Sustainability

33 pages, 6026 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Five Mediterranean Salvia spp., as a Means for Their Wider Exploitation in Sustainable Horticulture

by Aikaterini N. Martini, Konstantinos Bertsouklis, Georgia Vlachou and Maria Papafotiou

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8999; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208999 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Salvia fruticosa, S. officinalis, S. pomifera ssp. pomifera, S. ringens, and S. tomentosa have multiple potential uses in floriculture and the pharmaceutical industry, serving sustainable horticulture and landscaping. The aim was to develop effective asexual propagation protocols for the [...] Read more.

Salvia fruticosa, S. officinalis, S. pomifera ssp. pomifera, S. ringens, and S. tomentosa have multiple potential uses in floriculture and the pharmaceutical industry, serving sustainable horticulture and landscaping. The aim was to develop effective asexual propagation protocols for the exploitation of the above species. Thus, the effect of cutting origin, season of cutting collection, and various indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatments on rooting stem cuttings was examined. Shoot-tip cuttings were collected either from greenhouse or wild mother plants, in November, February, May, and August and were treated either with Rhizopon dusting powder 0.5% w/w IBA or immersion for 1 min in 0–6000 mg L⁻¹ IBA solution. The cuttings were then placed for rooting in a 1:1 (v/v) peat–perlite substrate, under mist, for 2 weeks and on the greenhouse bench in semi-shade for another 4 weeks. More efficient rooting was succeeded by cuttings, (i) of S. tomentosa, followed by S. fruticosa and S. pomifera ssp. pomifera, while S. officinalis was the most difficult to root, (ii) from greenhouse plants, (iii) collected in autumn or spring, and (iv) treated with Rhizopon dusting powder or 1500 mg L⁻¹ IBA solution. Higher dry weight values of the rooted cuttings were found in autumn. Conclusively, rooting of Salvia spp. cuttings depended on species, mother plants’ physiological state, time of cutting collection, climatic conditions, and auxin application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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37 pages, 2203 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Involutionary Competition Through Corporate ESG Adoption: Evidence from the Consumer Electronics Manufacturing Industry

by Menghan Shao, Yue Liu, Guanbing Zhao, Haitao Sun and Peiyuan Zhao

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8998; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208998 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates whether and how corporate commitment to environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance can mitigate involutionary competition in China’s consumer electronics manufacturing industry. By constructing a quantifiable index of involutionary competition intensity and matching it with corporation-level ESG scores, we document [...] Read more.

This study investigates whether and how corporate commitment to environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance can mitigate involutionary competition in China’s consumer electronics manufacturing industry. By constructing a quantifiable index of involutionary competition intensity and matching it with corporation-level ESG scores, we document a statistically significant negative association between ESG performance and the degree of involutionary competition. Mechanism analysis reveals that ESG mitigates involutionary competition through two primary channels: (1) differentiation strategies that reduce price-based competition and product homogeneity, and (2) market-order regulation that curbs opportunistic behaviour and raises R&D efficiency. A modest price increase is shown to be revenue-enhancing; moreover, random-forest simulations indicate that counter-involutionary competition efforts amplify the market-share gains from cooperative R&D expenditures, accelerating post-adjustment revenue growth. This transition generates simultaneous increases in corporate profits and corporation value, breaking the previous price ceiling and establishing a sustainable development loop. The findings provide actionable insights for shifting the industry from low-level rivalry to sustainable value creation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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23 pages, 2035 KB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual Inertia of Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations with Dual Droop Control and Augmented Frequency Support

by Nargunadevi Thangavel Sampathkumar, Anbuselvi Shanmugam Velu, Brinda Rajasekaran and Kumudini Devi Raguru Pandu

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8997; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208997 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

High penetration of Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) into the power grid could diminish the rotational inertia offered by a traditional power system and thus impact frequency stability. Several techniques are adopted to provide virtual inertial support to the grid for a short duration in [...] Read more.

High penetration of Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) into the power grid could diminish the rotational inertia offered by a traditional power system and thus impact frequency stability. Several techniques are adopted to provide virtual inertial support to the grid for a short duration in the presence of IBRs. This paper uses the combined inertia support of a Dual Active Bridge (DAB) and a Voltage Source Converter (VSC)-fed Electric Vehicle Fast Charging System (EVFCS) is used to provide virtual inertia support to the grid. The Voltage Source Converter is designed to provide DC bus voltage regulation. Coordinated control of DAB converters and VSCs for mitigating frequency oscillations using cascaded droop-integrated Proportional Integral (PI) controllers is proposed. An aggregated low-frequency model of a DAB converter is considered in this work. The inertia of the DC link capacitor of the VSCs and battery is sequentially extracted to offer grid frequency support. In this work, the single droop control, dual droop control, grid-forming and Augmented Frequency Support (AFS) modes are explored to provide virtual inertia support to the grid. Full article

34 pages, 910 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of the Built Environment in Achieving Sustainable Development: A Life Cycle Cost Perspective

by Ivona Gudac Hodanić, Hrvoje Krstić, Ivan Marović and Martina Gudac Cvelic

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8996; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208996 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis has become a key tool for evaluating the long-term economic and environmental performance of built assets, yet its application in marinas and marine infrastructure remains underdeveloped. This review provides the first structured attempt to apply LCC to marina [...] Read more.

Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis has become a key tool for evaluating the long-term economic and environmental performance of built assets, yet its application in marinas and marine infrastructure remains underdeveloped. This review provides the first structured attempt to apply LCC to marina infrastructure, addressing the lack of sector-specific models for pontoons, mooring systems, and marina operations. It also synthesizes research on LCC methodologies, challenges, and emerging trends relevant to coastal facilities, with a particular focus on pontoons, mooring systems, and marina management practices. Studies reveal persistent barriers to effective implementation, including fragmented data systems, inconsistent regulations, and limited sector-specific tools. Existing models, largely adapted from other construction contexts, often overlook the unique technical, environmental, and operational demands of marine assets. The review critically examines international standards, procurement frameworks, and methodological approaches, highlighting opportunities to integrate sustainability considerations and address gaps in cost forecasting. It also identifies the need for standardized data collection practices and risk-based maintenance strategies tailored to harsh marine environments. By mapping current knowledge and methodological limitations, this work provides a foundation for developing more accurate, sector-specific LCC models and guidance. This literature review contributes to the advancement of sustainable coastal infrastructure planning by consolidating scattered research, emphasizing knowledge gaps, and outlining priorities for future studies, supporting policymakers, practitioners, and researchers seeking to optimize investment decisions in marinas and related facilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Technologies and Digital Design in Smart Construction)

37 pages, 1352 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pricing Strategy and Coordination of Agricultural Product Supply Chain Considering Traceability Level and Online Evaluation

by Yueyang Gan, Haiping Ren and Xiaoqing Huang

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8995; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208995 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

This article focuses on the negative evaluation losses resulting from consumers’ dissatisfaction with the traceability level in agricultural product logistics activities. Based on the supply chain (SC) under the “agricultural product cooperative + live-streaming e-commerce” model, and in accordance with previous research, combined [...] Read more.

