinostoloidea by phylogenetic analyses. However, the specimens have flat, disc-like bodies; triplet tentacles on the oral disc; endocoels without tentacles; 10 macrocnemes in the column; and numerous microcnemes only in the aboral end. These features are unique among not only Actinostoloidea but also sea anemones in general, and thus they could not be accommodated into any existing families and genera in Actinostoloidea. Therefore, we establish the new family Discoactinidae and the new genus Discoactis for this species of anemone. Our phylogenetic analyses also suggested that the family Capneidae, of which the phylogenetic position has not been certainly convinced yet, also should be a member of Actinostoloidea, and thus we revised its placement and discussed the diagnosis of the superfamily. With these results, the superfamily Actinostoloidea now accommodates eight families. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Biogeography of Cnidaria)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 2353 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes: Inter-Scale Patterns in the Po Plain (Italy)

by Gemma Chiaffarelli and Ilda Vagge

Diversity 2025, 17(6), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060418 - 13 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1484

Abstract

Agrobiodiversity decline depends on wider-scale landscape ecological traits. Studying inter-scale patterns helps in understanding context-specific farm-scale biodiversity issues and needs. In this study, we investigated the drivers of agrobiodiversity in four Po Plain sites (northern Italy), an intensively impacted agricultural district. Farm-scale floristic–vegetational [...] Read more.

Agrobiodiversity decline depends on wider-scale landscape ecological traits. Studying inter-scale patterns helps in understanding context-specific farm-scale biodiversity issues and needs. In this study, we investigated the drivers of agrobiodiversity in four Po Plain sites (northern Italy), an intensively impacted agricultural district. Farm-scale floristic–vegetational indicators reflecting anthropic disturbance (biological forms, chorological traits, and maturity traits) were studied for their relationship with species richness and phytocoenosis α-diversity values. Their correlation with local- and extra-local-scale landscape ecology traits was also studied. Species richness and α-diversity were negatively related to floristic contamination and therophytes; they tended to increase with the Eurasiatic and phanerophyte ratio, suggesting a role of disturbance conditions on diversity values. Extra-local/local scale showed similar relationships with farm-scale floristic–vegetational traits; correlation was higher for local scale. Species richness and α-diversity tended to increase with higher landscape natural components, landscape diversity, biological territorial capacity, and connectivity. These landscape traits also tended to be positively related to Eurasiatic, hemicryptophyte, chamaephyte, phanerophyte, and maturity values, while they were negatively related to adventitious, wide distribution, aliens, and therophytes. Corridors’ ecological quality apparently influenced disturbance-related species amount. Maps representing these inter-scale biodiversity facets are provided (land-use-based support ecosystem service maps integrated with landscape diversity maps). The detected patterns orient context-specific multi-scale biodiversity support. They confirm the theoretical frameworks and should be validated on wider datasets to strengthen their representativeness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Biodiversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2796 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Are Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta) Resilient to the Potential Impact of Climate Change on Vitamin D via Overgrown Floating Vegetation?

by Nicholas E. Topping and Nicole Valenzuela

Diversity 2025, 17(6), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060414 - 12 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1984

Abstract

Floating aquatic vegetation and algal blooms are increasing with global warming, potentially reducing UVB exposure and, consequently, vitamin D (vit-D) synthesis in freshwater turtles. Vit-D mediates calcium metabolism and overall health, yet the effects of floating aquatic vegetation on vit-D levels remain unclear, [...] Read more.

Floating aquatic vegetation and algal blooms are increasing with global warming, potentially reducing UVB exposure and, consequently, vitamin D (vit-D) synthesis in freshwater turtles. Vit-D mediates calcium metabolism and overall health, yet the effects of floating aquatic vegetation on vit-D levels remain unclear, as is whether turtles actively avoid habitats with abundant floating vegetation. Here, we address these questions by quantifying vit-D₃ levels in the blood of adult female painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) exposed to high-vegetation (darker/colder) or clear-water (lighter/warmer) treatments for one month outdoors and one month indoors at a single temperature during late summer and early fall. The observed circulating vit-D₃ levels resembled those reported for other freshwater turtles, declined over time in both treatments, and were marginally lower under high vegetation after 60 days compared to clear water. However, this difference disappeared after correcting for lymph contamination and multiple comparisons, suggesting that perhaps adult females are robust to the effect of floating vegetation, but whether they were buffered by vit-D₃ stores in lipids is unclear. Additionally, in subsequent years, females were exposed to habitat choice experiments and exhibited a strong preference for high floating vegetation over clear water, both as a group (outdoors) and individually (outdoors, and indoors at 21 °C and 26 °C), consistent with known benefits conferred by floating vegetation (food, predator avoidance). While no ill effects of high vegetation nor behavioral avoidance were detected here, longer experiments at different seasons on both sexes and varying ages are warranted before concluding whether painted turtles are truly resilient in their vit-D levels or if, instead, a tradeoff exists between the known benefits of floating vegetation and potential [yet unidentified] detrimental effects (lower dissolved oxygen or vit-D) when vegetation is overgrown for extended periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife in Natural and Altered Environments)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 1312 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Utilizing Remote Sensing Data for Species Distribution Modeling of Birds in Croatia

by Andreja Radović, Sven Kapelj and Louie Thomas Taylor

Diversity 2025, 17(6), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060399 - 5 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1955

Abstract

Accurate information on species distributions and population sizes is essential for effective biodiversity conservation, yet such data are often lacking at national scales. This study addresses this gap by assessing the distribution and abundance of 111 bird species across Croatia, including breeding, wintering, [...] Read more.

Accurate information on species distributions and population sizes is essential for effective biodiversity conservation, yet such data are often lacking at national scales. This study addresses this gap by assessing the distribution and abundance of 111 bird species across Croatia, including breeding, wintering, and migratory flyway populations. We combined Species Distribution Models (SDMs) with expert-based population estimates to generate spatially explicit predictions. The modeling framework incorporated high-resolution Earth observation (EO) data and advanced spatial analysis techniques. Environmental variables, such as land cover, were derived from satellite datasets, while climate variables were interpolated from ground measurements and refined using EO-based co-variates. Model calibration and validation were based on species occurrence records and EO-derived predictors. This integrative approach enabled both national-scale population estimates and fine-scale habitat assessments. The results identified critical habitats, population hotspots, and areas likely to experience distribution shifts under changing environmental conditions. By integrating EO data with expert knowledge, this study enhances the robustness of population estimates, particularly where species monitoring data are incomplete. The findings support conservation prioritization, inform land use and resource management, and contribute to long-term biodiversity monitoring. The methodology is scalable and transferable, offering a practical framework for ecological assessments in diverse regions. We integrated expert-based population estimates with species distribution models (SDMs) by applying expert-derived density values to areas of suitable habitat predicted by SDMs. This approach enables spatially explicit population estimates by combining ecological modeling with expert knowledge, which is particularly useful in systems with limited data. Experts provided species-specific density estimates stratified by habitat type, seasonality, behavior, and detectability, aligned with habitat suitability classes derived from SDM outputs. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3610 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Diversity of Color in Pleasing Fungus Beetles (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Erotylinae)

by Rachel J. Sutherland, Eva J. Driggs, Laura N. Sutherland, Paul E. Skelley, Seth M. Bybee and Gareth S. Powell

Diversity 2025, 17(6), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060394 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 3811

Abstract

Erotylidae, or pleasing fungus beetles, are a morphologically diverse lineage of Coleoptera notable for the variety of colors and patterns present on their dorsal surface. This study begins the characterization of this diversity and discusses patterns around coloration within Erotylinae. Using spectrophotometer data, [...] Read more.

Erotylidae, or pleasing fungus beetles, are a morphologically diverse lineage of Coleoptera notable for the variety of colors and patterns present on their dorsal surface. This study begins the characterization of this diversity and discusses patterns around coloration within Erotylinae. Using spectrophotometer data, we investigated the frequency of certain color motifs across erotyline tribes and discuss geographic patterns in these color motifs. The most frequently observed colors within Erotylinae are brown/black with orange/red maculations in the case of bicolored taxa. In terms of type of maculations, stripes were the most common pattern observed. When summarizing the diversity across major geographic areas, the Neotropical and Indomalay regions displayed the most color variation, followed by the Australasian region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Distribution and Zoogeography of Coleoptera)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 21880 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Systematic Revision of the Oligocene Billfishes (Istiophoriformes: Palaeorhynchidae) from Romania

by Ionuț Grădianu, Kenneth A. Monsch and Dorin Sorin Baciu

Diversity 2025, 17(6), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060393 - 31 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1594

Abstract

This study revises †Palaeorhynchidae (Istiophoriformes), a rare and taxonomically disputed group within Romania’s Oligocene ichthyofauna. Historically placed within Scombroidei, Istiophoriformes is now supported by molecular phylogenetics as a distinct lineage. However, prior Romanian fossil descriptions, often fragmentary, require critical revision to resolve their [...] Read more.

This study revises †Palaeorhynchidae (Istiophoriformes), a rare and taxonomically disputed group within Romania’s Oligocene ichthyofauna. Historically placed within Scombroidei, Istiophoriformes is now supported by molecular phylogenetics as a distinct lineage. However, prior Romanian fossil descriptions, often fragmentary, require critical revision to resolve their phylogeny, ecology, and biogeography. Outdated classifications must align with modern systematics. Our analysis confirms only two valid istiophoriform taxa in Romania’s Oligocene: †Homorhynchus colei, previously misassigned to †Palaeorhynchus longirostris or †P. glarisianus, and †Palaeorhynchus humorensis. This clarifies long-standing taxonomic uncertainties and underscores the need for integrative approaches in paleoichthyology. The findings refine regional Oligocene biodiversity records and highlight the Eastern Carpathians’ significance in understanding marine ecosystems of the epoch. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Biogeography and Evolution of Actinopterygians)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 6375 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Collections for the Public Good: A Case Study from Ohio

by Loren E. Babcock, Daniel F. Kelley, John B. Krygier, William I. Ausich, David L. Dyer, Dale M. Gnidovec, Anne M. Grunow, D. Mark Jones, Erica Maletic, Camilla Querin, H. Gregory McDonald and D. Joseph Wood

Diversity 2025, 17(6), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060392 - 31 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2027

Abstract

Natural history collections serve science and society in a variety of ways. Collections of geological, including paleontological, materials are of special importance in the 21st century, as they serve not only as repositories for scientific research specimens, but are also used in teaching, [...] Read more.

