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Circular Economy Strategies for Waste Management: Innovations in Resource Recovery and Sustainability

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Waste and Recycling".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2026 | Viewed by 21804

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Adriana Gómez-Sanabria

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Guest Editor

Pollution Management Research Group. Energy, Climate and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Interests: waste and resources management; climate change; air pollution; sustainability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Haniyeh Jalalipour

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
Interests: waste management; circular economy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Introduction:

Circular economy represents a fundamental shift from the traditional linear economic model of "take, make, dispose" to a more sustainable framework that prioritizes resource efficiency, waste prevention and reduction, and environmental preservation. In a circular economy, materials and products are designed for longevity, reuse, and recycling, creating closed-loop systems that minimize waste and maximize resource utilization. This approach not only reduces the burden on natural resources but also fosters innovation, stimulates economic growth, and addresses pressing global challenges such as climate change and air and water pollution.

Effective waste management practices aim to reduce the amount of waste generated, divert materials from landfills, and recover valuable resources. Traditional waste management methods often focus on disposal, leading to significant environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions and habitat degradation. In contrast, circular economy strategies emphasize the importance of resource recovery, encouraging practices such as recycling, composting, and biogas recovery and use.

Implementing circular economy principles in waste management involves a comprehensive approach that engages stakeholders across all sectors, including government, businesses, and communities. By fostering collaboration and promoting sustainable practices, cities and organizations can enhance their resilience, create economic opportunities, and improve the quality of life for residents.

Scope:

This Special Issue aims to explore and highlight innovative circular economy strategies that advance sustainable waste management. The focus is on solutions that promote resource recovery, minimize environmental impact, and shift from traditional linear economy to more sustainable systems. The goal is to bring together pioneering research, case studies, and practical applications that support the global transition to a circular economy. Additionally, this Special Issue seeks successful financing models that facilitate the implementation of measures to enhance waste management systems, serving as catalysts for decarbonization and providers of valuable materials.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

Waste prevention;
Material circularity;
Circularity in the waste management systems;
Organic waste diversion from landfills through innovative techniques to reduce methane emissions;
Reduction in open burning of waste;
Valorization of waste materials (e.g., plastics, textiles, metals, etc.);
Financing models to implement waste management systems;
Public–private partnerships;
Repair initiatives;
Just transition and inclusion;
Plastic treaty;
Wastewater management and nutrient recovery.

I look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Adriana Gómez-Sanabria
Dr. Haniyeh Jalalipour
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

waste and materials management
circular economy
financing models
sustainability
decarbonization
public–private partnerships
stakeholders

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

27 pages, 3681 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Real-Time Gas Sensor Network with Adaptive Feedback Control for Automated Composting Management

by Abdulqader Ghaleb Naser, Nazmi Mat Nawi, Mohd Rafein Zakaria, Muhamad Saufi Mohd Kassim, Azimov Abdugani Mutalovich and Kamil Kayode Katibi

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10152; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210152 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 473

Abstract

This study addressed the persistent limitation of discontinuous and labor-intensive compost monitoring procedures by developing and field-validating a low-cost sensor system for monitoring oxygen (O₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄) under tropical windrow conditions. In contrast to laboratory-restricted studies, this framework integrated rigorous calibration, multi-layer statistical validation, and process optimization into a unified, real-time adaptive design. Experimental validation was performed across three independent composting replicates to ensure reproducibility and account for environmental variability. Calibration using ISO-traceable gas standards generated linear correction models, confirming sensor accuracy within ±1.5% for O₂, ±304 ppm for CO₂, and ±1.3 ppm for CH₄. Expanded uncertainties (U₉₅) remained within acceptable limits for composting applications, reinforcing the precision and reproducibility of the calibration framework. Sensor reliability and agreement with reference instruments were statistically validated using analysis of variance (ANOVA), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland–Altman analysis. Validation against a reference multi-gas analyzer demonstrated laboratory-grade accuracy, with ICC values exceeding 0.97, ANOVA showing no significant phase-wise differences (p > 0.95), and Bland–Altman plots confirming near-zero bias and narrow agreement limits. Ecological interdependencies were also captured, with O₂ strongly anticorrelated to CO₂ (r = −0.967) and CH₄ moderately correlated with pH (r = 0.756), consistent with microbial respiration and methanogenic activities. Nutrient analyses indicated compost maturity, marked by increases in nitrogen (+31.7%), phosphorus (+87.7%), and potassium (+92.3%). Regression analysis revealed that ambient temperature explained 25.8% of CO₂ variability (slope = 520 ppm °C⁻¹, p = 0.021), whereas O₂ and CH₄ remained unaffected. Overall, these findings validate the developed sensors as accurate and resilient tools, enabling real-time adaptive intervention, advancing sustainable waste valorization, and aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 12 and 13. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy Strategies for Waste Management: Innovations in Resource Recovery and Sustainability)

