Sustainability

13 pages, 1276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recovery and Reuse of Nutrients from Hydroponic Effluent in the Context of Circular Agriculture

by Lisa Eliana Samudio Legal, Simeón Aguayo Trinidad, María Natalia Piol, Pedro Gabriel Gamarra Alfonso, Jiam Pires Frigo and Andréia Cristina Furtado

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6045; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136045 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

This research evaluated the recovery and reuse of dolomitic calcareous amendment saturated with nutrients adsorbed from hydroponic effluent as a soil improver and its impact on the agronomic performance of Phaseolus vulgaris. Initially, the dolomitic calcareous amendment (DCA) was saturated with nutrients [...] Read more.

This research evaluated the recovery and reuse of dolomitic calcareous amendment saturated with nutrients adsorbed from hydroponic effluent as a soil improver and its impact on the agronomic performance of Phaseolus vulgaris. Initially, the dolomitic calcareous amendment (DCA) was saturated with nutrients from the hydroponic effluent through adsorption tests. The characterization of the DCA was conducted before and after nutrient saturation to verify its composition. Soil analysis was carried out prior to the trial, and a completely randomized experimental design was applied with four treatments and five replications, totaling 20 experimental units for each soil type (sandy and clayey): T1 (control), T2 (raw dolomitic calcareous amendment—DCA), T3 (saturated dolomitic calcareous amendment—DCAS), and T4 (granulated dolomitic calcareous amendment—DCAG). Agronomic performance parameters of Phaseolus vulgaris were assessed to determine nutrient availability to the plant: number of pods, pod length (cm), number of seeds per pod, and weight of 100 seeds (g). Data normality was verified using the Shapiro–Wilk test, and results were analyzed using ANOVA and mean comparisons through Tukey’s test (p < 0.05) using InfoStat software 2020I. Additionally, plant tissue was analyzed to determine nutrient absorption in the seeds, and both soil types were analyzed after harvest. Adsorption results indicated that the DCA retained phosphorus, manganese, calcium, and zinc. According to the characterization, DCA primarily consisted of calcium and magnesium carbonates; following the saturation process, an increase in carbonate groups was observed due to calcium adsorption from the hydroponic effluent. Results in both soil types showed no significant differences in pod number, pod length, or seeds per pod, except for the weight of 100 seeds in sandy soil, where T1, T2, and T3 differed significantly from T4. Based on references, the phosphorus content in the harvested seeds from T3 in sandy soil is classified as sufficient. The findings demonstrate the potential of recovering and reusing nutrients from hydroponic effluent using DCA and transforming it into a value-added agricultural input for soil improvement, presenting a promising alternative for more sustainable and efficient agriculture. Full article

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30 pages, 624 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility Policies in the Tourism Industry and Sustainable Development Goals: A Review of Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

by Miguel Ángel Montañés-Del Río, Vanessa Rodríguez-Cornejo, Paula Isabel Rodríguez-Castro and Jesús Herrera-Madueño

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6044; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136044 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

As the world recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic, the tourism industry is experiencing a surge in demand. While this growth is essential for economic recovery, it also presents significant challenges in terms of sustainability. The tourism industry is under increasing pressure to adopt [...] Read more.

As the world recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic, the tourism industry is experiencing a surge in demand. While this growth is essential for economic recovery, it also presents significant challenges in terms of sustainability. The tourism industry is under increasing pressure to adopt business practices that align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a critical framework for addressing these challenges. This study seeks to understand how CSR can contribute to the achievement of the SDGs within the tourism industry, with a focus on identifying the best practices of management. A systematic literature review was conducted to address this research question. A comprehensive search of the literature was performed using Boolean operators in databases including Web of Science, ABI/Inform Collection, Business Source Complete, and Emerald Insight. After applying pre-determined inclusion criteria, the selected studies were analysed using the population/problem, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) framework. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines to ensure the rigor and reliability of the findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation in Circular Economy and Sustainable Development)

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43 pages, 1112 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Characterization and Potential Structural Seismic Performance of Alkali-Activated Concrete Incorporating Crumb Rubber: A State-of-the-Art Review

by Yousef Elbaz, Aman Mwafy, Hilal El-Hassan and Tamer El-Maaddawy

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6043; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136043 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The production of ordinary Portland cement has had a significant environmental impact, leading to increased interest in sustainable alternatives. This comprehensive review thus explores the performance and applications of rubberized alkali-activated concrete (RuAAC), an innovative material combining alkali-activated concrete with crumb rubber (CR) [...] Read more.

