Nanomaterials

15 pages, 1584 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Silver Nanoparticle Priming Enhanced Seed Germination in Bupleurum chinense and Reshaped the Fungal Community Structure, Reducing the Robustness of the Fungal Interaction

by Sifei Duan, Yi Chen and Xuehui Dong

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050307 - 27 Feb 2026

Viewed by 349

Abstract

Seed germination represents the initial stage of the plant life cycle and directly affects subsequent plant establishment. Mold infestation is a major cause of reduced germination rate, yet effective and safe control methods are still lacking. Thus, developing effective strategies to ensure healthy [...] Read more.

Seed germination represents the initial stage of the plant life cycle and directly affects subsequent plant establishment. Mold infestation is a major cause of reduced germination rate, yet effective and safe control methods are still lacking. Thus, developing effective strategies to ensure healthy seed germination is of critical importance. This study investigated the effect of priming with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the germination rate of Bupleurum chinense seeds and on mold suppression. Additionally, we aimed to clarify the underlying microbial mechanism through high-throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Seeds primed with 15 mg/L AgNPs exhibited a significantly increased germination rate of 71.67% (vs. 58.90% in control) and reduced mold incidence to 16.46% (vs. 31.01%). The ITS sequencing revealed that AgNPs significantly reduced the Shannon index to 3.60 (vs. 4.04) and decreased the abundance of potential pathogens. Co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that AgNPs simplified the fungal network and reduced the natural connectivity to 22.35 (vs. 39.38). Topological analysis identified five keystone hub genera (e.g., Trichosporon, Podospora), whose suppression indicates their critical roles in network maintenance. This study provides evidence supporting the application of AgNPs in seed germination and offering a foundation for addressing germination challenges in mold-susceptible seeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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14 pages, 2081 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Room-Temperature Thermal Cycling Driven Pyro-Catalysis over g-C₃N₄/ZnO Composites for Efficient Dye Degradation

by Chen Cheng, Biao Chen, Taosheng Xu, Mingsi Li, Gangqiang Zhu, Changchun Hao, Zheng Wu, Wenwen Liu and Yanmin Jia

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050289 - 25 Feb 2026

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Abstract

A highly efficient pyro-catalytic system based on a g-C₃N₄/ZnO composite has been developed for dye degradation under near-room-temperature thermal cycling (25–60 °C). This system integrates pyroelectric charge generation with electrochemical redox reactions. The g-C₃N₄/ZnO for [...] Read more.

A highly efficient pyro-catalytic system based on a g-C₃N₄/ZnO composite has been developed for dye degradation under near-room-temperature thermal cycling (25–60 °C). This system integrates pyroelectric charge generation with electrochemical redox reactions. The g-C₃N₄/ZnO for pyro-catalytic Rhodamine B (RhB) dye decomposition with 95.6% efficiency in the dark, whereas pristine g-C₃N₄ reached only approximately 60.1% under identical conditions. The degradation mechanism is primarily driven by the in situ generation of superoxide (•O₂⁻) and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals, as verified by radical quenching experiments. The formation of the composite facilitates the efficient spatial separation of pyroelectric-induced charges, thereby endowing g-C₃N₄/ZnO with a significantly enhanced pyro-catalytic performance compared to g-C₃N₄ alone. This study demonstrates the promising application of g-C₃N₄/ZnO as a high-performance pyro-catalyst under mild thermal conditions, offering a sustainable and light-independent strategy for wastewater treatment by utilizing ambient temperature fluctuations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Environment Energy Harvesting, Conversion and Application)

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33 pages, 8739 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Composition and Structural Design of Magnetic Alloy/Composites for High-Performance Microwave Absorption: A Review

by Mengyu Zhou, Zhuohui Zhou and Hongfei Cheng

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(5), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16050290 - 25 Feb 2026

Viewed by 376

Abstract

Magnetic metals are of considerable importance for stealth technology and electromagnetic pollution control. However, they suffer from inherent limitations, such as the Snoek limit and narrow absorption bandwidth, which restrict their applications in complex scenarios. To address these challenges, this review systematically summarizes [...] Read more.

Magnetic metals are of considerable importance for stealth technology and electromagnetic pollution control. However, they suffer from inherent limitations, such as the Snoek limit and narrow absorption bandwidth, which restrict their applications in complex scenarios. To address these challenges, this review systematically summarizes the recent advances of magnetic metal-based microwave-absorbing materials (MAMs), focusing on four core directions: alloy design, composite engineering, structural regulation, and preparation technology. The intensity and frequency bands of absorption in alloys are dictated by the material’s composition as well as its structural attributes. Moreover, composite systems incorporating carbon materials, MXenes, oxides, ceramics, and conductive polymers are discussed, where the synergistic design of components optimizes impedance matching and loss mechanisms. Key structural design strategies include core-shell structures, interface engineering, self-assembled hierarchical structures, and macroscopic structural design. These structures achieve the synergistic improvement of thin, lightweight, broadband, and strong absorption performance by enhancing interface polarization, multiple scattering, and resonance effects, while endowing materials with excellent environmental stability. Notably, metamaterial-based designs can further achieve an ultrawide bandwidth spanning 0.3–18 GHz. Additionally, preparation processes are crucial for regulating the microstructure and activating loss mechanisms. This review aims to offer theoretical and practical insights for developing high-performance, multifunctional magnetic MAMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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23 pages, 4647 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An AOP-Based Integrated In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of the Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenic Potential of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

by Minju Kim, Heesung Hwang, Sulhwa Song, Keun-Soo Kim, JuHee Lee and Seung Min Oh

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040273 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 362

Abstract

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are increasingly incorporated into industrial and consumer products, raising concerns about potential carcinogenicity because their physicochemical properties vary widely among materials. Although Mitsui-7 has been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC, Group 2B), the carcinogenic potential of domestically [...] Read more.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are increasingly incorporated into industrial and consumer products, raising concerns about potential carcinogenicity because their physicochemical properties vary widely among materials. Although Mitsui-7 has been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC, Group 2B), the carcinogenic potential of domestically manufactured MWCNTs and the determinants underlying material-specific differences remain insufficiently characterized. Here, we applied an adverse outcome pathway (AOP)-oriented integrated testing strategy (ITS) to compare four domestically manufactured MWCNTs with Mitsui-7 using human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Acute responses were assessed by measuring cytotoxicity and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Exposure concentrations for long-term studies were selected using range-finding assays, and cells were then exposed for four weeks at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Following chronic exposure, transformation-related phenotypes were evaluated using anchorage-independent growth, anchorage-dependent clonogenicity, wound healing migration, and Transwell–Matrigel invasion assays, and tumorigenic potential was examined in xenograft models using colony-derived cells. Highly aggregated MWCNTs elicited stronger oxidative stress and were associated with increased proliferation/clonal expansion, enhanced anchorage-independent colony formation, and increased tumor formation in vivo, whereas other materials showed more limited or endpoint-specific responses. Overall, the results indicate that MWCNT-associated carcinogenic potential is material-dependent rather than a uniform class effect and support the utility of an AOP-aligned ITS for nanosafety assessment and hazard differentiation of carbon-based nanomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Nanotoxicology)

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22 pages, 3612 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identifying Key Factors Affecting mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticles Drug Product Formulation Stability

by Alireza Nomani, Aishwarya Saraswat, Heather Brown, Jimmy Chun-Tien Kuo, Huu Thuy Trang Duong, Jikang Wu, Yu Zhang, Yue Fu, Youmi Moon, Shafiq Wahidi, Nancy Mejia, Suzanne Hartford, Haibo Qiu, Bindhu Rayaprolu, Amardeep S. Bhalla and Mohammed Shameem

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040268 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1485

Abstract

Background: The long-term stability of mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), essential for mRNA vaccines and gene therapies, relies on managing physicochemical properties to preserve their integrity and effectiveness through optimized formulation components. This study systematically evaluated LNP formulations with varied compositions, e.g., Dlin-MC3-DMA and [...] Read more.

Background: The long-term stability of mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), essential for mRNA vaccines and gene therapies, relies on managing physicochemical properties to preserve their integrity and effectiveness through optimized formulation components. This study systematically evaluated LNP formulations with varied compositions, e.g., Dlin-MC3-DMA and ALC-0315 as ionizable lipids, and DMG-PEG2k or ALC-0159 as polyethylene glycol (PEG)-lipids, stored at −80 °C, −20 °C, 5 °C, and 25 °C in Tris buffer (pH 7.4) for 12 months. Methods: Sixteen quality attributes were analyzed, including particle size, mRNA encapsulation, lipid oxidation, and transfection efficiency over different formulations and storage temperatures to mechanistically evaluate the long-term stabilities. Results: Formulations stored at −80 °C and −20 °C retained acceptable stability, while storage at 5 °C caused aggregation, reduced in vivo expression, and mRNA degradation. Storage at 25 °C led to complete loss of transfection within six months. Mechanistic studies identified oxidative and hydrolytic lipid degradation (e.g., DSPC) in ALC-0315 formulations and MC3 N-oxidation with subvisible particulates in MC3-containing LNPs as primary failure modes. Increasing Tris buffer concentration accelerated 5′-cap hydrolysis, emphasizing the importance of a low-ionic-strength buffer for LNP formulations. Conclusions: Findings re-emphasize the necessity of deep-cold storage (≤−20 °C) and optimized formulation components to preserve mRNA–LNP integrity, offering insights for designing next-generation LNPs with improved shelf-life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Modern Immunotherapy: Innovations, Applications, and Future Perspectives)

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15 pages, 4761 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Leveraging Machine Learning for Screening Metal-Organic Frameworks with Selective CO₂ Recognition for Early Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Xian Wei, Xin Li, Xiong Wang, Xiaoyan Liu and Chen Zhu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040245 - 13 Feb 2026

Viewed by 445

Abstract

The escalation of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries presents severe safety hazards that necessitate advanced monitoring protocols to ensure early warning of potential failures. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is released during preliminary decomposition well before catastrophic failure occurs, thereby providing a strategic [...] Read more.

The escalation of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries presents severe safety hazards that necessitate advanced monitoring protocols to ensure early warning of potential failures. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is released during preliminary decomposition well before catastrophic failure occurs, thereby providing a strategic advantage for early-stage warning. Consequently, identifying materials with high-selective CO₂ recognition is an essential prerequisite for developing reliable sensing platforms. This study integrates Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations with Random Forest (RF) models to systematically screen 1470 MOFs from the CoRE-MOF 2019 database. The screening process evaluates selective CO₂ recognition under multicomponent competitive adsorption conditions involving CO₂, C₂H₄, and O₂. The performance evaluation is based on working capacity, selectivity, and the trade-off between working capacity and selectivity (TSN). The RF model achieves high predictive accuracy, with tested R² exceeding 0.92 on the test samples. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) interpretability analysis identifies Q⁰_st(CO₂), Q⁰_st(C₂H₄), WEPA, K_H(C₂H₄), and ETR as key performance drivers. The results indicate that CO₂ selectivity is constrained by the binding strength of competing C₂H₄. Optimal materials tend to have hard Lewis acid centers and polar inorganic clusters to minimize non-specific π-interactions with interfering species. Top-performing MOFs require balanced structural features, concentrating in moderate surface areas (965–1975 m²/g), narrow pore windows (PLD ≈ 4–7 Å, LCD ≈ 5.5–9.6 Å), high void fractions above 0.6, and low densities below 1.3 g/cm³. AJOTEY emerges as the optimal candidate with a TSN of 6.43 mol/kg, combining substantial working capacity (4.57 mol/kg) with strong selectivity (25.52). These results will accelerate the discovery of sensing materials and provide a practical pathway for MOF-based CO₂ sensor development to enhance lithium-ion battery safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Machine Learning in Nanoscale Materials Science)

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27 pages, 4967 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ozone Synthesis Based on Dielectric Barrier Discharge Coupled Catalyst: Research Status and Future Perspectives

by Meng Li, Li Xu, Lei Wang, Wei Zhang, Yang Yang, Zhen Wang, Dapeng Wu and Kai Jiang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040238 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 457

Abstract

Efficient ozone synthesis has always been the pursuit of ozone workers and the foundation for the industrial application of ozone reactors. Recently, with continuous breakthroughs in materials and catalyst research, as well as the rapid development of advanced characterization technologies, introducing catalysts into [...] Read more.