Natural history collections serve science and society in a variety of ways. Collections of geological, including paleontological, materials are of special importance in the 21st century, as they serve not only as repositories for scientific research specimens, but are also used in teaching, outreach, and engaging the public in science. These collections link us to our scientific, technological, and cultural history, and help to inspire the next generations of scientists and technologists. In addition, they provide inspiration for creative works. They also have an important role in informing public policy and national security, as geological materials are fundamental to the global economy. Examples from universities, museums, and government agencies in central Ohio, USA, help to illustrate the myriad ways that geological collections are relevant to modern society, and provide continuing, critical benefits. These examples reinforce the need to ensure the long-term support of collections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Do We Still Need Natural History Collections?)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 81367 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Rediscovery of the Type Specimens of the Sarcopterygian Fishes Onychodus sigmoides and Onychodus hopkinsi from the Devonian of Ohio, USA

by Loren E. Babcock

Diversity 2025, 17(6), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17060375 - 25 May 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2278

Abstract

John Strong Newberry described three species of the lobe-fin fish Onychodus (Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Onychodontida) based on parasymphysial teeth, or tusks. Two species, Onychodus sigmoides Newberry, 1857 (type species of the genus) and Onychodus hopkinsi Newberry, 1857, were described from the “fish beds” in [...] Read more.

John Strong Newberry described three species of the lobe-fin fish Onychodus (Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Onychodontida) based on parasymphysial teeth, or tusks. Two species, Onychodus sigmoides Newberry, 1857 (type species of the genus) and Onychodus hopkinsi Newberry, 1857, were described from the “fish beds” in the Delaware Limestone (Middle Devonian, Eifelian) of Delaware, Ohio, USA; and one species, Onychodus ortoni Newberry, 1889, was described from the Ohio Shale, Huron Member (Upper Devonian, Famennian) of Perry Township, Franklin County, Ohio. In 1873, Newberry replaced the original species-group definition of O. hopkinsi with a definition based on teeth of different morphology from the West Falls Group (Upper Devonian, Frasnian) of Franklin, New York. Specimens of Newberry’s original Onychodus material, including the primary types, which were long assumed to be lost, have been rediscovered in a 19th-century collection. They show O. hopkinsi to be a junior synonym of O. sigmoides and clarify the species definition of O. sigmoides. Onychodus sigmoides, which is recognized from Middle Devonian strata of the Appalachian Basin in the United States and Canada, shows two end-member shapes of teeth on the parasymphysial whorl: procurved (arcuate) or nearly so proximally and recurved distally (anteriorly). Small teeth are commonly more slender than large teeth, which are robust. Parasymphysial teeth from the Upper Devonian of Ohio and New York are referred to O. ortoni. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Do We Still Need Natural History Collections?)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 328 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Blood Glucose in Birds: Another Way to Think About “Normal” Glycemia and Diabetes Mellitus in Animals

by Alda Quattrone, Ivan Picozzi, Emanuele Lubian, Nour Elhouda Fehri, Laura Menchetti, Olimpia Barbato, Daniele Vigo, Stella Agradi, Majlind Sulçe, Massimo Faustini, Enkeleda Ozuni, Xhiliola Bixheku, Gabriele Brecchia and Giulio Curone

Diversity 2025, 17(5), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17050355 - 16 May 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6606

Abstract

Birds exhibit naturally high blood glucose concentrations, a physiological trait that, unlike in mammals, does not lead to typical pathological consequences such as diabetes mellitus. This review explores the unique features of glucose metabolism in birds, with a particular focus on the anatomy [...] Read more.

Birds exhibit naturally high blood glucose concentrations, a physiological trait that, unlike in mammals, does not lead to typical pathological consequences such as diabetes mellitus. This review explores the unique features of glucose metabolism in birds, with a particular focus on the anatomy and function of the avian pancreas, the roles of key hormones such as insulin and glucagon, as well as the distinctive mechanisms of glucose absorption and utilization. Evidence suggests a dominant role of glucagon over insulin, along with adaptations such as insulin resistance and antioxidant defenses, which may contribute to birds’ apparent resilience to hyperglycemia-related complications. Despite these adaptations, cases of diabetes mellitus have been reported, primarily as secondary to other pathologies, including pancreatitis, hemochromatosis, infections, and toxicities. Diagnosis remains challenging due to interspecies variability and the lack of standardized assays. Treatment, mainly via insulin therapy, has shown mixed outcomes, often limited by the underlying disease severity. This review highlights the need for species-specific diagnostic tools and a deeper investigation into the pathophysiology of glucose regulation in birds, aiming to improve clinical outcomes, develop standardized therapies, and ultimately broaden the perspectives of comparative endocrinology. Full article

14 pages, 1971 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Noise Pollution and Urban Birds Breeding in the Center of the Iberian Peninsula: Effects on Diversity and Abundance

by Paula Almarza-Batuecas and Moisés Pescador

Diversity 2025, 17(5), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17050338 - 8 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4868

Abstract

In an increasingly urbanized world, biodiversity, and more specifically, birdlife located in urbanized ecosystems, faces several threats. Among these, noise pollution has proven to be one of the most significant, as it affects the effectiveness and efficiency of acoustic communication. We studied the [...] Read more.

In an increasingly urbanized world, biodiversity, and more specifically, birdlife located in urbanized ecosystems, faces several threats. Among these, noise pollution has proven to be one of the most significant, as it affects the effectiveness and efficiency of acoustic communication. We studied the relationship between noise and the diversity and abundance of birds breeding in urban areas in the central region of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain). We analyzed how species diversity and density varied across three levels of noise pollution (high, medium, and low). Species diversity decreased in areas with high noise pollution as compared to sites with medium and low levels of noise. We analyzed the density of the most frequent species found within each category. We identified eight additional noise-tolerant species whose density had significantly increased in environments with high levels of noise (e.g., Blackbird, Eurasian Tree Sparrow, and the Coal Tit). The ten most sensitive species, such as the Common Linnet, House Sparrow, and the European Greenfinch, had significantly decreased densities when the level of noise increased. Identifying the sensitivity (the effect) of urban bird species to acoustic pollution is vital for effective conservation management measures and for the sustainable planning and management of cities. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

76 pages, 32162 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Heterobranch Sea Slugs s.l. (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Southern Ocean: Biodiversity and Taxonomy

by Manuel Ballesteros, Alex Hopkins, Miquel Salicrú and Matt J. Nimbs

Diversity 2025, 17(5), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17050330 - 3 May 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5642

Abstract

The Southern Ocean, located between Antarctica and the southern tips of South America, Africa and Australia, encompasses an immense area across the southern Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans with no clearly defined limits. For the purposes of studying marine heterobranch sea slugs, we [...] Read more.

The Southern Ocean, located between Antarctica and the southern tips of South America, Africa and Australia, encompasses an immense area across the southern Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans with no clearly defined limits. For the purposes of studying marine heterobranch sea slugs, we consider the Southern Ocean to include all ocean areas located south of latitude 41° S. South of this latitude, we consider different areas and zones: the area of South America (the Patagonia/Magellanic area), the island of Tasmania, the southern island of New Zealand, the Subantarctic area (the Falkland Islands, South Georgia Island, the South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Island, Bouvet Island, the islands of Crozet and Prince Edward, the Kerguelen Islands, and Macquarie Island) and the area of Antarctica, in which we consider four zones (Weddell Sea, West Antarctica, Ross Sea and East Antarctica). Reviewing all available references and unpublished data from the authors, in total, 394 species of heterobranch sea slugs have been recorded to date in the Southern Ocean > 41° S, with Nudibranchia standing out with 209 species and Cephalaspidea with 90 species. The marine heterobranchs of Tasmania (154 species) and southern New Zealand (120 species) have been well studied. Sea slug fauna of the Antarctic and Subantarctic regions have been the subject of several partial studies; however, there are still many gaps in knowledge across both areas. Eighty-nine different species of sea slug have been recorded so far in strictly Antarctic waters (West Antarctica, 45 species; Weddell Sea, 48 species; Ross Sea, 51 species; East Antarctica, 42 species), while in the various Subantarctic regions, there are 93 species (36 species from South Georgia, 17 species from the South Orkneys, 12 species from south Sandwich, 6 species from Bouvet, 10 species from Prince Edward and Crozet Islands, 15 species from Kerguelen, 3 species from Macquarie Island, 29 species from the Falkland Islands and 71 species from the coast of South America). In the taxonomic section, for each of the species, the location and the authors of the records are indicated, and for many of the species, interesting biological, taxonomic or biogeographic observations are also provided. The importance of sampling in underexplored areas is discussed, as well as greater-depth sampling for a better understanding of the sea slugs of the Southern Ocean. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2796 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Soil Fauna-Indicators of Ungrazed Versus Grazed Grassland Ecosystems in Romania

by Minodora Manu, Raluca Ioana Băncilă and Marilena Onete

Diversity 2025, 17(5), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17050323 - 29 Apr 2025

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1766

Abstract

In order to establish the influence of grazing regime on soil fauna communities, a complex study was conducted on eight mountain grasslands in Romania. The grassland sites were grouped by management regime: ungrazed or intensely grazed by sheep. Eight environmental factors were measured, [...] Read more.