This article focuses on the negative evaluation losses resulting from consumers’ dissatisfaction with the traceability level in agricultural product logistics activities. Based on the supply chain (SC) under the “agricultural product cooperative + live-streaming e-commerce” model, and in accordance with previous research, combined with the differences in the dominant role and the bearers of profit and loss in the SC. By applying Stackelberg game theory, different types of decisions are analyzed and solved. The research results show: (1) Centralized decision-making has advantages in terms of traceability level and SC profit performance. (2) In non-centralized decision-making models, when manufacturers bear negative evaluation losses and retailers act as the leaders of the SC, the overall decision-making effect is more ideal. When manufacturers or retailers act as the leaders of the SC and both bear the traceability costs, the decision-making effect is basically the same. (3) The traceability level sensitivity coefficient and the traceability level effect on traceability both have positive effects on the growth of SC profits and the improvement of the traceability level. (4) The maximization of profits for both parties can be achieved through the coordination of contracts. This study can enhance the traceability level of the agricultural product SC, encourage SC members to increase their investment in the traceability, reduce the profit impact from negative evaluations, and provide a reference for the sustainable development of the agricultural product SC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Innovation in Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2nd Edition)

21 pages, 719 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Relevance of AI-Driven Marketing Through Design Thinking for a Strategic Approach to Resilient Problem-Solving and Communication for SMEs

by Ioseb Gabelaia

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8994; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208994 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

SMEs often face challenges in optimizing their marketing strategies to achieve measurable and sustainable effectiveness in resource-constrained business environments. There is a limited knowledge how integrating the Design Thinking philosophy into AI-driven marketing strategies can generate resilient marketing results for SMEs. The purpose [...] Read more.

SMEs often face challenges in optimizing their marketing strategies to achieve measurable and sustainable effectiveness in resource-constrained business environments. There is a limited knowledge how integrating the Design Thinking philosophy into AI-driven marketing strategies can generate resilient marketing results for SMEs. The purpose of this research is to explore how integrating DT philosophy can improve and sustain the effectiveness of AI-driven marketing campaigns for SMEs. The author used a qualitatively driven mixed-data case study approach to develop a comprehensive understanding integrating AI-driven marketing and DT. Data were collected through interviews, performance metrics analysis, and document review within three SMEs. The results revealed that incorporating the DT philosophy into AI-driven marketing strategies is associated with marketing effectiveness for SMEs. Additionally, SMEs adopting this integration achieve greater customer engagement and interaction. The combination of DT and AI-driven marketing observed higher improvements than traditional approaches. These results are challenged due to the potential risk of bias, and the qualitative nature may present challenges in convincing readers accustomed to definitive and statistical results. Full article

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28 pages, 671 KB

Open AccessArticle

Does Green Finance Drive New Quality Productive Forces? Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies

by Purong Chen, Lei Nie, Shunfeng Song, Quan Sun and Jing Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8993; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208993 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Productivity has long been the fundamental driver of human social progress and national prosperity. Against the backdrop of technological advancement and social development, New Quality Productive Forces (NQPFs) have emerged as a new form of productivity, serving as a key focus for corporate [...] Read more.

Productivity has long been the fundamental driver of human social progress and national prosperity. Against the backdrop of technological advancement and social development, New Quality Productive Forces (NQPFs) have emerged as a new form of productivity, serving as a key focus for corporate transformation and upgrading as well as sustainable national development. Based on the panel data of 28,107 listed companies in China from 2011 to 2022, this study employs a three-way fixed-effects model to investigate the impact of green finance (GF) on corporate NQPFs. The main findings are as follows: First, GF exhibits a significant positive correlation with the enhancement of corporate NQPFs. Second, financing constraints and corporate social responsibility strengthen the empowering effect of GF on corporate NQPFs, while environmental law enforcement weakens this effect, reflecting a “synergistic dilemma” between government intervention and market mechanisms in promoting corporate NQPFs. Third, the effect of GF on corporate NQPFs shows significant heterogeneity depending on environmental and social risks, the nature of property rights, public attention, and firm size. These findings provide important insights for optimizing green finance policies and enhancing corporate productivity. Full article

18 pages, 1122 KB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence for Infrastructure Resilience: Transportation Systems as a Strategic Case for Policy and Practice

by Olusola O. Ajayi, Anish Kurien, Karim Djouani and Lamine Dieng

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8992; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208992 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Transportation networks are critical lifelines in national infrastructure but are increasingly exposed to risks arising from climate variability, cyber threats, aging assets, and limited resources. This paper presents a scoping review of 58 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 that examine the [...] Read more.

Transportation networks are critical lifelines in national infrastructure but are increasingly exposed to risks arising from climate variability, cyber threats, aging assets, and limited resources. This paper presents a scoping review of 58 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 that examine the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in strengthening infrastructure resilience, with transportation systems adopted as the strategic case. The review classifies applications along five dimensions: technological approach, infrastructure sector, transportation linkage, resilience/security aspect, and key research gaps. Findings show that AI, machine learning (ML), and the Internet of Things (IoT) dominate current applications, particularly in predictive maintenance, intelligent monitoring, early-warning systems, and optimization. These applications extend beyond transport to energy, water, and agri-food systems that indirectly sustain transport resilience. Persistent challenges include affordability, data scarcity, infrastructural limitations, and limited real-world validation, especially in Sub-Saharan African contexts. The paper synthesizes cross-sector pathways through which AI enhances transport resilience and outlines practical implications for policymakers and practitioners. A targeted research agenda is also proposed to address methodological gaps, enhance deployment in resource-constrained settings, and promote hybrid and explainable AI for trust and scalability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Transportation Systems and Sustainable Urban Traffic Management and Transportation Planning)

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41 pages, 1113 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Inclusive Finance and Social Sustainability: Examining Entrepreneurial Pathways and Performance Among China’s Migrant Population for Inclusive Growth

by Fei Lu and Sung Joon Yoon

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8991; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208991 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Digital inclusive finance (DIF) serves as a critical mechanism for sustainable economic development among marginalized populations. However, DIF’s impact on China’s 376 million migrants remains understudied, despite their significance for inclusive growth. This study provides the first comprehensive empirical analysis of DIF–migrant entrepreneurship [...] Read more.