Efficient ozone synthesis has always been the pursuit of ozone workers and the foundation for the industrial application of ozone reactors. Recently, with continuous breakthroughs in materials and catalyst research, as well as the rapid development of advanced characterization technologies, introducing catalysts into dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) to build a DBD–catalyst coupled system has developed into an advanced means of improving ozone synthesis and attracted widespread attention. This review aims to provide a systematic summary for the research status of the DBD–catalyst coupled system in the field of ozone synthesis. Firstly, the structure of DBD reactors (type and shape of the electrode, etc.), catalyst types and the coupling method of DBD and catalysts (such as catalyst packing, catalyst coating/film) for the DBD–catalyst coupled system are discussed. Subsequently, the relevant mechanisms involving plasma gas-phase reactions and gas–solid interface reactions for elevating discharge ozone synthesis through coupling catalysts with DBD are summarized and analyzed. Afterwards, the research status of the DBD–catalyst coupled system in the field of ozone synthesis is surveyed. At present, the optimal ozone synthesis performance of the reactor with packed catalyst in air plasma (γ-Al₂O₃ sphere) is 0.96 g/Nm³ and 103 g/kWh, and in oxygen plasma (SiO₂ particle) is 130 g/Nm³ and 91 g/kWh, respectively. For the reactor coupled with a catalyst coating, the performance reaches 19.3 g/Nm³ and 320 g/kWh in oxygen plasma (TiO₂). Then, advanced plasma parameter detection techniques (i.e., optical emission spectroscopy and two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence) are expatiated to observe the changes in plasma parameters within the discharge system and then provide strong support for further in-depth research and analysis of the enhancement mechanism of coupling catalysts on ozone synthesis. Finally, a short conclusion, together with the current challenges and future opportunities of the DBD–catalyst coupled system in improving ozone synthesis, are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured and Multifunctional Solid Catalysts for Sustainable Chemical Processes)

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39 pages, 12862 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Towards Ultra-Rapid and High-Toughness Cementing: A Synergistic Acceleration Leveraging Aluminum Sulfate and Sodium Alginate Copolymer Along with Glass Fibers

by Zhiyuan Song, Sidra Chaudhary, Yan Ding, Yujiao Yan, Yong Wu, Qinxiang Jia, Xiaoyong Li and Yang Sun

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040240 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 401

Abstract

This study synthesizes two highly water-soluble copolymers, p(SA-co-SMAS) and p(SA-co-SMAS-co-AMPS) using sodium alginate (SA), sodium 2-methylprop-2-ene-1-sulfonate (SMAS), and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS, with or without addition) as precursors. Under ball milling, these copolymers are blended [...] Read more.

This study synthesizes two highly water-soluble copolymers, p(SA-co-SMAS) and p(SA-co-SMAS-co-AMPS) using sodium alginate (SA), sodium 2-methylprop-2-ene-1-sulfonate (SMAS), and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS, with or without addition) as precursors. Under ball milling, these copolymers are blended with aluminum sulfate and glass fibers to produce two series of cement admixtures. Compared to systems without admixtures or with pure aluminum sulfate as sole admixture, the admixture obtained from p(SA-co-SMAS) and aluminum sulfate significantly shortens the initial setting time (4.47 vs. 33.59 and 29.51 min) and final setting time (8.46 vs. 45.26 and 35.12 min), while markedly improving compressive strength (9.2 vs. 3.5 and 4.3 MPa) and flexural strength (3.5 vs. 1.0 and 1.1 MPa). This enhancement is attributed to the formation of a unique boehmite (AlO(OH)) phase in synthesized admixture, which rapidly reacts with tricalcium silicate, gypsum, and water in cement to form ettringite (Ca₆Al₂(SO₄)₃(OH)₁₂·26H₂O). The ettringite interlocks with the two-dimensional C–S–H gel, creating a stable three-dimensional network. Further blending this admixture with 200-mesh glass fibers yields a new admixture containing Al₄SO₄(OH)₁₀·36H₂O. Compared to boehmite, this phase further reduces setting times and increases average compressive strength (10.2 vs. 9.2 MPa). The admixture derived from p(SA-co-SMAS-co-AMPS) and aluminum sulfate shows even better performance: setting times are further shortened and flexural strength is significantly enhanced, owing to the presence of the more effective Al₄SO₄(OH)₁₀·36H₂O phase. Incorporating 200-mesh glass fibers into this system results in the shortest setting times (initial: 2.24 min, final: 5.73 min) and an excellent 24 h compressive strength (9.4 MPa), likely due to a unique and unexpected pore-filling effect. In contrast to conventional uses of sodium alginate as a retarder, glass fibers as mere reinforcements, and aluminum sulfate as a strength-impairing accelerator, this work demonstrates a synergistic strategy, which enables an ultra-rapid and high-strength cement setting process, offering highly significant scientific and practical value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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21 pages, 5121 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mechanism and Performance Characterization of Dry-Process Asphalt Mixtures Modified with LDPE/EVA/SBS Composite Particles

by Zhengwei Yi, Junhong Jiang, Xiaoxuan Du, Xiangyang Ren, Dongzhao Jin, Tai Sheng, Xiaoxue Li and Hongfu Liu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040233 - 11 Feb 2026

Viewed by 399

Abstract

This study employed a dry-process method to prepare SBS/recycled LDPE/EVA composite-modified particles (CMP) for asphalt mixture modification. Conventional performance tests, including penetration tests, determined the optimal CMP dosage to be 8% by mass of asphalt. The rheological properties and microstructure of base asphalt, [...] Read more.

This study employed a dry-process method to prepare SBS/recycled LDPE/EVA composite-modified particles (CMP) for asphalt mixture modification. Conventional performance tests, including penetration tests, determined the optimal CMP dosage to be 8% by mass of asphalt. The rheological properties and microstructure of base asphalt, SBS-modified asphalt, and composite-modified asphalt were systematically compared, and the road performance of the corresponding mixtures was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the composite modifier forms a uniform elastic network within the asphalt, significantly enhancing both high- and low-temperature performance and fatigue life while also improving thermal stability and deformation resistance. The modification mechanism is predominantly based on physical blending, and the system exhibits good thermal stability. The outstanding performance of the mixture, including a 284.4% increase in dynamic stability and a 60.1% extension in fatigue life, is attributed to the formation of a “skeleton–asphalt–particle” multiphase structure. Comprehensive performance analysis indicated that optimal performance is achieved with an SBS/LDPE/EVA ratio of 1:1:1, highlighting the considerable practical engineering potential of this dry-process composite modification technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials)

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16 pages, 4095 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nanostructure and Corrosion Resistance of Plasma-Based Low-Energy Nitrogen Ion Implanted 17-4PH Martensitic Stainless Steel

by Xu Yang, Honglong Che, Shuyuan Li and Mingkai Lei

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030215 - 6 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 320

Abstract

This study aims to enhance the corrosion property of 17-4PH martensitic stainless steel, a material commonly used in industrial applications including nuclear power components, to enhance its performance in borate buffer solutions. The study employed plasma-based low-energy nitrogen ion implantation at temperatures ranging [...] Read more.

This study aims to enhance the corrosion property of 17-4PH martensitic stainless steel, a material commonly used in industrial applications including nuclear power components, to enhance its performance in borate buffer solutions. The study employed plasma-based low-energy nitrogen ion implantation at temperatures ranging from 350 °C to 550 °C for 4 h to modify the steel surface. Microstructural characterization via XRD and TEM revealed the formation of a nanocrystalline nitrided layer, with thickness increasing from 11 to 27 μm and surface nitrogen concentration rising from 29.7 to 33.1% as temperature increased. Correspondingly, the nanocrystalline grains coarsened from an average size of 2 nm to 15 nm. The main findings showed that all nitrided layers significantly improved general corrosion resistance in pH 8.4 borate solution compared to the unmodified steel. An optimal performance with a corrosion potential of −169.4 mV(SCE) and a passive current density of 0.5 μA/cm² was achieved at 450 °C, accompanying the development of a denser passive film with high polarization resistance and lower defect density. It is concluded that the high interstitial nitrogen concentration within the nanocrystalline γ′_N accelerates passivation kinetics and enhances corrosion resistance, with the applied point defect model clarifying the underlying improvement mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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22 pages, 6506 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Time-Engineered Hydrothermal Nb₂O₅ Nanostructures for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors

by Rutuja U. Amate, Mrunal K. Bhosale, Aviraj M. Teli, Sonali A. Beknalkar, Hajin Seo, Yeonsu Lee and Chan-Wook Jeon

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030173 - 27 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Precise control over nanostructure evolution is critical for optimizing the electrochemical performance of pseudocapacitive materials. In this work, Nb₂O₅ nanostructures were synthesized via a time-engineered hydrothermal route by systematically varying the reaction duration (6, 12, and 18 h) to elucidate [...] Read more.

Precise control over nanostructure evolution is critical for optimizing the electrochemical performance of pseudocapacitive materials. In this work, Nb₂O₅ nanostructures were synthesized via a time-engineered hydrothermal route by systematically varying the reaction duration (6, 12, and 18 h) to elucidate its influence on structural development, charge storage kinetics, and supercapacitor performance. Structural and surface analyses confirm the formation of phase-pure monoclinic Nb₂O₅ with a stable Nb⁵⁺ oxidation state. Morphological investigations reveal that a 12 h reaction time produces hierarchically organized Nb₂O₅ architectures composed of nanograin-assembled spherical aggregates with interconnected porosity, providing optimized ion diffusion pathways and enhanced electroactive surface exposure. Electrochemical evaluation demonstrates that the NbO-12 electrode delivers superior pseudocapacitive behavior dominated by diffusion-controlled Nb⁵⁺/Nb⁴⁺ redox reactions, exhibiting high areal capacitance (5.504 F cm⁻² at 8 mA cm⁻²), fast ion diffusion kinetics, low internal resistance, and excellent cycling stability with 85.73% capacitance retention over 12,000 cycles. Furthermore, an asymmetric pouch-type supercapacitor assembled using NbO-12 as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode operates stably over a wide voltage window of 1.5 V, delivering an energy density of 0.101 mWh cm⁻² with outstanding durability. This study establishes hydrothermal reaction-time engineering as an effective strategy for tailoring Nb₂O₅ nanostructures and provides valuable insights for the rational design of high-performance pseudocapacitive electrodes for advanced energy storage systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)

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53 pages, 3485 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Core–Shell Plasmonic Nanocomposites with Synergistic Photothermal and Photochemical Activity for Biomedical Applications

by Anca Roibu, Florina Silvia Iliescu, Ana-Maria Zamfirescu, Elena Radu, Laura-Elena Andrei, Amarachi Rosemary Osi, Georgeta-Luminița Gheorghiu, Cornel Cobianu and Ciprian Iliescu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030174 - 27 Jan 2026

Viewed by 829

Abstract

Nanomedicine changes our lives by impacting diagnostics and therapeutics. In the biomedical domain, core–shell nanostructures have significant potential for photothermal therapy, diagnostics, sensing, drug delivery, and imaging. This work reviews the synergistic photothermal and photochemical effects of core–shell nanocomposites in the biomedical field. [...] Read more.