The production of ordinary Portland cement has had a significant environmental impact, leading to increased interest in sustainable alternatives. This comprehensive review thus explores the performance and applications of rubberized alkali-activated concrete (RuAAC), an innovative material combining alkali-activated concrete with crumb rubber (CR) from waste tires as a coarse/fine aggregate replacement. The study examined current research on the components, physical and mechanical properties, and seismic performance of RuAAC structures. Key findings revealed that CR addition enhances dynamic characteristics while reducing compressive strength by up to 63% at 50% CR replacement, though ductility improvements partially offset this reduction. Novel CR pretreatment methods, such as eggshell catalyzation, can enhance seismic resilience potential. While studies on the structural seismic performance of RuAAC are limited, relevant research on rubberized conventional concrete indicated several potential benefits, highlighting a critical gap in the current body of knowledge. Research on the behavior of RuAAC in full-scale structural elements and under seismic loading conditions remains notably lacking. By examining existing research and identifying crucial research gaps, this review provides a foundation for future investigations into the structural behavior and seismic response of RuAAC, potentially paving the way for its practical implementation in earthquake-resistant and sustainable construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Seismic Design Approaches, Structural Systems, and Retrofit Measures of Civil Engineering Structures)

37 pages, 1097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Iconological Reconstruction and Complementarity in Chinese and Korean Museums in the Digital Age: A Comparative Study of the National Museum of Korea and the Palace Museum

by Hui Liu and Maowei Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6042; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136042 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

In the context of rapid global digitalization and evolving media ecologies, sustainable cultural communication has become central to both museum transformation and the theoretical renewal of iconology. Images, as vital carriers of cultural memory and identity, are shifting from static, linear presentations to [...] Read more.

In the context of rapid global digitalization and evolving media ecologies, sustainable cultural communication has become central to both museum transformation and the theoretical renewal of iconology. Images, as vital carriers of cultural memory and identity, are shifting from static, linear presentations to generative, interactive, and participatory modes enabled by digital platforms. This shift calls for a new paradigm in image communication—one that integrates meaning construction with technological and user-centered logics. This study adopts a “technology–culture–user” framework, drawing on constructivism, cultural memory theory, and symbolic interactionism to construct a digital-era iconological system. Through comparative analysis of the Chinese Palace Museum and the National Museum of Korea, the research reveals complementary approaches: the former emphasizes structured, authoritative knowledge dissemination, while the latter prioritizes immersive, user-driven interaction. These differences provide a basis for cross-cultural cooperation. Accordingly, the paper proposes five collaborative strategies: integrating advanced technologies, building shared image resource systems, enhancing user engagement mechanisms, expanding East Asian visual symbol networks, and adapting institutional frameworks to diverse cultural contexts. These strategies aim to support both theoretical innovation in iconology and sustainable regional cultural communication in the digital age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Technology and Conservation Science for Sustainable Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Interdisciplinary Studies, Challenges, and Perspectives)

31 pages, 1654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Enhancement Through Smart Green Village Development: Strategic Options, Key Influencing Factors, and Simulation Evidence from Hunan Province, China

by Wei Wang, Manman Cheng and Bin Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6041; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136041 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Against the dual backdrop of the “digital countryside” initiative and the development of ecological civilization, the construction of smart green villages has increasingly emerged as a vital pathway for improving rural ecological environment. This study utilizes a three-dimensional framework—including strategic choice, influencing factors, [...] Read more.

