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Insects

Insects is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on entomology published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, PubAg, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Entomology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Insect Science)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Journal Cluster of Animal Science: Animals, Arthropoda, Birds, Insects, Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, Pets, Poultry, Ruminants and Veterinary Sciences.

Impact Factor: 2.9 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.3 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2075-4450

Latest Articles

12 pages, 408 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Thermo-Hygrometric Conditions on Ecological Interactions Between the Warehouse Pirate Bug, Xylocoris flavipes (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and Its Prey, Liposcelis decolor (Psocodea: Liposcelididae)

by Augustine Bosomtwe, George Opit, Brad Kard, Kristopher Giles and Carla Goad

Insects 2025, 16(9), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090888 (registering DOI) - 25 Aug 2025

Physical conditions in grain storage environments influence trophic interactions between predators and their prey and can affect the effectiveness of biocontrol agents. The study aimed to assess the potential of Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), to manage Liposcelis decolor (Pearman) (Psocodea: Liposcelididae). Liposcelis [...] Read more.

Physical conditions in grain storage environments influence trophic interactions between predators and their prey and can affect the effectiveness of biocontrol agents. The study aimed to assess the potential of Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), to manage Liposcelis decolor (Pearman) (Psocodea: Liposcelididae). Liposcelis decolor population suppression and X. flavipes progeny production were assessed at five predator–prey (P-P) ratios (0:240, 1:240, 2:240, 3:240, and 5:240), four temperatures (20, 24, 28, and 32 °C), and three relative humidities (RH) (63, 75, and 85%) over 40 days at 0:24 (L:D) photoperiod in the laboratory. Compared with the Control P-P ratio of 0:240 (no predators), prey suppression >97% was achieved across all predator release ratios. At 32 °C and 75% RH, which are the optimal conditions for L. decolor, 3985.13 ± 255.45 prey survived in the Control P-P ratio compared with 19.85 ± 2.47–115.73 ± 8.99 found for the four P-P ratios with the predator, representing prey reduction of 97.10–99.50%. Temperature influenced X. flavipes progeny production, which was greatest at 28 °C and a P-P ratio of 1:240. Suppression caused by X. flavipes demonstrates its potential as a biological control agent to manage psocid infestations in stored commodities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

18 pages, 1189 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phonotaxis in Male Field Crickets: The Role of Flight Experience, Serotonin and Octopamine Neurotransmission

by Maxim Mezheritskiy, Dmitry Vorontsov and Varvara Dyakonova

Insects 2025, 16(9), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090887 (registering DOI) - 25 Aug 2025

Insect phonotaxis is influenced by various external and internal factors related to the environment and to the inner states of an organism. Previously, we found that flight, a natural behavior common among insects, significantly enhances the subsequent phonotactic response of female crickets ( [...] Read more.

Insect phonotaxis is influenced by various external and internal factors related to the environment and to the inner states of an organism. Previously, we found that flight, a natural behavior common among insects, significantly enhances the subsequent phonotactic response of female crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) via serotonergic mechanisms. It is known that phonotaxis is also present in male crickets. However, the natural factors influencing phonotaxis in males and the neurochemical mechanisms behind these effects remained unknown. Our goal was to clarify these points and to compare phonotaxis of freely moving male and female crickets using a recently developed experimental paradigm. First, we found that freely moving male and female crickets demonstrate similar phonotactic response, quantitatively evaluated based on the time that animals spent near the source of calling song, their average distance to it and the number of approaches to it. We also found that the experience of previous flight increased phonotaxis in male crickets as it does in females. Also, as in females, this effect was associated with serotonergic neurotransmission. Thus, the manifestation of phonotactic behavior in freely moving male and female crickets, as well as the behavioral and monoaminergic modulation of phonotaxis in both sexes, appear to be quite similar in our experimental paradigm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)

19 pages, 956 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Preferences of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in the Region Calabria (Southern Italy)

by Domenico Bonelli, Federica Mendicino, Francesco Carlomagno, Giuseppe Luzzi, Antonino Siclari, Federica Fumo, Erica Di Biase, Michele Mistri, Cristina Munari, Marco Pezzi and Teresa Bonacci

Insects 2025, 16(9), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090886 (registering DOI) - 25 Aug 2025

Diptera belonging to the families Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae are known for their diversified trophic preferences and for their forensic and medical-veterinary relevance. The ecological preferences (distribution, abundance and habitat) of these two families were investigated along four years in the Region Calabria (Southern [...] Read more.