Nanomedicine changes our lives by impacting diagnostics and therapeutics. In the biomedical domain, core–shell nanostructures have significant potential for photothermal therapy, diagnostics, sensing, drug delivery, and imaging. This work reviews the synergistic photothermal and photochemical effects of core–shell nanocomposites in the biomedical field. Several historical points in the development of nanostructures and fundamental core–shell plasmonic nanocomposites are provided in the introductory sections. Further, we analyzed the core–shell construction and its main biomedical applications: antimicrobial, cancer therapy, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. Moreover, we present relevant design considerations, performance optimization, and toxicity studies focused on synergistic photothermal–photochemical effects. Despite the promising biomedical research, several challenges remain before core–shell nanocomposites are widely translated into clinical settings and highlight the potential from technological and legal perspectives. The review concludes by outlining the pathways by which the synergistic photothermal–photochemical response of the core–shell nanocomposites plays a key role in nanomedicine and personalized medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications (Third Edition))

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60 pages, 6472 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nanomaterial-Enabled Modulation of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Dendritic Cells to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy

by Anbu Mozhi Thamizhchelvan, Kory Wells, Jacob Pham, Ashan Galhena and Woojin Kim

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030172 - 27 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1056

Abstract

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and dendritic cells (DCs) play pivotal roles in shaping the tumor immune microenvironment, often contributing to immunosuppression and therapy resistance. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled precise modulation of these immune populations, offering a promising avenue to enhance the efficacy [...] Read more.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and dendritic cells (DCs) play pivotal roles in shaping the tumor immune microenvironment, often contributing to immunosuppression and therapy resistance. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled precise modulation of these immune populations, offering a promising avenue to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Nano-enabled platforms can reprogram TAMs from a pro-tumorigenic M2-like phenotype to an anti-tumorigenic M1-like state, thereby restoring their capacity to phagocytose tumor cells and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. Concurrently, nanomaterials can enhance DC activation and antigen presentation, promoting robust T-cell priming and adaptive immune responses. Various nanocarriers, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanostructures, have been engineered to deliver immune modulators, nucleic acids, or tumor antigens selectively to TAMs and DCs within the tumor microenvironment. These strategies have demonstrated synergistic effects when combined with immune checkpoint blockade or cytokine therapy, resulting in improved tumor regression and long-term immunological memory in preclinical models. Despite these promising outcomes, challenges remain regarding nanomaterial biocompatibility, targeted delivery efficiency, and potential off-target immune activation. Ongoing research is focused on optimizing nanoparticle physicochemical properties, surface functionalization, and multi-modal delivery systems to overcome these limitations. This review highlights recent advances in nano-enabled modulation of TAMs and DCs, emphasizing mechanistic insights, therapeutic outcomes, and translational potential. By integrating nanotechnology with immunotherapy, these approaches offer a powerful strategy to overcome tumor immune evasion, paving the way for more effective and personalized cancer treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery and Cancer Immunotherapy)

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14 pages, 1210 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biodegradation Mechanisms and Sustainable Governance of Marine Polypropylene Microplastics

by Haoze Lu, Dongjun Li and Lin Wang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030163 - 26 Jan 2026

Viewed by 574

Abstract

Polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) represent a persistent class of marine pollutants due to their hydrophobicity, high crystallinity, and resistance to environmental degradation. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the environmental behavior, physicochemical aging, and ecotoxicological risks of PP-MPs, with emphasis on microbial degradation [...] Read more.

Polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) represent a persistent class of marine pollutants due to their hydrophobicity, high crystallinity, and resistance to environmental degradation. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the environmental behavior, physicochemical aging, and ecotoxicological risks of PP-MPs, with emphasis on microbial degradation pathways involving bacteria, fungi, algae, and filter-feeding invertebrates. The biodegradation of PP-MPs is jointly regulated by environmental conditions, polymer properties, and the structure and function of plastisphere communities. Although photo-oxidation and mechanical abrasion enhance microbial colonization by increasing surface roughness and introducing oxygenated functional groups, overall degradation rates remain low in marine environments. Emerging mitigation strategies include biodegradable polymer alternatives, multifunctional catalytic and adsorptive materials, engineered microbial consortia, and integrated photo–biodegradation systems. Key research priorities include elucidating molecular degradation mechanisms, designing programmable degradable materials, and establishing AI-based monitoring frameworks. This review provides a concise foundation for developing ecologically safe and scalable approaches to PP-MP reduction and sustainable marine pollution management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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22 pages, 1735 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Iron Nanoparticles Derived from Olive Mill Wastewater for Sustainable Soil Remediation

by Mar Gil-Díaz, Carolina Mancho, Rosa Ana Pérez, Juan Alonso, Sergio Diez-Pascual, Beatriz Albero and M. Carmen Lobo

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(2), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16020118 - 15 Jan 2026

Viewed by 431

Abstract

There is an urgent need to develop sustainable approaches for the remediation of contaminated soil as well as to promote sustainable practices for waste management. Here, we provide the first evaluation of the performance of two types of iron nanoparticles (NA and NH) [...] Read more.

There is an urgent need to develop sustainable approaches for the remediation of contaminated soil as well as to promote sustainable practices for waste management. Here, we provide the first evaluation of the performance of two types of iron nanoparticles (NA and NH) obtained from olive mill wastewater for the remediation of an acidic multi-contaminated soil, including metal(loid)s, PCBs, and a flame retardant (TCPP). Their efficiency was then compared against that of a commercial nanoscale zero-valent iron (NS) through a one-month microcosm experiment employing two doses of each nanomaterial. The impact of the treatments on key soil physicochemical properties, metal(loid) availability, PCB and TCPP concentrations, and soil phytotoxicity was assessed. All treatments reduced soil acidity. Regarding organic contaminants, bioremediation of TCPP was enhanced by all nanomaterials, particularly NH, whereas NA was the only treatment that significantly reduced PCB concentration under the tested conditions. NS achieved the highest rates of metal(loid) immobilization (63–100%); NH was most beneficial for soil fertility and immobilized As, Ni, and Pb (100, 38, and 53%, respectively), whereas NA was only effective for Pb (21–49%). The low dose of both NA and NH improved the germination index (66 and 61%, respectively), reducing soil phytotoxicity. These results highlight the potential of valorizing olive mill wastewater for soil remediation, thereby contributing to the principles of the Circular Economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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13 pages, 2657 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nanocellulose Coatings for Surgical Face Masks

by Divya Rajah, Sandya Athukoralalage, Ramanathan Yegappan and Nasim Amiralian

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(2), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16020112 - 15 Jan 2026

Viewed by 392

Abstract

Polypropylene (PP) nonwovens are widely used as filtration layers in surgical face masks, but their hydrophobic, inert surfaces limit their ability to attach functional coatings that adjust pore size and improve mechanical filtration. Herein, we exploit cellulose derived from sugarcane debris to construct [...] Read more.

Polypropylene (PP) nonwovens are widely used as filtration layers in surgical face masks, but their hydrophobic, inert surfaces limit their ability to attach functional coatings that adjust pore size and improve mechanical filtration. Herein, we exploit cellulose derived from sugarcane debris to construct nanocellulose coatings that modify the surface properties of PP mask nonwovens without altering the underlying fibre architecture. Cellulose pulp was fibrillated to cellulose nanofibres (CNFs) and functionalised to yield TEMPO-oxidised nanofibres (TCNFs) and cationic nanofibres (CCNFs). All these nanofibres retain a cellulose I structure with a thermal stability of well above an 80–100 °C drying window. The three nanocelluloses exhibit distinct combinations of surface charge and wettability (ζ ≈ −9, −73, and +76 mV), with various hydrophobicity. Dip coating produces nanocellulose coating layers on PP, with uniform coverage at 1 wt% for TCNF and CCNF. CCNF inverts the negative surface charge of PP and maintains the positive charge at 86% relative humidity. Ethanol pretreatment of PP increases CCNF coating adhesion and preserves a continuous nanoporous CCNF film on the PP surface under humid conditions. Cytotoxicity assays indicate no detectable cytotoxicity for coated or uncoated nonwovens. This work establishes sugarcane-derived nanocellulose, particularly CCNF and TCNF, as a potential biocompatible surface coating for PP mask nonwovens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanofiber and Nanomaterial Composites: Energy, Healthcare and Beyond)

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16 pages, 1880 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Lavender Extract-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Use in Fabricating Antibacterial Polymer Nanocomposites

by Lívia Mačák, Oksana Velgosová, Erika Múdra, Marek Vojtko and Silvia Ondrašovičová

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(2), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16020098 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 498

Abstract

This study focuses on the development of antibacterial polymer nanocomposites based on biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the polymer matrix. Silver nanoparticles were produced using an aqueous extract from dried Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) leaves, which proved to be [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the development of antibacterial polymer nanocomposites based on biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the polymer matrix. Silver nanoparticles were produced using an aqueous extract from dried Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) leaves, which proved to be highly effective in reducing silver ions and stabilizing the resulting nanoparticles. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis, TEM, SEM, and DLS analyses. The nanoparticles were predominantly spherical, with more than 70% having diameters below 20 nm. Subsequently, AgNPs were incorporated into the PVA matrix via an ex situ approach to fabricate nanocomposite fibers and thin films. SEM analysis confirmed successful incorporation and uniform distribution of AgNPs within the polymer structures. The nanocomposites exhibited pronounced antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus uberis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, with nanofibers demonstrating superior performance compared to thin films. These findings highlight the potential of lavender-extract-mediated AgNPs as sustainable functional fillers for the fabrication of eco-friendly antibacterial materials applicable in biomedical and food packaging fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication and Application of Polymer-Based Nanomaterials)

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25 pages, 2123 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nano-Aluminum: A Review on Oxidation, Structure Regulation, and Energetic Applications

by Dihua Ouyang, Xin Chen, Qiantao Zhang, Chunpei Yu, He Cheng, Weiqiang Pang and Jieshan Qiu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16010074 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 723

Abstract

Nano-aluminum (nAl), characterized by its high combustion enthalpy and enhanced reactivity, serves as a critical component in advanced energetic materials like solid propellants and micro-ignition devices. However, the atomic-scale mechanisms governing its core–shell structure evolution, oxidation dynamics, and interfacial interactions remain elusive to [...] Read more.