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20 pages, 2857 KB

Open AccessArticle

Solving the Recyclable Household Waste Bin Location–Allocation Problem: A Case Study of the Commune of Quinta Normal in Santiago, Chile

by Carola Blazquez, Francisco Yuraszeck, Felipe Gallardo and Nikcolas Bernal

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9837; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219837 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 518

Abstract

The estimated increase in urban solid waste generation in the near future worldwide may negatively impact the environment and public health, and produce a significant economic impact on solid waste management. Recycling is crucial in mitigating this solid waste generation growth by diverting materials from landfills, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, conserving resources, and extending end-of-life strategies. In this study, we address the bin location–allocation problem for the collection of recyclable household waste, a key challenge in the context of the circular economy and efforts to mitigate the sustained growth of household waste generation. To tackle this problem, this study generalizes a previous mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to address different types of waste, particularly recyclable household waste, while minimizing total bin costs and ensuring that each generation point is assigned to the nearest collection site within a given threshold travel distance. Additionally, the model compares single and multi-stream collection strategies. For each case, we evaluate the options of locating recycling bins at road intersections and in open public spaces. Real-world data from the commune of Quinta Normal in Santiago, Chile is used to test our approach. This study also reports results of a sensitivity analysis of key parameters, including the generated household recyclable waste and the maximum distances users are willing to travel to dispose of their recyclable waste. Finally, managerial implications that emerge from this study are discussed, which may help authorities improve recyclable household waste collection, and outline future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy Strategies for Waste Management: Innovations in Resource Recovery and Sustainability)

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27 pages, 2568 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of an Integrated Sensor Network for Monitoring Abiotic Parameters During Composting

by Abdulqader Ghaleb Naser, Nazmi Mat Nawi, Mohd Rafein Zakaria, Muhamad Saufi Mohd Kassim, Azimov Abdugani Mutalovich and Muhammad Adib Mohd Nasir

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9780; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219780 - 3 Nov 2025

Viewed by 651

Abstract

Efficient composting is essential for sustainable organic waste management, yet conventional monitoring approaches are limited by single-parameter measurements and delayed response. This study presents an integrated sensor–AI framework designed to capture the interaction between thermal, chemical, and environmental factors governing composting. A distributed in-pile sensor network continuously measured temperature, moisture, and pH, while ambient parameters and gaseous emissions (O₂, CO₂, CH₄) were recorded to validate process dynamics. Statistical analyses, including correlation and regression modeling, were applied to quantify parameter interdependencies and the influence of external conditions. Results showed strong positive associations between temperature, moisture, and CO₂, and an inverse relationship with O₂, indicating active microbial respiration and accelerated decomposition. The validated sensors maintained high accuracy (±0.5 °C, ±3%, ±0.1 pH units) and supported real-time feedback control, leading to improved nutrient enrichment (notably N, P, and K) in the final compost. The framework demonstrates a transition from static measurement to intelligent, feedback-driven management, providing a scalable and reliable platform for optimizing compost quality and advancing sustainable waste-to-resource applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy Strategies for Waste Management: Innovations in Resource Recovery and Sustainability)

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20 pages, 1699 KB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Demolition Waste Recoverable Fractions in Rapidly Transforming Urban Zones

by Aslan Nauyryzbay, Aiganym Kumisbek, Arna Amangeldiyeva, Jong Ryeol Kim and Mert Guney