In order to establish the influence of grazing regime on soil fauna communities, a complex study was conducted on eight mountain grasslands in Romania. The grassland sites were grouped by management regime: ungrazed or intensely grazed by sheep. Eight environmental factors were measured, both abiotic (soil acidity, soil resistance at penetration, soil and air humidity, soil and air temperature, and soil electrical conductivity) and biotic (vegetation coverage). There was significant variability in the average values of these factors at the microhabitat level (between all grasslands investigated). Analysis of eighty soil samples allowed for the identification of sixteen soil fauna taxa, which constituted the database for statistical processing. The community status of these soil invertebrate faunas was mainly evaluated using three parameters: numerical abundance, taxa richness, and Shannon–Wiener index of diversity. Collembola and Oribatida were the most dominant taxa. The numerical abundance and taxa diversity recorded high values in ungrazed grasslands. Soil resistance at penetration, vegetation coverage, and soil pH influenced the numerical abundance of soil fauna communities significantly. Grassland management influenced the composition of soil invertebrates in both regimes, with Chilopoda, Staphylinidae, Diplopoda, and Enchytraeidae clearly preferring ungrazed ecosystems, whilst Mesostigmata was much commoner in grazed sites. The study revealed that correlations between the species composition of soil communities and environmental parameters under differing management regimes (ungrazed vs. grazed), demonstrated that these invertebrates can be used as bioindicators in such terrestrial ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of Diversity—Biodiversity, Conservation and Ecology of Animals, Plants and Microorganisms)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 122493 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

From Historical Archives to Algorithms: Reconstructing Biodiversity Patterns in 19th Century Bavaria

by Malte Rehbein

Diversity 2025, 17(5), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17050315 - 26 Apr 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3766

Abstract

Historical archives hold untapped potential for understanding long-term biodiversity change. This study introduces computational approaches to historical ecology, combining archival research, text analysis, and spatial mapping to reconstruct past biodiversity patterns. Using the 1845 Bavarian Animal Observation Dataset (AOD1845), a comprehensive survey of [...] Read more.

Historical archives hold untapped potential for understanding long-term biodiversity change. This study introduces computational approaches to historical ecology, combining archival research, text analysis, and spatial mapping to reconstruct past biodiversity patterns. Using the 1845 Bavarian Animal Observation Dataset (AOD1845), a comprehensive survey of vertebrate species across 119 districts, we transform 5400 prose records into structured ecological data. Our analyses reveal how species distributions, habitat associations, and human–wildlife interactions were shaped by land use and environmental pressures in pre-industrial Bavaria. Beyond documenting ecological baselines, the study captures early perceptions of habitat loss and species decline. We emphasise the critical role of historical expertise in interpreting archival sources and avoiding anachronisms when integrating historical data with modern biodiversity frameworks. By bridging the humanities and environmental sciences, this work shows how digitised archives and computational methods can open new frontiers for conservation science, restoration ecology, and Anthropocene studies. The findings advocate for the systematic mobilisation of historical datasets to better understand biodiversity change over time. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3438 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Evolution of Mosasaurid Foraging Behavior Through the Lens of Stable Carbon Isotopes

by Michael J. Polcyn, John A. Robbins, Anne S. Schulp, Johan Lindgren and Louis L. Jacobs

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040291 - 19 Apr 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4702

Abstract

A large data set of new and previously published measurements of δ¹³C values derived from tooth enamel (n = 223, of which 93 are new) are compiled to explore patterns of foraging area preferences of Late Cretaceous mosasaurid squamates over [...] Read more.

A large data set of new and previously published measurements of δ¹³C values derived from tooth enamel (n = 223, of which 93 are new) are compiled to explore patterns of foraging area preferences of Late Cretaceous mosasaurid squamates over evolutionary time scales (~93–66 Ma). Our results indicate that small-bodied halisaurines are restricted to a relatively nearshore range, overlapping the lower end of the range of plioplatecarpines and some mosasaurine taxa. Most moderately sized plioplatecarpines occupy a relatively narrow foraging area in much of the nearshore and proximal offshore marine foraging area for the majority of their existence. Tylosaurines exhibit a greater offshore marine range than plioplatecarpines, consistent with their large body size and the robustness of their feeding apparatus. The largest tylosaurine taxa are replaced by Mosasaurus in the Late Campanian–Maastrichtian in the offshore foraging range. Mosasaurine taxa are found to occupy the broadest range of foraging areas, but their ranges are taxonomically segregated, consistent with adult body size and the diversity of feeding adaptations such as tooth morphologies and skull architecture seen in that subfamily. Where foraging areas of multiple taxa overlap, differences are typically in tooth form, reflecting prey preference or feeding niche. Foraging area occupation by multiple taxa with similar tooth forms suggests that other factors such as body size and prey acquisition style may have allowed for the finer partitioning of resources. Deep diving and long submergence may have also contributed to the depleted signals recovered for some of the large-bodied durophages and the largest of the macrophagous apex predators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Making New Out of the Old: Recent Biological Advances on Mesozoic Marine Reptiles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2444 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrative Description of Temnothorax siculus sp. n.: A New Ant Species from Sicily, Italy (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

by Enrico Schifani, Antonio Alicata, Matthew M. Prebus and Sándor Csősz

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040294 - 19 Apr 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2725

Abstract

The mostly Holarctic genus Temnothorax (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) is the most diverse ant genus in temperate regions. The Mediterranean, a biodiversity hotspot of rare ant species, hosts over 150 Temnothorax taxa, including several short-range endemics. Over the last few years, phylogenomic reconstructions and integrative [...] Read more.

The mostly Holarctic genus Temnothorax (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) is the most diverse ant genus in temperate regions. The Mediterranean, a biodiversity hotspot of rare ant species, hosts over 150 Temnothorax taxa, including several short-range endemics. Over the last few years, phylogenomic reconstructions and integrative taxonomy have significantly improved the understanding of global Temnothorax diversity, but much taxonomic work is still needed in the Mediterranean region. Here, we present the integrative description of a new species of the genus, discovered in the central Mediterranean island of Sicily: Temnothorax siculus sp. n. is defined and compared to congeneric species integrating morphometrics and phylogenomics. It is a ground-nesting, lowland species, of which workers were regularly observed foraging on bushes and small trees. In the global phylogeny, covering all the main lineages of the region, it belongs to the Palearctic clade and is related to the tuberum and unifasciatus complexes. Morphological separation from other Sicilian Temnothorax species can generally be achieved on qualitative characters, but we also provide morphometric discriminant functions to separate it from T. apenninicus and especially T. unifasciatus. Temnothorax siculus has been rarely collected but appears to be widespread in Sicily, and may occur in neighboring regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systematics, Evolution and Diversity in Ants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 7274 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Habitat and Predator Influences on the Spatial Ecology of Nine-Banded Armadillos

by Robert C. Lonsinger, Ben P. Murley, Daniel T. McDonald, Christine E. Fallon and Kara M. White

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040290 - 19 Apr 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2576

Abstract

Mesopredator suppression has implications for community structure, biodiversity, and ecosystem function, but mesopredators with physical defenses may not avoid apex predators. We investigated nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) in southwestern Oklahoma (USA) to evaluate if a species with physical defenses was influenced [...] Read more.

Mesopredator suppression has implications for community structure, biodiversity, and ecosystem function, but mesopredators with physical defenses may not avoid apex predators. We investigated nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) in southwestern Oklahoma (USA) to evaluate if a species with physical defenses was influenced by a dominant predator, the coyote (Canis latrans). We sampled nine-banded armadillos and coyotes with motion-activated cameras. We used single-species and conditional two-species occupancy models to assess the influences of environmental factors and coyotes on nine-banded armadillo occurrence and site-use intensity (i.e., detection). We used camera-based detections to characterize the diel activity of each species and their overlap. Nine-banded armadillo occupancy was greater at sites closer to cover, with lower slopes, and further from water, whereas coyote space use was greater at higher elevations; both species were positively associated with recent burns. Nine-banded armadillo occurrence was not influenced by coyotes, but site-use intensity was suppressed by the presence of coyotes. Nine-banded armadillos (strictly nocturnal) and coyotes (predominantly nocturnal) had a high overlap in summer diel activity. Nine-banded armadillos are ecosystem engineers but are often considered a threat to species of concern and/or a nuisance. Thus, understanding the role of interspecific interactions on nine-banded armadillos has important implications for conservation and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation of Armadillos)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6680 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Natural and Artificial Habitats and Microhabitats on Urban Amphibian Diversity and Behavior

by Rocio Pamela Demartín, Romina Ghirardi and Javier Alejandro López

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040292 - 19 Apr 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3279

Abstract

Species presence in urban landscapes is driven by complex biological and environmental interactions. In this study, we evaluated habitat and microhabitat selection by amphibians in urban environments using correspondence analysis, multiple correspondence analysis, and preference analysis. Data on habitats, microhabitats, and activities were [...] Read more.

Species presence in urban landscapes is driven by complex biological and environmental interactions. In this study, we evaluated habitat and microhabitat selection by amphibians in urban environments using correspondence analysis, multiple correspondence analysis, and preference analysis. Data on habitats, microhabitats, and activities were recorded for 26 amphibian species in urban areas. All species were observed in natural habitats, while only 11 in artificial habitats. Leptodactylus latinasus, Leptodactylus macrosternum, Rhinella arenarum, and Rhinella dorbignyi were found in both habitat types, in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Most individuals (74%) were recorded in natural habitats, predominantly aquatic ones. In artificial habitats (26%), R. arenarum was the most abundant species, primarily using terrestrial habitats. All species exhibited some degree of habitat preference, even generalist species. Amphibian activities were also linked to habitat type, with natural aquatic habitats primarily used for breeding and natural terrestrial habitats for refuge, foraging, and other activities. Our results highlight that heterogeneous natural habitats promote greater species diversity, while artificial habitats restrict amphibian presence. However, the capacity of certain species to adjust to artificial environments underscores the need to enhance these habitats by adding bodies of water, bare ground, and vegetation of all kinds to support the conservation of urban amphibians. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 1234 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Alien Mammals in the Afrotropical Region and Their Impact on Vertebrate Biodiversity: A Review

by Grzegorz Kopij

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040286 - 18 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4017

Abstract

The introduction of alien species may pose an enormous threat to indigenous flora and fauna. Among introduced animals, probably the most destructive to the natural environment are mammals. This is true at least in regard to the Afrotropical Region (sub-Saharan Africa). This review [...] Read more.