Against the dual backdrop of the “digital countryside” initiative and the development of ecological civilization, the construction of smart green villages has increasingly emerged as a vital pathway for improving rural ecological environment. This study utilizes a three-dimensional framework—including strategic choice, influencing factors, and simulation practice—to construct an evolutionary game model involving the government, enterprises, and villagers. A systematic simulation is conducted based on a field case from Village P in the hilly region of Hunan Province, China. The results of the study reveal the following: (1) Under the combination of high financial incentives, low technical support, and high villager participation, the ecosystem achieves the most stable and positive evolution. Moreover, collaborative governance outperforms unilateral control. (2) Financial support, technological provision, and environmental awareness constitute the three core variables driving the evolution of ecological governance. (3) Cognitive feedback mechanisms significantly influence the dynamic trajectory of green behaviors in enterprises. (4) The simulation results indicate a risk of “sub-stable” divergence in the collaborative mechanism. Furthermore, the stability of the governance system heavily relies on the alignment between policy configuration and information structure. This study offers theoretical support and empirical validation for the institutional design of and strategic interventions for smart green villages, serving as a valuable reference for local-level implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Rural Areas and Agriculture under Uncertainties)

32 pages, 345 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Risk Exposure and Corporate Strategic Dualism: Passive Defensiveness and Active Integration

by Deshuai Hou, Zijun Wu and Ying Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6040; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136040 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The impact of climate risk on corporations is both complex and systemic. This study finds that an increase in climate risk exposure prompts firms to restructure their strategies, primarily leading to a strengthening of their strategic defensiveness and a decline in their strategic [...] Read more.

The impact of climate risk on corporations is both complex and systemic. This study finds that an increase in climate risk exposure prompts firms to restructure their strategies, primarily leading to a strengthening of their strategic defensiveness and a decline in their strategic aggressiveness. Mechanism analyses reveal that this shift is primarily driven by the intensification of financing constraints, elevated operational risks, and reduced risk-taking capacity associated with increased climatic risk exposure. These effects are especially pronounced in private firms, firms with lower environmental performance, and those undergoing aggressive digital transformation or exhibiting a high degree of internationalization. Further analysis shows that although firms tend to adopt more passive defensive strategies in response to climate risk, they also actively pursue vertically integrated strategies rather than relying on specialization. This study provides new insights into how firms can strategically adapt to the challenges posed by climate risks. Full article

19 pages, 6342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Use of UHPC and Topology Optimization in Permeable Interlocking Pavers: Advancing Sustainable Pavement Solutions

by Fernanda Gadler, José Augusto Ferreira Sales de Mesquita, Francisco Helio Alencar Oliveira, Liedi Legi Bariani Bernucci, Rafael Giuliano Pileggi, Emilio Carlos Nelli Silva and Diego Silva Prado

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6039; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136039 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The rapid expansion of urban areas has increased the prevalence of impermeable surfaces, intensifying flooding risks by disrupting natural water infiltration. Permeable pavements have emerged as a sustainable alternative, capable of reducing stormwater runoff, improving surface friction, and mitigating urban heat island effects. [...] Read more.

The rapid expansion of urban areas has increased the prevalence of impermeable surfaces, intensifying flooding risks by disrupting natural water infiltration. Permeable pavements have emerged as a sustainable alternative, capable of reducing stormwater runoff, improving surface friction, and mitigating urban heat island effects. Nevertheless, their broader implementation is often hindered by issues such as clogging and limited mechanical strength resulting from high porosity. This study examines the design of interlocking permeable blocks utilizing ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) to strike a balance between enhanced drainage capacity and high structural performance. A topology optimization (TO) strategy was applied to numerically model the ideal block geometry, incorporating 105 drainage channels with a diameter of 6 mm—chosen to ensure manufacturability and structural integrity. The UHPC formulation was developed using particle packing optimization with ordinary Portland cement (OPC), silica fume, and limestone filler to reduce binder content while achieving superior strength and workability, guided by rheological assessments. Experimental tests revealed that the perforated UHPC blocks reached compressive strengths of 87.8 MPa at 7 days and 101.0 MPa at 28 days, whereas the solid UHPC blocks achieved compressive strengths of 125.8 MPa and 146.2 MPa, respectively. In contrast, commercial permeable concrete blocks reached only 28.9 MPa at 28 days. Despite a reduction of approximately 30.9% in strength due to perforations, the UHPC-105holes blocks still far exceed the 41 MPa threshold required for certain structural applications. These results highlight the mechanical superiority of the UHPC blocks and confirm their viability for structural use even with enhanced permeability features. The present research emphasizes mechanical and structural performance, while future work will address hydraulic conductivity and anticlogging behavior. Overall, the findings support the use of topology-optimized UHPC permeable blocks as a resilient solution for sustainable urban drainage systems, combining durability, strength, and environmental performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Infrastructure and Sustainable Stormwater Management)