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9686; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219686 - 30 Oct 2025

Viewed by 671

Abstract

The construction sector is a major contributor to global solid waste generation, with demolition waste posing substantial environmental and economic challenges. The present study introduces a demolition waste estimation tool and applies it to a rapidly transforming city: Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan. The approach is also readily applicable to cities in transformation with similar characteristics, e.g., those in the Commonwealth of Independent States region and beyond. The key materials of interest were identified as those that can be efficiently extracted from buildings slated for demolition. A comprehensive analysis of current building stocks and demolition plans (2023–2029) was then conducted. Based on the height, purpose, and main material of the building, the main types and subtypes of the building stock in Astana were created. The results for Astana showed that 67.52% or 1736.5 thousand tons of all demolition waste could be recovered. Concrete had the highest recovery potential by mass (162.42 thousand tons annually) and by percent (91%). The economic analysis of construction and demolition waste illustrated a financial potential from construction and demolition waste recovery in Astana at USD 4600 million per year, with concrete having the highest potential among fractions (56% of total). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy Strategies for Waste Management: Innovations in Resource Recovery and Sustainability)

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22 pages, 1730 KB

Open AccessArticle

Scenario-Based Extended Cost–Benefit Analysis for E-Waste Metal Recovery in Low-Income Countries: Evidence from an Integrated Model in Burkina Faso

by Mahugnon Samuel Ahossouhe, Harinaivo Anderson Andrianisa, Djim Doumbe Damba, Dongo Kouassi, Satyanarayana Narra and Alassane Sanou

Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8351; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188351 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1333

Abstract

The value of electronic waste as an urban mine has been extensively demonstrated, particularly regarding its rich content in precious metals. However, little is known about the economic feasibility in informal recovery contexts like in Burkina Faso. Previous studies were focused on formal and industrialized systems, overlooking informal dynamics in low-income countries. This study addressed that gap by applying a scenario-based Extended Cost–Benefit Analysis to assess metal recovery pathways in Burkina Faso. Six scenarios were modeled, combining technological selectivity, variations in local collection costs, and policy incentives such as Extended Producer Responsibility and eco-taxes as well as socio-environmental co-benefits. Results showed that e-waste recovery in the informal sector became economically viable when technological, financial, and policy instruments were combined. At a reduced e-waste cost of 5 USD/kg, manual dismantling and bioleaching technologies allowed for net benefits of 6.34 and 6.85 USD/kg, respectively, corresponding to improvements of 136% and 133% compared to baseline losses. Even at 10 USD/kg, both methods remained viable with positive returns and benefit–cost ratios above 1.06. It is impossible to generate net benefits with an e-waste purchase price of 10 USD/kg without EPR or eco-tax mechanisms, unless the price is reduced to 5 USD/kg; this could impose enormous constraints on collection activities. These findings confirmed that no single factor is sufficient to achieve profitability, highlighting the need to integrate supportive policies, technological appropriateness, and environmental co-benefits, a combination that aligns with circular economy principles and is essential to unlock the full potential of e-waste recovery in low-income countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy Strategies for Waste Management: Innovations in Resource Recovery and Sustainability)

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13 pages, 3411 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on China’s Plastic Consumption Trend and Sustainable Development Countermeasures

by Shan Chong and Huawen Xiong

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 4218; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094218 - 7 May 2025

Viewed by 5500

Abstract

The global plastic pollution control process has put forward higher requirements for waste plastic reduction and recycling. This study evaluated the plastic demands by 2030 and 2050 in China based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, identified the four consumption terminals, and put forward countermeasures for the sustainable development of the plastics industry. The results show that based on the analysis of China’s low-carbon transition and global plastic pollution control policies, the reasonable demands for plastic will reach 118 and 110 million tons by 2030 and 2050, respectively. The packaging, construction and decoration, electronics and appliance, and automobile areas are the four major terminals of plastic consumption in China, accounting for more than 80% of the total plastic consumption. The enhanced implementation of the policy of banning and restricting plastic bags will lead to a significant drop in the consumption of disposable packaging plastics, while the low-carbon transformation of the whole society will promote the realization of low-energy consumption in the field of construction, the automobile industry toward lightweight materials, and electronics and appliance products toward high quality, thus further stimulating the related plastics demand. Finally, countermeasures for the sustainable development of plastic are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy Strategies for Waste Management: Innovations in Resource Recovery and Sustainability)