Digital inclusive finance (DIF) serves as a critical mechanism for sustainable economic development among marginalized populations. However, DIF’s impact on China’s 376 million migrants remains understudied, despite their significance for inclusive growth. This study provides the first comprehensive empirical analysis of DIF–migrant entrepreneurship relationships using nationally representative data and multiple analytical approaches. Three key findings emerge: First, DIF significantly reduces entrepreneurship likelihood among migrant populations (marginal effect: −0.449, p < 0.01). Second, heterogeneity analysis reveals differential impacts across entrepreneurial motivations—specifically, inhibiting necessity-driven entrepreneurship (marginal effect: −0.426) while showing no significant impact on opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. Third, while DIF reduces overall entrepreneurial participation, it substantially enhances income levels and the employment scale of existing migrant entrepreneurs. Mechanism analysis reveals that DIF operates through expanding urban employment demand and raising wage levels, thereby increasing entrepreneurship’s opportunity cost for migrants. These findings provide evidence for leveraging digital finance to achieve SDG 8 (Decent Work) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) while ensuring equitable access to digital dividends for vulnerable populations. Full article

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19 pages, 848 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Stress on Gas Sorption Behavior and Induced Swelling in Coal: Implications for Sustainable CO₂ Geological Storage

by Zhiming Fang, Chenlong Yang and Shaicheng Shen

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8990; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208990 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

The influence of stress on gas sorption behavior and sorption-induced swelling in coal is critical for the success of CO₂-enhanced coalbed methane recovery (CO₂-ECBM) and geological carbon sequestration—a key strategy for mitigating climate change and promoting clean energy transitions. [...] Read more.

The influence of stress on gas sorption behavior and sorption-induced swelling in coal is critical for the success of CO₂-enhanced coalbed methane recovery (CO₂-ECBM) and geological carbon sequestration—a key strategy for mitigating climate change and promoting clean energy transitions. However, this influence remains insufficiently understood, largely due to experimental limitations (e.g., overreliance on powdered coal samples) and conflicting theoretical frameworks in existing studies. To address this gap, this study systematically investigates the effects of two distinct stress constraints—constant confining pressure and constant volume—on CO₂ adsorption capacity, adsorption kinetics, and associated swelling deformation of intact anthracite coal cores. An integrated experimental apparatus was custom-designed for this study, combining volumetric sorption measurement with high-resolution strain monitoring via the confining fluid displacement (CFD) method and the confining pressure response (CPR) method. This setup enables the quantification of CO₂–coal interactions under precisely controlled stress environments. Key findings reveal that stress conditions exert a regulatory role in shaping CO₂–coal behavior: constant confining pressure conditions enhance CO₂ adsorption capacity and sustain adsorption kinetics by accommodating matrix swelling, thereby preserving pore accessibility for continuous gas uptake. In contrast, constant volume constraints lead to rapid internal stress buildup, which inhibits further gas adsorption and accelerates the attainment of kinetic saturation. Sorption-induced swelling exhibits clear dependence on both pressure and constraint conditions. Elevated CO₂ pressure leads to increased strain, while constant confining pressure facilitates more gradual, sustained expansion. This is particularly evident at higher pressures, where adsorption-induced swelling prevails over mechanical constraints. These results help resolve key discrepancies in the existing literature by clarifying the dual role of stress in modulating both pore accessibility (for gas transport) and mechanical response (for matrix deformation). These insights provide essential guidance for optimizing CO₂ injection strategies and improving the long-term performance and sustainability of CO₂-ECBM and geological carbon storage projects, ultimately supporting global efforts in carbon emission reduction and sustainable energy resource utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Resources and Sustainable Utilization)

17 pages, 1258 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Master Planning of the Sustainable Global Contents City for the Redevelopment of Daegu K-2

by Jieun Lee and Eunkwang Kim

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8989; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208989 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to propose and critically assess a sustainable urban regeneration model for the redevelopment of the former K-2 military airbase in Daegu, Korea. Large-scale idle military sites pose significant challenges in terms of ecological remediation, social integration, and [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to propose and critically assess a sustainable urban regeneration model for the redevelopment of the former K-2 military airbase in Daegu, Korea. Large-scale idle military sites pose significant challenges in terms of ecological remediation, social integration, and economic transformation, but also offer opportunities for redefining urban identity and global competitiveness. To address this, we develop the concept of the “Global Contents City,” a planning framework that integrates cultural exchange, creative industries, education, and tourism within a sustainable urban ecosystem. The research employs a qualitative methodology that combines theoretical review, comparative analysis of international precedents (e.g., Munich-Riem, Tempelhof, Stapleton, and Toronto), and design-oriented masterplanning. The findings highlight design strategies that spatially interconnect cultural, educational, industrial, and ecological functions while reinforcing low-carbon infrastructure and green open space. By situating the Daegu K-2 case in an international context, the study demonstrates how lessons from post-military redevelopments can be adapted to Korea, contributing to both scholarly debates and practical frameworks for sustainable city-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Urban Development and Land Use)

14 pages, 535 KB

Open AccessReview

Problems of Synurbization—Wild Boar in the City

by Anna Rekiel, Marcin Sońta, Justyna Więcek and Maja Dudzik

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8988; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208988 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

This work addresses the problem of synurbization, with its causes and effects specified using the example of wild boar (Sus scrofa). It presents basic biological parameters of the species, including those that promote its synurbization—small habitat demands, omnivorism, as well as [...] Read more.