The introduction of alien species may pose an enormous threat to indigenous flora and fauna. Among introduced animals, probably the most destructive to the natural environment are mammals. This is true at least in regard to the Afrotropical Region (sub-Saharan Africa). This review attempts to summarize our knowledge on alien mammals in this region and their impact on indigenous vertebrate fauna. This review includes 56 mammal species, belonging to 20 families, introduced to sub-Saharan Africa over the last 2000 years. Most are representatives of the following orders: Artiodactyla, Carnivora, and Primates. Most species introduced to sub-Saharan Africa originated from the Oriental (n = 20) and Palearctic (n = 19) regions. Two species, Mus musculus and Rattus rattus, were introduced before 1400 (probably as early as 800 AD), while three others were introduced between 1401 and 1700. The first half of the 17th century saw the highest number (n = 10) of introduced species. Between 1651 and 1850, only two species were introduced; in the following 175 years (1851–2025), as many as 24 species were introduced. Ten of the introduced mammal species, namely Sus scrofa, Capra hircus, Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, Mus musculus, Felis catus, Canis familiaris, Viverricula indica, Urva auropunctata, and Maccaca fuscicularis, have become invasive species. A total of 39 mammal species were relocated (mainly for hunting purposes) within sub-Saharan Africa. Most of them were representatives of the family Bovidae (76.9%). Relocations are not considered introductions. Based on published records of the impacts of alien mammals on the vertebrate fauna of sub-Saharan Africa, the following mechanisms may be distinguished: predation, competition, hybridization, transmission of diseases and parasites, and habitat destruction (grazing, herbivory, browsing). Most vertebrate species (79.4%) were affected through direct predation, predation and habitat destruction (7.1%), or predation and competition (1.4%). Alien mammals have caused habitat destruction for only 10 species (7.1%). Other effects (competition and genetic pollution) were marginal (3.5%). At least 144 vertebrate species, representing 52 families, have been affected by alien mammals in sub-Saharan Africa: 3 amphibians, 23 reptiles, 89 birds, and 29 mammals. As a result of mammal introductions, 65 species in sub-Saharan Africa have become globally extinct, 45 are considered threatened (listed in the RDB), and 31 other species are in decline, although not included in the RDB. Most extinct birds were affected by introduced rats, mice, feral cats, and dogs. In continental Africa, only seven vertebrate species have been negatively affected by alien mammals. All other affected vertebrates occur on islands. An especially high rate of extinction has been recorded in the Mascarene Islands. In comparison with alien birds in sub-Saharan Africa, the number of introduced mammal species is much lower, but their negative impact on vertebrate fauna is significantly greater. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 2963 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mitochondrial Genetic Mutations in the Pale Grass Blue Butterfly: Possible DNA Damage via the Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Real-Time Molecular Evolution

by Mariko Toki, Wataru Taira, Ko Sakauchi and Joji M. Otaki

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040275 - 14 Apr 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2721

Abstract

The pale grass blue butterfly Zizeeria maha has been used to evaluate the biological effects of the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011. Here, we examined the DNA sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) of Z. maha using [...] Read more.

The pale grass blue butterfly Zizeeria maha has been used to evaluate the biological effects of the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011. Here, we examined the DNA sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) of Z. maha using the field samples collected in 2011–2014 and 2021. Among 641 individuals from 44 localities in Northeastern Japan, we detected a heteroplasmic nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution in one out of three 2012 individuals from Hirono, Fukushima Prefecture, where the biological impact of radioactive pollution was the highest among the localities surveyed in 2012, suggesting DNA damage via initial exposure to short-lived radionuclides. An additional 80 individuals from Hirono in 2021 did not show any substitution, suggesting the extinction of the Hirono mutant by 2021. We also detected another heteroplasmic and homoplasmic nonsynonymous substitution in four out of five 2014 individuals from Shibata, Niigata Prefecture, where radioactive pollution was low. These substitutions were not present in the GenBank records of Z. maha and its sister species Z. karsandra, indicating that intraspecific variation may exceed interspecific variation in Z. maha. These results highlight not only the possible impact of the initial exposure in Fukushima but also real-time molecular evolution of butterflies in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biogeography and Diversity of Butterflies and Moths)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 904 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review on Landscape Factors for Biodiversity Performance Enhancement in Urban Parks

by Qiting Ye, Xiuzhi Wang, Lingzi Liang, Jian-Wen Qiu and Siu-Tai Tsim

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040262 - 7 Apr 2025

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6806

Abstract

Urbanization significantly reduced natural habitats and biodiversity, creating challenges for sustainable urban development. Urban parks, as essential green spaces, help mitigate these impacts by promoting biodiversity and enhancing urban resilience. This review synthesizes current knowledge on landscape factors that influence biodiversity in urban [...] Read more.

Urbanization significantly reduced natural habitats and biodiversity, creating challenges for sustainable urban development. Urban parks, as essential green spaces, help mitigate these impacts by promoting biodiversity and enhancing urban resilience. This review synthesizes current knowledge on landscape factors that influence biodiversity in urban parks, emphasizing how these parks contribute to biodiversity conservation and urban sustainable development. A comprehensive literature search identified key landscape factors that affect biodiversity, categorized into five groups: park size and shape, vegetation composition, artificial components, landscape patterns, and surrounding land use. The findings reveal that larger park areas, simplified boundaries, diverse vegetation structures, reduced human interference, and improved habitat connectivity are crucial for boosting biodiversity. The review also suggests practical design strategies, such as enhancing green space networks and preserving old trees, to foster biodiversity in urban parks. Overall, this review provides valuable insights for urban planners and landscape designers aiming to create resilient, biodiversity-rich urban spaces that support sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity Conservation in Urbanized Ecosystems)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 9499 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

First Marine Fossil Otoliths (Teleostei) from East Africa (Tanzania)

by Werner W. Schwarzhans and Laura J. Cotton

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040255 - 31 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1501

Abstract

Otoliths are common in the fossil record and can provide important insight into the evolution and spatial and stratigraphic distribution of fishes, but have remained understudied in many areas of the world. Here, we describe the first marine otolith assemblage from East Africa. [...] Read more.

Otoliths are common in the fossil record and can provide important insight into the evolution and spatial and stratigraphic distribution of fishes, but have remained understudied in many areas of the world. Here, we describe the first marine otolith assemblage from East Africa. The material is from Tanzania Drilling Project cores of late Eocene to early Oligocene age, spanning the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT). The assemblage consists of 10 identifiable species of which 5 are new, and 4 remain in open nomenclature. The new species are as follows: Protanago africanus, Bregmaceros tanzaniensis, Ortugobius pandeanus, “Serranus” plasmaticus, and Acanthocepola signanoae. The association of shallow and deep-water taxa along with the dominance of the family Cepolidae, which has not been observed in either the extant or fossil record, makes the faunal composition unusual. However, when taxon occurrences are correlated with stable isotope records from the same cores and compared with previous studies, it is clear the otoliths reflect the sea-level fall known to occur during the EOT, with deeper dwelling taxa in the late Eocene and taxa preferring shallower, which are more shelf-like environments in the early Oligocene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Biogeography and Evolution of Actinopterygians)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2930 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Swedish Fauna of Freshwater Snails—An Overview of Zoogeography and Habitat Selection with Special Attention to Red-Listed Species

by Ted von Proschwitz

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040251 - 31 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3219

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse the present Swedish fauna of freshwater snails, based on material in museum collections, the literature, records in conservation reports and in databases. The Swedish fauna comprises 50 species (42 indigenous and 8 introduced). [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse the present Swedish fauna of freshwater snails, based on material in museum collections, the literature, records in conservation reports and in databases. The Swedish fauna comprises 50 species (42 indigenous and 8 introduced). Moreover, 31 out of 50 species belong to the superorder Hygrophila. The species’ zoogeography, ecology and conservation status are highlighted. The species distributions can roughly be classified according to four different geographical groups of patterns. 23 species have their northern limit within or close to the limes norrlandicus, an important biogeographical transition zone in Central Sweden. The history of the exploration of the fauna and groups/species with taxonomical/determination problems are discussed. The six species, which are present in the Swedish National Red List, are discussed in detail. Main threats include the exploitation of Swedish rivers and the changing of insolation in small water bodies due to vegetation alteration, eutrophication and drainage. The threat status of the species in the national Swedish list and the general European list are compared and show a high degree of agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Freshwater Mollusk Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1911 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Structure of Non-Indigenous Fouling Assemblages and Biocontamination Levels in Portuguese Recreational Marinas Under Different Salinity Conditions

by Jesús Fernández-Gutiérrez, Marcos Rubal, Leandro Sampaio, Juan Moreira, Fran Ramil, Isabel Sousa-Pinto and Puri Veiga

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040245 - 29 Mar 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1331

Abstract

The number of recreational marinas has increased in recent years due to the growing demand for leisure boating. Recreational marinas are key points for the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS), which are considered a source of biocontamination. However, there is scarce knowledge on [...] Read more.