Diptera belonging to the families Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae are known for their diversified trophic preferences and for their forensic and medical-veterinary relevance. The ecological preferences (distribution, abundance and habitat) of these two families were investigated along four years in the Region Calabria (Southern Italy) in 17 sampling sites located in four areas: the Aspromonte National Park, the Sila National Park, the Natural Regional Park of Serre, and a suburban area at the University of Calabria (Rende, Cosenza, Italy). A total of 39,537 individuals were collected, with 36,253 belonging to 14 species of Calliphoridae and 3284 belonging to 35 species of Sarcophagidae. The most abundant species among Calliphoridae was Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus, 1758); among Sarcophagidae, it was Sarcophaga (Sarcophaga) croatica Baranov, 1941. The highest species richness and abundance of Calliphoridae were observed in forest areas and those of Sarcophagidae in open and humid environments. The results also show a close association between the distribution of both families and environmental factors such as altitude, vegetation type, season, and temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Conservation of Biodiversity, Monitoring Programs and Trend Assessment)

9 pages, 552 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hymenoptera Catches of Traps with Synthetic Generic Lures from Transcarpathia (West Ukraine)

by Antal Nagy, Dóra Arnóczkyné Jakab, Attila Molnár, Zsolt Józan, Miklós Tóth and Szabolcs Szanyi

Insects 2025, 16(9), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090885 (registering DOI) - 25 Aug 2025

Between 2014 and 2016, traps baited with synthetic generic lures were used to collect data on insect diversity, with a focus on Lepidoptera pest assemblages in the surroundings of Velyka Dobron’ in Transcarpathia, West Ukraine. Traps captured a large number of insects from [...] Read more.

Between 2014 and 2016, traps baited with synthetic generic lures were used to collect data on insect diversity, with a focus on Lepidoptera pest assemblages in the surroundings of Velyka Dobron’ in Transcarpathia, West Ukraine. Traps captured a large number of insects from various taxa, including Hymenoptera, providing valuable data on both the poorly known regional fauna and the attractiveness of the lures to different Hymenoptera groups. In total, 1214 individuals were recorded, representing 11 families and 39 species, of which 17 species are reported from Transcarpathia for the first time. The majority of the sample (97%) belonged to the families Apidae and Vespidae. The Apidae and Halictidae species were predominantly attracted to phenylacetaldehyde-based lures, while Vespidae species responded more to semisynthetic lures containing isoamyl alcohol. The parallel use of the tested lures with different selectivity appears to be an effective, user-friendly, standardized method for studying Hymenoptera assemblages. Furthermore, knowledge of lure selectivity allows for the target collection of species belonging to different ecotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Conservation of Biodiversity, Monitoring Programs and Trend Assessment)

16 pages, 1018 KB

Open AccessArticle

Honey Bee Foraging Decisions Are Shaped by Floral Trait Distinctiveness and Perception of Gains or Losses

by Juan C. Hernández, Jair E. García, Harrington Wells and Marisol Amaya-Márquez

Insects 2025, 16(9), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090884 (registering DOI) - 25 Aug 2025

The floral choices of honey bees (Apis mellifera) were studied using artificial flower patches to understand how foragers manage changing floral landscapes. Bees were observed under conditions where reward quality changed over time in blue and white flowers. We evaluated initial [...] Read more.

The floral choices of honey bees (Apis mellifera) were studied using artificial flower patches to understand how foragers manage changing floral landscapes. Bees were observed under conditions where reward quality changed over time in blue and white flowers. We evaluated initial learning and reversal learning, varying the magnitude of reward quality-difference and color distinctness in the honey bee’s color vision space (being either similar or more distinct). Flower color fidelity was higher when flower colors were more distinct, but it also made it more difficult for bees to abandon the flower color in the reversal learning phase. Smaller differences in reward quality reduced flower color fidelity and promoted reversal learning. When reward difference between flower colors was created (initial learning), a decrease in one of the flower color rewards elicited a stronger behavioral response from foragers than an increase in reward. Our work highlights that bees used and integrated information from different axes of information: distinctiveness of color cues, magnitude of reward difference, and directionality (being stronger for losses than gains). Thus, flower distinctiveness, opportunity cost, and loss aversion drive honey bee foraging decisions. Higher accuracy at initial learning has stronger costs in behavioral adaptations at changing floral landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bee Conservation: Behavior, Health and Pollination Ecology)

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17 pages, 3072 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Review of the Newly Recorded Genus Proceroplatus Edwards, 1925 (Diptera: Keroplatidae) in China with Two New Species, and Its Characterization and Phylogenetic Implication of Mitogenomes

by Qingyun Wang, Yi Zhu, Yefei Yu, Liwei Liu, Hong Wu and Junhao Huang

Insects 2025, 16(9), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090883 (registering DOI) - 25 Aug 2025

Proceroplatus (Keroplatidae: Keroplatinae) is a distinct keroplatid group comprising 39 described species. These species are found worldwide, but none had previously been reported in China prior to this study. In this paper, Proceroplatus is recorded for the first time from China, along with [...] Read more.