Nano-aluminum (nAl), characterized by its high combustion enthalpy and enhanced reactivity, serves as a critical component in advanced energetic materials like solid propellants and micro-ignition devices. However, the atomic-scale mechanisms governing its core–shell structure evolution, oxidation dynamics, and interfacial interactions remain elusive to experimental probes due to spatiotemporal limitations. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, particularly the synergistic use of a ReaxFF reactive force field (for large-scale systems) and ab initio MD (for electronic-level accuracy), have emerged as a powerful tool to overcome this barrier. This review systematically delineates the oxidation mechanisms and core–shell structure regulation of nAl, with a focus on the multi-scale simulation paradigm integrating DFT, AIMD, and ReaxFF MD that directly supports nAl research. It critically examines the pivotal role of MD simulations in guiding the surface modification of nAl, elucidating combustion mechanisms at the atomic level, and designing interfaces in energetic composite systems. By synthesizing recent advances (2022–2025), this study establishes a clear structure–property relationship between microscopic features and macroscopic performance of nAl. Furthermore, it identifies prevailing challenges, including simulations under multi-physics loading, multi-scale bridging, and quantitative experiment-simulation validation that specifically affect nAl-based energetic systems. Finally, future research directions are prospected, encompassing the development of machine learning-empowered force fields tailored for nAl systems, multi-scale and multi-field coupling simulation frameworks targeting nAl applications, and closed-loop experiment-simulation systems for nAl-based energetic materials. This review aims to provide fundamental insights and a technical framework for the rational design and engineering application of nAl-based energetic materials in fields such as aerospace propulsion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano- and Micro-Scale Innovative Materials and Development: Selected Papers from the 6th International Micro-Nanotechnology Innovation and Development Forum (6-IMNIDF))

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13 pages, 1847 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Plasma-Enabled Pd/C Catalysts with Rich Carbon Defects for High-Performance Phenol Selective Hydrogenation

by Yu Zhang, Ying Xin, Lizheng Tang, Shihao Cui, Hongling Duan and Qingshan Zhao

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16010048 - 29 Dec 2025

Viewed by 450

Abstract

The selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone is a pivotal reaction for producing nylon precursors. Conventional Pd/C catalysts, however, suffer from weak metal–support interactions, leading to size heterogeneity and agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles, which degrades their activity and stability. Herein, we report a [...] Read more.

The selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone is a pivotal reaction for producing nylon precursors. Conventional Pd/C catalysts, however, suffer from weak metal–support interactions, leading to size heterogeneity and agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles, which degrades their activity and stability. Herein, we report a facile argon plasma treatment to engineer rich defects on an activated carbon (AC) support, resulting in a highly dispersed and stable catalyst (denoted as PL-Pd@AC_Ar). Characterization results indicate that the abundant carbon defects in PL-Pd@AC_Ar enhance the anchoring of Pd precursors, ensure the uniform dispersion of Pd nanoparticles, and effectively modulate their electronic structure. Consequently, the plasma-enabled PL-Pd@AC_Ar catalyst achieves 99.9% phenol conversion with 97% selectivity to cyclohexanone at a mild temperature of 70 °C and maintains exceptional stability over six consecutive cycles. This work provides a robust and efficient strategy for the surface engineering of carbon supports to design high-performance hydrogenation catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Green Catalysts, 2nd Edition)

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35 pages, 4880 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Perovskite Nanocrystals, Quantum Dots, and Two-Dimensional Structures: Synthesis, Optoelectronics, Quantum Technologies, and Biomedical Imaging

by Kamran Ullah, Anwar Ul Haq, Sergii Golovynskyi, Tarak Hidouri, Junle Qu and Iuliia Golovynska

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16010030 - 25 Dec 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1549

Abstract

Perovskite crystals, nanocrystals, quantum dots (QDs), and two-dimensional (2D) materials are at the forefront of optoelectronics and quantum optics, offering groundbreaking potential for a wide range of applications, including photovoltaics, light-emitting devices, and quantum information technologies. Perovskite materials, with their remarkable, tunable bandgaps, [...] Read more.

Perovskite crystals, nanocrystals, quantum dots (QDs), and two-dimensional (2D) materials are at the forefront of optoelectronics and quantum optics, offering groundbreaking potential for a wide range of applications, including photovoltaics, light-emitting devices, and quantum information technologies. Perovskite materials, with their remarkable, tunable bandgaps, high absorption coefficients, and efficient charge transport, have revolutionized the field of light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and solar cells. QDs, owing to their size-dependent quantum confinement and high photoluminescence quantum yields, are crucial for applications in display technologies, imaging, and quantum computing. The synthesis of QDs from perovskite-based materials yields a significant enhancement in the performance of optoelectronics devices. Furthermore, 2D perovskites have recently exhibited extraordinary carrier mobility, strong light–matter interactions, and mechanical flexibility, making them highly attractive for next-generation optoelectronic applications. Additionally, this review discusses the synergistic potential of hybrid material architectures, where perovskite crystals, QDs, and 2D materials are combined to enhance optoelectronic performance and their role in quantum optics. By analyzing the effects of material structure, surface modifications, and fabrication techniques, this review provides a valuable resource for harnessing the transformative potential of these advanced materials in modern optoelectronic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Luminescence Properties and Bio-Applications of Nanomaterials)

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24 pages, 2672 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Graphene-, Transition Metal Dichalcogenide-, and MXenes Material-Based Flexible Optoelectronic Devices

by Yingying Wang, Geyi Zhou, Zhisheng Zhang and Zhihong Zhu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16010025 - 24 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1239

Abstract

Characterized by their atomic thickness and exceptional mechanical properties, two-dimensional (2D) materials offer a compelling platform for developing flexible optoelectronic devices that maintain performance stability under mechanical deformation such as bending and stretching. This review systematically summarizes and critically discusses the recent advancements [...] Read more.

Characterized by their atomic thickness and exceptional mechanical properties, two-dimensional (2D) materials offer a compelling platform for developing flexible optoelectronic devices that maintain performance stability under mechanical deformation such as bending and stretching. This review systematically summarizes and critically discusses the recent advancements in applying three prominent 2D material categories—graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs, e.g., MoS₂ and WS₂), and MXenes—in flexible optoelectronics. We focus on their specific applications in flexible photodetectors, light-emitting devices, optical modulators, solar cells, and gas sensors. A particular emphasis is placed on analyzing the unique physicochemical properties of these materials and elucidating the underlying mechanisms that enable bandgap stability and efficient optoelectronic conversion under mechanical strain. The potential of these devices demonstrated here underscores their broad application prospects in wearable systems and self-powered electronic platforms. Finally, we conclude by discussing the challenges and future prospects in the field of flexible optoelectronic devices based on two-dimensional materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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35 pages, 6966 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Electrochemical Synthesis of Nanomaterials Using Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Comprehensive Review

by Ana T. S. C. Brandão and Sabrina State

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16010015 - 22 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1184

Abstract

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have emerged as a versatile and sustainable medium for the green synthesis of nanomaterials, offering a viable alternative to conventional organic solvents and ionic liquids. Nanomaterials can be synthesised in DESs via multiple routes, including chemical reduction, solvothermal, and [...] Read more.

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have emerged as a versatile and sustainable medium for the green synthesis of nanomaterials, offering a viable alternative to conventional organic solvents and ionic liquids. Nanomaterials can be synthesised in DESs via multiple routes, including chemical reduction, solvothermal, and electrochemical methods. Among the different pathways, this review focuses on the electrochemical synthesis of nanomaterials in DESs, as it offers several advantages: low cost, scalability for large-scale production, and low-temperature processing. The size, shape, and morphology (e.g., nanoparticles, nanoflowers, nanowires) of the resulting nanostructures can be tuned by adjusting the concentration of the electroactive species, the applied potential, the current density, mechanical agitation, and the electrolyte temperature. The use of DES as an electrolytic medium represents an environmentally friendly alternative. From an electrochemical perspective, it exhibits high electrochemical stability, good solubility for a wide range of precursors, and a broad electrochemical window. Furthermore, their low surface tensions promote high nucleation rates, and their high ionic strengths induce structural effects such as templating, capping and stabilisation, that play a crucial role in controlling particle morphology, size distribution and aggregation. Despite significant progress, key challenges persist, including incomplete mechanistic understanding, limited recyclability, and difficulties in scaling up synthesis while maintaining structural precision. This review highlights recent advances in the development of metal, alloy, oxide, and carbon-based composite nanomaterials obtained by electrochemical routes from DESs, along with their applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Synthesis of Nanostructured Metals and Alloys: Properties and Applications)

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13 pages, 3362 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multifunctional Bamboo Fiber/Epoxy Composites Featuring Integrated Superhydrophobicity and Enhanced Mechanical–Thermal Performance

by Yanchao Liu, Ze Yu, Rumin Li, Xiaodong Wang and Yingjie Qiao

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16010008 - 19 Dec 2025

Viewed by 632

Abstract

Developing sustainable, high-performance biomass composites is crucial for replacing non-renewable structural materials. In this study, a “bamboo steel” composite was fabricated using a multilevel modification strategy involving alkali pretreatment, toughened resin impregnation, and surface functionalization. Bamboo fibers were treated to remove hemicellulose and [...] Read more.

Developing sustainable, high-performance biomass composites is crucial for replacing non-renewable structural materials. In this study, a “bamboo steel” composite was fabricated using a multilevel modification strategy involving alkali pretreatment, toughened resin impregnation, and surface functionalization. Bamboo fibers were treated to remove hemicellulose and lignin, enhancing porosity and interfacial bonding. The bamboo scaffold was subsequently impregnated with a thermo-plastic polyurethane-modified epoxy resin to create a robust, interpenetrating network. The optimized composite (treated at 80 °C) exhibited a flexural strength of 443.97 MPa and a tensile strength of 324.14 MPa, demonstrating exceptional stiffness and toughness. Furthermore, a superhydrophobic coating incorporating silica nanoparticles was applied, achieving a water contact angle exceeding 150° and excellent self-cleaning properties. This work presents a scalable strategy for producing bio-based structural materials that balance mechanical strength with environmental durability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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14 pages, 2398 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Synergistic Triplet Exciton Management and Interface Engineering for High-Brightness Sky-Blue Multi-Cation Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes

by Fawad Ali, Fang Yuan, Shuaiqi He, Peichao Zhu, Nabeel Israr, Songting Zhang, Puyang Wu, Jiaxin Liang, Wen Deng and Zhaoxin Wu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16010004 - 19 Dec 2025

Viewed by 605

Abstract

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have garnered significant interest owing to their exceptional color purity, broadly tunable emission spectra, and cost-effective solution processability. However, blue PeLEDs continue to underperform in efficiency and operational stability compared to their red and green counterparts, primarily due to [...] Read more.

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have garnered significant interest owing to their exceptional color purity, broadly tunable emission spectra, and cost-effective solution processability. However, blue PeLEDs continue to underperform in efficiency and operational stability compared to their red and green counterparts, primarily due to defect-induced non-radiative recombination losses and inefficient exciton management. Herein, we demonstrate a synergistic approach that integrates multi-cation compositional engineering with triplet exciton management by incorporating a high-triplet-energy material, mCBP (3,3-Di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl), during film fabrication. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence reveals that mCBP incorporation significantly enhances the exciton binding energy from 49.36 meV to 68.84 meV and reduces phonon coupling strength, indicating improved exciton stability and suppressed non-radiative channels. The corresponding PeLEDs achieve a peak external quantum efficiency of 10.2% and a maximum luminance exceeding 12,000 cd/m², demonstrating the effectiveness of this solution-based triplet management strategy. This work highlights the critical role of scalable, solution-processed triplet exciton management strategies in advancing blue PeLED performance, offering a practical pathway toward high-performance perovskite-based display and lighting technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanostructured Metal Halide Perovskites for Optoelectronics: Materials, Devices and Commercialization)

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31 pages, 3076 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Progress and Applications of Nanocomposites in the Technology of Biosensors

by Catalina Cioates Negut, Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden and Ruxandra-Maria Ilie-Mihai

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1905; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241905 - 18 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 616

Abstract

There has been tremendous progress in the development and application of nanotechnology in the past ten years. There are a plethora of nanoparticles and nanomaterials that have been developed and used to improve the biosensors’ overall performance. Nanocomposites integrate several nanomaterials inside a [...] Read more.