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22 pages, 3366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transport System Digitalization in the Mining Industry

by Marek Ondov, Janka Saderova, Andrea Sofrankova, Lukas Horizral and Peter Kacmary

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6038; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136038 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The mining industry faces increasing pressure to improve efficiency, reduce operational costs, and adapt to modern technological trends. Central to these challenges is digitalization. This paper compares the level of digitalization in the mining industry internationally and in Slovakia, raising the question of [...] Read more.

The mining industry faces increasing pressure to improve efficiency, reduce operational costs, and adapt to modern technological trends. Central to these challenges is digitalization. This paper compares the level of digitalization in the mining industry internationally and in Slovakia, raising the question of the feasibility of implementing digitalization tools in small-scale Slovak mining operations. The presented case study demonstrates the creation of a simulation model and 3D animation for the development of small and medium-sized open pit mines, using Tecnomatix Plant Simulation software version 2302.0004, empirical data collection, and programming with SimTalk 2.0. Internationally, digitalization through modeling and simulation is already at a much higher level, with advanced solutions such as digital twins. In contrast, digitalization in Slovak mining operations is limited to basic simulation approaches, with only a few documented attempts, highlighting substantial opportunities for further development. The simulation model developed in this study enables more efficient planning and management of logistics and transportation processes, with potential benefits for operational improvements, safety, and sustainability. Adopting digitalization, even in small-scale operations, can drive the future development of the Slovak mining industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transportation Systems Design and Management)

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21 pages, 2745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Action for Decarbonization: The Case of a Subnational Government in Brazil

by José Antônio Bertotti Júnior and Ana Paula Cabral Seixas Costa

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6037; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136037 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions must be accelerated. Countries that are signatories to the Paris Agreement must propose their nationally determined contributions and develop decarbonization strategies to achieve conditional targets. In this paper, we identify a gap between these strategies and the [...] Read more.

The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions must be accelerated. Countries that are signatories to the Paris Agreement must propose their nationally determined contributions and develop decarbonization strategies to achieve conditional targets. In this paper, we identify a gap between these strategies and the capacity of governments to execute them. We use design science to structure this problem and apply Value-Focused Thinking (VFT) methodology to identify strategic objectives and to define prioritization criteria for the proposed actions. We then combine this with the Soft System Methodology (SSM) to identify alternative means to achieve net zero. We identify some critical issues that have an impact on implementing decarbonization strategies: (a) the large number of proposed actions; (b) agents affected by decarbonization actions that are not under the control of the government responsible for managing the strategy; and (c) the level of readiness of available technologies and the economic conditions for their implementation. Thus, this paper presents (1) a process to support implementing decarbonization strategies (PIMADE); (2) a combined use of the VFT and SSM methodologies for structuring problems to organize decision objectives and to establish actions for implementing strategies; and (3) an application of the proposed process at the subnational governmental level in Brazil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

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30 pages, 5176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Control of the Main Steam Flow Rate for the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process

by Jinxiang Pian, Jianyong Liu, Jian Tang and Jing Hou

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6036; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136036 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The stable control of the main steam flow rate (MSFR) can effectively improve the waste combustion efficiency and energy utilization, reduce environmental pollution, and is crucial for promoting the sustainable development of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). Developed countries benefit from stable municipal [...] Read more.