Proceroplatus (Keroplatidae: Keroplatinae) is a distinct keroplatid group comprising 39 described species. These species are found worldwide, but none had previously been reported in China prior to this study. In this paper, Proceroplatus is recorded for the first time from China, along with two new species: P. dapanshanussp. n. and P. biemarginatussp. n., which were collected from the southern region. Here, a worldwide distribution map of this genus is presented by species, including the new ones. Images and detailed morphological descriptions are provided for each new species, accompanied by molecular identification based on the standard mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. To clarify the mitogenomic characteristics of Proceroplatus, the well-assembled and annotated mitogenome of P. dapanshanus was obtained and described in detail. The comparative analyses and phylogenetic tree indicate that the mitogenomic evolution of keroplatids is relatively conserved and influenced not only by mutation pressure but also by natural selection and other factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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12 pages, 1863 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sublethal and Transgenerational Effects of Cyclaniliprole on Demographic Parameters in Rhopalosiphum padi and Schizaphis graminum (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

by Xinan Li, Xiaoya Zhang, Wen Zhang, Chengze Song, Fengfan Wang, Ruiyang Qin, Ganyu Zhu, Guochang Wang, Jiangao Yu and Hongliang Wang

Insects 2025, 16(9), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090882 - 25 Aug 2025

Cyclaniliprole is a novel third-generation anthranilic diamide insecticide which has broad-spectrum efficacy against various pests, including aphids. Rhopalosiphum padi and Schizaphis graminum are the two primary aphid species that infest wheat crops. This investigation evaluates cyclaniliprole’s acute toxicity and sublethal and transgenerational effects [...] Read more.

Cyclaniliprole is a novel third-generation anthranilic diamide insecticide which has broad-spectrum efficacy against various pests, including aphids. Rhopalosiphum padi and Schizaphis graminum are the two primary aphid species that infest wheat crops. This investigation evaluates cyclaniliprole’s acute toxicity and sublethal and transgenerational effects on both aphid species. The acute toxicity assessment revealed obvious insecticidal activity, with 24 h LC₅₀ values of 38.56 mg/L for R. padi and 33.71 mg/L for S. graminum. Sublethal exposure (LC₁₅ and LC₃₅ in R. padi; LC₃₅ in S. graminum) significantly reduced adult longevity and fecundity in the F₀ generation. In the F₁ generation, cyclaniliprole at LC₃₅ significantly reduced the fourth nymph stage in R. padi, whereas at LC₁₅, it shortened the third nymph stage duration in S. graminum compared to the control. Sublethal concentrations (LC₁₅ and LC₃₅) of cyclaniliprole significantly reduced age-stage-specific survival rate (s_xj), age-specific survival rate (l_x), age-specific maternity (l_xm_x), and age-stage life expectancy (e_xj) in the F₁ generation of R. padi, while only LC₃₅ decreased l_x, l_xm_x, and e_xj in S. graminum. Additionally, LC₃₅ significantly reduced the net reproductive rate (R₀) in the F₁ generation of R. padi compared to the control. These findings suggest that cyclaniliprole exhibit notable acute toxicity against both aphid species and that sublethal concentrations adversely affected the F₀ generation, with no observed hormetic effects in the F₁ generations of R. padi and S. graminum. The findings offer valuable insights for assessing the comprehensive insecticidal potential of cyclaniliprole. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance and Toxicology: Challenges in Pest Management and Basic Research—2nd Edition)

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29 pages, 5321 KB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Improved Captures of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella, Using Bimodal Traps

by Andrei N. Frolov and Yulia A. Zakharova

Insects 2025, 16(9), 881; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090881 - 24 Aug 2025

Many cases have been described where the combination of semiochemicals and light sources in traps cause an increase in adult insect attraction. In this context, we tested different treatments using Delta plastic traps to catch DBM adults: (1) dispensers containing DBM SSA; (2) [...] Read more.