This work addresses the problem of synurbization, with its causes and effects specified using the example of wild boar (Sus scrofa). It presents basic biological parameters of the species, including those that promote its synurbization—small habitat demands, omnivorism, as well as ecological, behavioral, and demographic flexibility. It also discusses intra-species transformations stemming from wild boar adaptation to the urban space and pinpoints habitat fragmentation, ecological restoration, and phenotypic flexibility as the underlying causes of people–wild boar interactions. These interactions are primarily negative because wild boars attack humans and domestic animals and cause many traffic accidents. An analysis of the literature included in this study shows that, unfortunately, there are currently no fully effective methods that could protect urban areas and their inhabitants from the threats posed by wild boars. In order for sustainable urban development policies to be effectively implemented, there is a need for intensive, holistic research and cooperation between experts in many fields: wildlife, economics, public health, sociology, ethics, psychology, and urban planning. The synurbanization of wild boars is a large and growing social problem, but from an ecological perspective, there is a need to take action and develop methods to mitigate human/wild animal conflicts, not only from a human perspective. A one-sided view and action can be a threat to many animal species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human–Wildlife Coexistence—Future Solution)

28 pages, 12909 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability-Oriented Furnace Temperature Prediction for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Using IWOA-SAGRU

by Jinxiang Pian, Mayan Si, Ao Sun and Jian Tang

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8987; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208987 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Municipal solid waste incineration promotes sustainable development by reducing waste, recovering resources, and minimizing environmental impact, with furnace temperature control playing a key role in maximizing efficiency. Accurate real-time temperature prediction is crucial in developing countries to optimize incineration, re-duce emissions, and enhance [...] Read more.

Municipal solid waste incineration promotes sustainable development by reducing waste, recovering resources, and minimizing environmental impact, with furnace temperature control playing a key role in maximizing efficiency. Accurate real-time temperature prediction is crucial in developing countries to optimize incineration, re-duce emissions, and enhance energy recovery for global sustainability. To address this, we propose a method integrating an improved whale optimization algorithm (IWOA) with a self-attention gated recurrent unit (SAGRU). Using the maximal information coefficient (MIC) to identify key factors, we optimize SAGRU parameters with IWOA, enhancing prediction accuracy by capturing temporal dependencies. Experimental validation from an MSWI plant in China demonstrates that the proposed model significantly enhances prediction accuracy under complex conditions. When compared with the Elman and LSTM models, the error is reduced by 0.7146 and 0.4689, respectively, highlighting its strong potential for practical applications in waste incineration temperature control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Municipal Solid Waste Management (2nd Edition)—Innovative Solutions and Sustainable Strategies)

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17 pages, 803 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Factors That Drive Millet Farmers to Join Millet FPOs for Sustainable Development: An ISM Approach

by Rafi Dudekula, Charishma Eduru, Laxmi Balaganoormath, Sangappa Sangappa, Srinivasa Babu Kurra, Amasiddha Bellundagi, Anuradha Narala and Tara Satyavathi C

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8986; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208986 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Agriculture and its allied activities contribute to the primary sector in India and act as the basis for the country’s economy. Available agricultural landholdings are scattered as multiple plots across the country. Land fragmentation has led to problems achieving economies of scale and [...] Read more.

Agriculture and its allied activities contribute to the primary sector in India and act as the basis for the country’s economy. Available agricultural landholdings are scattered as multiple plots across the country. Land fragmentation has led to problems achieving economies of scale and economies of scope; lower productivity, efficiency, and modernization; loss of biodiversity; and little scope for mechanization and technology. FPOs are small clusters of farmers who collaborate to enhance their bargaining strength through collective procurement, processing, and marketing efforts. To enhance the performance of FPOs at the grassroots level, the engagement of cluster-based business organizations (CBBOs) is vital. Millet FPOs are similar to voluntary farmer groups that are involved in the cultivation and promotion of millets. IIMR-promoted millet FPOs were selected purposively for the present study as they are involved in millet cultivation and farming. A total of 450 millet farmers from 15 FPOs and 3 states were randomly chosen for this action research study. The present research identified 10 key factors and collected farmers’ opinions toward member participation in millet FPOs using interpretive structural modeling. The ISM approach provided a clear understanding of how the selected factors interconnect hierarchically with each other as foundational drivers and dependent outcomes. The results from the MICMAC analysis demonstrated that foundational interventions, such as post-harvest technology availability (V2) and knowledge transfer by KVKs (V5), directly support higher-level objectives. Intermediate factors like economies of scale (V1) and market and credit linkages (V3) transform these services into operational advantages, while the outcome factors of business planning (V8), FPO branding (V7), and bargaining power (V9) emerge as dependent variables. The model demonstrates that V2 catalyzes improvements across the production, market, and institutional domains, cascading through intermediate enablers (V1, V4, V5, V6) to strengthen outcomes (V3, V7, V8, V9, V10). This hierarchy demonstrates that investing in post-harvest technology and complementary extension services is critical for building resilient millet FPOs and enhancing member participation. Full article

31 pages, 1544 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms for Sustainable Attack Detection in Intelligent Transportation Systems Using Long-Range Sensor Network Technology

by Zbigniew Kasprzyk and Mariusz Rychlicki

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8985; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208985 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) play a crucial role in building sustainable and resilient urban mobility by improving traffic efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and lowering emissions. The integration of IoT technologies, particularly long-range low-power networks such as LoRaWAN, enables energy-efficient communication between vehicles and [...] Read more.

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) play a crucial role in building sustainable and resilient urban mobility by improving traffic efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and lowering emissions. The integration of IoT technologies, particularly long-range low-power networks such as LoRaWAN, enables energy-efficient communication between vehicles and road infrastructure, supporting the sustainability goals of smart cities. However, the widespread deployment of IoT devices also introduces significant cybersecurity risks that may compromise the safety, reliability, and long-term sustainability of transportation systems. To address this challenge, we propose a method for generating synthetic network data that simulates normal traffic and DDoS attacks by randomly selecting distribution parameters for features like packets per second and unique device addresses, enabling evaluation of machine learning algorithms (e.g., Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, SVM, XGBoost) using F1-score and AUC metrics in a controlled environment. By enhancing cybersecurity and resilience in ITS, our research contributes to the development of safer, more energy-efficient, and sustainable transportation infrastructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contribution of Intelligent Transport Systems to Sustainable Development Goals)

18 pages, 2356 KB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting Sustainable Development of Inter-Regional Higher Education Through a Rationality-Based Evaluation of Development Gaps—Evidence from China

by Xiao Jia and Haotian Xu

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8984; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208984 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

How to keep inter-regional gaps in higher-education development within a reasonable range is a shared global challenge, yet much of the literature still treats zero gap as the benchmark. Grounded in the education-led development perspective, we posit that a gap is “reasonable” when [...] Read more.