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16 pages, 7267 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Dielectric Properties of Recycled Polyolefin Streams Through Blending

by Iman Shirzaei Sani, Nicole R. Demarquette and Eric David

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 4123; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094123 - 2 May 2025

Viewed by 917

Abstract

The extensive use of polyolefins, such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), has led to a substantial accumulation of plastic waste, raising growing concerns about environmental impact and sustainability. In this study, the dielectric, thermal, and chemical properties of recycled materials were investigated, and blending with virgin polyethylene was examined as a sustainable strategy to enhance their electrical performance and promote material reuse. Dielectric analysis demonstrated that blending recycled materials with virgin polyethylene effectively reduced dielectric losses. With the addition of only 15% virgin HDPE, the dielectric loss was significantly lowered by 40% for recycled HDPE (rHDPE) and 30% for the recycled PE-PP blend (r(PE-PP))—compared to their unblended forms. Although the original recycled materials exhibited much higher dielectric losses than virgin HDPE—24 and 28 times greater for rHDPE and r(PE-PP), respectively, at 60 Hz—the blending approach clearly improved their electrical behavior. Overall, the results highlight blending as a practical and sustainable strategy to improve the dielectric performance of recycled polyolefins, enabling their reuse in applications such as electrical cable insulation while contributing to plastic waste reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy Strategies for Waste Management: Innovations in Resource Recovery and Sustainability)

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17 pages, 3476 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards a Circular Economy in Jordan: Selecting Organic Waste Treatment Options Using a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach

by Hani Abu-Qdais, Sarah Al-Omoush, Haniyeh Jalalipour and Abdallah Nassour

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2146; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052146 - 1 Mar 2025

Viewed by 2753

Abstract

Solid waste management in Jordan is still following a linear model, where more than 90% of solid waste, including organic waste, is collected and disposed into landfills. Such practices are not sustainable and may lead to adverse public health and environmental impacts. Therefore, there is a pressing need to look for alternative organic waste management by adopting circular economy principles through which the adverse impacts are minimized and the benefits from the resources are maximized. The main objective of this study is to select the appropriate treatment technology for organic solid waste management in Jordan. To achieve this objective, an analytical hierarchy process was used as a decision making tool. A hierarchy model that consists of four levels was employed with 3 main criteria and 10 sub-criteria to assess 4 alternatives of organic waste treatment. Based on the experts’ opinions and the pairwise comparison, the AHP model results showed that the environmental and public health criterion is the most important. On the other hand, the most sustainable treatment option of the organic waste treatment is composting with a weight of 0.373, followed by landfilling with a weight of 0.203. Anaerobic digestion ranked third as an alternative, with a weight of 0.201, while the least-preferred treatment technology was found to be the mechanical biological treatment, with a weight of 0.193. Sensitivity analysis based on varying the main criteria weights under different scenarios showed the robustness of the AHP model, where composting continued to be the first ranked under most of the considered scenarios. Since the national solid waste management strategy is currently subject to review, the findings of the current study provide a valuable information for the decision makers in Jordan to update their strategic plans and move towards a circular economy option. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy Strategies for Waste Management: Innovations in Resource Recovery and Sustainability)