There has been tremendous progress in the development and application of nanotechnology in the past ten years. There are a plethora of nanoparticles and nanomaterials that have been developed and used to improve the biosensors’ overall performance. Nanocomposites integrate several nanomaterials inside a matrix to improve their structural and functional characteristics, resulting in enhanced biosensor efficacy. This review covers the achievements in nanocomposites containing metal, polymer, inorganic, carbon-based, or gold nanoparticles as new biosensors for detecting a wide range of (bio)molecules with improved sensitivity, selectivity, and a low limit of detection. The purpose is to give an overview of current advances and applications in the field of nanocomposites utilized in biosensors’ design. Emphasis will be placed on the possible uses of these nanocomposites in biosensing across a range of industries, medication delivery, food safety, healthcare, and environmental monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Advances of Nanocomposites for Biosensors)

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18 pages, 5536 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Automated Particle Size Analysis of Supported Nanoparticle TEM Images Using a Pre-Trained SAM Model

by Xiukun Zhong, Guohong Liang, Lingbei Meng, Wei Xi, Lin Gu, Nana Tian, Yong Zhai, Yutong He, Yuqiong Huang, Fengmin Jin and Hong Gao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1886; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241886 - 16 Dec 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1046

Abstract

This study addresses the challenges associated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis of supported nanoparticles, including low signal-to-noise ratio, poor contrast, and interference from complex substrate backgrounds. This study proposes an automated segmentation and particle size analysis method based on a large-scale [...] Read more.

This study addresses the challenges associated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis of supported nanoparticles, including low signal-to-noise ratio, poor contrast, and interference from complex substrate backgrounds. This study proposes an automated segmentation and particle size analysis method based on a large-scale deep learning model, namely segment anything model (SAM). Using Ru/TiO₂ and related materials as representative systems, the pretrained SAM is employed for zero-shot segmentation of nanoparticles, which is further integrated with a custom image processing pipeline, including optical character recognition (OCR) module, morphological optimization, and connected component analysis to achieve high-precision particle size quantification. Experimental results demonstrate that the method retains robust performance under challenging imaging conditions, with a size estimation error between 3% and 5% and a per-image processing time under 1 min, significantly outperforming traditional manual annotation and threshold-based segmentation approaches. This framework provides an efficient and reliable analytical tool for morphological characterization and structure–performance correlation studies in supported nanocatalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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13 pages, 3982 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

High Reliability and Breakdown Voltage of GaN HEMTs on Free-Standing GaN Substrates

by Shiming Li, Mei Wu, Ling Yang, Hao Lu, Bin Hou, Meng Zhang, Xiaohua Ma and Yue Hao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241882 - 15 Dec 2025

Viewed by 708

Abstract

Gallium nitride (GaN)-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are pivotal for next-generation power-switching applications, but their reliability under high electric fields remains constrained by lattice mismatches and high dislocation densities in heterogeneous substrates. Herein, we systematically investigate the electrical performance and reliability of [...] Read more.

Gallium nitride (GaN)-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are pivotal for next-generation power-switching applications, but their reliability under high electric fields remains constrained by lattice mismatches and high dislocation densities in heterogeneous substrates. Herein, we systematically investigate the electrical performance and reliability of GaN-on-GaN HEMTs in comparison to conventional GaN-on-SiC HEMTs via DC characterization, reverse gate step stress, off-state drain step stress, and on-state electrical stress tests. Notably, the homogeneous epitaxial structure of GaN-on-GaN devices reduces dislocation density by 83.3% and minimizes initial tensile stress, which is obtained through HRXRD and Raman spectroscopy. The GaN-on-GaN HEMTs exhibit a record BFOM of 950 MW/cm², enabled by a low specific on-resistance (R_ON-SP) of 0.6 mΩ·cm² and a high breakdown voltage (BV) of 755 V. They withstand gate voltages up to −200 V and drain voltages beyond 200 V without significant degradation, whereas GaN-on-SiC HEMTs fail at −95 V (reverse gate stress) and 150 V (off-state drain stress). The reduced dislocation density suppresses leakage channels and defect-induced degradation, as confirmed by post-stress Schottky/transfer characteristics and Frenkel–Poole emission analysis. These findings establish GaN-on-GaN technology as a transformative solution for power electronics, offering a unique combination of high efficiency and long-term stability for demanding high-voltage applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electro-Thermal Transport in Nanometer-Scale Semiconductor Devices)

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28 pages, 3387 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Silicon Carbide Neural Interfaces: A Review of Progress Toward Monolithic Devices

by Christopher L. Frewin, Matthew Melton, Evans Bernardin, Mohammad Beygi, Chenyin Feng and Stephen E. Saddow

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241880 - 15 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1237

Abstract

The promise of intracortical neural interfaces—to restore lost sensory and motor function and probe the brain’s activity—has long been constrained by device instability over chronic implantation. Conventional silicon-based probes, composed of heterogeneous materials, often fail due to mechanical mismatch, inflammatory responses, and interface-driven [...] Read more.

The promise of intracortical neural interfaces—to restore lost sensory and motor function and probe the brain’s activity—has long been constrained by device instability over chronic implantation. Conventional silicon-based probes, composed of heterogeneous materials, often fail due to mechanical mismatch, inflammatory responses, and interface-driven degradation, where stress can induce cracking, swelling, and exposure of cytotoxic elements to neural tissue. Silicon carbide (SiC) offers a compelling solution, combining chemical inertness, structural strength, and biocompatibility in both amorphous and crystalline forms. In this review, we discuss advances in SiC neural interfaces, highlighting contributions from multiple laboratories and emphasizing our own work on monolithic devices, constructed entirely from a single, homogeneous SiC material system. These devices mitigate interface-driven failures and show preliminary indications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatibility, with minimal image artifacts observed compared to conventional silicon probes, though further in vivo studies are needed to confirm thermal safety at high-field conditions. Collectively, SiC establishes a versatile platform for next-generation, durable neural interfaces capable of reliable, long-term brain interaction for both scientific and clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology and 2D Materials for Regenerative Medicine)

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18 pages, 1528 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Detection of Microbial Contamination in Nanomaterials Using LAL, rFC and Cell-Based Assays: Implications for Nanotoxicological Hazard Assessment

by Peng Lei, Fikirte Debebe Zegeye, Mayes Alswady-Hoff, Chiara Marcolungo, Pernille Høgh Danielsen, Anne Mette Madsen, Håkan Wallin, Ulla Vogel, Shan Zienolddiny-Narui and Johanna Samulin Erdem

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241871 - 13 Dec 2025

Viewed by 589

Abstract

Accurate detection of microbial contamination is essential in the assessment of toxicological and immunological responses to various materials, as low-level contaminants can lead to confounding results. Traditional endotoxin testing relies on the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay, which depends on horseshoe crab blood [...] Read more.

Accurate detection of microbial contamination is essential in the assessment of toxicological and immunological responses to various materials, as low-level contaminants can lead to confounding results. Traditional endotoxin testing relies on the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay, which depends on horseshoe crab blood and raises both ecological and ethical concerns. Sustainable alternatives such as recombinant Factor C (rFC) provide a promising solution, yet validation for the detection of endotoxin in nanomaterials remains incomplete. In this study, we have used rFC alongside Toll-like receptor (TLR) reporter assays to detect both endotoxin and broader microbial contaminants in 31 nanomaterials from diverse classes. Special attention was given to assay interference by nanomaterials to ensure reliable detection. The rFC assay demonstrated a sensitive detection limit of 0.005 EU/mL, equivalent to the LAL assay, and showed that more than 50% of tested nanomaterials contained low-level endotoxin contamination. Additionally, several nanomaterials activated the TLR2 reporter, indicative of microbial contaminants beyond endotoxin. These results suggest that rFC can serve as a sustainable and reliable replacement for LAL in nanomaterial endotoxin testing but also emphasize the limitations of relying solely on endotoxin-specific assays. We recommend that future nanotoxicological evaluations integrate rFC with complementary methods, such as TLR-based approaches, and include thorough interference controls to ensure robust and comprehensive microbial contamination assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanosafety Assessment, Implications and Mitigations)

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45 pages, 8810 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

CVD-Engineered Nano Carbon Architectures: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Outlook

by Maria Hasan, Szymon Abrahamczyk, Muhammad Aashir Awan, Ondřej Sakreida, Alicja Bachmatiuk, Grazyna Simha Martynková, Karla Čech Barabaszová and Mark Hermann Rümmeli

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231834 - 4 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1291

Abstract

Graphitic nanomaterials have emerged as foundational components in nanoscience owing to their exceptional electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties, which can be tuned by controlling dimensionality and structural order. From zero-dimensional (0D) quantum dots, carbon nano-onions, and nanodiamonds to one-dimensional (1D) nanoribbons, two-dimensional (2D) [...] Read more.

Graphitic nanomaterials have emerged as foundational components in nanoscience owing to their exceptional electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties, which can be tuned by controlling dimensionality and structural order. From zero-dimensional (0D) quantum dots, carbon nano-onions, and nanodiamonds to one-dimensional (1D) nanoribbons, two-dimensional (2D) nanowalls, and three-dimensional (3D) graphene foams, these architectures underpin advancements in catalysis, energy storage, sensing, and electronic technologies. Among various synthesis routes, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) provides unmatched versatility, enabling atomic-level control over carbon supply, substrate interactions, and plasma activation to produce well defined graphitic structures directly on functional supports. This review presents a comprehensive, dimension-resolved overview of CVD-derived graphitic nanomaterials, examining how process parameters such as precursor chemistry, temperature, hydrogen etching, and template design govern nucleation, crystallinity, and morphological evolution across 0D to 3D hierarchies. Comparative analyses of Raman, XPS, and XRD data are integrated to relate structural features with growth mechanisms and functional performance. By connecting mechanistic principles across dimensional scales, this review establishes a unified framework for understanding and optimizing CVD synthesis of graphitic nanostructures. It concludes by outlining a path forward for improving how CVD-grown carbon nanomaterials are made, monitored, and integrated into real devices so these can move from lab-scale experiments to practical, scalable technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)

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42 pages, 1598 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nanoscale Characterization of Nanomaterial-Based Systems: Mechanisms, Experimental Methods, and Challenges in Probing Corrosion, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties

by Md Ashraful Hoque and Chun-Wei Yao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1824; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231824 - 2 Dec 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1642

Abstract

Nanomaterial-based systems (NBS) have emerged as transformative elements in advanced surface engineering, offering superior corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and tribological resilience governed by unique phenomena inherent to the nanoscale. However, bridging the knowledge gap between these enhanced physicochemical properties and the metrological tools [...] Read more.