How to keep inter-regional gaps in higher-education development within a reasonable range is a shared global challenge, yet much of the literature still treats zero gap as the benchmark. Grounded in the education-led development perspective, we posit that a gap is “reasonable” when education disparities are smaller than contemporaneous economic disparities. Based on this concept, this study develops a Development Equilibrium Index (DEI) framework. Using panel data for 31 Chinese provinces from 2003 to 2020, we find the following: (i) N-DEI is positive in most years, indicating that, overall, education gaps are smaller than economic gaps—consistent with higher education’s leading role in compressing economic gaps and supporting sustainability; (ii) At the provincial level, only 4 of 31 provinces (12.9%) show negative P-DEI, while the vast majority are positive, suggesting more supportive conditions to sustainable development. Furthermore, a median-based quadrant analysis for 2020 groups the 31 provinces into seven descriptive types, helping to interpret the variations in P-DEI signs and magnitudes and to inform targeted policy recommendations. The DEI thus reframes assessment from “narrowing gaps per se” to the goal of keeping education gaps below economic ones, providing a concise diagnostic tool for planning cohesive, resilient higher-education systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

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20 pages, 3474 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biodegradation of Low-Density Polyethylene by Native Aspergillus Strains Isolated from Plastic-Contaminated Soil

by Walter Rojas-Villacorta, Magaly De La Cruz-Noriega, Nélida Milly Otiniano, Nicole Terrones-Rodríguez and Claudio Quiñones-Cerna

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8983; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208983 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Plastic pollution is a pressing global environmental challenge, and low-density-polyethylene (LDPE) is among the most persistent synthetic polymers. This study investigates the in vitro biodegradation of LDPE by native Aspergillus strains isolated from plastic-contaminated soils in Trujillo, Peru. Molecular techniques were used to [...] Read more.

Plastic pollution is a pressing global environmental challenge, and low-density-polyethylene (LDPE) is among the most persistent synthetic polymers. This study investigates the in vitro biodegradation of LDPE by native Aspergillus strains isolated from plastic-contaminated soils in Trujillo, Peru. Molecular techniques were used to identify the Aspergillus species. The LDPE strips were incubated for 50 days, and biodegradation was evaluated by weight loss (%), pH variation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Likewise, the reduction rate and half-life of the polymer (t₁_/₂) were calculated. Three strains of Aspergillus—A. niger H1C, A. ochraceopetaliformis H3C, and A. tamarii H6C—were isolated and evaluated for their ability to LDPE under in vitro conditions. A. niger H1C exhibited the most weight reduction (4.25 ± 1.67%) and a polymer half-life of 897.89 days, while A. tamarii H6C demonstrated a comparable loss (3.79 ± 1.52%) with a half-life of 901.6 days. A. ochraceopetaliformis H3C exhibited a moderate degradation (1.98 ± 0.37%), with the longest half-life recorded at 1757.33 days. The process was supported by pH variations. Furthermore, FTIR and SEM analyses revealed structural modifications in LDPE including formation of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and ether groups, suggesting oxidative and enzymatic activity-possibly mediated by lipases induced under lipid-rich conditions. This is the first report of A. ochraceopetaliformis and A. tamarii, highlighting their potential in sustainable plastic bioremediation strategies aligned with SDG 13 (Climate Action). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastic Debris and Environmental Sustainability)

25 pages, 694 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Finance and Green Technology Innovation: A Dual-Layer Analysis of Financing and Governance Mechanisms in China

by Yongpeng Ma, Rosli Mahmood, Annuar Md Nassir and Leyi Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8982; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208982 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

As China advances its green transition, digital finance broadens firms’ access to external financing; however, whether improved access enhances financial allocation efficiency or drives green technology innovation remains unclear. This study addresses this through a dual-layer framework examining financing mechanisms and governance conditions. [...] Read more.

As China advances its green transition, digital finance broadens firms’ access to external financing; however, whether improved access enhances financial allocation efficiency or drives green technology innovation remains unclear. This study addresses this through a dual-layer framework examining financing mechanisms and governance conditions. Using panel data from 2165 Chinese A-share firms (2011–2022) with two-way fixed-effects models, the analysis yields three key findings: First, digital finance significantly enhances green technology innovation. Second, financial mismatch partially mediates this relationship. Third, governance moderates these effects. Equity incentives exhibit threshold effects, where positive impacts emerge only above certain levels. Cash incentives, however, vary by period: they are positive in 2011–2018 and negative in 2019–2022. These results underscore that financial reform must accompany governance improvements, especially equity incentives. The Chinese experience also provides insights for emerging economies navigating digital finance expansion and green transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Finance, Technologies, and Regulatory Frameworks: Advancing Sustainability in a Digital Era)

28 pages, 11416 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment and Protection of Heritage Value of Traditional Villages from the Perspective of Historic Urban Landscape: A Case Study of Huaqiu Village

by Xinyang Cai, Xinyue Chen, Weilan Zhou, Ruiyi Liu, Tong Yin and Xiangting He

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8981; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208981 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study introduces the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach into a rural setting and conducts a case study of Huaqiu Village. By integrating spatial analysis techniques, unmanned vehicle aerial photography, field surveys, and multitemporal data from 2000 to 2023, this study analyzed the [...] Read more.

This study introduces the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach into a rural setting and conducts a case study of Huaqiu Village. By integrating spatial analysis techniques, unmanned vehicle aerial photography, field surveys, and multitemporal data from 2000 to 2023, this study analyzed the heritage value of traditional villages and explored a rural-adaptable pathway for HUL implementation. Findings showed: 1. Based on the temporal and spatial evaluation analysis logic of landscapes under the HUL framework, spatial patterns of the village, such as vegetation growth and reduced in water bodies, have been quantitatively identified, revealing the interaction patterns of a complex ecosystem. 2. Following HUL’s holistic understanding of heritage value, the three-dimensional value characteristics of the village (landscape, function, and spirit) are clarified. 3. By implementing the community participation mechanism of HUL, through villager-led inheritance of intangible cultural heritage and joint formulation of conservation conventions, the living continuity of heritage has been realized. The HUL approach shows remarkable adaptability, with prominent achievements in dynamic-layered protection and community participation. This study breaks through the urban bias of the HUL approach, enriches understanding of rural heritage, and provides a practical paradigm for promoting sustainable development of similar villages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Methodologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Highlights on the Most Relevant Standards)

30 pages, 1655 KB

Open AccessReview

Harnessing Renewable Waste as a Pathway and Opportunities Toward Sustainability in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Region

by Abdullah Alghafis, Haneen Bawayan, Sultan Alghamdi, Mohamed Nejlaoui and Abdullah Alrashidi

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8980; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208980 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

This review examines the vast opportunities and key challenges in renewable waste management across the Gulf region, with a particular emphasis on Saudi Arabia. As global demand for sustainable energy intensifies, driven by technological advancements and environmental concerns, the Gulf Cooperation Council nations, [...] Read more.