The stable control of the main steam flow rate (MSFR) can effectively improve the waste combustion efficiency and energy utilization, reduce environmental pollution, and is crucial for promoting the sustainable development of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). Developed countries benefit from stable municipal solid waste (MSW) composition, enabling advanced automated combustion control. However, in developing countries, fluctuating waste composition and calorific value cause frequent disturbances, limiting the use of foreign control methods. Therefore, MSFR control technologies suited to developing countries are crucial. This study proposes a two-layer intelligent control method, consisting of an optimization setting layer and a loop control layer. The optimization layer uses a steam flow prediction model (OPTICS and RBF) and an improved antlion optimizer (IALO) for manipulated variable setpoints. The control layer applies reinforcement learning (actor–critic) to fine-tune PI controller parameters. Experimental results show that the proposed method adaptively adjusts manipulated variables, ensuring MSFR control within the target range and maintaining efficient, stable MSWI operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)

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15 pages, 5442 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Global Perspective on Ecotourism Marketing Trends: A Review

by Kaitano Dube and Precious Chikezie Ezeh

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6035; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136035 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

As various sectors of the world are grappling with various sustainability challenges, there is an urgent need to seek ways to find sustainable ways of dealing with some of these global challenges. Ecotourism has been seen as an avenue for addressing some of [...] Read more.

As various sectors of the world are grappling with various sustainability challenges, there is an urgent need to seek ways to find sustainable ways of dealing with some of these global challenges. Ecotourism has been seen as an avenue for addressing some of the sustainability challenges facing the tourism industry. Most tourism enterprises have adopted ecotourism principles. This study examines the evolution of ecotourism marketing to identify the key concepts and critical debates within this terrain. In this regard, this study also seeks to identify knowledge gaps and future research directions. Using bibliometric data from Web of Science-indexed publications between 2003 and 2025, this study found that ecotourism marketing has been a growing field of research, which is highly cited across fields. The study found that ecotourism marketing covers a wide range of aspects, including digital marketing, destination branding, sustainable marketing, and demand-side considerations in ecotourism marketing. Ecotourism marketing, in many respects, is equally concerned with how ecotourism establishments embrace the current challenges of climate change from a climate change mitigation, adaptation, and resilience perspective to ensure sustainability. There are several research gaps and directions with respect to ecotourism marketing, some of which could cover various aspects in the future, such as examining the role of new technologies, social influencers, and funding in ecotourism marketing. There is an equal need to understand how various generations view the whole concept of green tourism to inform segmentation and better market positioning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Human–Environmental Relations: Ecotourism and Sustainability)

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14 pages, 256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change Anxiety Among Individuals with and Without Chronic Illnesses: The Roles of Exposure, Awareness, and Coping Strategies

by Yaira Hamama-Raz and Shiri Shinan-Altman

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6034; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136034 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Climate change poses a significant threat to individuals with chronic illnesses, yet research on the psychological effects of climate change among this population remains scarce. This study’s aim was to compare levels of climate change anxiety among individuals without chronic illnesses, with cardiovascular [...] Read more.

Climate change poses a significant threat to individuals with chronic illnesses, yet research on the psychological effects of climate change among this population remains scarce. This study’s aim was to compare levels of climate change anxiety among individuals without chronic illnesses, with cardiovascular disease, and with respiratory disease, and to examine the roles of exposure, awareness, and coping strategies in predicting anxiety. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 522 Israeli adults recruited from a national online panel, including groups with and without chronic illnesses. Participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing climate change exposure, awareness, coping strategies, and anxiety. Analyses revealed that individuals with cardiovascular disease reported higher levels of climate change anxiety than those without a chronic illness or with respiratory disease. Across groups, greater climate change exposure and greater use of problem-focused coping were associated with higher climate change anxiety, whereas meaning-focused coping and awareness were not significant predictors. Additionally, climate change exposure predicted anxiety only among participants with respiratory disease. These findings underscore the differential psychological impact of climate change based on health status, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to address climate change anxiety among vulnerable populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainability)

29 pages, 5148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Rural Development Vulnerability Index: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Post-Poverty Alleviation Areas in Hunan, China

by Guangyu Li, Shaoyao He, Wei Ma, Zhenrong Huang, Yiyan Peng and Guosheng Ding

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6033; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136033 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Rural post-poverty alleviation areas are not on a solid developmental footing and therefore remain at risk of returning to poverty in the midst of rapid urbanization. Vulnerability assessment of socio-ecological systems is critical for identifying risks and enhancing resilience in rural areas transitioning [...] Read more.