Nanomaterial-based systems (NBS) have emerged as transformative elements in advanced surface engineering, offering superior corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and tribological resilience governed by unique phenomena inherent to the nanoscale. However, bridging the knowledge gap between these enhanced physicochemical properties and the metrological tools required to quantify them remains a critical challenge. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the fundamental mechanisms, state-of-the-art experimental techniques, and computational strategies employed to probe NBS behavior. The article first elucidates the core mechanisms driving performance, including passive barrier formation, stimuli-responsive active corrosion inhibition, grain boundary strengthening, and the formation of protective tribo-films by 2D nanomaterial-based systems. Subsequently, the article evaluates the transition from conventional macroscopic testing to high-resolution in situ characterization, highlighting the capabilities of High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy (HS-AFM), Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy (LC-TEM), and nanoindentation in visualizing dynamic defect evolution and measuring localized mechanical responses. Furthermore, the indispensable role of computational materials science—specifically Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Machine Learning (ML)—in predictive modeling and elucidating atomic-scale interactions is discussed. Finally, persistent challenges regarding substrate interference, sample heterogeneity, and instrumentation limits are addressed, concluding with a perspective on future research directions focused on standardization, operando testing, and the development of AI-driven “Digital Twins” for accelerated testing and material optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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37 pages, 2355 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

From Bench to Use: The Status of Gamma-Shielding Nanomaterials and the Prospects for Lead-Free Wearables

by Qianhe Qi, Liangyu He, Hao Ye, Ce Wang, Ping Hu and Yong Liu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1799; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231799 - 28 Nov 2025

Viewed by 977

Abstract

The rapid development of deep-space exploration and crewed missions makes efficient, lightweight, and low–secondary-radiation γ-ray protection in complex cosmic fields a critical materials challenge. Current studies still struggle to simultaneously balance attenuation efficiency, areal density and thickness, flexibility, and shielding against secondary γ [...] Read more.

The rapid development of deep-space exploration and crewed missions makes efficient, lightweight, and low–secondary-radiation γ-ray protection in complex cosmic fields a critical materials challenge. Current studies still struggle to simultaneously balance attenuation efficiency, areal density and thickness, flexibility, and shielding against secondary γ rays. Compared with existing reviews that mainly focus on single matrices (especially polymers) or medical lead-based protection, this work targets γ-ray shielding under deep-space and mixed radiation environments, emphasizing multiscale structural designs (multilayer/gradient architectures, micro/nanofiller synergy, and fiber networks) for suppressing secondary γ-rays and outlining composition–structure–morphology–coupled strategies for flexible, wearable, lead-free shields. Recycling and sustainability remain key bottlenecks for practical deployment. Accordingly, this review also summarizes representative Monte Carlo simulation tools and their integration with experiments, and proposes directions for element selection, structural design, and green manufacturing to build design rules and a scale-up roadmap for next-generation lead-free γ-shielding wearables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanocomposites for Energy)

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21 pages, 1700 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pre-Experimental Wet Heat Sterilization Alters the Ecotoxicity of Pristine Graphene Oxide Toward Daphnia magna

by Ildikó Fekete-Kertész, Péter Hajdinák, Krisztina László, Anna Bulátkó, Viktor Podhragyai, Benjámin Sándor Gyarmati, Zoltán Molnár and Mónika Molnár

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1800; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231800 - 28 Nov 2025

Viewed by 726

Abstract

As the exposure of the aquatic ecosystem to graphene oxide (GO) increases with its growing production and use, understanding the structure–property–toxicity relationships becomes increasingly critical in the development of effective safe design guidelines. An appropriate testing methodology is crucial in ecotoxicity assessments to [...] Read more.

As the exposure of the aquatic ecosystem to graphene oxide (GO) increases with its growing production and use, understanding the structure–property–toxicity relationships becomes increasingly critical in the development of effective safe design guidelines. An appropriate testing methodology is crucial in ecotoxicity assessments to accurately characterize the environmentally relevant toxicity of nanoparticles, particularly for GO, where the physicochemical properties fundamentally determine their interactions and toxicity toward aquatic organisms. Many ecotoxicological methods require the heat sterilization of samples as a preliminary treatment prior to analysis. To investigate changes in toxicity profiles induced by wet heat sterilization pretreatments (autoclaving and Tyndall treatment) of a well-characterized GO product, a comprehensive ecotoxicological evaluation was performed with Daphnia magna. This included conventional lethality and immobilization tests, along with sublethal endpoints such as heart rate and feeding activity, supplemented with the analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers. Physicochemical alterations in GO due to sterilization were examined with dynamic light scattering, ultraviolet-visible, and thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry. Sublethal endpoints were shown to be more sensitive indicators of toxicity than conventional methods, with feeding activity and heart rate inhibition demonstrating time and concentration-dependent effects. Heat-sterilized GOs exhibited greater ecotoxicity compared to pristine GO, as evidenced by elevated ROS levels and increased oxidative stress biomarkers (GPx and GST activities), implicating oxidative stress as a central mechanism of toxicity. Despite the subtle differences observed in the physicochemical properties, the impact of heat sterilization on toxicity is clear. Our research underscores the critical importance of adopting appropriate testing and evaluation methodologies for comparing GO ecotoxicity results under axenic and non-axenic conditions as well as a multimarker approach to accurately evaluate the risks posed by GO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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25 pages, 5381 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Porphyrin-Based COFs Boosting CO₂ Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Conversion

by Jiatong Yin, Linxue Sang and Yue Wang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1787; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231787 - 27 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1491

Abstract

Porphyrins are conjugated tetrapyrrolic macrocycles with tunable photophysical and catalytic properties, while covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline, porous polymers built from robust covalent linkages. Combining these motifs yields porphyrin-based COFs that couple ordered porosity with light-harvesting and metal-anchoring capabilities, offering promise for [...] Read more.

Porphyrins are conjugated tetrapyrrolic macrocycles with tunable photophysical and catalytic properties, while covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline, porous polymers built from robust covalent linkages. Combining these motifs yields porphyrin-based COFs that couple ordered porosity with light-harvesting and metal-anchoring capabilities, offering promise for carbon dioxide capture and conversion. This review provides an integrated overview of their design, synthesis, structure, and function in the context of CO₂ capture, storage, and photocatalytic/electrocatalytic reduction. We survey recent literature, organize materials by linkage chemistry and topology, and summarize metallation, peripheral functionalization, and heterostructure strategies, compiling representative performance metrics where reported. The collected studies indicate that appropriate metallation and π-extension enhance light absorption and charge separation; high crystallinity and accessible pores facilitate mass transport; and electronic coupling to conductive phases improves catalytic activity and selectivity in CO₂ reduction. We close by outlining challenges and opportunities, including improving charge transport without sacrificing stability, pinpointing and quantifying active sites, and operando characterization to connect structure with function. This objective synthesis is intended to guide rational design of porphyrin-COFs for efficient and durable CO₂ management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)

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23 pages, 4880 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Upcycling Coffee Waste into Sustainable Nano Zerovalent Iron for Environmental Contaminant Remediation: Characterization, Applicability and Cytotoxicity

by Filipe Fernandes, Maria Freitas, Cláudia Pinho, Ana Isabel Oliveira, Cristina Delerue-Matos and Clara Grosso

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1788; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231788 - 27 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1156

Abstract

The agrifood sector produces considerable waste, offering opportunities for sustainable innovation. In the coffee industry, spent coffee grounds (SCG) can be valorized to generate eco-friendly nanomaterials such as nano zerovalent iron (nZVI), widely applied in soil and water remediation. In this study, green [...] Read more.

The agrifood sector produces considerable waste, offering opportunities for sustainable innovation. In the coffee industry, spent coffee grounds (SCG) can be valorized to generate eco-friendly nanomaterials such as nano zerovalent iron (nZVI), widely applied in soil and water remediation. In this study, green nZVIs were synthesized using SCG hydromethanolic extracts and FeCl₃, subsequently characterized, and assessed for cytotoxicity. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) was employed to identify hydroxycinnamic acids, caffeine, and trigonelline in the SCG extracts. Preliminary remediation assays were conducted with seven contaminants, with venlafaxine selected for detailed pH and kinetic studies. Characterization of nZVIs included SEM and EDS analyses, which revealed spherical nZVI particles (72–83 nm) composed of carbon (47%), oxygen (34%), and iron (16%). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements indicated the presence of smaller particles (15–23 nm). Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) confirmed a residual mass of about 20% at 1400 °C. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed phenolic compound incorporation, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed an amorphous structure. The particles exhibited magnetic behavior and showed no cytotoxicity toward MRC-5 and U87 cell lines. Among the tested contaminants, venlafaxine displayed the highest removal efficiency in remediation tests. Compared with chemically synthesized nZVI, the green version exhibited enhanced stability, attributed to the presence of surface-bounded organic matter. Overall, this sustainable and cost-effective approach to produce nZVI from SCG provides an innovative method for waste valorization and environmental remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites for Water Remediation: Synthesis and Current Applications)

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20 pages, 21921 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Shear-Induced Graphitization in Tongyuanpu Shear Zone, Liaodong Peninsula of Eastern China: Insights from Graphite Occurrences, Nanostructures and Carbon Sources

by Mengyan Shi, Nannan Cheng, Jianbin Li, Quanlin Hou, Qianqian Guo and Jienan Pan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231778 - 26 Nov 2025

Viewed by 494

Abstract

An in-depth study of the genetic mechanisms of graphite in shear zones is crucial for understanding crustal weakening and the origins of inorganic carbon. This research focuses on mylonitic marble (MM) and cataclastic marble (CM) from the Tongyuanpu shear zone of Eastern China. [...] Read more.

An in-depth study of the genetic mechanisms of graphite in shear zones is crucial for understanding crustal weakening and the origins of inorganic carbon. This research focuses on mylonitic marble (MM) and cataclastic marble (CM) from the Tongyuanpu shear zone of Eastern China. The occurrences, nanostructures, carbon sources, and genesis of graphite were systematically investigated through micro- to ultra-microscale analysis. The results reveal that the MM contains two graphite varieties: C-foliation-aligned bands and stylolite-derived serrated aggregates. Both exhibit strong Z-axis LPO, indicating a deformation temperature below 200 °C. In contrast, the CM features individual graphite particles within fragmented grains. Near-ideal graphite structures are characterized in both types; however, a higher TOC content and a greater graphitization degree are observed in the CM. Raman thermometry indicates metamorphic peak temperatures of 588–673 °C (MM) and 540–682 °C (CM), with the former showing a significant discrepancy from the EBSD results. The δ¹³C_ORG values (−12.21‰ to −8.06‰) suggest fluid-derived carbon sources. We propose that reduction reactions involving high-temperature metamorphic fluids supplied the essential carbon source. Ductile shearing accelerated the graphitization of these carbonaceous materials through the accumulation of local strain energy, while subsequent brittle deformation with frictional sliding further facilitated structural transformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanopores and Nanostructures in Tight Reservoir Rocks)

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29 pages, 12765 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Linking Structure to Electrocatalytic Performance: Graphene Nanoplatelets-Derived Novel Mixed Oxide–Carbon Composites as Supports for Pt Electrocatalysts with Enhanced Stability

by Ilgar Ayyubov, Emília Tálas, Irina Borbáth, Zoltán Pászti, László Trif, Ágnes Szegedi, Catia Cannilla, Giuseppe Bonura, Tamás Szabó, Erzsébet Dodony and András Tompos

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1753; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231753 - 22 Nov 2025

Viewed by 879

Abstract

The lifetime of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is significantly influenced by the degradation of their catalysts. A composite-type electrocatalyst support with the formula Ti_(1−x)Mo_xO₂-C (x: 0–0.2, C: carbon) has been found to provide higher stability [...] Read more.