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19 pages, 5101 KB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting Sustainability in the Recycling of End-of-Life Photovoltaic Panels and Li-Ion Batteries Through LIBS-Assisted Waste Sorting

by Agnieszka Królicka, Anna Maj and Grzegorz Łój

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030838 - 21 Jan 2025

Viewed by 2127

Abstract

To promote sustainability and reduce the ecological footprint of recycling processes, this study develops an analytical tool for fast and accurate identification of components in photovoltaic panels (PVs) and Li-Ion battery waste, optimizing material recovery and minimizing resource wastage. The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was selected and employed to identify fluoropolymers in photovoltaic back sheets and to determine the thickness of layers containing fluorine. LIBS was also used for Li-Ion batteries to reveal the elemental composition of anode, cathode, and separator materials. The analysis not only revealed all the elements contained in the electrodes but also, in the case of cathode materials, allowed distinguishing a single-component cathode (cathode A containing LiCoO₂) from multi-component materials (cathode B containing a mixture of LiMn₂O₄ and LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄). The results of LIBS analysis were verified using SEM-EDS analysis and XRD examination. Additionally, an indirect method for identifying fluoropolymers (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)) employed to prepare dispersions of cathode materials was proposed according to the differences in wettability of both polymers. By enabling efficient material identification and separation, this study advances sustainable recycling practices, supporting circular economy goals in the renewable energy sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy Strategies for Waste Management: Innovations in Resource Recovery and Sustainability)

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13 pages, 2581 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Lignin-Based Slow-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer

by Yiru Zhang, Gaojie Jiao, Jian Wang and Diao She

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10289; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310289 - 25 Nov 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3597

Abstract

Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer technology is essential for sustainable agriculture, reducing field pollution and enhancing fertilizer efficiency. Lignin, a natural polymer derived from agricultural and forestry waste, offers unique benefits for slow-release fertilizers due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability and low cost. Unlike conventional biochar-based fertilizers that often rely on simple pyrolysis, this study employs hydrothermal activation to create a lignin-based slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (LSRF) with enhanced nutrient retention and controlled release capabilities. By incorporating porous carbon derived from industrial alkaline lignin, this LSRF not only improves soil fertility, but also reduces nitrogen loss and environmental contamination, addressing key limitations in existing fertilizer technologies. We studied the hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation of IAL, optimizing the conditions for producing LSRF by adjusting the ratios of PC, IAL and urea. Using BET, SEM and FT-IR analyses, we characterized the PC, finding a high specific surface area of 1935.5 m²/g. A selected PC sample with 1923.51 m²/g surface area and 0.82 cm³/g pore volume and yield (37.59%) was combined with urea via extrusion granulation to create the LSRF product. Soil column leaching experiments showed that LSRF effectively controls nutrient release, reducing nitrogen loss and groundwater contamination, ensuring long-term crop nutrition. This research demonstrates LSRF’s potential in improving fertilizer efficiency and promoting sustainable agriculture globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy Strategies for Waste Management: Innovations in Resource Recovery and Sustainability)

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Review

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17 pages, 1307 KB

Open AccessReview

Starch Valorisation as Biorefinery Concept Integrated by an Agro-Industry Case Study to Improve Sustainability

by Maider Gomez Palmero, Ana Carrasco, Paula de la Sen, María Dolores Mainar-Toledo, Sonia Ascaso Malo and Francisco Javier Royo Herrer

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6808; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156808 - 27 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1397

Abstract

The production of bio-based products for different purposes has become an increasingly common strategy over the last few decades, both in Europe and worldwide. This trend seeks to contribute to mitigating the impacts associated with climate change and to cope with the ambitious objectives established at European level. Over recent decades, agro-industries have shown significant potential as biomass suppliers, triggering the development of robust logistical supply chains and the valorization of by-products to obtain bio-based products that can be marketed at competitive prices. However, this transformation may, in some cases, involve restructuring traditional business model to incorporate the biorefinery concept. In this sense, the first step in developing a bio-based value chain involves assessing the resource’s availability and characterizing the feedstock to select the valorization pathway and the bio-application with the greatest potential. The paper incorporates inputs from a case study on PATURPAT, a company commercializing a wide range of ready-prepared potato products, which has commissioned a starch extraction facility to process the rejected pieces of potatoes and water from the process to obtain starch that can be further valorized for different bio-applications. This study aims to comprehensively review current trends and frameworks for potatoes processing agro-industries and define the most suitable bio-applications to target, as well as identify opportunities and challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy Strategies for Waste Management: Innovations in Resource Recovery and Sustainability)

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