The number of recreational marinas has increased in recent years due to the growing demand for leisure boating. Recreational marinas are key points for the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS), which are considered a source of biocontamination. However, there is scarce knowledge on the influence of environmental features on NIS fouling assemblages, especially regarding different salinity conditions. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of salinity on the structure of NIS fouling assemblages and biocontamination levels. Therefore, fouling assemblages associated with floating pontoons were studied in recreational marinas located in fully marine and brackish habitats on the Northern Portuguese coast. Twenty-four NIS were found, of which arthropods and bryozoans represented the most abundant taxa. Except for NIS abundance, univariate and multivariate analyses showed that NIS assemblage structure was shaped by salinity conditions. Thus, NIS richness and the ratio between NIS richness and total richness were significantly higher in marine than in brackish habitats. Similarly, consistently higher biocontamination levels were found in marine habitats, compromising their ecological status. Quantitative data provided here will be useful in the development of NIS management strategies. Thus, in Northern Portugal, efforts should be focused on marinas under fully marine salinity conditions because they harbor a greater number of NIS and, consequently, a worse ecological status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Invasive Species on Local Biodiversity and Ecology in the Context of Climate Change)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 3788 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Carbon Stock Estimation and Human Disturbance in Selected Urban Un-Conserved Forests in Entoto Mountain Forest, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

by Lemlem Wondwossen Solomon, Noppol Arunrat, Thamarat Phutthai, Worachart Wisawapipat, Sukanya Sereenonchai and Ryusuke Hatano

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040225 - 24 Mar 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1795

Abstract

Urban forests are crucial for biodiversity and climate resilience. This study investigated the impact of human disturbances on carbon (C) stocks in un-conserved forests of Entoto Mountain, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, focusing on forest structure: important value index (IVI), species diversity (H’), regeneration pattern [...] Read more.

Urban forests are crucial for biodiversity and climate resilience. This study investigated the impact of human disturbances on carbon (C) stocks in un-conserved forests of Entoto Mountain, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, focusing on forest structure: important value index (IVI), species diversity (H’), regeneration pattern status, and C storage in aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), litter biomass (LB), and soil. Field data were collected from 35 quadrats across two altitudes, and human disturbances were observed, including firewood collection, tree cutting, soil excavation, and road and infrastructure inside the sample plot. Results indicate low species diversity dominated by Eucalyptus globulus Labill and Juniperus procera Hoechst. Ex Endl., with fair regeneration. Higher altitudes showed greater measured C stock (572.62 tC ha⁻¹) than lower altitudes (495.03 tC ha⁻¹), attributed to larger trees. C values in the upper altitude for AGB, BGB, LB, and soil (0–30 cm) were higher than at lower altitudes. The IVI showed a significant positive correlation with C in aboveground biomass, C in belowground biomass, and total C stock, whereas H’ also showed a significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation with the total number of trees. It is concluded that forest structures contribute to the C stock of this area. Given the importance of the un-conserved Entoto Mountain forest, it is recommended to prioritize the conservation of old-growth forest species in the area, as they demonstrate the highest capacity for C accumulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity of Urban Ecosystems in the Global South: Challenges and Conservation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

38 pages, 6948 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

DNA Barcoding of Red Algae from Bocas del Toro, Panamá, with a Description of Gracilaria bocatorensis sp. nov. and G. dreckmannii sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Gracilariaceae)

by Maycol Ezequiel Madrid Concepcion, Rachel Collin, Kenneth S. Macdonald III, Amy C. Driskell, Suzanne Fredericq, Brian Wysor and D. Wilson Freshwater

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040222 - 23 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3942

Abstract

Bocas del Toro is an archipelago on the Caribbean coast of Panamá, recognized as a biodiversity hotspot. While marine red macroalgae in the Western Atlantic are well studied, the marine flora of Panamá, particularly Bocas del Toro, remains underexplored using DNA barcoding. This [...] Read more.

Bocas del Toro is an archipelago on the Caribbean coast of Panamá, recognized as a biodiversity hotspot. While marine red macroalgae in the Western Atlantic are well studied, the marine flora of Panamá, particularly Bocas del Toro, remains underexplored using DNA barcoding. This study documents the diversity of marine red macroalgae in the region using COI-5P barcoding to identify species, detect cryptic diversity, and assess the presence of invasive and amphi-isthmian species. Specimens collected in 2008 and 2009 yielded 179 COI-5P sequences. Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) were assigned to 82 genetic clusters, many lacking GenBank matches, suggesting potential new species. Morphology and phylogenetic analyses of rbcL, UPA, and cox1 confirmed two new species of Gracilaria (G. bocatorensis sp. nov. and G. dreckmannii sp. nov.). Despite advances in DNA barcoding, red macroalgal diversity in Panamá remains understudied, particularly Corallinales, where rbcL sequences are lacking. No introduced or amphi-isthmian species were detected. This study adds 16 new species records for the Caribbean coast of Panamá, emphasizing the importance of DNA barcoding in biodiversity research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue DNA Barcodes for Evolution and Biodiversity—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 5424 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

How Does Sharing Data from Research Institutions on Global Biodiversity Information Facility Enhance Its Scientific Value?

by Bogdan Jackowiak and Marcin Lawenda

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040221 - 22 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2844

Abstract

For decades, thousands of scientific institutions worldwide have been digitizing collections documenting biodiversity. The advantages and benefits of this process are widely described. In this study, we test the hypothesis that digital data from local scientific institutions gain additional value once shared through [...] Read more.

For decades, thousands of scientific institutions worldwide have been digitizing collections documenting biodiversity. The advantages and benefits of this process are widely described. In this study, we test the hypothesis that digital data from local scientific institutions gain additional value once shared through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). We have closely examined the fate of over 2.2 million digital records deposited at the Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland (FBAMU), which have been available to the global community for over three years. The effectiveness of this effort is measured by the number of downloads (approximately 123,000), the number of records downloaded (45 billion), and most importantly, the number of scientific publications utilizing these data (an average of 3 publications per week). These publications appear both in the most prestigious scientific journals and regional sources. The thematic scope of papers utilizing FBAMU data shared through GBIF is very broad, covering 12 research areas, including fundamental biological fields (morphology, taxonomy and systematics, phylogeny and evolution, paleobiology, ecology, biogeography, biodiversity conservation, and biodiversity informatics), closely related applied research (agriculture and human health), and climate science and linguistic phylogeny. The most frequent uses of GBIF/FBAMU data have been in studies on processes and phenomena such as biodiversity loss, biological invasions, biogeographical patterns, changes in species ranges, climatic niche dynamics, interactions between organisms, and mechanisms of evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digitization of Natural History Collections for Biodiversity Science and Conservation)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 5001 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Clarifying the Taxonomic Relationships of Tulipa iliensis and T. thianschanica Based on Multiple Evidences of Phenotypic, Karyotype, Molecular, and Chloroplast Genomes

by Huimin Zhang, Xiyong Wang, Huawei Liu, Shiqing Liu and Yan Wei

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030219 - 20 Mar 2025

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1978

Abstract

In China, the genus Tulipa L. has been identified as a national second-class protected plant. Due to the complex evolutionary and genetic backgrounds of tulips, the taxonomy of the genus Tulipa and its species remains a matter of dispute. The current study is [...] Read more.

In China, the genus Tulipa L. has been identified as a national second-class protected plant. Due to the complex evolutionary and genetic backgrounds of tulips, the taxonomy of the genus Tulipa and its species remains a matter of dispute. The current study is dedicated to clarifying the taxonomic relationship between two closely related species, T. iliensis and Tulipa thianschanica, by integrating morphological, karyotypic, and molecular evidence—a novel framework for resolving taxonomic ambiguities in closely related species. Morphological analyses showed significant differences in filament shape, pistil length, overall plant height, presence or absence of stem hairs, and perianth length and width, which supports the conclusion that they are distinct species (p < 0.001). Karyotype analysis further verified disparities in their chromosome morphology, and distinct karyotype indices and scatter plot distributions suggest differences between the two species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using Internal Transcribed Spacer sequences (ITSs) and chloroplast genomes confirmed the genetic differences between T. iliensis and T. thianschanica, and there is evidence indicating the possible occurrence of hybridization events. The research findings demonstrate that T. thianschanica and T. iliensis are independent species, thereby providing valuable insights into the taxonomy of wild tulips and contributing to the conservation of these protected species. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3640 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Rotifera of the Peruvian Andes: New Records and Insights

by Maciej Karpowicz, Jolanta Ejsmont-Karabin, Elian Rojas-Baez, María José Pardo and Carlos López

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030217 - 18 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2206

Abstract

The Rotifera fauna of the Peruvian Andes remains significantly understudied, as evidenced by our findings from a limited sampling effort of 18 locations (15 samples from the Cusco region and three samples from Lake Titicaca). We identified 12 Monogononta and three species of [...] Read more.

The Rotifera fauna of the Peruvian Andes remains significantly understudied, as evidenced by our findings from a limited sampling effort of 18 locations (15 samples from the Cusco region and three samples from Lake Titicaca). We identified 12 Monogononta and three species of Bdelloidea as potential new records for Peru, underscoring the region’s remarkable but largely unexplored biodiversity. Particularly notable is the addition of seven potentially new records to Peru’s fauna in Lake Titicaca based on only three samples, despite the well-documented zooplankton research history in this lake. This emphasizes the need for more comprehensive studies targeting the Rotifera fauna of Lake Titicaca, especially in littoral zones rich in microhabitats. Besides Lake Titicaca, our investigation mainly focused on high-altitude and groundwater-dependent habitats in the high Peruvian Andes in the Cusco region, where the Rotifera fauna had not been studied. Among the species identified there, five Monogononta and three Bdelloidea likely represent new records for Peru. These findings highlight the extent of unexplored biodiversity and emphasize the urgent need for more comprehensive taxonomy studies of Rotifera in Peru. Additionally, our research has identified two records new to the Neotropics: Notommata voigti and Macrotrachela musculosa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tropical Aquatic Biodiversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 5867 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plants for Wild Bees—Field Records in Bulgaria

by Ekaterina Kozuharova, Teodor Trifonov, Christina Stoycheva, Nadezhda Zapryanova and Rosen S. Sokolov

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030214 - 17 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3286

Abstract

One of the eight shortfalls in European wild bee data is the knowledge of the flowering plants they favor. This knowledge is of particular importance for bee gardens and wildflower strips initiatives aiming to provide forage for the wild bees. The aim of [...] Read more.