The lifetime of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is significantly influenced by the degradation of their catalysts. A composite-type electrocatalyst support with the formula Ti_(1−x)Mo_xO₂-C (x: 0–0.2, C: carbon) has been found to provide higher stability for the Pt active metal than carbon alone. Non-traditional carbon materials such as graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and graphite oxide (GO) offer new possibilities for supports. This work aims to explore whether it is possible to combine the advantageous properties of GNP and GO in composite-supported Pt electrocatalysts. Composites prepared using the modified sol–gel method and Pt catalysts supported on them were characterized by physicochemical methods. Electrochemical behavior in terms of CO tolerance, activity and stability was studied. Although GO transformed into a mainly graphitic material during composite synthesis, its addition still increased the functional group content of the carbonaceous backbone. The electrical conductivity was significantly higher when GNPs-GO mixtures were used as the starting carbon material compared to the use of pure GNPs. Increased CO oxidation activity was achieved due to the incorporated Mo. Stability of the composite-supported Pt catalyst was significantly higher than that of commercial Pt/C. Increased stability of the GNPs-GO-derived catalyst compared to the GNP-derived one was obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semiconductor-Based Nanomaterials for Catalytic Applications)

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16 pages, 3084 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nanostructured Silver Found in Ancient Dacian Bracelets from Cehei Hoard—Salaj, Romania

by Ioan Petean, Emanoil Pripon, Horea Pop, Codruta Sarosi, Gertrud Alexandra Paltinean, Simona Elena Avram, Nicoleta Ignat, Lucian Barbu Tudoran and Gheorghe Borodi

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221740 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 723

Abstract

Nanomaterials are usually associated with modern technologies and advanced processing methods. Three silver Dacian bracelets within Cehei hoard (Salaj County, Romania) are tougher than they should be according to the apparently higher silver content. The microstructural investigation reveals that all three bracelets have [...] Read more.

Nanomaterials are usually associated with modern technologies and advanced processing methods. Three silver Dacian bracelets within Cehei hoard (Salaj County, Romania) are tougher than they should be according to the apparently higher silver content. The microstructural investigation reveals that all three bracelets have silver content of about 90 wt.%. The metallographic inspection of a bracelet sample reveals a very refined microstructure of α grain while fewer eutectic grains are almost undetectable, indicating intensive plastic deformation. XRD patterns of the bracelets reveal relevant peaks for silver (without copper) having a much-broadened aspect indicating nanostructural level. The nano-grains were evidenced at high magnification of SEM imaging: 55 nm for bracelet 1, 95 nm for bracelet 2 and 75 nm for bracelet 3. Elemental maps reveal that the nanograins are basically formed by α phase; the finest eutectic traces are situated and uniformly dispersed within α phase, appearing as small red spots. Vickers µHV10 micro indentation was calibrated on a pure silver 999.9 ‰ in annealed state, resulting in 37 HV10. The nanostructured bracelets have about 56 µHV10 for bracelet 1; 50 µHV10 for bracelet 2 and 52 µHV10 for bracelet 3. Dyrrachium drachmas have Vickers microhardness of about 37 µHV10. The obtained results confirm the historian’s supposition that Dyrrachium drachmas could be the source for silver but also clearly indicate that the final steps of bracelets manufacturing were effectuated by cold deformation with intensive cold hardening. It results that cold deformation of the bracelets rods induces a nanostructural state that significantly increases their microhardness instead of their higher silver title. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Characterization, Properties, Simulation, and Applications of Nanostructured Materials)

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15 pages, 4614 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Surface Charge-Induced Scattering Enhancement of Diverse Dielectric Nanoscale Particles: A Simulation Study

by Siqi Zhang, Ang Li, Jiaan Wang, Linghao Wu, Siwen Gu and Xu Yang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221738 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 499

Abstract

At the nanoscale, the scattered light intensity of particles significantly decreases and is easily affected by surface charges. However, under certain conditions, surface charges can induce a scattering enhancement effect, providing a new solution for the precise measurement of nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the universality [...] Read more.

At the nanoscale, the scattered light intensity of particles significantly decreases and is easily affected by surface charges. However, under certain conditions, surface charges can induce a scattering enhancement effect, providing a new solution for the precise measurement of nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the universality of this effect in different material systems is still unclear. Therefore, we selected eight typical submicron dielectric particles encompassing oxides, polymers, semiconductors, and ceramics. Their optical responses under surface charging conditions were studied through numerical simulation. Results show that surface charges induce changes in the complex refractive index and significantly increase the scattering coefficient across all these particle types, compared to their neutral states. This enhancement effect is pronounced at the nanoscale particles, while at the submicron scale there is a clear critical size threshold, beyond which the enhancement effect significantly weakens. Surface charges also cause a spatial redistribution of scattered light intensity, enhancing the strength of forward, backward, and side scattering. These results confirm the cross-material universality of the surface charge-induced scattering enhancement effect. Our study provides a theoretical basis for extending optical measurement techniques for nanoscale particles and suggests considering surface charges in their detection and characterization to improve sensitivity and accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)

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17 pages, 5630 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Analytic Compact Model for P-Type Quasi-Ballistic/Ballistic Nanowire GAA MOSFETs Incorporating DIBL Effect

by He Cheng, Zhijia Yang, Chao Zhang and Zhipeng Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1734; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221734 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 682

Abstract

We present an analytic compact model for p-type cylindrical gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFETs in the quasi-ballistic/ballistic regime, incorporating drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL). To describe the potential profile, an undetermined parameter is used to represent the channel potential, which is derived from the Laplace equation [...] Read more.

We present an analytic compact model for p-type cylindrical gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFETs in the quasi-ballistic/ballistic regime, incorporating drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL). To describe the potential profile, an undetermined parameter is used to represent the channel potential, which is derived from the Laplace equation in the subthreshold region and from Gauss’s law combined with quantum statistics in the inversion region. A smoothing function is applied to this parameter to ensure a continuous source—drain current across all operating regions. The current model is based on the Landauer approach and captures both quasi-ballistic/ballistic transport and quantum-confinement effects. It is validated against non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) simulation results and implemented in Verilog-A for SPICE circuit-level simulation of a CMOS inverter, demonstrating its applicability for nanoscale design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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48 pages, 3373 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nanotechnology Driven Innovations in Modern Pharmaceutics: Therapeutics, Imaging, and Regeneration

by Nargish Parvin, Mohammad Aslam, Md Najib Alam and Tapas K. Mandal

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1733; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221733 - 17 Nov 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2435

Abstract

The integration of smart nanomaterials into pharmaceutics has transformed approaches to disease diagnosis, targeted therapy, and tissue regeneration. These nanoscale materials exhibit unique features such as controlled responsiveness, biocompatibility, and precise site-specific action, offering new possibilities for personalized healthcare. This review provides a [...] Read more.

The integration of smart nanomaterials into pharmaceutics has transformed approaches to disease diagnosis, targeted therapy, and tissue regeneration. These nanoscale materials exhibit unique features such as controlled responsiveness, biocompatibility, and precise site-specific action, offering new possibilities for personalized healthcare. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the design and application of functional nanomaterials, including nanoparticle-based drug carriers, responsive hydrogels, and nanostructured scaffolds. Special focus is placed on stimuli-triggered systems that achieve controlled drug release and localized therapeutic effects. In addition, the review explores how these materials enhance diagnostic imaging and support tissue regeneration through adaptive and multifunctional designs. Importantly, this work uniquely integrates stimuli-responsive nanomaterials across therapeutic, imaging, and regenerative domains, providing a unified view of their biomedical potential. The challenges of clinical translation, large-scale synthesis, and regulatory approval are critically analyzed to outline future directions for research and real-world implementation. Overall, this review highlights the pivotal role of smart nanomaterials in advancing modern pharmaceutics toward more effective and patient-centered therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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14 pages, 2950 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influences of Initial Stresses on Formation of Shear Bands and Mechanical Properties in Binodal Decomposed Metallic Glass Composites

by Yongwei Wang, Guangping Zheng and Mo Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221725 - 15 Nov 2025

Viewed by 552

Abstract

Structural heterogeneity is useful for improving the plasticity of metallic glasses (MGs) by blocking the propagation of shear bands (SBs). The introduction of a heterogeneous structure often introduces residual stresses, which significantly influences the deformation behaviors of MGs; however, the quantitative impact of [...] Read more.

Structural heterogeneity is useful for improving the plasticity of metallic glasses (MGs) by blocking the propagation of shear bands (SBs). The introduction of a heterogeneous structure often introduces residual stresses, which significantly influences the deformation behaviors of MGs; however, the quantitative impact of residual/initial stresses on shear banding remains unclear. In this work, through finite element models, we demonstrate that residual/initial stresses can promote the initiation of SBs at the interfaces between droplet or particle reinforcements and the matrix in Binodal decomposed metallic glass composites (BDMGCs). These reinforcements do not effectively block the SBs when the fraction of particle reinforcement is very low. We demonstrate that a heterogeneous distribution of initial tensile stresses reduces the strength of BDMGCs, particularly in those containing a homogenous matrix. This profound understanding of the synergistic effects arising from a heterogeneous microstructure and initial stresses could effectively promote the design and optimization of MGs and their composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Characterization, Properties, Simulation, and Applications of Nanostructured Materials)

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14 pages, 91576 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Engineering the Morphology and Properties of MoS₂ Films Through Gaseous Precursor-Induced Vacancy Defect Control

by James Abraham, Nigel D. Shepherd, Chris Littler, A. J. Syllaios and Usha Philipose

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221723 - 14 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1434

Abstract

The morphology, structure, and composition of CVD-grown molybdenum disulfide (

{MoS}_{2}

) films were investigated under varying precursor vapor pressures. Increasing sulfur vapor pressure transformed the film morphology from well-defined triangular domains to structures dominated by sulfur-terminated zigzag edges. These morphological changes [...] Read more.

The morphology, structure, and composition of CVD-grown molybdenum disulfide (

{MoS}_{2}

) films were investigated under varying precursor vapor pressures. Increasing sulfur vapor pressure transformed the film morphology from well-defined triangular domains to structures dominated by sulfur-terminated zigzag edges. These morphological changes were accompanied by notable variations in both structural and electrical properties. Non-uniform precursor vapor distribution promoted the formation of intrinsic point defects. To elucidate this behavior, a thermodynamic model was developed to link growth parameters to native defect formation. The analysis considered molybdenum and sulfur vacancies in both neutral and charged states, with equilibrium concentrations determined from the corresponding defect formation reactions. Sulfur vapor pressure emerged as the dominant factor controlling defect concentrations. The model validated experimental observations, with films grown under optimum and sulfur-rich conditions, yielding a carrier concentration of

9.6 \times 10^{11}

{cm}^{- 2}

and

7.5 \times 10^{11}

{cm}^{- 2}

, respectively. The major difference in the field-effect transistor (FET) performance of devices fabricated under these two conditions was the degradation of the field-effect mobility and the current switching ratio. The degradation observed is attributed to increased carrier scattering at charged vacancy defect sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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21 pages, 1789 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

On the Energy Contributions Driving Pyridine Adsorption on Silver and Gold Nanoparticles

by Tommaso Giovannini

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221720 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 613

Abstract

Understanding molecule–nanoparticle interactions is essential for theoretically describing the adsorption process. Here, we employ Kohn–Sham Fragment Energy Decomposition Analysis (KS–FEDA) to dissect the physical components driving pyridine adsorption on silver and gold nanoparticles. KS–FEDA is rooted in Density Functional Theory (DFT) and partitions [...] Read more.