Many cases have been described where the combination of semiochemicals and light sources in traps cause an increase in adult insect attraction. In this context, we tested different treatments using Delta plastic traps to catch DBM adults: (1) dispensers containing DBM SSA; (2) UV (365–370 nm) LEDs; (3) a combination of a dispenser containing DBM SSA and LEDs (SSA + LED); and (4) no lures (Control). The trials were conducted in northwestern Russia (the vicinity of St. Petersburg) during the period of 2022–2024 on cabbage crops. The results showed a highly significant interaction between SSA and LEDs with respect to their attractiveness to male DBM adults, as evidenced by an average 15-fold increase in DBM captures after the traps containing SSA were equipped with a second lure, an LED. This article discusses the prospects for using the identified synergistic effect of interaction between SSA and LEDs to enhance the catch of DBM adults for practical purposes, such as improving monitoring and developing more effective mass-trapping technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Insect Trap Systems: Advances in Lures, Dispensers, and Field Performance)

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15 pages, 3628 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Divergence of Two General Odorant-Binding Proteins to Sex Pheromones and Host Plant Volatiles in Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

by Shaoqiu Ren, Yuhan Liu, Xiulin Chen, Kun Luo, Jirong Zhao, Guangwei Li and Boliao Li

Insects 2025, 16(9), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090880 - 24 Aug 2025

Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a significant polyphagous leafroller that damages trees and shrubs in Rosaceae and other families. However, the molecular mechanisms by which this pest recognizes sex pheromones and host plant volatiles remain largely unknown. Tissue expression profiles indicated that two [...] Read more.

Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a significant polyphagous leafroller that damages trees and shrubs in Rosaceae and other families. However, the molecular mechanisms by which this pest recognizes sex pheromones and host plant volatiles remain largely unknown. Tissue expression profiles indicated that two general odorant-binding proteins (AoraGOBP1 and AoraGOBP2) were more abundant in the antennae and wings of both sexes, with AoraGOBP1 being rich in the female head and abdomen. Temporal expression profiles showed that AoraGOBP1 was expressed at the highest level in 5 day-nmated adults, while AoraGOBP2 exhibited high expression in 5 day-unmated, 7 day-unmated, and mated female adults. Fluorescence competitive binding assays of heterologous expressed AoraGOBPs demonstrated that AoraGOBP2 strongly bound to the primary sex pheromone Z9-14:Ac, and two minor sex pheromones Z9-14:OH and Z11-14:OH, whereas AoraGOBP1 only showed a high binding affinity to Z9-14:Ac. What is more, AoraGOBP1 exhibited a broader binding spectrum for host plant volatiles than AoraGOBP2. Molecular dockings, molecular dynamic simulations, and per-residue binding free decompositions indicated that the van der Waals interaction was the predominant contributor to the binding free energy. Electrostatic interactions between aldehydes, or alcohols and AoraGOBPs stabilized the conformational structures. Phe12 from AoraGOBP1, and Phe13 from AoraGOBP2 were identified as the most important residues that contributed to bind free energy. Our findings provide a comprehensive insight into the molecular mechanisms of olfactory recognition in A. orana, facilitating the development of chemical ecology-based approaches for the control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)

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15 pages, 604 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Carlina Oxide and Acmella oleracea Extract Enriched in N-Alkylamides on Aculops lycopersici (Acari: Eriophyidae) and Its Predator Typhlodromus exhilaratus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Laboratory Tests

by Thomas Giordano, Giuliano Cerasa, Ilaria Marotta, Mauro Conte, Ernesto Ragusa, Simona Tortorici, Gabriella Lo Verde, Filippo Maggi, Riccardo Petrelli, Marta Ferrati, Eleonora Spinozzi, Luigi Botta, Roberto Rizzo and Haralabos Tsolakis

Insects 2025, 16(9), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090879 - 24 Aug 2025

The tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici, is considered one of the most important crop pests globally. The main control strategy is based on synthetic acaricides; however, they create resistant strains and ecological risks. In this context, biopesticides could be a viable and sustainable [...] Read more.

The tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici, is considered one of the most important crop pests globally. The main control strategy is based on synthetic acaricides; however, they create resistant strains and ecological risks. In this context, biopesticides could be a viable and sustainable alternative for eriophyid control. In the present study, the toxic effects of a N-alkylamides-enriched extract obtained from Acmella oleracea and of carlina oxide, the main bioactive component of Carlina acaulis, on A. lycopersici were evaluated, as well as their side effects on the phytoseiid Typhlodromus exhilaratus Ragusa under laboratory conditions. Six concentrations were tested for each product against A. lycopersici adults (0, 320, 640, 1280, 2500, and 5000 μL L⁻¹), and the median concentration (1280 μL L⁻¹) was evaluated against eggs and females of the phytoseiid T. exhilaratus. Both the N-alkylamides-enriched extract and carlina oxide showed total lethal effects (100% of mortality) towards A. lycopersici at the two highest concentrations. Moderate-to-high mortality was also recorded with the lower concentrations: from 42.22 to 97.78%. Probit analysis identified LC₅₀ values of 205.32 μL L⁻¹ for carlina oxide and 253.79 μL L⁻¹ for the N-alkylamides-enriched extract, respectively. Carlina oxide showed a moderate ovicidal effect on T. exhilaratus eggs (50.00% hatching rate) on T. exhilaratus, and caused 39.13% mortality on females, whereas the N-alkylamides-enriched extract was less toxic, with a hatching rate of 88.00% and a mortality rate of 18.75% on females. In conclusion, carlina oxide and the N-alkylamides-enriched extract showed high toxicity on A. lycopersici, with a reduced effect on phytoseiid. These results highlight the potential of these products as sustainable means for the management of tomato russet mite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Bio-Ecology and Control of Plant-Damaging Acari)