This review examines the vast opportunities and key challenges in renewable waste management across the Gulf region, with a particular emphasis on Saudi Arabia. As global demand for sustainable energy intensifies, driven by technological advancements and environmental concerns, the Gulf Cooperation Council nations, notably Saudi Arabia, are beginning to acknowledge the urgency of transitioning from fossil fuel reliance to renewable waste management. This review identifies the abundant renewable resources in the region and highlights progress in policy development while emphasizing the need for comprehensive frameworks and financial incentives to drive further investment and innovation. Waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies offer a promising avenue for reducing environmental degradation and bolstering energy security. With Saudi Arabia targeting the development of 3 Gigawatts of WTE capacity by 2030 as part of national sustainability initiatives, barriers such as regulatory complexities, financial constraints, and public misconceptions persist. Ultimately, this review concludes that advancing renewable waste management in the Gulf, particularly through stronger policies, stakeholders’ collaboration, investment in WTE and an enhancement in public awareness and education, is critical for achieving sustainability goals. By harnessing these opportunities, the region can take decisive steps toward achieving sustainability, positioning Saudi Arabia as a leader in the global fight against climate change and resource depletion. Full article

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15 pages, 1374 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stylometric Analysis of Sustainable Central Bank Communications: Revealing Authorial Signatures in Monetary Policy Statements

by Hakan Emekci and İbrahim Özkan

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8979; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208979 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Sustainable economic development requires transparent and consistent institutional communication from monetary authorities to maintain long-term financial stability and public trust. This study investigates the latent authorial structure and stylistic heterogeneity of central bank communications by applying stylometric analysis and unsupervised machine learning to [...] Read more.

Sustainable economic development requires transparent and consistent institutional communication from monetary authorities to maintain long-term financial stability and public trust. This study investigates the latent authorial structure and stylistic heterogeneity of central bank communications by applying stylometric analysis and unsupervised machine learning to official announcements of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT). Using a dataset of 557 press releases from 2006 to 2017, we extract a range of linguistic features at both sentence and document levels—including sentence length, punctuation density, word length, and type–token ratios. These features are reduced using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and clustered via Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components (HCPC), revealing three distinct authorial groups within the CBRT’s communications. The robustness of these clusters is validated using multidimensional scaling (MDS) on character-level and word-level n-gram distances. The analysis finds consistent stylistic differences between clusters, with implications for authorship attribution, tone variation, and communication strategy. Notably, sentiment analysis indicates that one authorial cluster tends to exhibit more negative tonal features, suggesting potential bias or divergence in internal communication style. These findings challenge the conventional assumption of institutional homogeneity and highlight the presence of distinct communicative voices within the central bank. Furthermore, the results suggest that stylistic variation—though often subtle—may convey unintended policy signals to markets, especially in contexts where linguistic shifts are closely scrutinized. This research contributes to the emerging intersection of natural language processing, monetary economics, and institutional transparency. It demonstrates the efficacy of stylometric techniques in revealing the hidden structure of policy discourse and suggests that linguistic analytics can offer valuable insights into the internal dynamics, credibility, and effectiveness of monetary authorities. These findings contribute to sustainable financial governance by demonstrating how AI-driven analysis can enhance institutional transparency, promote consistent policy communication, and support long-term economic stability—key pillars of sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Policy and Economic Analysis in Sustainability Transitions)

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19 pages, 953 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Biodegradable Waste Management for Circular Economy: Comparative Assessment of Composting Technologies

by Małgorzata Gotowska and Anna Jakubczak

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8978; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208978 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Waste management is essential for advancing sustainable development and applying circular economy principles. The growing generation of waste—particularly organic municipal waste—combined with limited processing technologies, financial constraints, and overconsumption, intensifies its negative environmental and social impacts. This study examines the conditions necessary for [...] Read more.

Waste management is essential for advancing sustainable development and applying circular economy principles. The growing generation of waste—particularly organic municipal waste—combined with limited processing technologies, financial constraints, and overconsumption, intensifies its negative environmental and social impacts. This study examines the conditions necessary for implementing the circular economy concept in the context of organic municipal waste management. The research is based on literature review and an experiment involving the composting of biodegradable waste classified under code 20 02 01, analyzing its transformation into a soil improver commonly known as compost. Two composting approaches—single-stage and two-stage—were compared to evaluate their effectiveness in producing a high-quality end product that complies with national and EU legal standards, as well as the requirements for obtaining decisions (certificates) from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). The study is particularly relevant in light of the increasing volume of this waste stream, which exceeds 1.8 million tons annually in Poland, and the ambitious recycling targets set by the European Union, requiring 55% to be achieved by 2025. Results demonstrate that both composting methods contribute to circular resource use but differ in process efficiency and final product quality. These findings provide practical guidance for selecting composting technologies and support progress towards more sustainable, circular waste management. Moreover, they help define the output parameters of the products, which enables proper categorization and facilitates the issuance of relevant decisions from the MARD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainable Business: Business Models Innovation for Circular Economy)

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21 pages, 1577 KB

Open AccessArticle

Copper Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design Based on a Two-Stage Stochastic Programming Model Considering Uncertain Market Prices

by Mou Shen, Ying Guo, Hui Gao and Hongtao Ren

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8977; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208977 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Copper is a critically important metal for economic security, and its supply chain is influenced by various factors, particularly market prices. This paper aims to uncover the impact of high uncertainty in copper prices on the copper supply chain (CSC) configuration and propose [...] Read more.

Copper is a critically important metal for economic security, and its supply chain is influenced by various factors, particularly market prices. This paper aims to uncover the impact of high uncertainty in copper prices on the copper supply chain (CSC) configuration and propose strategies for CSC construction. To achieve this goal, this study presents a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) network, simulates copper market volatility using the geometric Brownian motion (GBM) model, and establishes a two-stage stochastic programming (TSSP) model. An empirical study was conducted using geographical and economic data of the CSC in the Chinese province of Hunan. The research results indicate that there is a threshold in copper prices that can lead to the construction of a reverse supply chain (RSC). However, significant fluctuations in copper prices introduce uncertainty into the supply chain network configuration. Therefore, policy measures to encourage copper scrap recycling should be implemented to maintain the safety of the CLSC during market instability. The proposed modelling framework for addressing fluctuation factors in supply chain design has been validated and can be promoted to other similar industries affected by markets. Full article

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26 pages, 856 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Financial Services and Sustainable Development: Temporal Trade-Offs and the Moderating Role of Financial Literacy

by Jihyung Han and Daekyun Ko

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8976; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208976 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Digital financial services have transformed consumer financial behavior, yet their effects on sustainable development outcomes remain poorly understood. This study examines how mobile financial services (MFS) usage influences financial behaviors across temporal dimensions and investigates the moderating role of financial literacy from a [...] Read more.