Understanding molecule–nanoparticle interactions is essential for theoretically describing the adsorption process. Here, we employ Kohn–Sham Fragment Energy Decomposition Analysis (KS–FEDA) to dissect the physical components driving pyridine adsorption on silver and gold nanoparticles. KS–FEDA is rooted in Density Functional Theory (DFT) and partitions the total energy into fragment-localized contributions, providing a rigorous decomposition into electrostatics, exchange–repulsion, polarization, dispersion, and exchange–repulsion terms. This framework offers a chemically intuitive interpretation of molecule–metal bonding at the DFT level, and for analyzing and parameterizing interactions at metal–molecule interfaces. The results highlight the relevant role of electrostatics and induction at localized sites and of dispersion over extended facets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)

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13 pages, 3100 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modification of Octavinyl POSS and Its Effect on the Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Silicone Rubber/POSS Composites

by Junjie Peng and Yong Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1706; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221706 - 12 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2533

Abstract

Octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) can be used to improve the thermal stability of silicone rubber (SR). However, POSS nanoparticles tend to agglomerate in SR matrix, negatively affecting the reinforcement role of POSS for SR, and consequently limiting the practical application of SR/POSS [...] Read more.

Octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) can be used to improve the thermal stability of silicone rubber (SR). However, POSS nanoparticles tend to agglomerate in SR matrix, negatively affecting the reinforcement role of POSS for SR, and consequently limiting the practical application of SR/POSS composite. To address the issue, multifunctional POSS (m-POSS) was synthesized via a thiol-ene click reaction and used as a novel heat-resistant filler for SR. The results demonstrate that m-POSS containing both vinyl and siloxane groups was successfully synthesized, with the main product exhibiting a molecular weight of approximately 1587 g mol⁻¹. At the POSS loading of 1.5 phr, SR/m-POSS (100/1.5) composite has much better mechanical properties and thermal stability than SR/POSS (100/1.5) composite. With increasing m-POSS loading from 1.5 to 4.5 phr, the thermal stability of SR/m-POSS becomes better, while the tensile strength decreases. SR composite filled with 1.5 phr m-POSS has an excellent balance in thermal stability and mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 9.2 MPa and an elongation at break of 587%. To fill multifunctional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing vinyl and siloxane groups into SR is an effective approach to producing composites with excellent properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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18 pages, 3049 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Nanoparticles with Enhanced Tissue Penetration

by Karin Kitamura, Ryo Matsui, Nagisa Itagaki, Yuka Takeuchi, Hana Fukuda, Ken-Ichiro Tanaka and Susumu Hama

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1695; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221695 - 9 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1423

Abstract

Liposomes modified with slightly acidic pH-sensitive peptides (SAPSp-lipo) are effectively delivered to tumor tissues, followed by cellular uptake in the tumor microenvironment. Although SAPSp-lipo can penetrate tumor tissues via the interspace route between cancer cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), penetration needs to [...] Read more.

Liposomes modified with slightly acidic pH-sensitive peptides (SAPSp-lipo) are effectively delivered to tumor tissues, followed by cellular uptake in the tumor microenvironment. Although SAPSp-lipo can penetrate tumor tissues via the interspace route between cancer cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), penetration needs to be enhanced to deliver liposomes into tumor cores comprising malignant cancer cells. To enhance the intratumoral penetration of SAPSp-lipo, we focused on the internalizing RGD peptide (iRGD), which can penetrate tumor tissue, differing from the penetration mechanism of SAPSp. In this study, we developed liposomes modified with iRGD-conjugated SAPSp (SAPSp-iRGD-lipo). Compared with SAPSp-lipo, SAPSp-iRGD-lipo was delivered to deeper regions within both spheroids and tumor tissues. The enhanced penetration was suppressed by a co-treatment with a Neuropilin-1 inhibitor, and the fluorescence signals from intratumorally injected SAPSp-iRGD-lipo were localized in Neuropilin-1-expressing regions, indicating a Neuropilin-1-mediated tumor penetration. Moreover, SAPSp-iRGD-lipo reduced F-actin formation in monolayered cells and was not localized in F-actin-rich regions in tumors, suggesting that SAPSp-iRGD-lipo facilitates tumor penetration through actin depolymerization. In addition, anticancer siRNA delivered by SAPSp-iRGD-lipid nanoparticles effectively induced apoptosis in cells under slightly acidic conditions. Taken together, SAPSp-iRGD-modified nanoparticles represent a novel class of tumor-penetrable and microenvironment-responsive drug carriers capable of efficient intratumoral delivery and therapeutic activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy: 3rd Edition)

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11 pages, 2339 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Durable Pt-Decorated NiFe-LDH for High-Current-Density Electrocatalytic Water Splitting Under Alkaline Conditions

by Luan Liu, Hongru Liu, Baorui Jia, Xuanhui Qu and Mingli Qin

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1683; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211683 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1185

Abstract

The development of durable and efficient catalysts capable of driving both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions is essential for advancing sustainable hydrogen production through overall water electrolysis. In this study, we developed a corrosion-mediated approach, where Ni ions originate from the self-corrosion of [...] Read more.

The development of durable and efficient catalysts capable of driving both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions is essential for advancing sustainable hydrogen production through overall water electrolysis. In this study, we developed a corrosion-mediated approach, where Ni ions originate from the self-corrosion of the nickel foam (NF) substrate, to construct Pt-modified NiFe layered double hydroxide (Pt-NiFeO_xH_y@NiFe-LDH) under ambient conditions. The obtained catalyst exhibits a hierarchical architecture with abundant defect sites, which favor the uniform distribution of Pt clusters and optimized electronic configuration. The Pt-NiFeO_xH_y@NiFe-LDH catalyst, constructed through the interaction between Pt sites and defective NiFe layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH), demonstrates remarkable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity, delivering an overpotential as low as 29 mV at a current density of 10 mA·cm⁻² and exhibiting a small tafel slope of 34.23 mV·dec⁻¹ in 1 M KOH, together with excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance, requiring only 252 mV to reach 100 mA·cm⁻². Moreover, the catalyst demonstrates outstanding activity and durability in alkaline seawater, maintaining stable operation over long-term tests. The Pt-NiFeO_xH_y@NiFe-LDH electrode, when integrated into a two-electrode system, demonstrates operating voltages as low as 1.42 and 1.51 V for current densities of 10 and 100 mA·cm⁻², respectively, and retains outstanding stability under concentrated alkaline conditions (6 M KOH, 70 °C). Overall, this work establishes a scalable and economically viable pathway toward high-efficiency bifunctional electrocatalysts and deepens the understanding of Pt-LDH interfacial synergy in promoting water-splitting catalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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13 pages, 1481 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Distinct 2D p(2 × 2) Sn/Cu(111) Superstructure at Low Temperature: Experimental Characterization and DFT Calculations of Its Geometry and Electronic Structure

by Xihui Liang, Dah-An Luh and Cheng-Maw Cheng

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1684; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211684 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 871

Abstract

Atomically precise control of metal adatoms on metal surfaces is critical for designing novel low-dimensional materials, and the Sn-Cu(111) system is of particular interest due to the potential of stanene in topological physics. However, conflicting reports on Sn-induced superstructures on Cu(111) highlight the [...] Read more.

Atomically precise control of metal adatoms on metal surfaces is critical for designing novel low-dimensional materials, and the Sn-Cu(111) system is of particular interest due to the potential of stanene in topological physics. However, conflicting reports on Sn-induced superstructures on Cu(111) highlight the need for clarifying their geometric and electronic properties at low temperatures. We employed scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), and density functional theory (DFT) to investigate submonolayer (<0.25 ML) Sn adsorption on Cu(111) at 100 K. We confirmed a p(2 × 2) Sn/Cu(111) superstructure with one Sn atom per unit cell and found that Sn preferentially occupies three-fold hcp sites. ARPES measurements of the band structure—including a ~0.3 eV local gap between two specific bands at the

{\bar{Γ}}_{2}

point in a metallic overall electronic structure—were in good agreement with the DFT results. Notably, the STM-observed p(2 × 2) morphology differs from the honeycomb-like or buckled stanene structures reported on Cu(111), which highlights the intricate interactions between adatoms and the substrate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface and Interfacial Sciences of Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials)

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22 pages, 4729 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Unidirectional Ligament Orientation Enables Enhanced Out-of-Plane Mechanical Properties in Anisotropic Nanoporous Gold

by Yuhang Zhang, Xiuming Liu, Yiqun Hu, Suhang Ding and Feixiang Tang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211675 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 732

Abstract

Nanoporous gold (NPG), characterized by a bicontinuous network of nanoscale solid ligaments and pore channels, exhibits exceptional physical and chemical properties. However, the limited strength and stiffness of traditional isotropic NPG (INPG) have constrained its engineering applications. To effectively enhance the mechanical properties [...] Read more.

Nanoporous gold (NPG), characterized by a bicontinuous network of nanoscale solid ligaments and pore channels, exhibits exceptional physical and chemical properties. However, the limited strength and stiffness of traditional isotropic NPG (INPG) have constrained its engineering applications. To effectively enhance the mechanical properties of NPG, this work proposes an innovative anisotropic NPG (ANPG) architecture featuring unidirectional ligament orientation. By controlling spinodal decomposition parameters, ANPG models with preferentially aligned ligaments and INPG with random ligament orientation are constructed, spanning relative densities from 0.30 to 0.50. The ligament length and diameter of ANPG along the out-of-plane direction are twice those along other directions. Molecular dynamics simulations of tensile tests show that ANPG exhibits superior out-of-plane Young’s modulus and yield strength but reduced fracture strain compared to INPG. Crucially, ANPG maintains toughness comparable to INPG at relative densities below 0.4, offering an optimal strength-toughness balance for practical applications. Scaling law analysis demonstrates INPG follows classical bending-dominated Gibson-Ashby behavior, while ANPG exhibits a hybrid deformation mechanism with significant ligament stretching contribution. Atomic-scale analysis reveals that both structures develop dislocation-mediated plasticity initially, but ANPG transitions to localized ligament necking and fractures more rapidly, explaining its reduced ductility. Strain localization quantification, measured by atomic shear strain standard deviation, confirms the intensifier deformation concentration in ANPG at large plastic strain. These findings suggest anisotropic design as a powerful strategy for developing high-performance NPG for actuators, sensors, and catalytic systems where simultaneous mechanical robustness and functional performance are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanoindentation and Nanomechanics)

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30 pages, 5128 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Atomic Layer Deposition for Perovskite Solar Cells: Interface Engineering, Stability Enhancement, and Future Prospects

by Xuanya Liao, Youquan Jiang, Lirong Wang, Jiulong Li, Zhuoran Hou, Kwang Leong Choy and Zhaodong Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211674 - 4 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3303

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved rapid progress in recent years owing to their high-power conversion efficiency (PCE), low cost, and processability. However, poor device stability and carrier recombination remain significant obstacles to further development. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), with its atomic-level control [...] Read more.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved rapid progress in recent years owing to their high-power conversion efficiency (PCE), low cost, and processability. However, poor device stability and carrier recombination remain significant obstacles to further development. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), with its atomic-level control over film thickness, excellent uniformity, and interfacial engineering capability, has attracted considerable attention in PSC research. This review summarizes the applications of ALD in PSCs, including low-temperature synthesis (typically below 350 °C), thickness and composition control (approximately 1 nm per 10 ALD cycles), defect passivation, encapsulation (water vapor transmission rates as low as 10⁻⁶ g·m⁻²·day⁻¹ under optimized conditions), and tandem devices. In addition, the mechanisms by which ALD enhances device efficiency and stability are discussed in depth, and the challenges and future prospects of this technique are analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Solar Energy and Solar Cells)

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