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12 pages, 732 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Phase Change on Parthenogenesis in the Migratory Locust: A Behavioral Analysis

by Rongjing Li, Xuelei Wei and Liwei Zhang

Insects 2025, 16(9), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090878 - 23 Aug 2025

The migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), is a destructive pest in agriculture and ecological conservation, characterized by its unique phase polyphenism (phase change). Parthenogenesis, defined as oviparous reproduction without fertilization, has been studied less extensively than fertilized reproduction, with particularly scarce research [...] Read more.

The migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), is a destructive pest in agriculture and ecological conservation, characterized by its unique phase polyphenism (phase change). Parthenogenesis, defined as oviparous reproduction without fertilization, has been studied less extensively than fertilized reproduction, with particularly scarce research on parthenogenesis in migratory locust. This study investigates the relationship between parthenogenesis and the phase change in migratory locusts. Through comparative studies between two phases, we found that solitary locusts exhibit a higher parthenogenesis capacity compared to gregarious locusts, as evidenced by greater total oviposition quantity and higher hatching rates. However, parthenogenesis resulted in significantly lower hatching rates compared to sexually fertilized females, with distinct differences in oviposition dynamics and hatching patterns. Furthermore, we observed that gregarious locusts, when isolated after eclosion, exhibited increased parthenogenetic capacity, depending on their juvenile density. Together, this study provides insights into the understanding of insect parthenogenesis and lays basis for the potential underlying mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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27 pages, 36475 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Impair Physiology and Reproductive Fitness of Tuta absoluta Through Plant-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Enzymatic Disruption

by Inzamam Ul Haq, Huiping Liu, Muhammad Adeel Ghafar, Saba Zafar, Mishal Subhan, Asim Abbasi, Moazam Hyder, Abdul Basit, Nazih Y. Rebouh and Youming Hou

Insects 2025, 16(9), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090877 - 23 Aug 2025

The tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) is a globally invasive pest that causes severe yield losses in tomato crops. Nanotechnology-based strategies offer promising alternatives to conventional insecticides. This study examines the physiological, biochemical, and demographic responses of T. absoluta following exposure to [...] Read more.

The tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) is a globally invasive pest that causes severe yield losses in tomato crops. Nanotechnology-based strategies offer promising alternatives to conventional insecticides. This study examines the physiological, biochemical, and demographic responses of T. absoluta following exposure to mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) applied to tomato leaves at concentrations of 0, 3, 30, and 300 mg L⁻¹. Comprehensive assessments were conducted, including digestive and detoxifying enzyme activities in the insect, neurotoxicity indicators, life table parameters, and antioxidant responses in the host plant. At 30 mg L⁻¹, MSNs significantly impaired larval development, fecundity, and survival of T. absoluta without inducing phytotoxicity. Tomato plants treated at this concentration exhibited enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT, POD) and a reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content, indicating an active oxidative defense. These plant responses were significantly correlated with changes in insect fitness traits, suggesting a plant-mediated effect on pest physiology. Digestive enzyme disruption, decreased acetylcholinesterase activity, and extended developmental periods contributed to suppressed population growth, as evidenced by reductions in the intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R₀), and fecundity. At 300 mg L⁻¹, however, severe phytotoxicity and enzymatic collapse were observed in both plant and insect systems. These findings highlight moderate concentration of MSNs (30 mg L⁻¹) as a promising dose for sustainable and host-safe pest management, offering multi-targeted suppression of T. absoluta through combined plant and insect biochemical pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Insect Pest Management: Innovative Approaches to Enhance Plant Protection)

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14 pages, 1113 KB

Open AccessArticle

Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Crosstalk Mediates Asymmetric Interactions Between Aphis gossypii and Lema decempunctata in Lycium barbarum

by Zhongxu Liu, Beibei Zhu, Changrong Deng, Guozhen Duan, Jianling Li and Guanghui Fan

Insects 2025, 16(9), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090876 - 23 Aug 2025

The aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, and the leaf beetle, Lema decempunctata Gebler, are two catastrophic pests affecting the production of the organic goji berry, Lycium barbarum L. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the defense responses of goji berry induced by aphid infestations [...] Read more.

The aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, and the leaf beetle, Lema decempunctata Gebler, are two catastrophic pests affecting the production of the organic goji berry, Lycium barbarum L. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the defense responses of goji berry induced by aphid infestations can facilitate the growth and development of beetles. However, the reciprocal effects of these two insect infestations on aphids remained unclear. In this study, the impacts of these two pest infestations on the development, survival, and reproduction of aphids were examined. Additionally, the levels of plant defense-related hormones, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), were measured. Subsequently, host plants were treated with two hormone analogues, 2, 1, 3-benzothiadiazole (BTH) and methyl jasmonate (Me-JA), to identify their effects on aphid development, survival, and reproduction. The results showed that the total developmental duration was accelerated by 33.60%, and the total reproduction of aphids was increased by 82.98% compared to the control after aphid infestation, without influencing survival. In contrast, the beetle infestation did not significantly influence any aspect of the aphid population. The content of SA in plants after the aphid infestation and JA after the beetle infestation increased 19.42 times and 400.50 times, respectively, compared with the control. The total developmental duration of aphids treated with BTH was reduced by 13.44%, while their reproduction increased by 60.52% compared with the control. The total developmental duration of aphids treated with Me-JA was prolonged by 23.51% compared to the control, while survival rates and reproduction were unchanged. Our research elucidates the intricate interspecific relationship between A. gossypii and L. decempunctata, providing valuable insights into the complex interspecific relationship between the two pests and informing effective strategies for their scientific prevention and control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Chemical Ecology of Plant–Insect Interactions)

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11 pages, 1320 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fenmezoditiaz Inhibited the Acquisition and Transmission of Southern Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus by Sogatella furcifera

by Yuting Chen, Lixin Mao, Xiulan Ding, Hengchien Liu, Devendra J. Vyas and Dongsheng Jia

Insects 2025, 16(9), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090875 - 23 Aug 2025

Rice planthoppers are the most destructive pests of rice production and the vectors of rice viruses. Fenmezoditiaz as a novel mesoionic insecticide is used for rice planthopper management by targeting the insect’s neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. This study aimed to evaluate the effects [...] Read more.

Rice planthoppers are the most destructive pests of rice production and the vectors of rice viruses. Fenmezoditiaz as a novel mesoionic insecticide is used for rice planthopper management by targeting the insect’s neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fenmezoditiaz on the acquisition, propagation, and transmission of southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) by the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacida). The results revealed that sublethal concentrations of fenmezoditiaz significantly impaired SRBSDV acquisition and viral replication in S. furcifera. Fenmezoditiaz-treated viruliferous S. furcifera exhibited a lower transmission efficiency of SRBSDV to un-infected rice seedlings. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings revealed prolonged non-probing (NP), salivary secretion (N2/N3), and xylem feeding (N5) durations, alongside shortened phloem contact behavior (N4a/N4b), of fenmezoditiaz-treated individuals, indicating disrupted feeding behaviors, which are critical for reducing viral infection. By reducing viral titers and interfering with phloem ingestion, fenmezoditiaz significantly suppresses SRBSDV transmission. These findings revealed fenmezoditiaz’s dual role in pest control and viral transmission blockage, providing a foundation for incorporation into integrated management of vector-borne plant viruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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15 pages, 348 KB

Open AccessReview

Classification of the Burrower Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae): A Never-Ending Story?

by Jerzy A. Lis

Insects 2025, 16(9), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090874 - 22 Aug 2025

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development of research on the classification of the family Cydnidae. This study reviews the various approaches to characterizing the family’s internal structure, providing insights into the methodologies used in studying its taxonomy. Furthermore, several [...] Read more.

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development of research on the classification of the family Cydnidae. This study reviews the various approaches to characterizing the family’s internal structure, providing insights into the methodologies used in studying its taxonomy. Furthermore, several directions for future research aimed at confirming the monophyly of this family and its internal subfamilial and tribal classification structure are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

28 pages, 1304 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Regional Species Records for the Moroccan Bee Fauna (Hymenoptera, Apoidea), with a Special Focus on the Marrakesh-Safi Region

by Ayyoub Skaou, Abdessamad Aglagane, Omar Er-Rguibi, Houda Benkhalifa, Ahlam Sentil, Patrick Lhomme, Denis Michez and El Hassan El Mouden

Insects 2025, 16(9), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090873 - 22 Aug 2025

Although Morocco is a biodiversity hotspot for wild bees, much of its bee fauna remains underexplored. This study aims to enhance knowledge on the regional diversity of Moroccan bees by monitoring wild bee species across nine regions during the 2022–2024 period. A total [...] Read more.