Rural post-poverty alleviation areas are not on a solid developmental footing and therefore remain at risk of returning to poverty in the midst of rapid urbanization. Vulnerability assessment of socio-ecological systems is critical for identifying risks and enhancing resilience in rural areas transitioning out of poverty. Based on research data from 2012, 2017, and 2022 in the post-poverty alleviation areas of Hunan Province, this research establishes a Vulnerability-Scoping-Diagram (VSD) assessment framework for rural development vulnerability and Spatially-Explicit-Resilience-Vulnerability (SERV) analysis model from a socio-ecological system perspective. It comprehensively analyzes the spatial and temporal variations of the Rural Development Vulnerability Index (RDVI) in the study area. Geodetector is used to explore the main factors influencing the spatial and temporal variability of RDVI, and vulnerability type zones are classified by combining the dominant elements method. The findings indicate that: (1) The rural development vulnerability index of post-poverty alleviation areas in Hunan Province has obvious characteristics of spatial and temporal differentiation. The RDVI in western Hunan and southern Hunan is always high, while the RDVI in ChangZhuTan and Dongting Lake regions decreases year by year. (2) The RDVI of post-poverty alleviation areas in Hunan Province is determined by the three dimensions of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability, exhibiting significant spatial and temporal variations. (3) Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that areas with similar rural socio-ecological vulnerability in post-poverty alleviation areas of Hunan Province were significantly clustered spatially. (4) The core influencing factors of RDVI in Hunan’s post-poverty alleviation areas have shifted from natural disaster risk to multiple risk dimensions encompassing social resource load and ecological environment risk superimposition, resulting in more complex and diversified influencing factors. (5) By combining results from the RDVI assessment with the dominant elements method, the regions can be classified into multiple vulnerability type districts dominated by multiple elements or single-element dominance, leading to corresponding development suggestions. The study aims to examine the process of changes in vulnerability within rural development in post-poverty alleviation areas and its causal factors from a socio-ecological system perspective. This will provide a foundation for policy formulation to consolidate the results of post-poverty alleviation and promote the sustainable development of rural areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Resilient Regional Development: A Spatial Perspective)

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12 pages, 807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visitor Motivation and Experience with an Imitation Destination: Kobe Chinatown

by Bình Nghiêm-Phú

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6032; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136032 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Visitor motivation and experience are essential concepts for both tourism researchers and practitioners. However, there is a structural difference between motivation and experience. How visitor motivation and experience interact and influence visitor satisfaction remains unknown. This study addressed these topics by investigating visitors [...] Read more.

Visitor motivation and experience are essential concepts for both tourism researchers and practitioners. However, there is a structural difference between motivation and experience. How visitor motivation and experience interact and influence visitor satisfaction remains unknown. This study addressed these topics by investigating visitors to Kobe Chinatown, an imitation tourist spot in East Japan. The study collected the answers from 210 online and onsite participants via a structured questionnaire (April–November 2024). The outcomes showed that one motivation factor (interpersonal seeking) was significantly associated with two experience factors (cognitive: β = 0.279, p = 0.003 and affective: β = 0.660, p = 0.000); however, the prior literature review of research on imitation destinations suggested that two other motivation factors (personal escaping and personal seeking) would also be present in the association. In addition, this study also identified that both experience factors significantly predicted visitor satisfaction (cognitive: β = 0.482, p = 0.000 and affective: β = 0.340, p = 0.005) while motivation did not. The issue with the conceptualization of motivation and the essentiality of experience was discussed based on these observations. Implications for sustaining and promoting imitation destinations were also generated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)

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18 pages, 1684 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Warming and Nitrogen Addition on Soil Aggregate Enzyme Activities in a Desert Steppe

by Xin Zhang and Guodong Han

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6031; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136031 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Soil enzymes secreted by microorganisms play a key role in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) metabolism in soil organic matter. As major drivers of climate change, warming and nitrogen addition affect soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity, but their combined effects [...] Read more.