Digital financial services have transformed consumer financial behavior, yet their effects on sustainable development outcomes remain poorly understood. This study examines how mobile financial services (MFS) usage influences financial behaviors across temporal dimensions and investigates the moderating role of financial literacy from a systemic sustainability perspective. Drawing on Construal Level Theory, Dual Process Theory, and Social Cognitive Theory, we analyze data from 21,757 U.S. adults from the 2021 National Financial Capability Study to explore relationships between MFS usage, financial literacy dimensions—objective knowledge (OK), subjective knowledge (SK), and perceived ability (PA)—and both short-term and long-term financial behaviors. The results reveal a dual temporal pattern: MFS usage negatively affects short-term behaviors, including spending control and emergency preparedness, while positively influencing long-term behaviors such as retirement planning and investment participation. Financial literacy dimensions demonstrate differential moderating effects, with OK providing protective benefits against short-term risks, while PA can paradoxically exacerbate these adverse short-term effects. These findings highlight complex implications for sustainable development, demonstrating how individual behaviors aggregate to influence systemic financial resilience and progress toward Sustainable Development Goals related to poverty reduction, economic growth, and inequality reduction. Policymakers should adopt behaviorally informed regulatory approaches that address temporal trade-offs. Educators should design digital-specific literacy programs emphasizing realistic risk assessment alongside confidence-building, thereby promoting sustainable financial behaviors in increasingly digital environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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18 pages, 967 KB

Open AccessArticle

City-Level Critical Thresholds for Road Freight Decarbonization: Evidence from EVT Modeling Under Economic Fluctuation

by Wenjun Liao, Yingxue Chen, Chengcheng Wu and Hongguo Shi

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8975; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208975 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

The rapid growth of road freight has increased urban carbon emissions, but decarbonization in this sector remains slow compared to other areas. This study examines city-level road freight decarbonization, focusing on extreme values, with the goal of establishing a quantitative reference indicator for [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of road freight has increased urban carbon emissions, but decarbonization in this sector remains slow compared to other areas. This study examines city-level road freight decarbonization, focusing on extreme values, with the goal of establishing a quantitative reference indicator for tailored policies. Using data from 342 Chinese cities, we applied K-means clustering and Extreme Value Theory (EVT) to estimate the extreme levels of freight vehicles decarbonization (FVDEL) under various economic scenarios. Results show notable differences among city types. High-Tech and Light Industry Cities (Type I) display a more substantial decarbonization potential, with a key threshold around 1.27%. Surpassing this level indicates higher readiness for zero-emission road freight, while Heavy Industry-Manufacturing Cities (Type II) tend to behave more predictably during economic ups and downs because of their close ties between industry and freight activities. The study also finds that purchase subsidies tend to have diminishing returns, whereas operational incentives like electricity price discounts and road access advantages are more effective in maintaining adoption. By proposing EVT-based thresholds as practical benchmarks, this research connects statistical modeling with policy implementation. The proposed reference indicator offers useful guidance for assessing urban decarbonization capacity and developing customized strategies to promote zero-emission freight systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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31 pages, 2351 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Operation Data Mining and Analysis of VRF Air-Conditioning Systems Based on ARM and MLR Methods to Enhance Building Sustainability

by Jiayin Zhu, Xin Liu, Zihan Xu, Xingtao Zhang, Congcong Du, Yabin Guo and Ruixin Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8974; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208974 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

With the increasing intelligence of modern air-conditioning systems, the difficulty of acquiring data from air-conditioning systems has been significantly reduced. However, analyzing the massive amounts of data collected and obtaining more valuable information still remains challenging, especially considering the internal relationships behind the [...] Read more.

With the increasing intelligence of modern air-conditioning systems, the difficulty of acquiring data from air-conditioning systems has been significantly reduced. However, analyzing the massive amounts of data collected and obtaining more valuable information still remains challenging, especially considering the internal relationships behind the data. The purpose of this study was to conduct operational experiments on VRF systems under different indoor set temperatures, indoor set air speeds, and terminal load rates. Then, the patterns of various operating parameters and energy consumption of VRF systems during winter operation were analyzed based on unsupervised methods. Three machine learning methods were primarily employed in this study, including correlation analysis, data regression analysis, and association rule analysis. Finally, a regression model was constructed for energy consumption based on eight typical characteristic parameters. The experimental results showed that the system was stable to a certain degree at different wind speeds. Among the characteristic parameters, fixed frequency 1 exhaust temperature, compressor frequency, and other parameters have a significant positive effect on energy consumption, while fixed frequency 1 shell top oil temperature, inlet and outlet pipe temperature difference, and other parameters have a negative effect. The research results provide a reference for air conditioning system data mining and building sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Sustainable Energy and Advanced Air Conditioning Technologies in Building Energy Efficiency)

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20 pages, 1662 KB

Open AccessArticle

Port Sustainability and Probabilistic Assessment of Ship Moorings at Port Terminal Quays

by Vytautas Paulauskas, Donatas Paulauskas and Vytas Paulauskas

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8973; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208973 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

The sustainability of a port is directly related to the time spent by ships in terminals and depends on the terminal, the technologies used in it, and external conditions. Currently used sustainable port terminal technologies allow a significant increase in the intensity of [...] Read more.

