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Nanomaterials
Volume 15
Issue 23
10.3390/nano15231799
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

From Bench to Use: The Status of Gamma-Shielding Nanomaterials and the Prospects for Lead-Free Wearables

by
Qianhe Qi
1,
Liangyu He
1,
Hao Ye
1,
Ce Wang
2,
Ping Hu
3 and
Yong Liu
1,*
1
Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
2
Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(23), 1799; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231799 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 31 October 2025 / Revised: 26 November 2025 / Accepted: 26 November 2025 / Published: 28 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanocomposites for Energy)
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Abstract

The rapid development of deep-space exploration and crewed missions makes efficient, lightweight, and low–secondary-radiation γ-ray protection in complex cosmic fields a critical materials challenge. Current studies still struggle to simultaneously balance attenuation efficiency, areal density and thickness, flexibility, and shielding against secondary γ rays. Compared with existing reviews that mainly focus on single matrices (especially polymers) or medical lead-based protection, this work targets γ-ray shielding under deep-space and mixed radiation environments, emphasizing multiscale structural designs (multilayer/gradient architectures, micro/nanofiller synergy, and fiber networks) for suppressing secondary γ-rays and outlining composition–structure–morphology–coupled strategies for flexible, wearable, lead-free shields. Recycling and sustainability remain key bottlenecks for practical deployment. Accordingly, this review also summarizes representative Monte Carlo simulation tools and their integration with experiments, and proposes directions for element selection, structural design, and green manufacturing to build design rules and a scale-up roadmap for next-generation lead-free γ-shielding wearables.
Keywords: γ-ray shielding; nanomaterials; high-Z fillers; polymer-based composites; multilayer structures; secondary-radiation shielding; sustainable development γ-ray shielding; nanomaterials; high-Z fillers; polymer-based composites; multilayer structures; secondary-radiation shielding; sustainable development
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MDPI and ACS Style

Qi, Q.; He, L.; Ye, H.; Wang, C.; Hu, P.; Liu, Y. From Bench to Use: The Status of Gamma-Shielding Nanomaterials and the Prospects for Lead-Free Wearables. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 1799. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231799

AMA Style

Qi Q, He L, Ye H, Wang C, Hu P, Liu Y. From Bench to Use: The Status of Gamma-Shielding Nanomaterials and the Prospects for Lead-Free Wearables. Nanomaterials. 2025; 15(23):1799. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231799

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qi, Qianhe, Liangyu He, Hao Ye, Ce Wang, Ping Hu, and Yong Liu. 2025. "From Bench to Use: The Status of Gamma-Shielding Nanomaterials and the Prospects for Lead-Free Wearables" Nanomaterials 15, no. 23: 1799. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231799

APA Style

Qi, Q., He, L., Ye, H., Wang, C., Hu, P., & Liu, Y. (2025). From Bench to Use: The Status of Gamma-Shielding Nanomaterials and the Prospects for Lead-Free Wearables. Nanomaterials, 15(23), 1799. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15231799

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