Soil enzymes secreted by microorganisms play a key role in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) metabolism in soil organic matter. As major drivers of climate change, warming and nitrogen addition affect soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity, but their combined effects on these parameters across different soil aggregate size scales in desert steppes remain unclear. This study used a 2 × 2 factorial split-plot design (control; warming; nitrogen addition: warming + nitrogen addition) conducted from 2006 in Inner Mongolia’s desert steppe. Soil samples were collected in 2018–2019, and aggregates were fractionated into >2000 μm, 250–2000 μm, and <250 μm sizes using a modified dry-sieving method. Physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were measured. Our results show that warming significantly reduced the total nitrogen (TN) and organic carbon (SOC) content in aggregates, while nitrogen addition significantly decreased the pH value in aggregates but had no significant impact on other soil nutrient content indicators. For soil enzyme activity, warming significantly reduced the activity of Urease and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) in soil aggregates, and nitrogen addition significantly reduced the activity of Urease, ALP, and β-glucosidase (BG) in aggregates. However, the size of the aggregates had a significant impact on the activity of Urease and BG. The influence of soil physicochemical properties on different enzyme activities varied across different years. These findings indicate that under the global change scenario, the physicochemical properties and enzyme activity of desert steppe soils are affected by warming and nitrogen addition to varying degrees, and the impact of these two factors shows significant differences across different years. Moreover, the interactive effects of warming and nitrogen addition did not simply result in an additive effect influenced by single factors. Full article

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33 pages, 3235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Assurance of Resilient UAV Navigation Under Visual Data Deficiency for Sustainable Development of Smart Regions

by Serhii Semenov, Magdalena Krupska-Klimczak, Olga Wasiuta, Beata Krzaczek, Patryk Mieczkowski, Leszek Głowacki, Jian Yu, Jiang He and Olena Chernykh

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6030; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136030 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Ensuring the resilient navigation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under conditions of limited or unstable sensor information is one of the key challenges of modern autonomous mobility within smart infrastructure and sustainable development. This article proposes an intelligent autonomous UAV control method based [...] Read more.

Ensuring the resilient navigation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under conditions of limited or unstable sensor information is one of the key challenges of modern autonomous mobility within smart infrastructure and sustainable development. This article proposes an intelligent autonomous UAV control method based on the integration of geometric trajectory modeling, neural network-based sensor data filtering, and reinforcement learning. The geometric model, constructed using path coordinates, allows the trajectory tracking problem to be formalized as an affine control system, which ensures motion stability even in cases of partial data loss. To process noisy or fragmented GPS and IMU signals, an LSTM-based recurrent neural network filter is implemented. This significantly reduces positioning errors and maintains trajectory stability under environmental disturbances. In addition, the navigation system includes a reinforcement learning module that performs real-time obstacle prediction, path correction, and speed adaptation. The method has been tested in a simulated environment with limited sensor availability, variable velocity profiles, and dynamic obstacles. The results confirm the functionality and effectiveness of the proposed navigation system under sensor-deficient conditions. The approach is applicable to environmental monitoring, autonomous delivery, precision agriculture, and emergency response missions within smart regions. Its implementation contributes to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 9, SDG 11, and SDG 13) by enhancing autonomy, energy efficiency, and the safety of flight operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Mobile Technologies for Sustainable Development of Smart Regions)

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13 pages, 2453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Sustainability as a Key Practice in Minimizing the Impacts Caused by Salt Mining in La Guajira, Colombia

by Kevin Pimienta López, Virani Millan Sarmiento and Danny López Juvinao

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6029; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136029 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The following study aimed to analyze environmental sustainability as a key practice adopted by salt mining companies to minimize environmental impacts. To achieve this, the main impacts generated by salt mining and environmental processes were identified, and the strategic guidelines employed by many [...] Read more.