The sustainability of a port is directly related to the time spent by ships in terminals and depends on the terminal, the technologies used in it, and external conditions. Currently used sustainable port terminal technologies allow a significant increase in the intensity of ship loading operations and, at the same time, shorten the time spent by ships at the quays. Since port construction processes take a lot of time, many ports have many quays every day that are not moored by ships. Ports try to attract passenger and cargo flows, but they are also not infinite. In individual port terminals, for example, container and Ro–Ro terminals, most of the time is spent on cargo processing inside the terminal, and only part of the time is spent on ship loading operations. Probabilistic assessment of ship mooring at quays allows an understanding of not only the optimal need for quays and modernization of their equipment, but at the same time for a more purposeful assessment of the possibilities of using quays, accepting diversification options and, therefore, optimizing the ports themselves as a sustainable port entity. The article presents a methodology for assessing berth occupancy focused on the development of a sustainable port based on probabilistic methods that would allow calculating potential berth occupancy. The developed methodology, compared to existing methodologies and models, allows for a more realistic assessment of the expected berth occupancy, using actual port and ship data. The presented theoretical and experimental research results confirm the suitability of the developed methodology for the development of a sustainable port and the possibilities of applying the developed methodology in any port, adapting it to specific port conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Maritime Transportation: 2nd Edition)

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30 pages, 4876 KB

Open AccessArticle

China’s Rural Industrial Integration Under the “Triple Synergy of Production, Livelihood and Ecology” Philosophy: Internal Mechanisms, Level Measurement, and Sustainable Development Paths

by Jinsong Zhang, Mengru Ma, Jinglin Qian and Linmao Ma

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8972; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208972 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Against the backdrop of global agricultural transformation, rural China faces the critical challenge of reconciling economic development with environmental conservation and social well-being. This study, grounded in the rural revitalization strategy, investigates the internal mechanisms, level measurement, and sustainable development paths of rural [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of global agricultural transformation, rural China faces the critical challenge of reconciling economic development with environmental conservation and social well-being. This study, grounded in the rural revitalization strategy, investigates the internal mechanisms, level measurement, and sustainable development paths of rural industrial integration based on the “Triple Integration of Production, Livelihood and Ecology” (PLE) philosophy. Firstly, we discussed the suitability and the mechanisms of this philosophy on China’s rural industrial integration. Secondly, based on a textual corpus extracted from academic journals and policy documents, we employed an LDA topic model to cluster the themes and construct an evaluation indicator system comprising 29 indicators. Then, utilizing data from the China Statistical Yearbook and the China Rural Statistical Yearbook (2013–2022), we measured the level of China’s rural industrial integration using the entropy method. The composite integration index displays a continuous upward trend over 2013–2022, accelerating markedly after the 2015 stimulus policy, yet a temporary erosion of “production–livelihood–ecology” synergy occurred in 2020 owing to an exogenous shock. Lastly, combining the system dynamics model, we simulated over the period 2023–2030 the three sustainable development scenarios: green ecological development priority, livelihood standard development priority and production level development priority. Research has shown that (1) the “Triple Synergy of Production, Livelihood and Ecology” philosophy and China’s rural industrial integration are endogenously unified, and they form a two-way mutual mechanism with the common goal of sustainable development. (2) China’s rural industrial integration under this philosophy is characterized by production-dominated development and driven mainly by processing innovation and service investment, but can be constrained by ecological fragility and external shocks. (3) System dynamics simulations reveal that the production-development priority scenario (Scenario 3) is the most effective pathway, suggesting that the production system is a vital engine driving the sustainable development of China’s rural industrial integration, with digitalization and technological innovation significantly improving integration efficiency. In the future, efforts should focus on transitioning towards a people-centered model by restructuring cooperative equity for farmer ownership, building community-based digital commons to bridge capability gaps, and creating market mechanisms to monetize and reward conservation practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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19 pages, 578 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Interplay Between Job Satisfaction and Employee Retention in Romania’s Hospitality Sector: A Comprehensive Analysis

by Ioana C. Patrichi, Tudor M. Edu, Camelia M. Gheorghe, Stefania C. Antonovici and Catrinel R. Dridea

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8971; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208971 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the complex interplay between internal communication, psychological well-being, and job satisfaction, as well as their influence on employee retention and job performance in Romania’s post-pandemic hospitality sector. In this study, data were collected from 350 employees across hotels, restaurants, and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the complex interplay between internal communication, psychological well-being, and job satisfaction, as well as their influence on employee retention and job performance in Romania’s post-pandemic hospitality sector. In this study, data were collected from 350 employees across hotels, restaurants, and resorts. A Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) approach was employed for the analysis. Findings suggest that both internal communication and psychological well-being are significant positive predictors of job satisfaction. In turn, job satisfaction is a powerful driver of both employee retention and job performance. A key finding is that job satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between psychological well-being and job performance, with no direct effect observed between the latter two constructs. These results underscore that fostering an employee-centric environment is crucial for achieving social sustainability, directly supporting global Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth and SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being). Theoretical and practical implications, as well as limitations and future research directions, are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)

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17 pages, 2118 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing CO₂ Fixation and Wastewater Treatment Performance by Assembling MgFe-LDH on Chlorella pyrenoidosa

by Huanan Xu, Hao Zhou, Yinfeng Hua, Weihua Chen, Jian Wu, Zhenwu Long, Liang Zhao, Lumei Wang, Guoqing Shen and Qincheng Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 8970; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17208970 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Microalgae are considered to be a dual solution for CO₂ fixation and biogas slurry purification due to their high photosynthetic efficiency and strong environmental adaptability. However, their application is constrained by the low solubility of CO₂ in the solution environment, which [...] Read more.

Microalgae are considered to be a dual solution for CO₂ fixation and biogas slurry purification due to their high photosynthetic efficiency and strong environmental adaptability. However, their application is constrained by the low solubility of CO₂ in the solution environment, which restricts microalgal growth, resulting in low biomass production and poor slurry purification efficiency. In this study, we developed MgFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) that spontaneously combined with Chlorella pyrenoidosa to help it concentrate CO₂, thereby increasing biomass yield and purification capacity for food waste biogas slurry. The prepared MgFe-LDH exhibited a typical layered structure with a CO₂ adsorption capacity of 4.44 mmol/g. MgFe-LDH and C. pyrenoidosa carried opposite charges, enabling successful self-assembly via electrostatic interaction. Compared with the control, the addition of 200 ppm MgFe-LDH increased C. pyrenoidosa biomass and pigment content by 36.82% and 63.05%, respectively. The removal efficiencies of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen in the slurry were enhanced by 20.04%, 31.54% and 14.57%, respectively. The addition of LDH effectively alleviated oxidative stress in C. pyrenoidosa and stimulated the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances, thereby enhancing the stress resistance and pollutant adsorption capabilities. These findings provided a new strategy for the industrial application of microalgal technology in CO₂ fixation and wastewater treatment. Full article

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Sustainability, Volume 17, Issue 20 (October-2 2025) – 33 articles

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