One of the eight shortfalls in European wild bee data is the knowledge of the flowering plants they favor. This knowledge is of particular importance for bee gardens and wildflower strips initiatives aiming to provide forage for the wild bees. The aim of this study is to provide a list of plants that are used for food by certain taxa of wild bees in Bulgaria and to evaluate their potential for cultivation in bee gardens and wildflower strips. In relation to this, we discuss the food plant specialization of the wild bees. We summarize our observations on the pollination of certain plants and faunistic records considering the food plants in several grassland habitats on the territory of Bulgaria at altitudes between 0 and 1500 m above sea level, during the last 30 years. More than 54 taxa of wild bees are listed. They belong to the families Apidae, Andrenidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, and Megachilidae. Some of these bees are identified to the species level, and others to the genus or family level. Among the recorded wild bees are observed eight oligolectic species (22.2%). The listed bees are flower visitors of 60 plant taxa belonging to 20 families, which offer nectar and/or pollen. The wild bees’ food plants are predominantly from the families Fabaceae (15 species), Lamiaceae (14 species), Asteraceae (9 species), etc. The perennials are 67%, while annuals are 9%, annual or biennial 6%, biennials 5%, etc. We discuss the seed germination specifics of these plants. More studies are needed in this field. The conservation of wild bees may be supported by wildflower restoration activities, but the process depends on many factors, including seed germination difficulties. Therefore, the natural grassland habitats must be preserved and protected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Effects of Pollinator Loss on Biodiversity)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 758 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Breeding Snowy Owls Are Obligate Lemming Predators in Utqiaġvik, Alaska: Results from 30 Years of Study

by Denver W. Holt, Matthew D. Larson, Mathew T. Seidensticker and Stephen P. Hiro

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030209 - 14 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2392

Abstract

For 30 years (1992–2021), we collected pellets and pellet fragments and recorded prey cached in Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus) nests during the breeding season in Utqiaġvik, Alaska. About 14,000 pellets from an estimated 700 Snowy Owls yielded 43,689 prey items, while [...] Read more.

For 30 years (1992–2021), we collected pellets and pellet fragments and recorded prey cached in Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus) nests during the breeding season in Utqiaġvik, Alaska. About 14,000 pellets from an estimated 700 Snowy Owls yielded 43,689 prey items, while caches in 284 nests yielded 3334 prey items. The owls ate thirty-seven species of vertebrates: one species of fish, five species of mammals, and thirty-one species of birds. Based on the pellet analysis, lemmings represented 99.0% of the total prey, with brown lemmings (Lemmus trimucronatus) representing 94.6%, collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) representing 3.1%, and unidentified lemmings representing 1.3%. All other species were <1%. Based on the prey cached in nests, lemmings represented about 90.0% (89.9%) of the total prey (n = 3334), with brown lemmings representing 88.0% (87.9%), collared lemmings representing 1.9%, and unidentified lemmings representing <1%. Birds represented only 10.0% of the prey cached in nests, although many species were eaten. Food niche breadth (FNB) and dietary evenness (DIEV) scores from pellets were narrow for the prey identified within a group or species. FNB and DIEV scores from the prey cached in nests were also narrow for the prey identified within a group or species. There was almost complete dietary overlap when comparing the prey from pellets with the prey from caches. Biomass estimates from brown lemmings (178 kg) cached in nests were 59 times more than those from collared lemmings (3 kg). Biomass estimates for large birds were misleading, as the owls mainly ate the breast, humerus, and femur muscles. Our study supports a general consensus that Snowy Owls are obligate lemming specialists during the breeding season in Utqiaġvik. In fact, they depend almost entirely on one species of lemming—the brown lemming. Consequently, anthropogenic or natural factors that impact lemming populations and distributions will directly affect Snowy Owl populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation and Ecology of Raptors—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2719 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Tracking Biosecurity Through the Diversity and Network Structure of International Trade

by Kong-Wah Sing, Rachel Peden and Damien Hicks

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030213 - 14 Mar 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1862

Abstract

Effective and evidence-based biosecurity measures are essential to prevent trade disruption, protect industries and contain the chains of biological invasions. There are increasing demands for analysts to use quantitative data to monitor this system, with the goals of early detection and forecasting. However, [...] Read more.

Effective and evidence-based biosecurity measures are essential to prevent trade disruption, protect industries and contain the chains of biological invasions. There are increasing demands for analysts to use quantitative data to monitor this system, with the goals of early detection and forecasting. However, standard approaches often struggle with the incomplete and complex nature of trade data, which tends to include non-normality, temporal and spatial autocorrelation, and limited observations. In this study, a time series of open access import data spanning three years was used to generate measures of diversity indices and network topology, alongside detailed analyses of import pathways and interception records of harmful organisms, revealing their dynamic patterns across different trade routes. Patterns of annual seasonality were evident across the board. A combination of Inverse Simpson’s diversity and network Linkage density optimised the monitoring power of import data for interceptions of harmful taxa. Traditional correlations to total number of interceptions remained intractable, but machine learning tools demonstrated predictive power to forecast these temporal patterns. Combined, these methods provide a novel approach for biosecurity monitoring in plant and animal trade across international borders. These indicators complement more conventional economic metrics, giving actionable insights into trade complexity and biosecurity status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of Diversity—Biodiversity, Conservation and Ecology of Animals, Plants and Microorganisms)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

40 pages, 2207 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Checklist of the Bees of Utah

by Joseph S. Wilson, Anthony Hunsaker, Terry L. Griswold and Olivia Messinger Carril

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030212 - 14 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4673

Abstract

Understanding bee distributions is essential to protecting these vital pollinators. Since conservation efforts and policies are often made at the state level, maintaining state-specific bee species lists can aid conservationists and policy makers. While several North American state- and province-level bee species lists [...] Read more.

Understanding bee distributions is essential to protecting these vital pollinators. Since conservation efforts and policies are often made at the state level, maintaining state-specific bee species lists can aid conservationists and policy makers. While several North American state- and province-level bee species lists have been published, few exist for the arid western states, where bee diversity tends to be higher. Here we provide a bee species list for Utah, compiled from online occurrence records from the Symbiota Collection of Arthropods Network (SCAN) and specimen records housed in the USDA-ARS Pollinating Insect Research Unit (BBSL). In total we document 1167 bee species in the state of Utah. Given the proportion of undescribed and unidentified bee species from other bee faunal surveys in Utah, we estimate that there could be up to 1500 bee species in the state. These findings highlight Utah as one of the most bee-rich regions, based on published species lists, though other western states likely house rich bee faunas. These data serve as a valuable baseline for future studies on bee diversity and declines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 23014 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Current State of Populations of Rhaponticum altaicum (Asteraceae) in the Northern and Central Kazakhstan

by Saule Mamyrova, Andrey Kupriyanov, Margarita Ishmuratova, Anna Ivashchenko, Anar Myrzagaliyeva, Aidyn Orazov and Serik Kubentayev

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030206 - 13 Mar 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1909

Abstract

The article presented the results of the assessment of the current state of Rhaponticum altaicum populations in the Karaganda and Akmola regions (Central and Northern Kazakhstan). The research provided the phytocenotic characteristics of habitats, biological features, and ontogenetic structure of populations, as well [...] Read more.

The article presented the results of the assessment of the current state of Rhaponticum altaicum populations in the Karaganda and Akmola regions (Central and Northern Kazakhstan). The research provided the phytocenotic characteristics of habitats, biological features, and ontogenetic structure of populations, as well as data on the morphological variability of the species. The floristic composition of plant communities with Rh. altaicum was analyzed for the first time. In the plant communities with Rh. altaicum, 67 species from 38 genera and 23 families were identified. Most species were herbaceous perennials (92.5%) or hemicryptophytes (68.7%). Among the ecological groups, mesophytes (32.8%) dominated, and other groups were represented by transitional species: mesoxerophytes, xeromesophytes, mesogyrophytes, and hygromesophytes (49.2%). Therefore, in nature, Rh. altaicum occupied an intermediate place between meadow-bog and meadow communities. The species preferred moist meadows on slightly and moderately saline soils. In the ontogeny of Rh. altaicum, eight age-related states were identified, from seedlings to senile plants. The analysis of morphological indices allowed estimating that Rh. altaicum stem height was the most important; so, under unfavorable growing conditions, the stem height decreased. In the majority of populations, the upper leaf width was a highly variable trait, and the length and width of the lower leaf had low or moderate morphological variability. The highest positive correlation (significant at p = 0.05) was between plant height and lower leaf length, suggesting that taller plants had longer lower leaf blades. The studied populations were mainly dominated by virgin and medium-age generative plants. Sub-senile and senile plants were not detected, which is due to the difficulty of diagnosis as well as to the increasing anthropogenic load and narrow ecological amplitude of Rh. altaicum. Our study provided new insights into Rh. altaicum biology and ecology, thereby contributing to biodiversity conservation at a regional level. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2945 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mosasaur Feeding Ecology from the Campanian Bearpaw Formation, Alberta, Canada: A Preliminary Multi-Proxy Approach

by Femke M. Holwerda, Mark T. Mitchell, Madelon van de Kerk and Anne S. Schulp

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030205 - 13 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5048

Abstract

Mosasaur taxa recovered from the Bearpaw Formation, Alberta, Canada, generally show exceptional preservation after rapid burial. Since the mosasaur community consisted of two dominant taxa, Mosasaurus missourensis Prognathodon overtoni, and three less prevalent taxa Tylosaurus proriger, Mosasaurus conodon, and Plioplatecarpus [...] Read more.