Although Morocco is a biodiversity hotspot for wild bees, much of its bee fauna remains underexplored. This study aims to enhance knowledge on the regional diversity of Moroccan bees by monitoring wild bee species across nine regions during the 2022–2024 period. A total of 245 bee species—representing 34 genera and 6 families—are documented, accounting for ~25% of the country’s bee species, including 74 species newly recorded at the regional level. We recorded 42 species as new for the Marrakech-Safi region, bringing the total to 597 species and confirming this region as a biodiversity hotspot. New records were also observed in the southern and desert regions, such as Laayoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra and Guelmim-Oued Noun (12 species for each), as well as Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab (7 species), highlighting the need for further exploration in these under-sampled areas. The genera Andrena, Lasioglossum, and Eucera were the most diverse, collectively representing 61% of the newly recorded species documented in this study. This research provides valuable insights into the diversity and distribution of Morocco’s bee fauna and calls for standardized monitoring, conservation efforts, and expanded research—particularly in underexplored areas such as the southern regions—to preserve Morocco’s vital bee populations and ensure the sustainability of its agroecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Pollinator Insects)

16 pages, 2278 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Characterization of a Native Metarhizium rileyi Strain Mrpgbm2408 from Paralipsa gularis in Maize: First Data on Efficacy and Enzymatic Host Response Dynamics

by Yunhao Yao, Kaiyu Fu, Xiaoyu Wang, Guangzu Du, Yuejin Peng, Guy Smagghe, Wenqian Wang and Bin Chen

Insects 2025, 16(9), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090872 - 22 Aug 2025

Paralipsa gularis (Zeller) has become an increasingly destructive pest in both storage and field ecosystems, particularly affecting maize crops across China. As chemical control methods face limitations due to resistance development and environmental concerns, biological control presents a promising alternative. In this study, [...] Read more.

Paralipsa gularis (Zeller) has become an increasingly destructive pest in both storage and field ecosystems, particularly affecting maize crops across China. As chemical control methods face limitations due to resistance development and environmental concerns, biological control presents a promising alternative. In this study, we isolated and identified a novel strain of Metarhizium sp. from naturally infected P. gularis larvae collected in Yunnan Province, China. Morphological characterization, along with ITS-rDNA and EF-1α-rDNA sequencing, confirmed the fungus as Metarhizium rileyi. The optimal growth medium for this strain was SMAY, and the optimal conditions were 25 °C under continuous light (L:D = 24:0). Laboratory bioassays showed that the strain exhibited high virulence against P. gularis larvae, with cumulative mortality reaching 82% following infestation with 5 × 10⁸ conidia/mL. Biochemical analyses revealed that fungal infection significantly inhibited the activity of the key antioxidant enzyme SOD in the host, while activities of POD, CAT, and detoxification enzymes (P450, CarE, AChE, and GSTs) were significantly increased. These results indicate that immune responses were triggered, and systemic colonization of the host was achieved. Overall, this native M. rileyi strain demonstrates strong potential as an effective biological control agent. Its ability to overcome insect defenses and induce high mortality supports its integration into pest management programs targeting P. gularis. This work advances the understanding of fungal–insect interactions and contributes to sustainable, environmentally safe strategies for managing a pest of economic importance in agricultural ecosystems. Full article

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10 pages, 1141 KB

Open AccessArticle

Does Glycerin Used in Varroa Treatments Alter Propolis Quality?

by Freideriki Papakosta, Konstantia Graikou, Leonidas Charistos, Antigoni Cheilari, Fani Hatjina and Ioanna Chinou

Insects 2025, 16(9), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090871 - 22 Aug 2025

In the current study, the impact of different acaricide treatments against Varroa (such as amitraz strips, oxalic and formic acid strips impregnated with glycerin, or the sublimation or instillation of oxalic acid) on glycerol residue levels of propolis was investigated. Propolis samples were [...] Read more.