The following study aimed to analyze environmental sustainability as a key practice adopted by salt mining companies to minimize environmental impacts. To achieve this, the main impacts generated by salt mining and environmental processes were identified, and the strategic guidelines employed by many companies to achieve environmental sustainability were analyzed. Based on this reasoning, the present research was conducted within a studied population located in the municipality of Manaure, in the department of La Guajira, Colombia. A descriptive, explanatory, and non-experimental research approach was applied. The findings revealed that the biophysical capacity of the soil in this region is affected by high salt concentrations, which contribute to limiting the diversity and density of vegetation. Therefore, it is concluded that mining companies must improve environmental sustainability in salt mining to minimize the environmental impacts generated by their industrial operations and achieve greater efficiency to increase revenue. This would benefit the environmental, economic, and social aspects of the department. Full article

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17 pages, 1233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Roadmap Toward Sustainable Tourism Development: An Evidence- and Knowledge-Based Approach from Thailand

by Nisit Manotungvorapun and Nathasit Gerdsri

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6028; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136028 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Tourism is recognized as one of the key enabling industries driving Thailand’s strategic transition toward the Thailand 4.0 economic model. This paper presents the development of a national technology roadmap to support the transition toward sustainable tourism in Thailand, conducted between January and [...] Read more.

Tourism is recognized as one of the key enabling industries driving Thailand’s strategic transition toward the Thailand 4.0 economic model. This paper presents the development of a national technology roadmap to support the transition toward sustainable tourism in Thailand, conducted between January and October 2024. The primary objective is to promote tourism growth that is environmentally responsible, economically viable, and socially inclusive. The roadmap was developed through a combination of a literature review, statistical data, and group discussions with tourism professionals. The roadmapping process focused on aligning external drivers, strategic goals, and the current capabilities of Thailand’s technological ecosystem. The key drivers identified include environmental concerns, the advancement of digital platforms, the growing trends of an aging population, diversity, and inclusion, political instability, and the emergence of middle-income nations. The resulting roadmap outlines a strategic vision for Thailand’s tourism sector from 2024 to beyond 2030. It emphasizes the transition linking sustainability and eco-design principles to smart tourism, metaverse applications, and personalized travel experiences. Priority areas include the adoption of green technologies, sustainable practices, and advanced digital platforms. This study further recommends research and development (R&D) initiatives in sustainability, biodiversity conservation, Data Analytics, Cybersecurity, and E-Tourism solutions. Ultimately, this roadmap provides actionable guidance for tourism stakeholders in defining their roles, responsibilities, and contributions toward achieving a sustainable tourism future in Thailand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harnessing Technology for Sustainable Tourism: Paving the Way for a Sustainable Future in Travel)

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32 pages, 3910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Rapid Assessment Method for Evaluating the Seismic Risk of Individual Buildings in Lisbon

by Francisco Mota de Sá, Mário Santos Lopes, Carlos Sousa Oliveira and Mónica Amaral Ferreira

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6027; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136027 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Assessing the seismic performance of buildings from various epochs is essential for guiding retrofitting policies and educating occupants about their homes’ conditions. However, limited resources pose challenges. Some approaches focus on detailed analyses of a limited number of buildings, while others favor broader [...] Read more.

Assessing the seismic performance of buildings from various epochs is essential for guiding retrofitting policies and educating occupants about their homes’ conditions. However, limited resources pose challenges. Some approaches focus on detailed analyses of a limited number of buildings, while others favor broader coverage with less precision. This paper presents a seismic risk assessment method that balances and integrates the strengths of both, using a comprehensive building survey. We propose a low-cost indicator for evaluating the structural resilience of individual buildings, designed to inform both authorities and property owners, support building rankings, and raise awareness. This indicator classifies buildings by their taxonomy and uses analytical capacity curves (2D or 3D studies) obtained from consulting hundreds of studies to determine the ultimate acceleration (agu) that each building type can withstand before collapse. It also considers irregularities found during the survey (to the exterior and interior) through structural modifiers Δ, and adjusts the peak ground acceleration the building can withstand, agu, based on macroseismic data from past events and based on potential retrofitting, Δ+. Although this method may not achieve high accuracy, it provides a significant approximation for detailed analysis with limited resources and is easy to replicate for similar constructions. The final agu value, considered as resistance, is then compared to the seismic demand at the foundation of the building (accounting for hazard and soil conditions at the building location), resulting in a final R-value. This paper provides specificities to the methodology and applies it to selected areas of the City of Lisbon, clearly supporting the advancement of a more sustainable society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hazards and Sustainability)

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