Mosasaur taxa recovered from the Bearpaw Formation, Alberta, Canada, generally show exceptional preservation after rapid burial. Since the mosasaur community consisted of two dominant taxa, Mosasaurus missourensis Prognathodon overtoni, and three less prevalent taxa Tylosaurus proriger, Mosasaurus conodon, and Plioplatecarpus primaevus, some form of habitat or dietary niche partitioning is to be expected. To test this, several approaches are tried. Two-dimensional microwear analysis is used as an exploratory method to quantify tooth abrasion by food items. The good preservation of skull material reveals complete tooth rows of the upper and lower jaws for Mosasaurus missouriensis and Prognathodon overtoni, as well as isolated teeth for all taxa. The teeth are also measured for tooth bending strength to test stress regarding usage of teeth per taxon. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements show trace elements which may be a preliminary test for relative trophic level positioning. Some mosasaurs have their stomach contents preserved, providing direct and unambiguous evidence of diet. The results show a relatively clear separation of two-dimensional microwear counts between Mosasaurus, Prognathodon, and Plioplatecarpus, which, to some extent, is reflected in the EDX analyses, too. Tooth bending strength measurements show a clear difference between the latter three mosasaurs but no difference between the lower and upper jaws in Mosasaurus or Prognathodon. The combination of these three techniques maps a clear dietary niche differentiation of Bearpaw mosasaurs, which lays the groundwork for future analytical or chemical palaeoecological studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Making New Out of the Old: Recent Biological Advances on Mesozoic Marine Reptiles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 9863 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Negotiating a Fragmented World: What Do We Know, How Do We Know It, and Where Do We Go from Here?

by Mary M. Peacock

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030200 - 12 Mar 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4220

Abstract

Genetic diversity determines evolutionary potential. Without a variable genome, natural selection cannot act. Habitat fragmentation is the single largest threat to global biodiversity, as it reduces or eliminates gene flow among populations, thereby increasing the erosion of genetic diversity through random genetic drift. [...] Read more.

Genetic diversity determines evolutionary potential. Without a variable genome, natural selection cannot act. Habitat fragmentation is the single largest threat to global biodiversity, as it reduces or eliminates gene flow among populations, thereby increasing the erosion of genetic diversity through random genetic drift. The loss of adaptive capacity in small, isolated populations is irreversible without gene flow and the ensuing genetic rescue. Without habitat connectivity, populations cannot expand or contract into refugia, an increasingly vital capacity under climate change. Here, I review what we have learned from organisms found in naturally fragmented landscapes. Metapopulation theory has played a seminal role in this goal. However, extending this theory to anthropogenically fragmented habitats has been a challenge. Single-species approaches cannot elucidate the impacts of habitat fragmentation on entire communities, composed of species with diverse interactions—mutualisms, facilitations and predator–prey dynamics—and proper ecosystem functioning. To overcome the limitation of single-species studies, metacommunity and metaecosystem ideas have emerged. The spatial extent and configuration of habitat patches will determine which species remain in altered landscapes. Changes to species interactions, community structure and ecosystem processes will follow. Ecosystem function determines ecosystem viability, and losses of keystone or foundation species will have cascading effects. Genomic tools can track the effect of landscape changes on population and movement dynamics, the maintenance of genetic resources and the persistence probabilities of individual species in the context of the communities in which they are embedded. Landscape genetics combines landscape features and population genetics to quantify how species use diverse landscapes and is now a powerful tool to assess the causes and consequences of habitat fragmentation for interacting species in fragmented ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Potential: Impacts of Habitat Fragmentation)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

36 pages, 29967 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Diversity, Ecology, and Distribution of Opuntioideae (Prickly Pears and Chollas) Neophytes in Southern Switzerland

by Peter O. Baumgartner, David J. Ferguson and Lucas C. Majure

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030197 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 3301

Abstract

The invasion of Opuntioideae (cacti) was assessed at national, European, and global levels >14 years ago and requires an urgent update. At present, only three species of this subfamily are retained in the official list of the Swiss Federal Bureau of Environment, two [...] Read more.

The invasion of Opuntioideae (cacti) was assessed at national, European, and global levels >14 years ago and requires an urgent update. At present, only three species of this subfamily are retained in the official list of the Swiss Federal Bureau of Environment, two of them being potentially invasive. About 550 new observations of Opuntia Mill. and Cylindropuntia (Engelm.) F. M. Knuth in the Swiss Cantons Valais, Vaud, and Ticino have been entered in the Swiss Info Flora database. Our observations include the revision of previously registered and new stations, using a revised taxonomy presented here. Our study covering the last 5 years reveals 12 species, each with a specific ecology. Four species have an invasive potential at a local level in the xeric Central Valais. We characterized the habitat of each species by bedrock and soil type, exposure, and microclimate. Opuntia mesacantha (ex O. humifusa Complex) and O. phaeacantha are currently invasive in the municipality of Sion. Opuntia cymochila (hitherto lumped with O. phaeacantha) is dominant in the municipality of Fully, and Opuntia engelmannii is expanding east of Fully. In Ticino and the Jura foothills, adaptations to 2–3-fold annual precipitation and limestone bedrock are explained by the different soil properties and root systems of Opuntias. Methods of control, in particular, the uprooting currently practiced in Fully and Sion, are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Diversity of Plants in Arid and Semi-Arid Ecosystems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 5397 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Temporal Shifts in Biological Community Structure in Response to Wetland Restoration: Implications for Wetland Biodiversity Conservation and Management

by Kayla M. Keith, Matthew K. Potvin, Summer R. Saad and Thilina D. Surasinghe

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030198 - 10 Mar 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4980

Abstract

Wetlands are vital ecosystems that provide diverse ecosystem services. However, their degradation poses an environmental threat globally, impacting human society. Recognizing their economic importance amidst escalating degradation emphasizes the urgent need for wetland conservation. Wetland restoration emerges as a crucial strategy to recover [...] Read more.

Wetlands are vital ecosystems that provide diverse ecosystem services. However, their degradation poses an environmental threat globally, impacting human society. Recognizing their economic importance amidst escalating degradation emphasizes the urgent need for wetland conservation. Wetland restoration emerges as a crucial strategy to recover lost acreage and ecosystem functions. Despite substantial investments in restoration, the success of these efforts remains uncertain. We addressed this gap by investigating temporal changes in biological communities in restored wetlands to assess restoration effectiveness on biodiversity conservation. Utilizing aquatic funnel traps and plot surveys, we monitored changes in community structure, species richness, and abundance of amphibians and reptiles. The results revealed nuanced responses in herpetofaunal communities to restoration age and habitat characteristics, including contrasting responses between taxa with the reptile diversity increasing while the amphibian diversity decreased with restoration age. Adult herpetofaunal richness and abundance were higher at the five-year post-restoration sites compared to one-year post-restoration, while larval amphibian richness and abundance were greater at the latter. Species–habitat associations were significantly pronounced among the adult herpetofauna, highlighting the complex interplay between environmental factors and biological communities. Restoration age and habitat types also exhibited significant influences on adult herpetofaunal community structure, whereas larval amphibian communities showed limited temporal turnover. Our findings challenge widely held notions, suggesting that prolonged post-restoration trajectories may not always lead to greater amphibian abundance and diversity. The temporal shifts in the reptile community structure we documented are indicative of habitat template development and ecological succession upon wetland restoration. We underscore the importance of considering both temporal and spatial heterogeneity in restoration planning to promote biodiversity and ecosystem function. Our contributions will help decode biological responses to wetland restoration efforts and guide future restoration efforts. We underscore the importance of long-term monitoring and adaptive management strategies to ensure restoration success in conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity in 2025)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2235 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Value of Stingless Bee Bioproducts for Human Health and Conservation: A Systematic Review

by Evodia Silva-Rivera, Guillermo Vázquez-Domínguez, Óscar Hipólito Mota-Sánchez, Itzayana Hernández-De la Cruz, Rubí Marisol Franco-José, Noé Velázquez-Rosas and Rodolfo Martínez-Mota

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030191 - 7 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7727

Abstract

In this systematic review, we look to the long-established medical relationship between humans and stingless bees to support the notion that health and conservation research needs to look differently at examples of the relationship between human health and biodiversity. Through the PRISMA statement, [...] Read more.

In this systematic review, we look to the long-established medical relationship between humans and stingless bees to support the notion that health and conservation research needs to look differently at examples of the relationship between human health and biodiversity. Through the PRISMA statement, we synthesized 1128 Web of Science references between 2000 and 2024 regarding the clinical or experimental therapeutic applications of stingless bee bioproducts (honey and propolis) for human health. We aligned this trend with 2023’s leading morbidities in Mexico and people’s perceptions of healing experiences using stingless bee bioproducts. We found that the honey and propolis of 28 stingless bee species can aid in treating 8 out of the 19 most prevalent diseases in Mexico, primarily cancer, type-2 diabetes, obesity, and COVID-19. Although there is limited evidence from studies regarding the therapeutic applications of stingless bee bioproducts in the Americas, people can actively contribute to conservation as stewards of biodiversity by recognizing and appreciating the health benefits these bioproducts offer. We conclude that traditional meliponiculture systems safeguard knowledge that can be used to improve socio-ecosystem health. This is significant for strengthening locally based healthcare systems while fostering collaborative tropical landscape conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Conservation)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

36 pages, 18552 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrative Taxonomy of Costa Rican Tetrigidae (Orthoptera) Reveals Eight New Species

by Niko Kasalo, Daniel H. Janzen, Winnie Hallwachs, Allison Brown, Martin Husemann, Mathias Vielsäcker, Tomislav Domazet-Lošo, Damjan Franjević, Madan Subedi, Domagoj Bogić and Josip Skejo

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030190 - 6 Mar 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4942

Abstract

Tetrigidae is one of the largest orthopteran families, but very few studies so far have integrated molecular and morphological data. Unsurprisingly, few species have been DNA barcoded, and the unresolved taxonomy makes Tetrigidae a difficult group to work with. Here, we examined a [...] Read more.