In the current study, the impact of different acaricide treatments against Varroa (such as amitraz strips, oxalic and formic acid strips impregnated with glycerin, or the sublimation or instillation of oxalic acid) on glycerol residue levels of propolis was investigated. Propolis samples were collected from five beehives located in Chalkidiki (northern Greece), where all mentioned treatments were used and chemically analyzed and compared to control ones. Propolis samples were collected on days 7, 21, and 65 after the application of Varroa treatments, extracted with ethanol/water (70:30), silylated, and then analyzed using GC-MS, showing the predominance of diterpenes. The sublimation of oxalic acid and the amitraz treatment yielded a low glycerol residue (5.12% and 5.09% from 9.98% and 9.19%, respectively) in propolis specimens, while glycerin-impregnated oxalic acid strips led to elevated glycerol percentages (24.30% from 20.51%), unlike the reduced glycerol residues for all other treatments (instillation: 12.60% from 14.48% and glycerin-impregnated formic acid strips: 8.91% from 9.25%) and controls (3.27% from 6.30%). Furthermore, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the corresponding biplot illustrated how the sample composition varied across treatments and sampling days, highlighting the chemical constituent categories that most strongly contributed to these distinctions. These findings suggest that the use of glycerol-impregnated strips should be avoided in future beekeeping treatments against varroosis, as they could have a negative impact on the quality of propolis either for nutritional or medicinal applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Insects and Apiculture)

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8 pages, 229 KB

Open AccessArticle

Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti Larvae to Temephos and Fenitrothion in Niamey (Niger) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), Two West African Cities Recently Affected by Dengue

by Abdoul-Aziz Maiga, Aboubacar Sombié, Nicolas Zanré, Rahmatoulaye Maiga, Ibrahim Maman Laminou, Ali Doumma, Antoine Sanon and Athanase Badolo

Insects 2025, 16(9), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090870 - 22 Aug 2025

In the absence of commercialized vaccines for most arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, which are transmitted by Aedes aegypti, the management of vector populations to prevent disease transmission remains the cornerstone of arbovirus control strategies. Larviciding targets the early stages of [...] Read more.

In the absence of commercialized vaccines for most arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, which are transmitted by Aedes aegypti, the management of vector populations to prevent disease transmission remains the cornerstone of arbovirus control strategies. Larviciding targets the early stages of the mosquito life cycle and subsequently reduces the capacity of adult population to transmit pathogens. Here, we report the susceptibility profile of Ae. aegypti larval populations from two West Africa cities, namely Niamey and Ouagadougou, to organophosphates larvicides. In Niamey, sampling was carried out using ovitraps at two sites, whereas in Ouagadougou, larvae were collected from three different types of larval containers at a single site. Temephos and fenitrothion were tested at six different concentrations each. Mosquito populations from Niamey and Ouagadougou were found susceptible to temephos and fenitrothion, with LD₅₀ < 0.015 mg/L and RR₅₀ < 5. However, Ae. aegypti populations from Ouagadougou showed reduced susceptibility to temephos compared to baseline data from 2016, as indicated by RR₅₀ values. This observation highlights the need for regular surveillance of larval susceptibility, as it may signal the emergence of temephos resistance in Ouagadougou. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) mutation and the expression levels of metabolic genes Carboxy-/Cholinesterase (CCE) should be characterized to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed phenotype response. Our results provide up-to-date data that could inform the potential deployment of these larvicides for the prevention and control of dengue and chikungunya outbreaks in Ouagadougou and Niamey. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance and Toxicology: Challenges in Pest Management and Basic Research—2nd Edition)

21 pages, 4720 KB

Open AccessArticle

Infestation and Larval Habitat Ecology of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in an Urban Gradient in Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

by Gilliarde de Carvalho Caetano, Samanta Cristina das Chagas Xavier and Mariana Rocha David

Insects 2025, 16(8), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080869 - 21 Aug 2025

Since there are no available vaccines against some arboviruses, vector control is the most effective way to reduce their incidence. In this context, mechanical control is one of the most cost-effective ways to suppress Aedes populations, but it requires knowledge about vector breeding [...] Read more.

Since there are no available vaccines against some arboviruses, vector control is the most effective way to reduce their incidence. In this context, mechanical control is one of the most cost-effective ways to suppress Aedes populations, but it requires knowledge about vector breeding ecology in varied landscapes and climates. Here we investigated the infestation levels and container types used as larval habitats by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in an urban gradient of Vassouras, a countryside city in Rio de Janeiro. Larval surveys were conducted bimonthly from January 2017 to December 2018. Infestation was measured through the House (HI) and Breteau indexes (BI). Container types found with Aedes spp. immatures were correlated with temperature and rainfall and were compared between urbanization zones. The distribution of positive containers was mapped. The HI for Ae. aegypti increased during rainy seasons, but the HI and BI were always <1% for both mosquito vectors. More reservoirs were found harboring Ae. albopictus than Ae. aegypti, but in general their relative distribution into types was similar between species. On the other hand, the amount and distribution of containers into types varied across urbanization zones. Finally, the spatial distribution of larval habitats was similar between species, as well as often constant between seasons and study years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Surveillance of Mosquitoes to Reduce the Spread of Mosquito-Borne Disease)

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