Tetrigidae is one of the largest orthopteran families, but very few studies so far have integrated molecular and morphological data. Unsurprisingly, few species have been DNA barcoded, and the unresolved taxonomy makes Tetrigidae a difficult group to work with. Here, we examined a sample of 90 specimens collected as a part of the Costa Rican DNA barcoding project and identified 20 species assigned to 24 BINs, among which are 8 newly described species: Scaria bimaculata sp. nov., Lophotettix semicristatus sp. nov., Otumba auricarinata sp. nov., Otumba tenuis sp. nov., Otumba ignicula sp. nov., Metrodora mollilobata sp. nov., Metrodora ala sp. nov., and Platythorus inabsolutus sp. nov. We found that coloration and lateral lobe shape are species-specific among the examined species of Batrachideinae and Metrodorinae and that Lophotettiginae and Metrodora might be more closely related than previously assumed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue DNA Barcodes for Evolution and Biodiversity—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 9941 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cetacean Conservation in the Pelagos Sanctuary: Status and Proposal for Its Improvement

by Erica Stoppa, Francesca Grossi, Léa David, Nathalie Di-Meglio, Marine Roul, Antonella Arcangeli, Eugenia Pasanisi, Ilaria Campana, Miriam Paraboschi, Alberto Castelli, Eleonora Pignata, Massimiliano Rosso, Aurelie Moulins and Paola Tepsich

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030174 - 28 Feb 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4282

Abstract

The Pelagos Sanctuary hosts eight resident cetacean species. Genetically different from Atlantic populations, their conservation is essential to preserve the whole biodiversity of the Ligurian Sea. The NATURA 2000 network is currently identified as one of the most efficient conservation tools due to [...] Read more.

The Pelagos Sanctuary hosts eight resident cetacean species. Genetically different from Atlantic populations, their conservation is essential to preserve the whole biodiversity of the Ligurian Sea. The NATURA 2000 network is currently identified as one of the most efficient conservation tools due to its legally binding nature; however, its effectiveness for cetacean preservation is still unclear. The study used data systematically collected within the Pelagos Sanctuary from 2008 to 2021 by the FLT Med Net and the LIFE Conceptu Maris projects to investigate cetaceans distribution, Richness and diversity related to the existing protected areas. Of the 423 hexagons considered, only 21.28% of the study area was covered by French NATURA 2000 sites and 9.22% by Italian sites. French NATURA 2000 sites had the highest coverage of weighted Encounter Rate (ER_w) and biodiversity values. Only three species showed statistically significant differences between the French and Italian protected and non-protected hexagons, and biodiversity showed no significant difference. Only T. truncatus had higher median over Italian protected hexagons. The Pelagos Sanctuary still lacks offshore NATURA 2000 sites, especially in Italian waters. For this reason, areas to amplify the Network aimed at increasing cetacean and biodiversity conservation were highlighted in the results of this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Biodiversity and Conservation of Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 4535 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Substrate Preference and Seasonal Distribution of Bdelloid Rotifers in Mosses in a Primary Forest in Thailand

by Poomipat Pokpongmongkol, Rapeepan Jaturapruek, Phannee Sa-ardrit and Supiyanit Maiphae

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030171 - 27 Feb 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1795

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that the bdelloid rotifer diversity and composition vary across substrates, yet microscale investigations remain unexplored. To address this gap in knowledge, we examined the diversity, density, and composition of bdelloid rotifers across moss substrates and seasons. They were analyzed [...] Read more.

Previous studies have shown that the bdelloid rotifer diversity and composition vary across substrates, yet microscale investigations remain unexplored. To address this gap in knowledge, we examined the diversity, density, and composition of bdelloid rotifers across moss substrates and seasons. They were analyzed from 491 moss samples collected monthly from seven substrate types in a primary forest in Thailand between September 2021 and December 2022. Our study reveals high bdelloid rotifer diversity. The morphological and molecular analyses identified 17 species, including 4 new records for Thailand, increasing the total to 34. In addition, while moss on tree trunks and the wet season showed a high species richness and total density, the results revealed no significant variation across the substrates or seasons. However, the similarity of the species composition varied significantly between the substrates (<25%) and between seasons (36.99%). Moreover, rainfall and humidity appear to be key factors shaping the bdelloid rotifer community in this limnoterrestrial habitat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Conservation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 5363 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Essential Oil and Phylogenetic Positions of Five Medicinal Litsea Species (Lauraceae)

by Natcha Chaisoung, Henrik Balslev, Ratchuporn Suksathan, Prateep Panyadee, Chunlin Long, Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay, Tanawat Chaowasku and Angkhana Inta

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030168 - 26 Feb 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4343

Abstract

Litsea species have been used for herbal medicine by many ethnic groups. However, defining the morphological characteristics of the species remains difficult, leading to confusion and misuse of Litsea names. We examined Litsea classification, focusing on folk taxonomy. A field survey revealed that [...] Read more.

Litsea species have been used for herbal medicine by many ethnic groups. However, defining the morphological characteristics of the species remains difficult, leading to confusion and misuse of Litsea names. We examined Litsea classification, focusing on folk taxonomy. A field survey revealed that Litsea cubeba, L. elliptica, L. mollis, L. glutinosa, and L. martabanica have the highest use values. Using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) analysis and multivariate statistical methods, we examined metabolites from these species to assess consistency across plant parts. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and cluster analysis revealed distinct metabolite patterns, grouping species into four significant clusters: Group I (L. elliptica and L. martabanica), Group II (L. martabanica roots), Group III (L. cubeba and L. mollis bark and roots), and Group IV (L. glutinosa and L. cubeba and L. mollis leaves). Chemical compounds are clustered by species rather than by plant parts. Our study reveals a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between phylogenetic distances and chemical differences among Litsea species, elucidating the evolutionary links through metabolite variations. This predictive approach could help with more efficient selection for traditional medicine discovery and should be the first to be pharmacologically tested for drug development. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 3042 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Activity Patterns of Native Carnivores in Central Chile: Are They Influenced by Landscape Type?

by Diego Ramírez-Alvarez, Kathia Arenas-Rodríguez, Melanie Kaiser and Constanza Napolitano

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030156 - 25 Feb 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1990

Abstract

Landscapes can be selectively used by different carnivore species, leading to habitat specialization, which acts as a limiting resource for maintaining healthy populations. Between 1 March 2021 and 31 March 2022, we set up 30 camera traps in three different landscapes of central [...] Read more.

Landscapes can be selectively used by different carnivore species, leading to habitat specialization, which acts as a limiting resource for maintaining healthy populations. Between 1 March 2021 and 31 March 2022, we set up 30 camera traps in three different landscapes of central Chile: (a) Mediterranean coastal sclerophyllous forest (SF), (b) Mediterranean coastal thorn forest (TF), and (c) exotic monoculture tree plantations (MP), with a total capture effort of 10,046 camera-days (3098 TF, 3446 MP, and 3502 SF). We described the daily activity patterns for each native carnivore species recorded in each landscape, based on the density of independent records per hour of the day. We assessed the overlap between the activity patterns of each carnivore species in the different macrohabitats based on their coefficient of overlapping (Δ). We identified 9120 carnivore records, corresponding to 3888 independent events: 3140 for Lycalopex fox species, 276 for guiña Leopardus guigna, 434 for skunk Conepatus chinga, and 38 for the lesser grison Galictis cuja. Our study revealed differences of activity patterns with high to medium overlap, among landscape types for C. chinga and Lycalopex spp.—for skunk, between native forests and exotic monoculture tree plantations, and for foxes, among all landscape types. The carnivore community of the highly anthropized central Chile is mostly composed of habitat generalists and habitat specialists with high adaptability to landscape fragmentation, which has been crucial for their long-term survival. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 4526 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

First Photo-Identification Study of the Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) in the Aeolian Archipelago and the Northern Coast of Sicily (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)

by Agata Irene Di Paola, Michelle Gelippi and Monica Francesca Blasi

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030147 - 21 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1945

Abstract

(1) While photo-identification has been used to study sperm whales worldwide, no long-term photo-id studies are available from the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea for the Mediterranean endangered population. (2) Here, sperm whale occurrence, group size, and the type of encounters were investigated around the [...] Read more.

(1) While photo-identification has been used to study sperm whales worldwide, no long-term photo-id studies are available from the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea for the Mediterranean endangered population. (2) Here, sperm whale occurrence, group size, and the type of encounters were investigated around the Aeolian archipelago (Southern Italy) by photo-ID data collected between 2013 and 2024. Data were obtained through dedicated boat surveys and recreational sailors’ reports. (3) During 58 sighting events, 125 sperm whales were encountered, 60 of whom were photo-identified and cataloged. Of these, two sperm whales were found entangled. Only five individuals were re-sighted in later years or seasons. Encounters were more frequent in autumn, consisting mainly of solitary individuals (53.4%, n = 31) and aggregations of clustered, often not sexed, animals (23.5%, n = 8). Social units of females and calves were also encountered (8.6%, n = 5). (4) The low site fidelity and the group types encountered suggest that dispersed young males and social groups could use the area simultaneously. (4) Future matching of these data with databases from other surveyed areas, acoustic surveys, and enhanced analysis of age classes are crucial to better define the ecological role of the study area for the Mediterranean sperm whale population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Biodiversity and Conservation of Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2507 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Current Distribution of the Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in the United States

by Brett A. DeGregorio and Anant Deshwal

Diversity 2025, 17(2), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020138 - 19 Feb 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 16595

Abstract

The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus: hereafter armadillo) was first recorded in the United States (U.S.) in the state of Texas in 1849 and has been expanding its range northward and eastward since then. With the widespread adoption of participatory science as [...] Read more.

The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus: hereafter armadillo) was first recorded in the United States (U.S.) in the state of Texas in 1849 and has been expanding its range northward and eastward since then. With the widespread adoption of participatory science as well as the proliferation of nationwide wildlife game camera studies, occurrence data of armadillos can be compiled more rapidly and thoroughly than at any time in the past. Here, we use disparate data sources to update the current geographic distribution of the armadillo in the United States and use occurrence data from the leading edge of its range expansion to create a species distribution model to understand their relationship with landscape and bioclimatic factors. Since the last report on the geographic distribution of the armadillo in 2014, we show that armadillos have expanded to cover the entirety of Missouri and established in southern Iowa, expanded modestly within Kansas and Illinois, expanded northward and eastward in Indiana, expanded eastward in both Kentucky and Tennessee, established throughout the entirety of South Carolina and Georgia and established in the western third of North Carolina. Our species distribution model indicates that there is substantial opportunity for the species to continue to expand its geographic range, particularly in the Eastern United States. These results provide information to managers who are now or might soon be co-existing with the armadillo to proactively manage the species or inform the public regarding potential conflicts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation of Armadillos)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Editor’s Choice Articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI