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2 pages, 175 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Distribution of Weeds and Caraway Productivity in the Multi-Cropping System

by Aušra Rudinskienė, Aušra Marcinkevičienė, Zita Kriaučiūnienė, Rimantas Velička and Robertas Kosteckas

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12256 - 14 Feb 2022

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Abstract

A field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy in 2019–2020, in Lithuania. The aim of the study was to determine and to compare weed spread and caraway (Carum carvi L.) crop productivity in sole [...] Read more.

A field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy in 2019–2020, in Lithuania. The aim of the study was to determine and to compare weed spread and caraway (Carum carvi L.) crop productivity in sole (spring barley, spring wheat, pea, caraway), binary (spring barley–caraway, spring wheat–caraway, pea–caraway) and trinary (spring barley–caraway–white clover, spring wheat–caraway–white clover, pea–caraway–white clover) crops. We hypothesized that the application of a multi-cropping system would inhibit the spread of weeds and increase the productivity of caraway crop. Objectives: (1) to determine the weed species composition in multi-cropping (sole, binary, and trinary) systems; (2) to determine the number and dry biomass of weeds in multi-cropping (sole, binary, trinary) systems; (3) to evaluate the yield of caraway seeds grown in multi-cropping systems. The dry biomass of weeds was established before harvesting the main crop (spring barley, spring wheat, and pea) (2019), and during the second year (2020) of caraway vegetative season—before harvesting caraway and spring barley in 10 randomly selected sites of 0.06 m² in each harvested plot. The number and species composition of the weeds were determined in the laboratory, and the weeds were dried in an oven at 60 °C and weighed. The number of weeds was recalculated to pcs. m⁻² and the dry biomass to g m⁻². Caraway seed yield calculation was based on a standard 12% moisture content and absolutely clean seed content (t ha⁻¹). In the first year of caraway vegetative season (2019), 23 weed species were found in multi-crops, including 19 annual weeds and 4 perennial ones. The weeds found belong to 11 different families. Two annual dicotyledonous weed species predominated: white goosefoot (Chenopodium album L.) and scentless chamomile (Tripleurospermum perforatum (Merat) M. Lainz). In the second year of the caraway vegetative season (2020), 22 weed species were found in multi-crops systems, including 18 annual weeds and 4 perennial ones. The weeds found belong to 11 different families. Scentless chamomile (Tripleurospermum perforatum (Merat) M. Lainz) and common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.) were dominant in binary and trinary crops. Significantly higher yield of caraway seed, from 1.7 to 3.7 times, was formed when it was grown after pea, compared to other crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

1 pages, 157 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Patent Landscape Analysis of Seaweed-Based Biofertilizers

by Ahmed Fatimi

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12196 - 10 Feb 2022

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Abstract

Seaweed-based biofertilizers for agriculture are developing rapidly through the innovation and improvement of used raw materials, formulations, methods, and processes. This is also evident from the increase in the number of patent applications filed each year in this area of seaweed-based biofertilizer research [...] Read more.

Seaweed-based biofertilizers for agriculture are developing rapidly through the innovation and improvement of used raw materials, formulations, methods, and processes. This is also evident from the increase in the number of patent applications filed each year in this area of seaweed-based biofertilizer research and development. Therefore, this work in the form of patent analysis encapsulates information which could be used as a reference by researchers in the fields of agriculture and plants, as well as those interested especially in biofertilizers. The state has been reviewed by introducing what has been patented concerning seaweed-based biofertilizers. The patent classification codes reveal that most inventions intended for soil conditioners and the preparation of fertilizers are characterized by biological or biochemical treatment steps, as well as organic fertilizers containing added bacterial cultures. The knowledge clusters and expert driving factors of this patent analysis indicate that the research and development are based on the formulation, method of production, and processes for preparation, as well as devices and apparatus for the manufacturing of biofertilizers that are concentrated in most patents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

1 pages, 150 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Study of Combine Harvester Remote Monitoring Systems for Fuel Consumption and Environmental Impact Control

by Antanas Juostas and Egle Jotautiene

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12312 - 23 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 904

Abstract

The European Union’s Green Deal calls for action to promote climate change mitigation. European Commission adopted a set of proposals to make the EU’s climate, energy, transport and taxation policies fit for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, [...] Read more.

The European Union’s Green Deal calls for action to promote climate change mitigation. European Commission adopted a set of proposals to make the EU’s climate, energy, transport and taxation policies fit for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. The agriculture sector more widely offers the remote sensing systems in modern intelligent farming systems. With the development and complexity of information systems, there are problems with the analysis and use of telemetry data. With the development and complexity of information systems, there are opportunities for the analysis, use and application of telemetry data. For the research the sets of harvesting process data of three identical Lexion 770 TT (Terra Trac) combines, collected and stored in the Telemetry system, were taken. The analysis of the data of the Telemetry system showed that the efficiency of the combine and the reduction of fuel consumption significantly depend on the organization of working processes. The data of the structure working time in Telemetry were showed that the combine devoted from 35 to 57% of the total day working time to the technological process. When combine harvesters worked in automatic steering mode, the fuel consumption was by 22.02% lower than with manual steering. In summary, it can be said that the analysis of the structure of work processes provides detailed information that allows decisions to be made to increase the overall productivity of the machine and to optimize work processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

2 pages, 172 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Effect of Biological Preparations and Different Nitrogen Fertilization on Winter Wheat Crop

by Darija Jodaugienė, Rita Čepulienė and Irena Pranckietienė

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12262 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 811

Abstract

Plant fertility and soil quality are determined by many environmental factors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

1 pages, 186 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Wildlife Parasitoids of Citrus Pest (Orange and Lemon Tree) in Mostaganem, Algeria

by Aicha Merzoug, Malika Boualem and Faouzia Haffari

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12229 - 10 Feb 2022

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Abstract

Citrus fruits are considered, in Algeria, to be a strategic crop, given their importance in food and human health. They attract a phytophagous fauna, as well, as their natural enemies, which are quite remarkable in ensuring natural regulation. A parasitoid inventory was conducted [...] Read more.

Citrus fruits are considered, in Algeria, to be a strategic crop, given their importance in food and human health. They attract a phytophagous fauna, as well, as their natural enemies, which are quite remarkable in ensuring natural regulation. A parasitoid inventory was conducted in three Citrus orchards at the University of Mostaganem’s experimental farm in Mazagran during the years 2018–2019, with a total of thirty Citrus trees studied. The parasitoid insects were identified in the laboratory using a binocular dissection microscope and direct inspection while processing the gathered leaves. This study enabled the identification of a group of distinct parasitoids that grow on harmful insects such as aphids and cochineal insects, and some of which have been found as adults, who belong to different families: Aphelinidae, Trichogrammatidae, Braconidae, Chalcidoidea, and Figitidae, among which we can quote: Encarsia sp., Aphytis sp., Trichogramma sp., Lysiphlebus sp., Bracon sp, Aphidius matricariae, Praon sp, Alloxysta sp, and several other parasitoids are yet to be identified. Natural enemies reflect the natural ecological integrity of ecosystems, and Elekçİoğlu, 2007 have found natural enemies such as Aphytis melinus, Chrysoperla carnea., Conwentzia sp. Chilocorus bipustulatus., Exochomus quadripustulatus., and Adonia variegata. These findings may be sufficient as an effective first step in learning about auxiliary insects, in order to establish proper breeding methods and carry out biological control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

1 pages, 201 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Development of a Biological Control Strategy against Fusariosis and Rabies of Fuentesaúco-Chickpea (PGI) through the Use of the Trichoderma Fungus

by Jorge Poveda

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12219 - 10 Feb 2022

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Abstract

The Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Fuentesaúco-Chickpea (F-C) includes a legume crop developed in the south of the province of Zamora (Spain), of great agronomic, economic, and cultural importance for the area, as well as gastronomically on a global scale. Its cultivation is mainly [...] Read more.

The Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Fuentesaúco-Chickpea (F-C) includes a legume crop developed in the south of the province of Zamora (Spain), of great agronomic, economic, and cultural importance for the area, as well as gastronomically on a global scale. Its cultivation is mainly affected by the fungal diseases called fusariosis (caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri) and rabies (caused by Ascochyta rabiei). Through an in vitro antagonism study, we were able to select the species Trichoderma atroviride, T. hamatum, T. harzianum, and T. koningii as the most effective against both pathogens, thanks to mechanisms of action such as mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and/or competition for space and/or nutrients. Subsequently, these four species were used in studies with F-C plants and both pathogens, inoculating Trichoderma radicularly. Using this methodology, we described how T. atroviride and T. koningii were able to control F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri both directly and by activating plant defenses, in the case of T. koningii. On the other hand, the species T. hazianum and T. koningii were able to significantly reduce foliar infection with A. rabiei, by activating systemic plant defense responses. Regarding the productivity of F-C, the species T. hamatum and T. koningii were able to significantly increase the formation of grains in each plant. Therefore, T. koningii is capable of controlling both pathogens under greenhouse conditions, in addition to increasing their productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

1 pages, 172 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

AI-Powered DSS for Resource-Efficient Nutrient, Irrigation, and Microclimate Management in Greenhouses

by Nora Ibáñez Otazua

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12263 - 14 Feb 2022

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Abstract

A primary challenge for the horticultural industry is to ensure high yield and product quality while using resources in an efficient and sustainable way [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

2 pages, 180 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Beneficial Microbes Application on Tomato Significantly Improves Accumulation of Metabolites with Nutraceutical Value

by Giuseppina Iacomino, Alessia Staropoli, Maria Isabella Prigigallo, Giovanni Bubici, Marina Scagliola, Pasquale Salerno, Sergio Bolletti Censi, Giulio Murolo and Francesco Vinale

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12238 - 10 Feb 2022

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Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important crop and is consumed worldwide. This vegetable is an excellent source of natural compounds (i.e., antioxidants including vitamins C and E, lycopene, b-carotene, lutein and flavonoids) and minerals useful for human health. Several studies have [...] Read more.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important crop and is consumed worldwide. This vegetable is an excellent source of natural compounds (i.e., antioxidants including vitamins C and E, lycopene, b-carotene, lutein and flavonoids) and minerals useful for human health. Several studies have shown the correlation between tomato consumption and the prevention of some types of cancer and chronic cardiovascular diseases. In this study, the improvement of nutritional value of tomato, by using beneficial microorganisms, including selected strains of Streptomyces, Bacillus and Trichoderma, has been investigated. These microbes were applied on tomato plants in a field trial either as single inoculants or as microbial consortia. After the treatments, plants were subjected to a metabolomic analysis by LC-MS qTOF and led to the identification of sixteen metabolites, including tomatine and its derivatives, solafloridine, apo-13-zeaxanthinone, deoxy phytoprostane and L-phenylalanine. Results showed a significant difference in relative abundance of these metabolites among treatments. Bacillus application, alone or in combination with T22, induced the production of tomatine, while Trichoderma alone or in combination with Streptomyces or Bacillus and combination between Streptomyces and Bacillus, induced the production of solafloridine. The combination of Streptomyces and Trichoderma increased the accumulation of solafloridine, apo-13-zeaxanthinone, deoxy phytoprostane and L-phenylalanine, compared with the single treatments. In conclusion, field applications of Streptomyces, Bacillus and Trichoderma significantly induced metabolic profile change of tomato and the accumulation of metabolites with nutraceutical value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

1 pages, 172 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Antifungal Activity of Thymol against the Main Fungi Causing Fruit Rot in In Vitro Conditions

by Azam Ranjbar and Asghar Ramezanian

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12194 - 10 Feb 2022

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Abstract

Pomegranate fruit rot is caused by the fungi Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus spp., Nematospora spp. and Coniella spp. In the present study, the antifungal effects of thymol on the growth of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium commune isolated from pomegranate [...] Read more.

Pomegranate fruit rot is caused by the fungi Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus spp., Nematospora spp. and Coniella spp. In the present study, the antifungal effects of thymol on the growth of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium commune isolated from pomegranate fruits were investigated in in vitro conditions. The experiment was performed as a factorial based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of thymol for both fungi were 250 and 500 µg mL⁻¹, respectively. The lowest diameter of the Penicillium commune colony (6.66 mm) was found at a concentration of 250 µg mL⁻¹ after 168 h; however, it was not significantly (p ≤ 0.01) different from the diameter of the Aspergillus niger colony at the same time. Thymol at the concentration of 500 µg mL⁻¹ had a similar effect as a fungicidal agent compared with thiabendazole (1500 µg mL⁻¹). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

1 pages, 170 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Effects of Thymol on the Morphology of the Main Fungi Causing Pomegranate Fruit Rot

by Azam Ranjbar and Asghar Ramezanian

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12195 - 10 Feb 2022

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Abstract

Pomegranate fruit rot leads to the loss of a significant quantity of fruit worldwide. In the present study, the antifungal effects of thymol on the morphology of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium commune as the main fungi causing pomegranate fruit rot were investigated [...] Read more.

Pomegranate fruit rot leads to the loss of a significant quantity of fruit worldwide. In the present study, the antifungal effects of thymol on the morphology of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium commune as the main fungi causing pomegranate fruit rot were investigated in in vitro conditions. Examination of cell morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in Aspergillus niger colony showed that cell deformation was observed due to the destruction of the cell membrane and loss of cell wall strength at a concentration of 250 µg mL⁻¹ (50% FC) after 168 h. Produced hyphae had irregular branching and no spore production was observed. Evaluation of Penicillium commune colony cell morphology using SEM showed that thymol at a concentration of 250 µg mL⁻¹ (50% FC) caused superficial wrinkles, bifurcation of the hyphal apex, and no spore production was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

1 pages, 160 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

New Method of Tomato Fertilization with the Use of Chosen Nanoparticles

by Katarzyna Włodarczyk and Beata Smolińska

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12237 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 739

Abstract

The fast development of the world’s population in the past few decades has forced the agricultural sector to increase crop productivity to satisfy the needs of billions of people, especially in developing countries. This situation creates serious challenges such as producing enough food [...] Read more.

The fast development of the world’s population in the past few decades has forced the agricultural sector to increase crop productivity to satisfy the needs of billions of people, especially in developing countries. This situation creates serious challenges such as producing enough food for the world’s increasing population. This situation requires the use of new technologies in crop fertilization. The increasing production efficiency and the requirements of food safety and environmental protection should be provided. Nanotechnology offers a potential solution. Nanofertilizers may be the solution for improving the efficiency and safety of fertilization. The aim of this study was to develop a new method of soil fertilization with the use of nano-zinc oxide (nano-ZnO). The main assumption of this research is the examination and comparison of the influence of certain concentration of nano-ZnO (50 mg/L, 150 mg/L, 250 mg/L) on seedlings and growth of tomatoes. Firstly, the parameters crucial for the process of seedling were examined after conducting the research on the influence of nano-ZnO (nanoparticles < 100 nm and <50 nm) on different tomato cultivars. Moreover, the other parameter that was taken into consideration is the improvement of plants’ ability of macroelements assimilation from conventional bulks fertilizers. The solutions of nanoparticles were applied into the soil or by foliar spraying. Additionally, the parameters such as antioxidant activity and the content of sugars and allergens in tomato fruits were tested. Preliminary observations indicated that solutions of nano-ZnO have a significant influence on tomato germination and growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

2 pages, 207 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

How to Produce Organic Chestnuts? Ecochestnut Project: An Adaptive Project of How to Bring Organic Agriculture within Reach of Traditional Farmers?

by María Carpena, María I. Doval, Jesús Simal-Gandara and Miguel A. Prieto

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12265 - 14 Feb 2022

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Abstract

Organic food is progressively boosting the market and becoming more attractive to consumers, who usually feel more confident about these products because of their safer, healthier, and more eco-friendly characteristics when compared to conventional agriculture products [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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5 pages, 665 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Complex of Barley Leaf Spots in Ukraine

by Sergiy Retman, Fedir Melnichuk, Tetiana Kyslykh and Olga Shevchuk

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12290 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 937

Abstract

Barley is one of the most important cereal crops globally. In Ukraine, it is grown on an area of 2.4–2.8 million hectares annually and is the second largest grain crop in Ukraine after wheat. Barley grain export is about 4.3 million tons p.a. [...] Read more.

Barley is one of the most important cereal crops globally. In Ukraine, it is grown on an area of 2.4–2.8 million hectares annually and is the second largest grain crop in Ukraine after wheat. Barley grain export is about 4.3 million tons p.a. At the same time, one of the limiting factors for obtaining a high-quality yield is diseases, in particular leaf spots. In recent decades, there have been significant changes in the technology of cultivation, the composition of varieties and the pathogenic complex. Net blotch (Pyrenophora teres Drechsler) in net and spot forms and spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoem.) remain the most common among the diseases of barley leaves. They occur in all regions where barley is grown. Barley scald (Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) Davis) is distributed mainly in the forest zone and western part of the forest-steppe zone and has become more widespread in recent years with rainy summers. Outbreaks of stripe spot (Pyrenophora graminea S. Ito & Kurib.) occur sporadically. Ascochyta leaf spot (Ascochyta spp.) was found in the Lviv and Dnipropetrovsk regions in 2020, and in the Lviv, Donetsk and Zaporizhia regions in 2021. In the field, spots can be misdiagnosed as barley scald, so their prevalence may be much higher. In 2021, during the seed ripening period, ramularia leaf spot was found in the Kherson and Vinnytsia regions. The disease was diagnosed in the laboratory by obtaining a typical conidial sporulation of the fungus Ramularia collo-cygni B. Sutton & J.M. Waller on affected tissues (wet chamber). Therefore, in recent years, the composition of the barley leaf spot pathogens has become wider and requires further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 920 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Monitorization through NDVI of a Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Culture Production in Ribatejo Region

by Ana Coelho Marques, Inês Carmo Luís, Ana Rita F. Coelho, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Diana Daccak, Manuela Simões, Ana Sofia Almeida, Paula Scotti Campos, José C. Ramalho, José Manuel N. Semedo, José Carlos Kullberg, Maria Graça Brito, Maria F. Pessoa, Fernando H. Reboredo, Paula Marques, Maria Manuela Silva, Paulo Legoinha, Karliana Oliveira, Isabel P. Pais and Fernando C. Lidon

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12170 - 26 Jan 2022

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Abstract

Remote sensed data already have an important role in crop management. In fact, NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) has been use for staple crop management and monitorization since the 1980s, namely, in rice, wheat and maize. Accordingly, this study aimed to monitor, through [...] Read more.

Remote sensed data already have an important role in crop management. In fact, NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) has been use for staple crop management and monitorization since the 1980s, namely, in rice, wheat and maize. Accordingly, this study aimed to monitor, through precision agriculture, the development of a highly produced and consumed rice genotype in Portugal (Ariete variety), submitted to a selenium biofortification workflow. Rice biofortification was promoted during the production cycle, and assessed after two foliar applications with selenium (sprayed with 50 and 100 g Se·ha⁻¹ of sodium selenite). In this context, NDVI showed a high and identical value between control and biofortified plants, which indicated that the culture displayed a higher vigor and was in a healthy state of development despite foliar applications. Analyzes were further carried out for monitor the mobilization of photoassimilates, showing that plants did not demonstrate any negative impact on net photosynthesis and there was even a slight rise in the treatments. Additionally, to characterize the soil of the paddy rice field, some parameters were also analyzed, namely, organic matter, humidity, pH and electrical conductivity, being found that the parameters ranged between from 1.085–1.575%, 12.05–17.45%, 5.70–6.20, respectively, whereas the average conductivity was 223.4 µS cm⁻¹. Concerning to soil color, and considering the parameters L, a* and b* of the CIELab scale, significantly higher values in samples without humidity and without humidity and organic matter were found. In spite of the differences found, it is concluded that biofortification process did not affect any physiological parameters (net photosynthesis–Pn, stomatal conductance to water vapor—gs, transpiration rates—E and instantaneous water use efficiency—iWUE) in rice plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 665 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Grassland Reseeding—Improving Grassland Productivity and Reducing Excess Soil Surface Nutrient Accumulations

by Emma Hayes, Suzanne Higgins, Josie Geris and Donal Mullan

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12182 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1524

Abstract

Long-term phosphorus (P) accumulation in agricultural soils presents a challenge for water quality improvement. P is commonly elevated in soils managed for intensive livestock production due to the repeated over-application of slurry and fertilizers. High legacy nutrient accumulations can result in poor water [...] Read more.

Long-term phosphorus (P) accumulation in agricultural soils presents a challenge for water quality improvement. P is commonly elevated in soils managed for intensive livestock production due to the repeated over-application of slurry and fertilizers. High legacy nutrient accumulations can result in poor water quality via transport pathways such as surface runoff, subsurface drainage, and soil erosion. To achieve the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims, improved management strategies are required for diffuse and point P sources. Reseeding is known to improve grassland productivity and enhance overall soil health. However, soil disturbance associated with reseeding could have positive and negative effects on several other soil functions that affect the nutrient balance (including improved microbial activity, but also increasing the potential for sediment and nutrient losses). This study investigated the role of reseeding in addressing nutrient surpluses in surface soils and identified potential trade-offs between production, environment, and soil health. At a study site in the Blackwater catchment in Northern Ireland, we collected high-resolution gridded soil samples pre- and post-reseeding for nutrient analyses and combined this with GIS-based interpolation. We found that decreases in sub-field scale nutrient content occurred following reseeding, but that this was spatially variable. This indicates that this strategy is effective in reducing soil surface P accumulations. However, more research is needed to determine whether this P becomes available for grass uptake during re-growth or whether it increases the pool of mobile P, which can be lost in surface runoff, subsurface drainage, and soil erosion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 1996 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Basic Integration of Artificial Intelligence of a Plant Experimentation Chamber with LEDs and Sensors through Connection to the IoT with Node-RED and Securing Access to Data

by Cristobal Javier Solano, Gregorio Barba-Espín, Juan Suardíaz and José A. Hernández

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12228 - 10 Feb 2022

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Abstract

Experimental chambers play an important role in plant science and agronomy by maintaining and providing ideal conditions so that experimental data can be collected under specific and controlled conditions. To ensure that the environmental parameters inside the chamber are within the required control [...] Read more.

Experimental chambers play an important role in plant science and agronomy by maintaining and providing ideal conditions so that experimental data can be collected under specific and controlled conditions. To ensure that the environmental parameters inside the chamber are within the required control limits, the best solution is to be able to record and monitor them. This recording and monitoring task are carried out in order to increase the repeatability of the experiments in the future, in addition to providing researchers with real-time information about the conditions in which the trials are found under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 1561 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Water Deficit on Primary Metabolism at the Whole Plant Level in Bread Wheat Grown under Elevated CO₂ and High Temperature at Different Developmental Stages

by Nara Bueno-Ramos, Ana I. González-Hernández, Emilio L. Marcos-Barbero, Jon Miranda-Apodaca, Ouardia Bendou, Ismael Gutiérrez-Fernández, Juan B. Arellano and Rosa Morcuende

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12232 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1448

Abstract

Predicted increases in the atmospheric CO₂ concentration and the earth’s mean surface temperature will be accompanied by a higher incidence of drought events. These environmental changes are likely to adversely affect crop productivity and quality, including wheat, an essential food in the [...] Read more.

Predicted increases in the atmospheric CO₂ concentration and the earth’s mean surface temperature will be accompanied by a higher incidence of drought events. These environmental changes are likely to adversely affect crop productivity and quality, including wheat, an essential food in the human diet. We investigated the primary C-N metabolism response to drought stress at the whole-plant level and its dependence on plant development in bread wheat grown under combined elevated CO₂ and temperature. With this aim, the content of carbohydrates, nitrate, proteins and amino acids, together with the biomass were assessed in flag leaves and roots of wheat grown in controlled environment chambers at both ear emergence and anthesis stages. Multifactorial analysis revealed that the organ was the main factor explaining data variation. The physiological and biochemical traits in the flag leaves were more affected by drought than growth stage, leading to an accumulation of soluble carbohydrates, nitrate and amino acids. By contrast, roots were affected by the developmental stages but not by the treatment. The root content of fructose, glucose, starch and amino acids was higher at ear emergence than anthesis, whereas the accumulation of sucrose, fructans, proteins and nitrate increased at the latest growth stage. This study provides new insights into the reprograming of primary metabolism at whole plant level throughout the development in response to the future climate scenario, which could help to select traits ensuring sustainable food production systems that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change following the Sustainable Development Goals of 2030 Agenda. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 1475 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of the Environmental Performance of Stevia Glycoside Production Using Precision Agriculture and Green Processing Techniques

by Constantinos Gantelas, Christos Boukouvalas, Vasiliki Oikonomopoulou, Panagiota Eleni and Magdalini Krokida

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12315 - 24 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1310

Abstract

The aim of the current study was the evaluation of the environmental performance associated with the production of stevia glycoside powder using conventional and green cultivation and processing techniques; these techniques aim to reduce the bitter aftertaste of stevia glycosides. Environmental performance was [...] Read more.

The aim of the current study was the evaluation of the environmental performance associated with the production of stevia glycoside powder using conventional and green cultivation and processing techniques; these techniques aim to reduce the bitter aftertaste of stevia glycosides. Environmental performance was evaluated using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The data were collected from farmers and stevia-processing companies, as well as from validated literature sources, environmental databases, and a laboratory-scale analysis of the new techniques. Various environmental impact categories, such as climate change, freshwater consumption, and eutrophication, as well as ecotoxicity, were examined. Regarding precision agriculture, it seems that steadily reducing inputs to the fields leads to a reduction in emissions in most of the impact categories studied. The addition of the new processing technologies leads to a further decrease in their environmental footprint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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8 pages, 257 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Molecular Investigations of Peach Post-Harvest Ripening Processes and VOC Biosynthesis Pathways: A Review Focused on Integrated Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Metabolomic Approaches

by Tiziana M. Sirangelo, Hilary J. Rogers and Natasha D. Spadafora

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12179 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1294

Abstract

Peach (Prunus persica L.) represents a very important model plant given its small and publicly accessible genome, the availability of homozygous doubled haploids, and its taxonomic similarity to other popular stone fruits. Albeit it is an economically important crop with a great [...] Read more.

Peach (Prunus persica L.) represents a very important model plant given its small and publicly accessible genome, the availability of homozygous doubled haploids, and its taxonomic similarity to other popular stone fruits. Albeit it is an economically important crop with a great production potential, the consumption of peach is still considered low in comparison with that of other fresh fruits, such as apple and banana. A way to increase it could be to improve its quality and aroma, which tend to be affected during the often-prolonged storage and transport periods. Recently, substantial research efforts have been directed towards the characterisation of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the hormonal, transcriptomic, and metabolomic changes happening during peach fruit post-harvest ripening. Biosynthesis pathways of volatile organic compounds related to changes in aroma have also been investigated. Due to advances in next-generation sequencing, new insights into the molecular functions of peach genes have been gained. Studies have mapped out the molecular bases of peach fruit post-harvest ripening using a multi-omics approach, combining genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic methods. This review aims to discuss the most relevant recent research results in this area in order to provide a useful starting point for researchers in the field and future perspectives for improving peach quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

5 pages, 664 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Do Motility and Sperm Dose Count Affect In Vivo Fertility in Boar?

by Radomir Savić, Dragan Radojković, Marija Gogić, Mladen Popovac, Aleksandra Petrović and Čedomir Radović

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12213 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 833

Abstract

The objective of this research was to determine whether a mass sperm motility in native ejaculate and a sperm dose-count (SDC) affect in vivo boar fertility. A total of 983 ejaculates taken from Landrace (n = 16 animals), Large White (n [...] Read more.

The objective of this research was to determine whether a mass sperm motility in native ejaculate and a sperm dose-count (SDC) affect in vivo boar fertility. A total of 983 ejaculates taken from Landrace (n = 16 animals), Large White (n = 19 animals) and Duroc (n = 7 animals) breed boars were analyzed. The concentration of native sperm was assessed by means of a colorimeter, and the evaluation of mass sperm motility was performed by a subjective assessment using a microscope. On average, 20.70 doses for insemination were obtained per ejaculate and they were divided into three classes (SDC = ≤2.50; 2.51–4.00; ≥ 4.01 × 10⁹). The insemination of 7661 breeding females was performed twice. The assessment of the effect was performed by means of a general linear model in the SAS 9.1.3 statistical package, using a model that includes a breed fixed effect and linear regression effect of motility nested within the class of sperm count in a dose. Average values of return rate (%), farrowing rate (%) and litter size at birth accounted for: 15.53%, 73.41% and 12.65 live piglets, respectively. All the traits of in vivo fertility varied under the effect of breed (p < 0.001). An increase in motility by one unit (%) resulted in a decreased percentage of return rate by 0.11% (p < 0.001) in all three SDC classes. On the other hand, the farrowing rate increased by 0.12–0.13% (p < 0.001) depending on SDC class. When litter size at birth is in question, a linear regression effect of motility was determined inside SDC with the highest sperm count (b = 0.01; p < 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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9 pages, 1285 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Microsatellite Loci Reveal Heterozygosis and Population Structure in the Critically Endangered Southern River Terrapin (Batagur affinis ssp.) of Peninsular Malaysia

by Mohd Hairul Mohd Salleh and Yuzine Esa

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12230 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1280

Abstract

These freshwater turtles are found across Indochina, mostly in large rivers. There is a lack of genetic research concentrating on Malaysia’s southern river terrapin (Batagur affinis) population. We used minimally intrusive methods to collect blood samples from a total of 80 [...] Read more.

These freshwater turtles are found across Indochina, mostly in large rivers. There is a lack of genetic research concentrating on Malaysia’s southern river terrapin (Batagur affinis) population. We used minimally intrusive methods to collect blood samples from a total of 80 individuals in four different sites in peninsular Malaysia. The genetic difference within and between locations was examined using five microsatellite loci. Our findings indicated that each locus was polymorphic. High numbers of heterozygotes were observed when the percentage of alleles in each locus was compared. Pairwise F_ST and Nei matrixes revealed considerable genetic differences across individuals from distinct geographical locations. Our population structure analysis shows a significant proportion of assigned individuals are linked to certain collection locations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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4 pages, 430 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Identification of Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes Introgressed Individuals in the Segregating Population of Rice

by Ponnaiah Govintharaj, Swaminathan Manonmani, Gunasekaran Karthika and Sabariappan Robin

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12243 - 11 Feb 2022

Viewed by 923

Abstract

Rice is the most consumed food crop around the globe. Bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) is the most destructive bacterial disease in rice. The cross CB 87 R × (CB 87 R × IRBB 60) was screened [...] Read more.

Rice is the most consumed food crop around the globe. Bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) is the most destructive bacterial disease in rice. The cross CB 87 R × (CB 87 R × IRBB 60) was screened for three BB resistance genes Xa21, xa13 and xa5 with the help of molecular markers revealed 15 individuals found to have resistance genes. The identified individuals with Rf gene were considered as an important criterion in the high yielding background, and the stabilized individuals could be used as genetic stocks for disease resistance breeding program in rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 203 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Benefits of Cultivating Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa)—A Versatile Plant for a Sustainable Future

by Mausum Kumar Nath

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12359 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9178

Abstract

Industrial hemp, as a diverse plant, can be a revolutionary crop for a better future and for upcoming generations. It is an eco-friendly and worthwhile crop that complements a sustainable growth system. Industrial hemp farming has the potential to dramatically minimize the amount [...] Read more.

Industrial hemp, as a diverse plant, can be a revolutionary crop for a better future and for upcoming generations. It is an eco-friendly and worthwhile crop that complements a sustainable growth system. Industrial hemp farming has the potential to dramatically minimize the amount of carbon impact on the environment and can be cultivated with little or no usage of chemical pesticides or fertilizers. The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis has significantly raised health awareness among the people, fueling the growth of the hemp market at a great pace. The stalks, seeds, and leaves are converted into various construction materials, textiles, paper, food, furniture, cosmetics, healthcare products, and soon. Bioplastics, biofuels, and biopesticides are some of the innovative applications of the plant, which are subjects of research and debate at present time. It is not only a treasure for the industrial sector but also a dignified plant for sustainable farming systems. The benefits of industrial hemp cultivation will uplift the socio-economic level of the farmers globally and can even add to the GDP per capita of nations to a great extent. The future of the plant strongly depends on market demand for its bio-based products that will help the plant to establish itself as a worthy sustainable crop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

6 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Chemical Composition and Activity of Essential Oils of Albanian Coniferous Plants on Plant Pests

by Erjon Mamoci, Maria Fe Andrés, Sonia Olmeda and Azucena González-Coloma

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12260 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1147

Abstract

The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils on different insect organisms from four Albanian coniferous plants. The phytochemical analysis carried out using GC-MS showed that the oils were constituted mainly by monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes [...] Read more.

The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils on different insect organisms from four Albanian coniferous plants. The phytochemical analysis carried out using GC-MS showed that the oils were constituted mainly by monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes. Chemical analysis identified 16 constituents in black pine and silver fir, and 17 constituents in Douglas fir, whereas the analysis allowed identification of 28 constituents in juniper berry. Main constituents of the essential oils included α-pinene and c-verbenol in black pine; β-pinene, α-fenchone and α-pinene in Douglas fir; limonene, β-pinene, α-pinene and camphene in silver fir; and α-pinene, sabinene and β-myrcene in juniper berry. The oils showed varying degrees of insecticidal activity. Juniper berry and silver fir affected the settling behavior of the aphids Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum padi, respectively. Black pine oil presented significant activity against the tick Hyalomma lusitanicum and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. The ixodicidal effect of this essential oil was explained by its content in c-verbenol, whereas the compound and binary combinations of α-pinene and c-verbenol were not nematicidal, suggesting synergic effects between minor components of black pine essential oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

8 pages, 1729 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Parsley Stems Related to the Design of Processing Machines

by Mohammad Hosseinpour-Zarnaq, Saeid Minaei and Pourya Bazyar

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12338 - 3 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1168

Abstract

To develop a cutting, harvesting, crushing or grinding machine, knowledge of the crop’s physical and mechanical properties is needed. In this study, the shear strength, shear energy and maximum shear force in cutting parsley stems is examined. The cutting of multiple stems (eight [...] Read more.

To develop a cutting, harvesting, crushing or grinding machine, knowledge of the crop’s physical and mechanical properties is needed. In this study, the shear strength, shear energy and maximum shear force in cutting parsley stems is examined. The cutting of multiple stems (eight stems) was performed using blades with oblique angles of 0°, 20° and 40°. In order to examine the effects of the stem arrangement in the cutting operation, the stems were placed in row and bundle arrangements. Statistical analysis showed that the shear strength and maximum shear force decreased with the increasing oblique angle. The average values of the shear strength, specific cutting energy and maximum shear force for cutting eight stems laid in a row arrangement using a blade oblique angle of 0° were 0.49 MPa, 2.25 mJ mm⁻² and 56.13 N, respectively, while at a blade angle of 40°, the values were 0.19 MPa, 4.12 mJ mm⁻² and 18.2 N, respectively. A blade angle of 20°is recommended as it does not require more cutting energy compared to 0°, and the shear force is reduced, which lessens the effect of impacts on the cutting system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 1783 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Antioxidant Capacity with Physical Property Variations of Morinda citrifolia L. Juice in Traditional Fermentation

by Malsha H. Samarasiri, Thushitha A. Chandrasiri, Diunuge B. Wijesinghe and Sanja P. Gunawardena

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12177 - 31 Jan 2022

Viewed by 1221

Abstract

This study determined the physical property variations during the traditional fermentation of Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) juice and their correlations to antioxidant capacity were identified. The temperature and pH of the juice, temperature, and humidity within the fermenter and juice volume were monitored. [...] Read more.

This study determined the physical property variations during the traditional fermentation of Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) juice and their correlations to antioxidant capacity were identified. The temperature and pH of the juice, temperature, and humidity within the fermenter and juice volume were monitored. Both temperatures were within the range of 29.5–33 °C. The pH of the juice decreased from 3.98 to 3.23. The humidity increased rapidly from 98.95% to 99.90%. The maximum juice volume was about 1.37 L. The maximum antioxidant capacity was around 84% of the DPPH scavenging activity. Therefore, the physical property variations cannot be correlated significantly to the antioxidant capacity of noni juice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 495 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Exogenous Copper–Quercetin Complex on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seedlings Growth under Drought Stress

by Marta Jańczak-Pieniążek, Dagmara Migut and Tomasz Piechowiak

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12209 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1013

Abstract

Drought is a global problem in agriculture, which reduces the productivity of plants, so it is a major environmental stress factor affecting plant metabolism and growth. Quercetin is a flavonoid with strong antioxidant properties, and it plays an important role in regulating the [...] Read more.

Drought is a global problem in agriculture, which reduces the productivity of plants, so it is a major environmental stress factor affecting plant metabolism and growth. Quercetin is a flavonoid with strong antioxidant properties, and it plays an important role in regulating the physiological processes in the plant. The study investigated the effect of the exogenous quercetin–copper complex (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1%) on wheat seedlings subjected to drought (30% f.w.c.). It was shown that drought stress had a negative effect on the photosynthesis process of plants. The application of spraying with a quercetin derivative caused an increase in the values of parameters in wheat plants subjected to drought stress compared to the control, which was manifested by an increase in the values of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter, gas exchange and total antioxidant capacity. It was found that the highest dose of quercetin derivative tested (0.1%) had the best effect on plants subjected to drought stress; therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research on the use of higher doses of this flavonoid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Soil Practice on Photosynthesis, Yield and Quality of Soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

by Jan Buczek and Marta Jańczak-Pieniążek

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12210 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 748

Abstract

The environmental factor determining the increase in soybean crops during the current climate changes is its adaptation to drought periods; therefore, in addition to conventional tillage (CT), no-till cultivation systems (RT, NT) are practiced in the cultivation of this species. A field experiment [...] Read more.

The environmental factor determining the increase in soybean crops during the current climate changes is its adaptation to drought periods; therefore, in addition to conventional tillage (CT), no-till cultivation systems (RT, NT) are practiced in the cultivation of this species. A field experiment was conducted in 2017–2019 in Boguchwała, Poland. The test plant was soybean cv. Merlin. The experimental factors were three tillage systems (conventional—CT, reduced—RT, no-tillage—NT). The use of CT and RT influenced the increase of LAI and SPAD and stimulated the course of the photosynthesis process, which resulted in an increase in the values of F_v/F₀ and PI parameters compared to NT. Soybean with CT yielded significantly higher than with NT, and seeds contained more protein. Fat and P content was significantly higher in NT and K in seeds from RT. Under extremely dry and dry conditions (June–September), in 2017 the seed yield in NT was similar to CT and significantly higher than in RT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

7 pages, 2898 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Crop Identification by Machine Learning Algorithm and Sentinel-2 Data

by Serafeim Stournaras, Dimitrios Loukatos, Konstantinos G. Arvanitis and Nikolaos Kalatzis

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12261 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2235

Abstract

There is a growing need for remote identification of crop types, which is a serious issue for policymakers and statistical accountants (i.e., agricultural inspectors and government agencies), for verifying the degree of validity of the information concerning the area and the type of [...] Read more.

There is a growing need for remote identification of crop types, which is a serious issue for policymakers and statistical accountants (i.e., agricultural inspectors and government agencies), for verifying the degree of validity of the information concerning the area and the type of each crop being cultivated. In this work, remote Sentinel-2 imaging data was utilized for calculating average NDVI values, twice a month, for the period 2017–2020, for cotton, rice and olive trees. In addition, a machine learning algorithm was developed and the corresponding model was trained using the average NDVI values. Python programming and KNN machine learning on the PyCharm environment were used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 5738 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Physiological Response of Oat (Avena sativa L.) to the Foliar Application of Silicon in Conditions of Increased soil Salinity

by Barbara Stadnik and Renata Tobiasz-Salach

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12332 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1341

Abstract

Plants are exposed in the environment to many unfavorable factors that limit their growth and yield. One of them is salt stress. The study was conducted to assess the effect of silicon foliar fertilization on the process of photosynthesis and the activity of [...] Read more.

Plants are exposed in the environment to many unfavorable factors that limit their growth and yield. One of them is salt stress. The study was conducted to assess the effect of silicon foliar fertilization on the process of photosynthesis and the activity of oat plants (Avena sativa L.) under salt stress. Plants grown in a pot experiment were subjected to soil treatment with sodium chloride (NaCl) at a concentration of 200 mM. Three concentrations of Optysil (200 g∙L⁻¹ SiO₂) were used. The results of the study indicated that the exogenous application of silicon improved the tolerance of oat to salinity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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5 pages, 787 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Biobased Solutions for Mycotoxin Mitigation on Stored Maize

by Bruna Carbas, Andreia Soares, Sílvia Barros, Ana Carqueijo, Andreia Freitas, Ana Sanches Silva, Daniela Simões, Tiago Pinto, Eugénia de Andrade and Carla Brites

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12306 - 21 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1152

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) is highly susceptible to fungal post-harvest contamination. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mustard powder and rice bran oil as post-harvest mitigation strategies towards maize quality control. The application of mustard powder [...] Read more.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is highly susceptible to fungal post-harvest contamination. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mustard powder and rice bran oil as post-harvest mitigation strategies towards maize quality control. The application of mustard powder (0.2%, w/w) showed an apparent inhibitory effect on aflatoxins biosynthesis, while the levels of fumonisins increased during the first six months of maize storage. Rice bran oil (1%, v/w) decreased the levels of fumonisins during the first six months when compared with the control. The application of mustard and rice bran oil for mycotoxin mitigation are promising, but further research is needed to confirm their effectiveness in stored maize. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 1339 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Exogenous Application of an Aqueous Quercetin Solution on the Physiological Properties of Andropogon gerardi Plants

by Dagmara Migut, Marta Jańczak-Pieniążek, Tomasz Piechowiak and Karol Skrobacz

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12341 - 3 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1117

Abstract

The issues related to the deepening problem of soil salinity constitute an important aspect of the protection of the natural environment globally. Therefore, new plant species and innovative solutions supporting the efficient cultivation of plants on saline lands are sought. This research aimed [...] Read more.

The issues related to the deepening problem of soil salinity constitute an important aspect of the protection of the natural environment globally. Therefore, new plant species and innovative solutions supporting the efficient cultivation of plants on saline lands are sought. This research aimed to assess the effect of a quercetin water dilution used in various concentrations on the photosynthetic apparatus performance of Andropogon gerardi plants grown under salt stress. The foliar application of the aqueous quercetin solution significantly changed the relative chlorophyll content in the green part of leaves, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and the gas exchange parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 665 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Food Supply Chain Traceability: A Multiple Case Study from Alto Tietê Region, Brazil

by Lucas Era, Sivanilza Machado and Luiz Kawamoto, Jr.

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12176 - 31 Jan 2022

Viewed by 884

Abstract

Traceability is one way to ensure food supply chain transparency. However, when food is produced by family farmers, especially in communities with low levels of education and a lack of TI infrastructure, traceability becomes a major challenge. This article verified the adequacy of [...] Read more.

Traceability is one way to ensure food supply chain transparency. However, when food is produced by family farmers, especially in communities with low levels of education and a lack of TI infrastructure, traceability becomes a major challenge. This article verified the adequacy of the family farmer to the traceability of the food production chain through the application of a multiple case study in Alto Tietê region, Brazil. The results showed that most farmers have an incomplete elementary education (55%), largely work alone in production, and are unable to carry out traceability due to the lack of pesticide registration, which makes implementation unfeasible even if the community has IT infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 224 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Micronutrient Content and Geometrical Features of Grain Sorghum Subjected to Water Stress

by Leyla Nazari, Ewa Ropelewska and Mehrab Ata Zadeh

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12187 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1089

Abstract

Sorghum bicolor L. Moench is a cereal producing reasonable yield in dry and semi-dry, hot and saline regions, where the production of other crops is limited. Sorghum grain is a rich source of minerals including magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), [...] Read more.

Sorghum bicolor L. Moench is a cereal producing reasonable yield in dry and semi-dry, hot and saline regions, where the production of other crops is limited. Sorghum grain is a rich source of minerals including magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), and calcium (Ca). However, the quantity of minerals can be dependent on the different agricultural and climatic conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of water stress on the micronutrients (Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn) and geometrical features of ten sorghum genotypes. There were different patterns observed in terms of grain micronutrients produced under normal and deficit irrigation depending on the genotype. A high concentration of Ca (878.9 ppm), Fe (335.8 ppm), and Mn (22.8 ppm) under normal irrigation and a value of Mg (1435.36–1783.21 and 1410.81–1890.95 ppm) and Zn (1.65–20.34 and 4.04–15.13 ppm) in normal and water stress conditions, respectively, was observed in the genotypes. Water stress had more influence on Ca, Fe, and Zn concentrations in comparison to Mg and Mn. The discrimination models based on the selected geometrical features of the sorghum grains produced under normal and deficit irrigation indicated a relatively low classification accuracy (40–67%). Therefore, an integrated approach using geometric and textural features is suggested to improve classification accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

8 pages, 1029 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Multistage Stochastic Programming to Support Water Allocation Decision-Making Process in Agriculture: A Literature Review

by Juan Marquez, Leonardo H. Talero-Sarmiento and Henry Lamos

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12307 - 21 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1178

Abstract

Water represents a crucial resource to support agricultural production and the world’s rising food needs. However, the intervention of various factors intricates the proper water allocation, adding uncertainty and increasing risk in the decision-making process. Multistage stochastic programming (MSP) is a widely used [...] Read more.

Water represents a crucial resource to support agricultural production and the world’s rising food needs. However, the intervention of various factors intricates the proper water allocation, adding uncertainty and increasing risk in the decision-making process. Multistage stochastic programming (MSP) is a widely used programming technique for supporting water allocation problems governed by uncertainty. Therefore, this study performs a literature review on agricultural water allocation based on MSP, identifying crop yield as the principal farmers’ benefits of proper water allocation, four main water allocation problem concerns, and four different uncertain sources. In addition, the study exhibits the advantages of multistage stochastic, interval, and fuzzy programming mixtures to provide better water allocation schemes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Primary Metabolites (Free Sugars, Amino, Organic and Fatty Acids) of Grape Berries as Influenced by Esca Complex Disease (Grapevine Leaf Stripe) Foliar Symptom Severity

by António V. Brito, Nuno Jorge, Isabel Cortez and Piebiep Goufo

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12286 - 15 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1139

Abstract

In this study, berry samples were collected from healthy (control) and symptomatic vines of the white varieties Viosinho and Malvasia-fina. Symptomatic vines showed two different degrees of severity at harvest, namely chlorotic and scorched leaves (severity level 1) and tiger stripe leaves (severity [...] Read more.

In this study, berry samples were collected from healthy (control) and symptomatic vines of the white varieties Viosinho and Malvasia-fina. Symptomatic vines showed two different degrees of severity at harvest, namely chlorotic and scorched leaves (severity level 1) and tiger stripe leaves (severity level 2). The total fatty acid content was reduced in both varieties and the total organic acid content was unchanged. The total free sugar content increased with symptom progression in Viosinho but remained unchanged in Malvasia-fina. Varietal differences were observed in the response of amino acids, whose levels increased in Malvasia-fina and decreased in Viosinho. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 611 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Bibliometric Overview over Smart Farming

by Jonatas Santos de Souza, João Gilberto Mendes dos Reis, Paula Ferreira da Cruz Correia and Gabriel Santos Rodrigues

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12327 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 954

Abstract

Agriculture technology has been used to increase farm productivity, allowing the management of spatial and temporal variability of soil factors, crops, and animals. Due to the advances in technologies such as the Internet of Things—where the devices monitor, analyze, and make decisions—farms are [...] Read more.

Agriculture technology has been used to increase farm productivity, allowing the management of spatial and temporal variability of soil factors, crops, and animals. Due to the advances in technologies such as the Internet of Things—where the devices monitor, analyze, and make decisions—farms are connected, forming the concept of smart agriculture. Thus, it is possible to increase efficiency, quality, and speed and at the same time reduce cost and wastes. In this study, we conducted a bibliometric review of smart farming concepts to identify the state of the art of technologies in agriculture. Data collected from Scopus are analyzed using VOSviwer software. The software is a tool for building and visualizing bibliometric networks, allowing the construction of networks based on citation relationships, bibliographic coupling, or occurrence of important terms. The results of the article present an overview of smart farming development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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4 pages, 501 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Antifungal Properties of Essential Oils Derived from Three Plants of Zingiberaceae Family against Phytophthora parasitica Dastur

by Siros Tongchure and Pragatsawat Chanprapai

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12324 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1133

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oils derived from the Zingiberaceae family, such as Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Alpinia officinarum. Hance, and Curcuma longa Linn., against Phytophthora parasitica Dastur, (the pathogen that causes root and stem [...] Read more.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oils derived from the Zingiberaceae family, such as Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Alpinia officinarum. Hance, and Curcuma longa Linn., against Phytophthora parasitica Dastur, (the pathogen that causes root and stem rot diseases). In vitro antifungal activity was measured using poisoned food technologies at a final concentration of 1000 mg/L in a completely randomized design with triplications. The essential oil of A. officinarum demonstrated the highest antifungal activity against P. parasitica, according to findings (p < 0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was also used to analyze the oil. Twenty constituents representing 99.1% of the total content were identified. Eucalyptol was the most abundant component in A. officinarum rhizome oil (52%). The oil’s half-inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 432.89 mg/L had higher antifungal activity than eucalyptol (>1000 mg/L). The results suggested that A. officinarum oil should be expanded further for a new generation of fungicides as an environmentally acceptable agent and to reduce the use of chemicals in crop protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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4 pages, 206 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Postharvest Authentication of Potato Cultivars Using Machine Learning to Provide High-Quality Products

by Ewa Ropelewska

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12285 - 15 Feb 2022

Viewed by 831

Abstract

The correct identification of potato cultivars is of great importance for both processing and cultivation due to differences in properties. The objective of this study was to discriminate potato cultivars “Irga”, “Riviera” and “Colomba” using models developed based on selected textures of tuber [...] Read more.

The correct identification of potato cultivars is of great importance for both processing and cultivation due to differences in properties. The objective of this study was to discriminate potato cultivars “Irga”, “Riviera” and “Colomba” using models developed based on selected textures of tuber images converted to color channels R, G, B, L, a, b, X, Y, Z, U, V. The highest accuracies of cultivar identification of potato tubers reached 99% for the IBk classifier and 98% for Multilayer Perceptron. The developed models can be used to avoid mixing potato cultivars. Postharvest cultivar authentication can contribute to providing consumers with high-quality products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

5 pages, 9941 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Genotypes and Selection of Parameters for Better Yield

by Jelena Damnjanović, Zdenka Girek, Jelena Milojević, Veselinka Zečević, Tomislav Živanović, Milan Ugrinović and Suzana Pavlović

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12309 - 21 Feb 2022

Viewed by 2736

Abstract

One of the goals in eggplant breeding (Solanum melongena L.) is higher yield. This study included 20 different genotypes that are part of the collection of the Institute for Vegetable Crops Smederevska Palanka. Sixteen genotypes originated from Serbia, two originated from the [...] Read more.

One of the goals in eggplant breeding (Solanum melongena L.) is higher yield. This study included 20 different genotypes that are part of the collection of the Institute for Vegetable Crops Smederevska Palanka. Sixteen genotypes originated from Serbia, two originated from the Netherlands, one originated from Italy, and one originated from Israel. The experiment was conducted at Vranovo (44°36′6.35″ N, 20°59′55.47″ E, altitude 87 m) using a randomized complete block design and three replications. The yield parameters (earliness, plant height/centimeter, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight/gram, fruit length and width/centimeter, and fruit yield per genotype/kilogram) were examined to study the relationships among traits and their effects on eggplant yield. The number of fruits per plant had a positive and significant correlation with yield (r = 0.685 **). Additionally, the results showed positive correlations between plant height and fruit length (r = 0.812 **), between plant height and fruit weight (r = 0.147), and between fruit width and fruit weight (r = 0.523 *). These characteristics had direct or indirect positive effects on yield, so they can be used as selection criteria to increase the final yield of eggplant. Because there is genetic variability between the tested genotypes, progress in breeding will depend on this variation. Earliness had a negative correlation with yield (r = −0.044) and with all other parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 2291 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of EM Sandwich Compost on the Enzymatic Activities of the Soil Planted with Bok Choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis)

by Chooi Lin Phooi, Elisa Azura Azman and Roslan Ismail

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12197 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1495

Abstract

Soil enzymes secure our food security; however, they are sensitive to abiotic stresses. Solving the global issues of food waste by implementing Sandwich compost can be a great solution to secure food security. Food waste Sandwich compost substrate (as soil treatment) and leachate [...] Read more.

Soil enzymes secure our food security; however, they are sensitive to abiotic stresses. Solving the global issues of food waste by implementing Sandwich compost can be a great solution to secure food security. Food waste Sandwich compost substrate (as soil treatment) and leachate (as seed priming agent and liquid fertilizer) were used to grow Bok Choy for four cycles, where soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), moisture content, aggregate stability and enzyme activity were determined. All variables were positively corelated except catalase activity. Sandwich compost treatment significantly increased soil pH close to neutral and CEC. Anaerobic Sandwich compost-treated soil significantly reduced soil catalase activity. However, it gradually increased throughout the growing cycle. Sandwich compost treatment significantly maintained the aggregate stability along growing cycles. Hence, Sandwich compost substrate is recommended to improve soil quality in the aspects of pH, CEC and urease activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 565 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterization of a Triticum aestivum L. Experimental Field to Implement an Agronomic Biofortification Workflow

by Inês Carmo Luís, Ana Coelho Marques, Ana Rita F. Coelho, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Diana Daccak, Manuel Patanita, José Dôres, Ana Sofia Almeida, Maria Manuela Silva, Maria Fernanda Pessoa, Fernando H. Reboredo, Manuela Simões, Paulo Legoinha, Isabel P. Pais, Paula Scotti Campos, José C. Ramalho and Fernando C. Lidon

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12304 - 18 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1033

Abstract

Soils provide plants both with a physical home and all the essential nutrients and support they crave to thrive. Such circumstances pave the way for a close analysis of the level of viability of different types of soils, and hence the need to [...] Read more.

Soils provide plants both with a physical home and all the essential nutrients and support they crave to thrive. Such circumstances pave the way for a close analysis of the level of viability of different types of soils, and hence the need to assess the suitability of the experimental field in which to implement an agronomic biofortification itinerary. Thus, soil samples were collected from different sites of a wheat field. A rectangular grid was applied. Afterwards, pH and electrical conductivity were determined with a potentiometer; the mineral quantification was measured using an XRF analyzer and color analysis were performed with a Minolta CR 400 colorimeter. Moisture and organic matter content analyses were also carried out. No significant differences were found when considering the moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, and the mineral values of Fe and Mn. As opposed to this, slight differences were observed in organic matter content, color parameters, and in Ca, K, S, Cu, and Zn. Concerning the macroelements, the most prevalent mineral was Ca, followed by K and S. As for the microelements, Zn was the least dominant mineral, as opposed to Cu, Mn, and Fe. Data showed that this experimental field has proven to be eligible to implement an agronomic biofortification workflow due to the slightly acid pH and the lower amount of organic matter content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 2341 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Real-Time IoT-Enabled Water Management for Rooftop Urban Agriculture Using Commercial Off-the-Shelf Products

by Tamer Almaaitah, Darko Joksimovic and Tahmid Sajin

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12235 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1707

Abstract

Urban agriculture is receiving increased attention not only for food security and public health but for mitigating the impacts of urbanization and climate change. In cities, rooftop urban farms provide a solution for the limited space at the ground level. However, rooftop urban [...] Read more.

Urban agriculture is receiving increased attention not only for food security and public health but for mitigating the impacts of urbanization and climate change. In cities, rooftop urban farms provide a solution for the limited space at the ground level. However, rooftop urban farming poses several challenges, including an increased need for workforce and site visits and a demand for efficient water use. Recent advancements in information and communication technology (ICT) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have enabled a tremendous suite of low-cost, wireless sensor nodes. In this work, an IoT-enabled approach is introduced to improve water management in an urban rooftop farm in downtown Toronto, Canada. Low-cost resistive water level sensors were calibrated and integrated into wireless sensor nodes to send data through LoRaWAN, an IoT protocol, to The Things Network (TTN) console, after which the processed data are visualized in the user dashboard. This paper addresses the main design stages, field deployment, and suggestions for maintenance learned through monitoring the growing season of 2021. The combination of low-cost sensors, user-friendly microcontrollers and open-source platforms provides an opportunity to improve decision-making, lower costs and reduce reliance on labor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 511 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of NaCl Plant Extracts to Decrease the Costs of Microfiltration for Winery Wastewater Treatment

by Nuno Jorge, Ana R. Teixeira, Leonilde Marchão, Piebiep Goufo, Marco S. Lucas and José A. Peres

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12331 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1539

Abstract

The present study aimed, for the first time, to evaluate the production and application of NaCl plant extracts in a coagulation–flocculation–decantation process (CFD process) for the optimization of the microfiltration process (MF process) for the treatment of winery wastewater (WW). To evaluate the [...] Read more.

The present study aimed, for the first time, to evaluate the production and application of NaCl plant extracts in a coagulation–flocculation–decantation process (CFD process) for the optimization of the microfiltration process (MF process) for the treatment of winery wastewater (WW). To evaluate the efficiency of the NaCl extracts, aluminum sulfate (10%) was applied as a comparison. The CFD process was optimized by varying the WW pH, coagulant dosage, agitation, type and dosage of flocculants before the microfiltration process. The application of Chelidonium majus L. (seeds) achieved 29.7, 99.7 and 95.3% total organic carbon, turbidity and total suspended solids removal, respectively, with 108 mg of filter consumption. In conclusion, NaCl plant extracts are a promising technology for WW treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 1476 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Urban Soil Enzyme Activity Restoration with Sandwich Compost

by Chooi Lin Phooi, Elisa Azura Azman and Roslan Ismail

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12198 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1456

Abstract

Soil enzyme activity is a good indicator of soil quality. Urban soil is known to be of poor quality for plant growth. Meanwhile, food waste is a significant issue around the world. Sandwich compost made using food waste has the potential to improve [...] Read more.

Soil enzyme activity is a good indicator of soil quality. Urban soil is known to be of poor quality for plant growth. Meanwhile, food waste is a significant issue around the world. Sandwich compost made using food waste has the potential to improve soil quality. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Sandwich compost on soil enzyme activity. It was conducted using soil-to-Sandwich-compost ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 for 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Then, the soil enzyme activity, pH and moisture content were determined. The findings show that soil pH was stabilized to 7 after 6 and 8 weeks of restoration at the 1:2 ratio. The 1:2 soil-to-Sandwich-compost ratio significantly increased soil moisture content from 12.00 ± 0.286 to 14.3 ± 2.11%. Soil urease activity was enhanced from 1.330 ± 0.0407 to 10.5 ± 0.315 mg NH₃-H after 8 weeks of restoration, with the opposite effect occurring in catalase activity (0.525 ± 0.0104 to 0.0839 ± 0.00535 mL 0.02 mol/L KMnO₄/g dry soil). An 8-week soil-restoration period with a 1:2 ratio of soil-to-Sandwich compost is recommended to improve soil enzyme activity and pH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 666 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Social Network Analysis on Agricultural International Trade: A Study on Soybean, Soybean Cake and Maize Exports

by Daniel Laurentino de Jesus Xavier and João Gilberto Mendes dos Reis

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12319 - 24 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1612

Abstract

The world agriculture market is highly competitive; hence, the use of new approaches to analyze it can provide new insights to understand the factors that determine its competitiveness. This paper aims to investigate the global trade of soybean, soybean cake, and maize. They [...] Read more.

The world agriculture market is highly competitive; hence, the use of new approaches to analyze it can provide new insights to understand the factors that determine its competitiveness. This paper aims to investigate the global trade of soybean, soybean cake, and maize. They are listed among the most important commodities worldwide. To do so, we collected 2019 exports of these items from FAO database and analyzed them using the Social Network Analysis (SNA) method. The results showed the following scenarios: Soybeans present high competition between Brazil and the US; China is a shift factor, being responsible for 67% of imports. Soybean cake is shown in the market to have a larger number of buyers; however, Argentina, Brazil, and the US are the main exporters. Brazil and Argentina compete more in European and Asian countries, while the US mostly supplies its neighbors Mexico and Canada. Maize demonstrated the same main exporter players as soybean cake—Brazil, Argentina and the US. Brazil and Argentina compete mainly in European and Asian markets, while the US mostly supplies its neighbors, with the exception of Japan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 992 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Unravelling Synergistic Effects of Palm Bunch Ash and Glutathione on Plant Growth

by Yi Sze Koh, See Kiat Wong, Acharaporn Duangjai, Surasak Saokaew, Pochamana Phisalprapa, Khang Wei Tan, Bey Hing Goh and Siah Ying Tang

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12192 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1613

Abstract

Palm bunch ash (PBA), a waste biomass from the palm oil industry, has been widely regarded as an alternative source of fertilizer to improve soil health, plant growth, and yield. Glutathione (GSH), a bioactive tripeptide with potent antioxidant properties, has been proposed as [...] Read more.

Palm bunch ash (PBA), a waste biomass from the palm oil industry, has been widely regarded as an alternative source of fertilizer to improve soil health, plant growth, and yield. Glutathione (GSH), a bioactive tripeptide with potent antioxidant properties, has been proposed as a plant growth regulator that improves stress tolerance in plants. However, the use of PBA in combination with GSH has yet to be explored and remains a gap in the literature. Herein, we aimed to assess the individual and the combinatory effects of PBA and GSH on vegetative plant growth, whereby okra was selected as the model plant and cultivated under well-watered, outdoor conditions. Plant growth parameters such as plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, and leaf surface area were measured over a period of two months. The results showed that the application of PBA and GSH significantly influenced the plant growth parameters. The GSH-treated group recorded the tallest plant height (47.19 cm) as compared to the control group, PBA-treated group, and combination group of PBA and GSH. The combination group of PBA and GSH recorded the best parameters in terms of stem girth (4.45 mm), number of leaves (6.35), leaf surface area (118.38 cm²) with improved resistance towards diseases. These results implied that the combined application of PBA and GSH may have led to a synergistic effect on okra plant growth. Our findings suggest that the combined application of PBA and GSH is indeed recommended to improve plant growth and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 992 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigating the Efficacy of Potassium Silicate and Potassium Sulfate against the Pistachio Psyllid (Agonoscena pistaciae) under Field Conditions

by Ehssan Torabi, Ebrahim Tavakoli, Ali Olyaie Torshiz and Majid Taherian

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12206 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1415

Abstract

Pistachio (Pistachio vera L.) is an economically valuable crop, and Iran is among the biggest producers and consumers of this product in the world. The pistachio psyllid (Agonoscena pistaciae) is one of the most destructive pests of this crop, resulting [...] Read more.

Pistachio (Pistachio vera L.) is an economically valuable crop, and Iran is among the biggest producers and consumers of this product in the world. The pistachio psyllid (Agonoscena pistaciae) is one of the most destructive pests of this crop, resulting in severe damage in terms of yield and quality. Therefore, pistachios are subjected to multiple sprayings with various pesticides during the growing season. As pistachio nuts are exported and largely consumed freshly in Iran, investigating zero-pollution strategies such as applying environmentally safe and non-chemical pesticides to control this pest is essential. In this research, the efficacy of potassium silicate and potassium sulfate against A. pistaciae was investigated in a pistachio orchard and compared with some common pesticides, i.e., acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam. The pistachios were sprayed with commercial formulations of each pesticide using their recommended dosage, and with water (control), using a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replicates. Populations of A. pistaciae nymphs were evaluated 1 day before and 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days following sprayings, by randomly collecting 60 leaves from each treatment. The results showed that all pesticides reached their maximum efficacies (>85%) 3 days after spraying, and no significant differences were observed between the compounds (p = 0.15). Over time, however, the efficacy of pesticides decreased dramatically, and potassium silicate (37.97%) and acetamiprid (14.58%) showed the highest and lowest efficacies, respectively (p < 0.01). Our results suggest acceptable efficacies of potassium silicate and potassium sulfate as environmentally safe compounds against the pistachio psyllid compared to common chemical pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 2770 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Defensive Mutualism of Endophytic Fungi: Effects of Sphaeropsidin A against a Model Lepidopteran Pest

by Ilaria Di Lelio, Maria Michela Salvatore, Marina Della Greca, Alla Eddine Mahamedi, Artur Alves, Akila Berraf-Tebbal, Gennaro Volpe, Elia Russo, Andrea Becchimanzi, Rosario Nicoletti and Anna Andolfi

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12216 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1005

Abstract

Sphaeropsidin A (SphA) is a pimarane diterpene produced by several fungi associated with plants. Following previous evidence of insecticidal properties of SphA, we investigated its contact and oral toxicity against the model chewing lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis. The compound showed no lethal effect [...] Read more.

Sphaeropsidin A (SphA) is a pimarane diterpene produced by several fungi associated with plants. Following previous evidence of insecticidal properties of SphA, we investigated its contact and oral toxicity against the model chewing lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis. The compound showed no lethal effect when directly sprayed on larvae, while it produced an evident oral toxic effect, associated with sublethal effects. These results demonstrated that SphA might play a defensive role against lepidopteran insects in plants harboring the producing fungus, depending on the extent at which the endophytic strains are able to perform biosynthesis of this and eventually other bioactive metabolites in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 826 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Orchard’s Soil Characterization and Nutrient Mobilization to Rocha Pear (Pyrus communis L.) Fruits

by Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Ana Rita F. Coelho, Diana Daccak, Inês Carmo Luís, Ana Coelho Marques, José C. Ramalho, Paula Scotti Campos, Maria Manuela Silva, Paulo Legoinha, Fernando H. Reboredo, Maria Fernanda Pessoa, Manuela Simões and Fernando C. Lidon

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12183 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 898

Abstract

Soil is a limited resource that is vital for plant production during the agricultural phase, and consequently, it is a fundamental component of the agro-industrial sector. In a near future, when efficiency in food production will be crucial to feed a growing population, [...] Read more.

Soil is a limited resource that is vital for plant production during the agricultural phase, and consequently, it is a fundamental component of the agro-industrial sector. In a near future, when efficiency in food production will be crucial to feed a growing population, agronomic strategies to ensure food quality need to be tested and optimized with field trials. Taking this into consideration, in 2018, as part of the execution of a fortification workflow for Rocha pears (Pyrus communis L.), field characterization was carried out before the beginning of foliar spraying to identify possible limitations to the increase in calcium in fruits. Thus, in March, soil samples were collected from an orchard (i.e., a parcel with 500 m²) located in the western region of Portugal, where this variety is largely produced. During sample analysis, humidity, organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity and colorimetric parameters were assessed using a CIELab system (with and without organic matter) and mineral analysis was assessed using X-ray fluorescence (of soils and fruits at harvest). Humidity values indicated there was even irrigation in the orchard. Additionally, it was found that organic matter values influenced soil color. The electrical conductivity and pH values were within the recommended range for pomeids. Additionally, higher values of Ca and P prevailed in soils, while K and S contents remained higher in fruits. In conclusion, no major limitations were identified, and field characterization before Ca fortification workflow was useful to assess the orchard’s conditions and possible limitations to nutrient absorption by trees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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11 pages, 13837 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Weed Detection in Rice Fields Using UAV and Multispectral Aerial Imagery

by Rhushalshafira Rosle, Nursyazyla Sulaiman, Nik Norasma Che′Ya, Mohd Firdaus Mohd Radzi, Mohamad Husni Omar, Zulkarami Berahim, Wan Fazilah Fazlil Ilahi, Jasmin Arif Shah and Mohd Razi Ismail

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12519 - 1 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3334

Abstract

Weeds are plants that compete for nutrients, space, and light and exert many harmful effects by reducing the quality and quantity of crops if the weed population is uncontrolled. The direct yield loss has been estimated to be within the range of 16–86%, [...] Read more.

Weeds are plants that compete for nutrients, space, and light and exert many harmful effects by reducing the quality and quantity of crops if the weed population is uncontrolled. The direct yield loss has been estimated to be within the range of 16–86%, depending on the type of rice culture, weed species, and environmental conditions. Currently, farmers apply herbicides at the same rate to control weeds. Excessive chemical usage will negatively affect the environment, crop productivity, and the economy. A map-based system can help in directing the herbicide sprayer to specific areas. Producing a weed map is very challenging due to the similarity of the crops and the weeds. Therefore, using UAVs and multispectral imagery solves the weed detection problem in a paddy field. The objective of this study project is to detect weeds in rice fields using a UAV and multispectral imagery. Multispectral imagery was used to identify the condition of the crops. It can be an indicator to determine weeds and paddy plants based on the spectral resolution in the imagery. This study was performed at Tunjang, Jitra, Kedah, which has a total area of 0.5 ha. The two types of data collections of this study are ground data and aerial data collection. Ground data were collected using the Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) meter, which can read the chlorophyll value of the area. For aerial data, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was used, attached with a multispectral camera, Micasense, and a Red Green Blue (RGB) camera. Aerial data collection was conducted on the same day as ground data collection, on 30 June 2020 (the day after sowing (DAS) 34). A correlation between these two data was conducted. The study output is a weed map developed from the RGB image and multispectral imagery normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) map. The correlation of the NDVI value with the UAV with SPAD data was weak. It has a positive, but not significant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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4 pages, 193 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Deficit Water Irrigation on the Performance of Promising Lines of Grain Sorghum

by Azim Khazaei and Leyla Nazari

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12289 - 15 Feb 2022

Viewed by 793

Abstract

The current research aimed to perceive the effect of water deficit irrigation and plant density on yield and yield components of promising lines of grain sorghum. The experiment was conducted in the form of split-plot factorial design with three replications at the Seed [...] Read more.

The current research aimed to perceive the effect of water deficit irrigation and plant density on yield and yield components of promising lines of grain sorghum. The experiment was conducted in the form of split-plot factorial design with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII) for two years (2015–2016). Irrigation was considered as the main factor (60, 120 and 180 mm evaporation from pan class A) and plant spacing on the row (8, 12 and 15 cm) and lines (KGS23, KGS32 and KGS36) were considered factorial. The combined analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference between the lines in terms of grain yield (p ≤ 0.01). The lines KGS23 and KGS36 exhibited the highest grain yield with 5333 and 4645 kg ha⁻¹, respectively, while line KGS32 produced the lowest grain yield of 4011 kg ha⁻¹. The results indicated different reaction of the grain sorghum lines to irrigation. Under water deficit irrigation, the line KGS23 had a significant advantage in comparison to the other two lines in terms of high yield, morphological characteristics, and adaptation to drought stress conditions. Grain yield was positively correlated with panicle weight, biological yield, and 1000-grain weight. Additionally, line KGS36 performed better than KGS32 in terms of grain yield and drought tolerance. The highest grain yield (7964 kg ha⁻¹) was observed for line KGS23 under normal irrigation and plant space on the row of 12 cm in the second year. Moreover, the effect of plant density on grain yield was not significant (p ≤ 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

7 pages, 937 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparison between Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Produced in Portugal—Mineral and Quality Analysis

by Ana Coelho Marques, Ana Rita F. Coelho, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Diana Daccak, Inês Carmo Luís, Ana Sofia Almeida, Paula Scotti Campos, Manuela Simões, Maria F. Pessoa, Fernando H. Reboredo, José C. Ramalho, Maria Manuela Silva, Paula Marques, Paulo Legoinha, Isabel P. Pais, Karliana Oliveira and Fernando C. Lidon

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12185 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1247

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is considered one of the most consumed cereals worldwide. In fact, for most countries, it is considered a staple food crop. In this context, in Portugal, Ariete and Ceres are well known as varieties that produce grains with [...] Read more.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is considered one of the most consumed cereals worldwide. In fact, for most countries, it is considered a staple food crop. In this context, in Portugal, Ariete and Ceres are well known as varieties that produce grains with a high quality, yet little is known about their nutrient accumulation. In this context, this study aims to characterize and compare both varieties produced in the central region of Portugal (Salvaterra de Magos-Ribatejo). Whole and white rice grains, as well as their respective flours, were analyzed in order to quantify the mineral content of macro- and microelements (Mo, Ca, K, P and S). Molybdenum (Mo) content varied significantly between 4.7–11.2 mg·kg⁻¹ in the whole flour of Ceres and Ariete, respectively, while P content was only detected in the flour of the Ariete variety. Regarding both varieties, concerning the other elements, there were no significant differences in their content. Moreover, the total ash content in the refined flour showed significant differences in both varieties. Quality parameters such as the density of the grains and colorimetric indexes (L, a* and b*) in brown and white grain were also considered, and it was found that density values varied between 1301–1651 kg/m³ (in the Ariete variety) and 1492–1573 kg/m³ (in the Ceres variety). It was concluded that, in spite of the differences found in both varieties, minerals contents, combined with the quality parameters, showed common characteristics required for high industrial and gastronomic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 450 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Zn Nutrition of Vitis vinifera White Grapes: Characterization of Antagonistic and Synergistic Interactions by µEDXRF Tissue Analyses

by Diana Daccak, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Inês Carmo Luís, Ana Coelho Marques, Ana Rita F. Coelho, José C. Ramalho, José N. Semedo, Mauro Guerra, Roberta G. Leitão, Paula Scotti Campos, Isabel P. Pais, Maria Manuela Silva, Fernando H. Reboredo, Manuela Simões, Maria Fernanda Pessoa, Paulo Legoinha and Fernando C. Lidon

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12317 - 24 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1031

Abstract

Nutritional status performs an essential role in agriculture, affecting productivity and keeping crops functioning properly. Despite being required in smaller amounts, micronutrients are also needed for adequate growth, namely Zn (zinc) with regulatory, catalytic and structural functions. Fertilization with Zn is used to [...] Read more.

Nutritional status performs an essential role in agriculture, affecting productivity and keeping crops functioning properly. Despite being required in smaller amounts, micronutrients are also needed for adequate growth, namely Zn (zinc) with regulatory, catalytic and structural functions. Fertilization with Zn is used to ameliorate the deficits of this micronutrient in more susceptible crops, such as grapes. Yet, the management of this application must consider the antagonistic and synergistic interactions among nutrients, as it affects their uptake and translocation rates. Therefore, a workflow with three ZnO foliar applications (30% and 60%, 450 and 900 g ha⁻¹, respectively) in the variety Vitis vinifera cv. Fernão Pires, was implemented in a field located in Palmela, Portugal. The concentration of Zn in the tissues was therefore evaluated by microenergy X-ray dispersion fluorescence (µEDXRF), showing an increase of 1.82 and 2.54 times in the seed and flesh of grapes fertilized with a concentration of 60% compared to control grapes, respectively. Using the same method, a synergistic relationship was observed for macronutrients, such as Ca and K, and micronutrients, such as Fe, P and Mn. In addition, a complementary analysis of grapes’ density was carried out to verify changes in quality, in which no negative impact was observed due to Zn application. This study allows us to verify that the concentration of the applied Zn fertilizer brings benefits in the amount of nutrients that are important for development and crops quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 3165 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Soil Characterization for Production of an Industrial Tomato Variety in South Portugal—A Case Study

by Ana Rita F. Coelho, Ana Coelho Marques, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Diana Daccak, Inês Carmo Luís, Maria Manuela Silva, Manuela Simões, Fernando H. Reboredo, Maria F. Pessoa, Paulo Legoinha, José C. Ramalho, Paula Scotti Campos, Isabel P. Pais, José N. Semedo and Fernando C. Lidon

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12226 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 999

Abstract

Appropriate soil conditions are important for the success of culturing tomatoes. In fact, there are mineral elements that are essential for the good and healthy development of tomatoes, namely, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, and zinc. Additionally, organic matter and pH [...] Read more.

Appropriate soil conditions are important for the success of culturing tomatoes. In fact, there are mineral elements that are essential for the good and healthy development of tomatoes, namely, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, and zinc. Additionally, organic matter and pH play important parts in the process. In this context, this study aimed to characterize a soil destined to produce an industrial tomato variety in South Portugal. As such, mineral elements content, pH, electrical conductivity, humidity, organic matter, and color (without humidity and without humidity and organic matter) were analyzed in 16 soil samples before any type of soil preparation was carried out. Through principal components analysis (PCA), it was possible to observe that electrical conductivity and humidity are more correlated with each other than pH and organic matter. However, the pH of soil varied between 6.9 (minimum) and 7.3 (maximum): in accordance with the ideal range values for tomato production. Additionally, regarding quantification of mineral elements, Fe showed a higher content, followed by K, Ca, P, Mg, S, Zn, and As. However, regarding the color of the soil without humidity and without humidity and organic matter, there were significant differences between CieLab parameters (L, Chroma, and Hue). Nevertheless, soil conditions of the field presented good requirements for tomato production, despite the higher levels of Fe in the soil and the presence of As. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 819 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Influence of Maturity Stage on Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Fig (Ficus carica L.) Fruit in Native Albanian Varieties

by Luziana Hoxha, Renata Kongoli and Juljana Dervishi

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12199 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1249

Abstract

Fig fruits, are an important horticultural crop and traditionally grown in Albania. Recently have attracted the attention of many researchers, fruit cultivators, processors, and consumers. This study determined the content of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and some physico-chemical parameters of black and white [...] Read more.

Fig fruits, are an important horticultural crop and traditionally grown in Albania. Recently have attracted the attention of many researchers, fruit cultivators, processors, and consumers. This study determined the content of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and some physico-chemical parameters of black and white varieties of Shëngjinas and Kraps autochthonous fig (Ficus carica L.) fruits, which were collected in Tirana, Albania. The influence of maturity stage on physico-chemical parameters such as dry matter, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ash, vitamin C, total polyphenols content, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity were investigated at three maturity stages during the May–June harvesting period. For determination of physico-chemical parameters, the official methods were used, whereas for determination of total phenolic content, the Folin–Ciocalteu method was used. For total flavonoid content, the aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used. For total anthocyanin content, the pH difference method for used, and for antioxidant activity, the ABTS (2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-acid) assay was used. In this study, black varieties resulted in 86.92% higher content of polyphenols, and a decrease was noted during fruit development up to 59.16% in the third maturity stage; total flavonoid content varied around 12.02–65.08 mg catechin equivalent/100 g, and antioxidant activity ranged 119.09–181.65 mg ascorbic acid/100 g, whereas anthocyanins were found in black varieties ranging 4.23–48.98 mg cyanidin-3-glucozide/100 g. Black varieties had higher polyphenol compounds and antioxidant activity, whereas Shëngjinas variety resulted in the highest values. During fruit development decreases were seen for polyphenol compounds and antioxidant activity, respectively in the second and third stage of maturation 1.91-fold and 2.45-fold, compared to the first one. The selected fig varieties may provide a good source of phytochemicals and nutrients, and the generated data may serve as a guide for its consumption in fresh state, or to be further processed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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5 pages, 372 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Fertilizer Management Strategy to Reduce Global Warming Potential and Improve Soil Fertility in a Nitisol in Southwestern Ethiopia

by Gebeyanesh Worku Zerssa, Philipp Koal and Bettina Eichler-Löbermann

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12180 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 916

Abstract

Proper fertilizer management and applications could effectively reduce global warming potential (GWP) and improving soil fertility under cereal production. However, the effect of soil fertilizer management practices on GWP and soil fertility is less understood in the agricultural soils of Ethiopia. The present [...] Read more.

Proper fertilizer management and applications could effectively reduce global warming potential (GWP) and improving soil fertility under cereal production. However, the effect of soil fertilizer management practices on GWP and soil fertility is less understood in the agricultural soils of Ethiopia. The present study evaluated the effects of fertilizer application strategy on GWP, and soil fertility in a Nitisol. Both field and laboratory incubation experiments were conducted with the same treatments. Seven treatments (Cont: no input; 100 min: 100% mineral fertilizer, 80 min: 80% mineral fertilizer + 1.4 t ha⁻¹ compost; 60 min: 60% mineral fertilizer + 2.8 t ha⁻¹ compost; 50 min: 50% mineral fertilizer + 3.5 t ha⁻¹ compost; 30 min: 30% mineral fertilizer + 4.9 t ha⁻¹ compost, and 100 comp: 100% compost) with four replications were applied on maize crop (Zea mays L. Bako hybrid 661) for two consecutive growing seasons. The laboratory incubation experiment was also carried out with two moisture levels (40% and 75% of water-filled pore space) to simulate the seasonal rainfall pattern. GWP was calculated by summing up the quantified gas emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄). The laboratory result for GWP shown that soil fertilized with mineral fertilizer alone was significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 27–34% of the average GWP compared to combined fertilizer treatments in the soil at a moisture level of 75%. From the field experiment, most plant nutrients were significantly increased in combined fertilizer treatments compared to sole mineral fertilizer application. For example, carbon, calcium, magnesium and potassium were increased by 26.2–39.8%, 73.2–168.8%, 146.6–251.5% and 47–99% respectively in combined fertilizer compared to 100 min treatment. The study revealed that combining 30 or 50 kg N ha⁻¹ of mineral fertilizer with biowaste compost (4.9 or 3.5 t ha⁻¹) would be a suitable combination to mitigate the GWP and improve soil quality in smallholder farming systems, due to a slow release of N during decomposition into the soil compared to mineral fertilizer alone. However, to evaluate GWP under the field conditions, future investigations are recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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4 pages, 185 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Organic Farming as a Safe Alternative to Toxic Synthetic Chemicals Usage in Tropical Crop Production

by Chinedu Felix Amuji

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12190 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1304

Abstract

Organic farming ensures that crops are produced in a natural bio diversified state without loss of any productivity. Synthetic chemical usage in the tropics increases the levels of the environmental and health risks associated with agriculture. Every piece of synthetic material used each [...] Read more.

Organic farming ensures that crops are produced in a natural bio diversified state without loss of any productivity. Synthetic chemical usage in the tropics increases the levels of the environmental and health risks associated with agriculture. Every piece of synthetic material used each day by man to ‘improve’ agricultural productivity is either ‘polluting’ or ‘poisoning’ the environment. Through these damages to the natural environs by man, more deaths because of serious illness has been recorded. In this work, facts are presented and discussed on how intensive crop production causes problems and ways of ensuring less use of these toxic synthetic chemicals in crop production, especially in the tropical regions of the world. Furthermore, major benefits of organic farming in crop production as well as how organic farming ensures genetic diversity preservation are discussed. This review reveals how organic farming can reduce adverse environmental impact associated with conventional methods of synthetic chemical usage tradition. The work concludes that practising organic farming in the tropics would be very beneficial especially for future generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

7 pages, 1548 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparison of Soils of Two Fields for Potato Production Located in the Same Region of Portugal

by Ana Rita F. Coelho, Diana Daccak, Ana Coelho Marques, Inês Carmo Luís, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Maria Manuela Silva, Manuela Simões, Fernando H. Reboredo, Maria F. Pessoa, Paulo Legoinha, José C. Ramalho, Paula Scotti Campos, Isabel P. Pais, José N. Semedo and Fernando C. Lidon

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12184 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 952

Abstract

Soil is considered a highly complex ecosystem, providing food and maintaining crop and animal productivities. Soil variability can affect plant production. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare soil chemical characteristics from two different locations in the same region of western Portugal (Lourinhã), intended [...] Read more.

Soil is considered a highly complex ecosystem, providing food and maintaining crop and animal productivities. Soil variability can affect plant production. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare soil chemical characteristics from two different locations in the same region of western Portugal (Lourinhã), intended for potato production. Soil was collected and analyzed for soil chemical properties (pH, electric conductivity, organic matter, and mineral element content). Through a principal components analysis (PCA), it was possible to identify that the interrelations among the mineral elements were explained in the projections of components one and two for both fields. Regarding Field A, Ca, K, Fe, P, S, Mg, As, Pb, and Zn are more correlated with each other than the other mineral element (Cd). On the other hand, in Field B, all the mineral elements correlate differently compared to Field A (except Cd), and show that K, As, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, and Pb are the most correlated with each other. Additionally, Fe and S are more correlated in Field A; however, in Field B, Fe and Zn are the ones that are more correlated with each other. Additionally, although both soils have the same pH (slightly basic soil—ideal for agriculture), they show a significantly different content of organic matter and conductivity, where Field B presents higher contents of both parameters. The obtained data are discussed, concluding that the soils, despite being geographically close, have different relationships between elements and different contents of organic matter and electrical conductivity, which may lead to differences in potato production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 1563 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Towards Smart Big Weather Data Management

by Chouaib EL Hachimi, Salwa Belaqziz, Saïd Khabba and Abdelghani Chehbouni

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12240 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1259

Abstract

Smart management of weather data is pivotal to achieving sustainable agriculture since weather monitoring is linked to crop water requirement estimation and consequently to efficient irrigation systems. Advances in technologies such as remote sensing and the Internet of Things (IoT) have led to [...] Read more.

Smart management of weather data is pivotal to achieving sustainable agriculture since weather monitoring is linked to crop water requirement estimation and consequently to efficient irrigation systems. Advances in technologies such as remote sensing and the Internet of Things (IoT) have led to the generation of this data with a high temporal resolution which requires adequate infrastructure and processing tools to gain insights from it. To this end, this paper presents a smart weather data management system composed of three layers: the data acquisition layer, the data storage layer, and the application layer. The data can be sourced from station sensors, real-time IoT sensors, third-party services (APIs), or manually imported from files. It is then checked for errors and missing values before being stored using the distributed database MongoDB. The platform provides various services related to weather data: (i) forecast univariate weather time series, (ii) perform advanced analysis and visualization, (iii) use machine learning to estimate and model important climatic parameters such as the reference evapotranspiration (ET

_{0}

) estimation using the XGBoost model (R

^{2}

= 0.96 and RMSE = 0.39). As part of a test phase, the system uses data from a meteorological station installed in the study area in Morocco. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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3 pages, 205 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Novel Biopesticide Formulation for Organic Management of Aphis gossypii in Cucumber Greenhouses

by Mohammad Homayoonzadeh, Mohammadjavad Ghamari, Ehssan Torabi, Khalil Talebi and Jamasb Nozari

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12325 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 882

Abstract

Intensive chemical pesticide usage in crop protection for pest control causes major pollution of the environment. Replacing chemical pesticides with biopesticide is an essential agro-ecological principle that should be considered in agro-ecosystems. In this study, a novel biopesticide formulation based on plant extract [...] Read more.

Intensive chemical pesticide usage in crop protection for pest control causes major pollution of the environment. Replacing chemical pesticides with biopesticide is an essential agro-ecological principle that should be considered in agro-ecosystems. In this study, a novel biopesticide formulation based on plant extract was prepared, and then aphid mortality in cucumber greenhouses was evaluated in comparison to common chemical insecticide. Our eco-friendly insecticide consists of methanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (4.38 g in 1 L water) and succinic acid (0.5 g in 1 L water) in combination with Triton^® X-100 (10 mL in 1 L water), canola seeds oil (10 mL in 1 L water), and potassium nitrate (5 g in 1 L water). Additionally, the common insecticide against Aphis gossypii in cucumber greenhouses is dichlorvos (Dichlorvos^® 48% EC) which was applied at the recommended dose (0.6 g a.i./L). Twenty-four hours after sprayings, aphids that survived through each treatment were recorded, and mortality percentages were calculated. Results showed that in biopesticide treatment, mortality (65.6 ± 2.8%) has no significant difference compared to dichlorvos (71.1 ± 2.9%) (p = 0.0629). Finally, plant performance including numbers of leaves (p = 0.0951), flowers (p = 0.0842), fruits (p = 0.0730), and branches (p = 0.0698) were not influenced by the biopesticide application. Our results propose that the mentioned biopesticide can be used in cucumber greenhouses for aphid control with no adverse effect on plant growth and development, leading to zero-pollution tactics in crop protection, which is necessary for sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

6 pages, 2029 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Innovative Functional Plastic Films as Cover for Stonewool Grow Blocks and Their Effect on Tomato Hydroponic Cultivation

by Sofia Papadaki, Margarita Panagiotopoulou, Pantelis Pekakis, Ioanna Thanassoulia, Magdalini Krokida and Polimachi Symeonidou

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12328 - 28 Feb 2022

Viewed by 912

Abstract

Alkaloid compounds derived from tomato cultivation wastes (leaves, stems, etc.) are proposed as natural pesticides in this study. The tomato waste derived alkaloids (tomatidine and tomatine) were encapsulated in LDPE films through an extrusion process, in order to develop polymeric films with a [...] Read more.

Alkaloid compounds derived from tomato cultivation wastes (leaves, stems, etc.) are proposed as natural pesticides in this study. The tomato waste derived alkaloids (tomatidine and tomatine) were encapsulated in LDPE films through an extrusion process, in order to develop polymeric films with a pesticide action as covers for the stonewool grow blocks used in hydroponic tomato cultivation. A reduced attraction of mealybugs and the presence of their larvae in the leaves in relation to the control culture, as well as improved productivity, was observed, with the total marketable production of the tested plants being higher. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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5 pages, 498 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Compost Tea as Biostimulant: Promoting Tomato Root Development

by Ana Isabel González-Hernández, Rodrigo Pérez-Sánchez, María Ángeles Gómez-Sánchez and María Remedios Morales-Corts

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12224 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1625

Abstract

In the coming years, the application of biostimulants will become a fundamental tool for reducing chemical fertilization in agriculture, increasing the efficiency of soils and crops to face up to climate change conditions. Following this context, we have assessed the effect of garden [...] Read more.

In the coming years, the application of biostimulants will become a fundamental tool for reducing chemical fertilization in agriculture, increasing the efficiency of soils and crops to face up to climate change conditions. Following this context, we have assessed the effect of garden waste compost tea (CT) in a ratio of 1: 5 (v/v) with water on root morphology of tomato var. Tres Cantos. The studied CT showed relevant content of K₂O, N, humic acids and, to a lesser extent, amino acids. Three treatments were proposed: water, optimal tomato Hoagland solution and CT, which were axenically prepared. Tomato seeds were sterilized, germinated and then transferred to the considered treatments. Then, root growth parameters were measured and it was observed that CT promoted primary root length, as well as the number of lateral roots. Moreover, indolacetic acid, indol-3-butyric acid, zeatine, 6-benzyladenine and gibberellic acid concentrations were determined, but they were not detected in any case. Thus, other direct or indirect pathways seem to be involved in CT-mediated tomato root modulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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5 pages, 1445 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Fodder Grass Strips for Soil Conservation and Soil Health

by Pushpanjali, Konda Srinivas Reddy, Josily Samuel, Prabhat Kumar Pankaj, Ardha Gopala Krishna Reddy, Jagriti Rohit and Kotha Sammi Reddy

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12189 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1289

Abstract

To make rainfed agriculture an economically viable enterprise for improving the livelihood and welfare of the farming communities contributing around 40 percent of the total food production in India, it is vital to implement best management practices to keep soils healthy, conserve agronomic [...] Read more.

To make rainfed agriculture an economically viable enterprise for improving the livelihood and welfare of the farming communities contributing around 40 percent of the total food production in India, it is vital to implement best management practices to keep soils healthy, conserve agronomic inputs, minimize environmental impacts, and produce adequate yields. Increases in the sudden downpour of rain invites a high amount of soil loss from agricultural fields, eroding the uppermost soil layer. Permanent fodder grass strips effectively trap sediments and check nutrient removal from soil on one hand and on other meet the green fodder demands of small ruminants. However, nutrients removed by erosion create a limitation on land productivity. It has been observed that grass systems are useful for the improvement of other soil properties (soil physical and biological properties, for example) related to soil erosion control, slope stabilization, and food production. Hence, this study brought out the impact of grass-strip-based cropping systems on the sustainability of rainfed farming. Fields with grass strips improved their soil quality from 0.39 to 0.52 over a four-year period. This concept of growing grasses on both sides of a field (in a one-meter strip) in areas of loamy fine sand to sandy loam textured soils improves soil health and significantly reduces runoff from cropped fields. A permanent belt of Brachiaria ruziziensis and Stylosanthes hamata in two meter widths was established at every fifteen meters across the direction of the slope and reduced soil loss by 65–70 percent. This mechanization of friendly technology provides sufficient green fodder for small ruminants. A castor–redgram rotation with fodder grass strips (especially Brachiaria ruziziensis) on the upper and lower sides of the slopes fetched better crop productivity, and thus the total returns increased from 137,022 rupees/ha to 178,689 rupees/ha. The use of grass strips is a low-cost measure for soil conservation, especially for slowing down the run-off from sudden downpours of high intensity. This study may aid researchers and managers in helping farmers with this low-cost and viable technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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11 pages, 2010 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Potential Ecological Risk Index of Toxic Metals Contamination in the Soils

by Arnab Saha, Bhaskar Sen Gupta, Sandhya Patidar and Nadia Martínez-Villegas

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12214 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1937

Abstract

Toxic metal pollution in soil and the associated health risk is a global problem, with the majority of cases occurring in developing nations. The current work focuses on a contaminated site in Mexico which is used for recreational purposes. The contaminated site in [...] Read more.

Toxic metal pollution in soil and the associated health risk is a global problem, with the majority of cases occurring in developing nations. The current work focuses on a contaminated site in Mexico which is used for recreational purposes. The contaminated site in Cerrito Blanco in San Luis Potosi, Mexico is close to an abandoned mining area surrounded by non-cultivated farmland. Analyses of topsoil samples indicated the presence of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). This work has estimated the potential harmful impacts of toxic metals by using the Contamination factor (C_f), Ecological risk factor (E_r), and Potential ecological risk index (RI) by Hakanson’s method. The results indicated that the soil contamination factors (C_f) of toxic metals were: As > Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni. It is concluded that Cu, Pb, and Zn have been found in the soil samples because of past mining activities. The highest contamination factor (C_f) of As (11.94 mg/kg) in the soil was in the extremely high contamination category. It is also believed that the As concentration in the soil was high because arsenic-contaminated water was regularly used to irrigate the land. The Ecological risk factors (E_r) for toxic metals were: As > Cu > Pb > Zn > Ni. In the surface soils of this region, As was a considerable ecological concern and contributed the most to potential ecological risk indices (RI). It is also acknowledged that various anthropogenic factors contributed significantly to the potential ecological risk index (RI). The spatial distribution of toxic metal contamination in the soil was also mapped using a Geographic Information System (GIS). This study concludes that a regular assessment is needed to estimate the risk level of toxic metal contamination in soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 1526 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Do We Know Enough to Scale Up Sustainable Agriculture in India?

by Shanal Pradhan

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12220 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1179

Abstract

This study maps India’s state of sustainable agriculture and how it can be scaled up to secure farm incomes, nutrition security, and natural capital in a climate-changing world. It identifies approximately 30 of the most relevant sustainable agriculture practices in India and assesses [...] Read more.

This study maps India’s state of sustainable agriculture and how it can be scaled up to secure farm incomes, nutrition security, and natural capital in a climate-changing world. It identifies approximately 30 of the most relevant sustainable agriculture practices in India and assesses the 16 most promising of them in detail. This research gathers insights through a systematic literature review.more than 40 consultations with government officials, agriculture institutions, and a primary survey with 180 CSOs promoting sustainable agriculture. An extensive study of these practices infers that sustainable agriculture is on the margins in the country. The gathered insights pinpoint specific measures to promote sustainable agriculture by reassessing public support structures, building evidence, and the capacity of farmers, etc. By assessing the on-ground adoption of these practices and their impact on incomes, the environment, and society, this research aims to aid researchers, policymakers, donors, and civil societies in making informed decisions for scaling up sustainable farming in India. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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5 pages, 1171 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Reusability of IACS/LPIS Geospatial Data to Estimate the Utilized Agricultural Area

by Diego Gallinelli, Giuseppe Pulighe, Davide Rizzi and Flavio Lupia

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12241 - 11 Feb 2022

Viewed by 963

Abstract

The European Commission fosters the opening and reusing of the Integrated Administration and Control Systems (IACS) administrative data from the European paying agencies as useful tools for monitoring the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) performances. In this scenario, the Open IACS project goes in [...] Read more.

The European Commission fosters the opening and reusing of the Integrated Administration and Control Systems (IACS) administrative data from the European paying agencies as useful tools for monitoring the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) performances. In this scenario, the Open IACS project goes in the same direction by demonstrating the reuse of the IACS data for computing CAP indicators and for agri-environmental analysis. This work reports the methods adopted in Italy to process and harmonize IACS geospatial data required to compute two Context indicators for CAP: Utilized Agricultural Area (UAA) and share of UAA by land use types. These are defined as context indicators within the EU framework for assessing CAP performances and are generally computed with statistical surveys from Eurostat. The indicators are computed for a study area located in South Italy and statistical summaries are reported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 229 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Forage Yield and Quality of Cowpea, Guar, and Mung Bean under Drought Stress Conditions

by Vida Ghotbi, Ali Mahrokh, Ali Mostafa Tehrani and Hormoz Asadi

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12288 - 15 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1228

Abstract

Identifying annual forage legumes suitable for summer cultivation can be a solution for forage production. Annual summer grain legumes such as cowpea, mung bean, and guar also have good potential for forage production. These summer crops would have different potential of forage yield, [...] Read more.

Identifying annual forage legumes suitable for summer cultivation can be a solution for forage production. Annual summer grain legumes such as cowpea, mung bean, and guar also have good potential for forage production. These summer crops would have different potential of forage yield, especially in drought conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative forage traits of these three types of summer legumes, including cowpea (Mashhad cultivar), mung bean (Parto cultivar), and guar (local cultivar of Sistan) under drought stress conditions. Methods: A split-plot experiment in a randomized complete-block design with three replications was conducted at the Seed and Plant Research Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran for two years in 2019–2020. The study included three irrigation treatments (30, 50, and 70% soil-moisture depletion) as the main plots and the three legume species as subplots. The highest mean fresh forage yield was obtained for cowpea and mung bean (22.29 and 20.39 t ha⁻¹, respectively), while 9.37 t ha⁻¹ was obtained for guar, although dry forage-yield difference between cowpea and mung bean was not significant (5.03 and 4.71 t ha⁻¹, respectively). In addition, dry forage-yield difference between 30 and 50% soil-moisture depletion was not significant (4.58 and 3.77 t ha⁻¹, respectively). The highest percent of crude protein was observed at normal irrigation for mung bean (16.97%). Furthermore, the highest levels of insoluble fiber in neutral detergent (NDF) and metabolizable energy (30.90 and 2.30, respectively) were observed for mung bean at severe stress. The highest mean forage yield was obtained for cowpea and mung bean, and irrigation after 50% soil-moisture depletion in the three legume species can be recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

7 pages, 7491 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design Comparison between the Economic Series Method and the Heuristic Method in a Pressurized Irrigation Network

by Carmen Mireya Lapo Pauta, Marilyn Stefany López-Armijos, Francisco Javier Martínez-Solano and Ricardo Aliod-Sebastián

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12308 - 6 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1242

Abstract

Agriculture is one of the axes corresponding to development that faces innovation challenges every day. One of the most important aspects in this field is the design of pressurized collective irrigation systems. The aim of this paper is to compare the design of [...] Read more.

Agriculture is one of the axes corresponding to development that faces innovation challenges every day. One of the most important aspects in this field is the design of pressurized collective irrigation systems. The aim of this paper is to compare the design of pressurized collective irrigation networks by using the method of optimization of the Improved Economic Series (MSEM) with an optimization method using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). For this purpose, a methodology with an ordered sequence was developed with the input of the network topology, agronomic conditions, and design parameters. Then, the respective configurations of the two optimization models used are made. Consequently, the objective function and decision variables, as well as the constraints are defined. The design results of four networks selected for this implementation and operating in shifts show that it is possible to use evolutionary algorithms and analytical methods for the economic design of irrigation networks, where we obtain significant economic and similar economical savings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 407 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Classification Criteria for Cavendish Bananas and a Framework to Indicate the Correct Destination

by Grasiéle Morais, Adriano Silva, Regis Bueno, Wilson Tanaka, Eugenio Zampini, Sivanilza Machado and João Gilberto Reis

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12313 - 12 Jul 2022

Viewed by 2067

Abstract

The quality guarantee is essential in food supply chains due to the risks involved in the consumption of a spoiled item. At the same time, it ensures the nutritional characteristics of the food. For fruits and vegetables, these requirements need to be even [...] Read more.

The quality guarantee is essential in food supply chains due to the risks involved in the consumption of a spoiled item. At the same time, it ensures the nutritional characteristics of the food. For fruits and vegetables, these requirements need to be even higher since most of them are consumed in raw form. This article aims to investigate the effectiveness of the Brazilian Program for the Modernization of Horticulture and Integrated Fruit Production (PBMH and PIF) regarding Cavendish bananas classification and propose a method to correct the destination of the fruit considering it. The study was performed in the Alto Tiête area, São Paulo state, Brazil in 12 supermarkets. Our results indicated that 239 bananas from the sample only 38% should be sold to the consumers and 62% should be processed by the industry. Although we did not find spoiled bananas, the consumers were buying fruits improperly to direct consumption increases the chances of health risks and food waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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5 pages, 765 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Chemical and Biofertilizer on Grain Yield of Two Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) Cultivars

by Saeid Zehtab Salmasi, Abdalla Nabi Hamad and Mohammad Reza Sarikhani

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12333 - 28 Feb 2022

Viewed by 910

Abstract

To study the effect of the combined fertilizer management of bio-fertilizer and chemical fertilizers on the grain yield of two dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes, a field experiment was arranged in a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three [...] Read more.

To study the effect of the combined fertilizer management of bio-fertilizer and chemical fertilizers on the grain yield of two dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ecotypes, a field experiment was arranged in a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019 in Agricultural Research Farm of the University of Tabriz. The first factor includes two ecotypes (C1: Native of Tabriz and C2: Varamin), while the second factor was composed of five fertilizers levels, namely, control (N0), chemical fertilizers (N1), Enterobacter cloacae S16-3 bacteria + half a chemical fertilizer (N2), Piriformospora indica Fungi + half a chemical fertilizer (N3) and the combination of bacteria + fungi + half a chemical fertilizer (N4). Although the highest yield and yield components were obtained for chemical fertilizer treatment (N1), there was no statistically significant difference with the combined treatment (N4). The combined application of biofertilizers (growth-promoting bacteria and fungi), in addition to reducing chemical fertilizers (50%), led to a high grain yield. Accordingly, the application of combined treatment (N4) can be a suitable treatment for the cultivation of medicinal plants, including dill. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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11 pages, 1377 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Reduced-Immunogenicity Wheat and Peanut Lines for People with Foodborne Disorders

by Sachin Rustgi, Tariq Alam, Zachary Tyler Jones, Amanpreet Kaur Brar and Samneet Kashyap

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12221 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1908

Abstract

Sensitivity to wheat and peanut proteins is widespread and is not restricted to geographical areas where wheat and peanuts are produced. It emphasizes the importance of these crops as a source of energy and proteins to populations globally. An uptick in the number [...] Read more.

Sensitivity to wheat and peanut proteins is widespread and is not restricted to geographical areas where wheat and peanuts are produced. It emphasizes the importance of these crops as a source of energy and proteins to populations globally. An uptick in the number of individuals diagnosed with celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder, and peanut allergy was observed in the last two decades. According to a recent estimate, ~1.4% of the world population is diagnosed with celiac disease, and ~2% of the Western population is diagnosed with peanut allergies. Unfortunately, there is no therapy available for these sensitivities other than an abstinent diet, with a need to maintain an immunogen-free environment to prevent sensitive individuals’ accidental exposure to the antigen. Given this knowledge, we focused our research on developing reduced-immunogenicity wheat and peanut genotypes that can significantly reduce the scope of severe reaction to accidental exposure to wheat/peanut proteins. Working in this direction, we undertook two approaches to develop reduced-immunogenicity wheat/peanut genotypes: (1) Use wheat/peanut germplasm screening for genotypes with reduced immunogen content, to crossbreed them to develop reduced to non-immunogenic wheat/peanut lines. (2) Use genetic engineering to silence genes encoding immunogenic proteins. To achieve the first objective, we screened wheat landraces/mutants and peanut-mini-core collections. Similarly, for gene silencing, RNA-interference constructs for the wheat DEMETER gene or guide RNAs from the wheat-gluten-gene sequences and the peanut Ara h1, Ara h2, Ara h3, and Ara h6 gene sequences were developed and assembled in single guide-RNA modules. The progress made towards the target is discussed below. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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5 pages, 1215 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Reaction of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Depending on the Multi-Component Foliar Fertilization

by Wacław Jarecki and Maria Czernicka

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12292 - 16 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1066

Abstract

Winter wheat is a popular cultivated grain, and to produce high and good-quality yields, it requires proper fertilization. In a field experiment, the reactions of winter wheat, cv. RGT Kilimanjaro with multicomponent foliar fertilization were assessed. The tested factor were foliar fertilizers used [...] Read more.

Winter wheat is a popular cultivated grain, and to produce high and good-quality yields, it requires proper fertilization. In a field experiment, the reactions of winter wheat, cv. RGT Kilimanjaro with multicomponent foliar fertilization were assessed. The tested factor were foliar fertilizers used in various combinations: (A)—Control, (B)—YaraVita Gramitrel, (C)—YaraVita Kombiphos, (D)—YaraVita Thiotrac, (E)—YaraVita Gramitrel + YaraVita Kombiphos, (F)—YaraVita Gramitrel + YaraVita Thiotrac, (G)—YaraVita Kombiphos + YaraVita Thiotrac, (H)—YaraVita Gramitrel + YaraVita Kombiphos + YaraVita Thiotrac. It was shown that the variable weather conditions over years of research had a modifying effect on the yields. The best results were achieved by applying three times foliar fertilization (variant H). The obtained increase in grain yield in relation to the control (A) amounted to 0.62 t⸱ha⁻¹. The innovation of the experiment is its possibility to limit the dose of soil fertilizers in the cultivation of winter wheat without reducing the size and quality of the grain yield. This has an important ecological and economic aspect. The combinations of used foliar fertilizers contain rapidly digestible micro- (Mn, Zn, Cu) and macronutrients (N, P, K, Mg, S). Compared to the control, the content of protein and microelements in the grain increased and the fibers decreased. Plant field measurements showed that index SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) and LAI (Leaf Area Index) readings increased after foliar fertilization, but the index MTA (Mean Tip Angle) was decreased compared to the control. In the case of the stomata conductivity of leaves (Gs), it was proven that the applied fertilization in variant H resulted in a reduction in measurements compared to the control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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5 pages, 421 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sustainable Nutrient-Rich Food Production during COVID-19 Pandemic through Year-Round Vegetable Farming Using Hydroponic Technique

by S. M. Rezaul Karim and Raisa Osama

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12204 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 817

Abstract

The impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused disastrous food shortages and increased food prices due to the disruption of agricultural systems and activities. Less consumption of nutrient-rich foods made the people more susceptible to COVID-19 infection during the pandemic. The situation [...] Read more.

The impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused disastrous food shortages and increased food prices due to the disruption of agricultural systems and activities. Less consumption of nutrient-rich foods made the people more susceptible to COVID-19 infection during the pandemic. The situation resulted in a pivot to develop technology for economic and year-round production of nutrient-rich vegetables to alleviate malnutrition and to improve the immunity of the human body. Hydroponic farming (growing plants without soil) is a resilient food production system which provides perfect conditions for better and faster growth. This study involved the estimation of the total cost of establishing a polyhouse; setting up nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system, the production costs of selected five vegetables, namely, tomato, broccoli, capsicum, lettuce and cabbage; the determination of their annual production and gross income based on prevailing market prices; and the net profits from hydroponic farming techniques. An amount of BDT 18.75 million (USD 0.22 million) could be earned by growing the selected five vegetables in a polyhouse of 100 m × 75 m size following the NFT technique of hydroponic farming. By investing BDT 31.56 million with a concurrent annual addition of BDT 0.59 million from the 2nd year, an amount of BDT 1.17 million net profit per year can be achieved. If the farmer pays a loan of BDT 0.60 million per year, a profit of BDT 0.56 million can still be earned every year and all the debts can be paid within eight years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 417 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Climate Services for Organic Fruit Production in Valencia Region: Early Frost Forecasting

by Omjyoti Dutta and Freddy Rivas

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12218 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1009

Abstract

The increased occurrence of extreme weather events due to climate change has heightened the need to develop support decision systems that can help farmers to mitigate losses in agriculture. Environmental hazards, such as frost, have a relevant economic impact on crops since they [...] Read more.

The increased occurrence of extreme weather events due to climate change has heightened the need to develop support decision systems that can help farmers to mitigate losses in agriculture. Environmental hazards, such as frost, have a relevant economic impact on crops since they may cause damage and injuries to sensitive crops and, therefore, lead to production losses. The probability of frost occurrences is heavily influenced by local climate conditions. In addition, the extent of damage due to frost also depends on the phenology stages of the crops present in the area of interest. Hence, an early frost warning system at a local scale has the potential to minimize damage to the crops as one can deploy protective mechanisms. In this article, we present models for early forecasting (24 and 48 h) of frost occurrences using stacked machine learning models. We trained the machine-learning models with hourly historical data from a local weather station. The trained model is validated within the timeframe when the crops (organic fruits) are most susceptible to frost for the area of study. We also show the applicability of the model by extrapolating it to a new region. This development is carried out within the framework of the H2020 CYBELE project. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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5 pages, 536 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Cacao Black Pod Rot Screening Method on Disease Reaction Determination

by Alina S. Puig, Brian Irish, Tomás Ayala-Silva, Sarah Wurzel and Osman Gutierrez

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12215 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3106

Abstract

Black pod rot, caused by several species of Phytophthora, is responsible for greater losses than any other disease affecting cacao. Breeders use various approaches to screen material for resistance to Phytophthora spp., however, the method used to assess disease reaction can influence [...] Read more.

Black pod rot, caused by several species of Phytophthora, is responsible for greater losses than any other disease affecting cacao. Breeders use various approaches to screen material for resistance to Phytophthora spp., however, the method used to assess disease reaction can influence outcomes. To determine how screening methods affect results, disease reactions of four cacao clones (BE 10, HY 271419, RIM 15 [MEX], and EET 236 [ECU]) were compared using incidence under field conditions, and lesion area following artificial inoculation. Disease incidence differed significantly among clones (p < 0.0007), ranging from 6.1% for BE 10 to 24.0% for HY 271419. Differences among clones were also detected based on lesion area (p < 0.032), however, their relative ranking differed: BE 10 (53.9 cm²), HY 271419 (80.64 cm²), RIM 15 [MEX] (95.7 cm²), and EET 236 [ECU] (102.4 cm²). These apparent differences observed in disease reaction among clones when comparing methods may be due to interactions with environmental conditions or differences in the pathogen species/isolates present. The improved understanding of the how screening methods used can affect the disease reaction determination and breeding outcomes in cacao germplasm will benefit breeders and farmers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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5 pages, 566 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Impact of Public Regulations on Local Production Systems—Why Institutions Matter?

by Florjan Bombaj

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12334 - 1 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1389

Abstract

This paper examines how the livestock systems of a mountain municipality in south-east Albania are undergoing some pasture demand pressure due to the recent decentralization process of the management of state and communal pastures. By using a mixed approach combining qualitative and quantitative [...] Read more.

This paper examines how the livestock systems of a mountain municipality in south-east Albania are undergoing some pasture demand pressure due to the recent decentralization process of the management of state and communal pastures. By using a mixed approach combining qualitative and quantitative data through interviews with national and local stakeholders, documents and field observation the discussion is conducted by comparing different parameters of the livestock systems related to the pastures access. According to the results, the government regulation of pastures increased the competition for their availability and access. Securing use rights for the local farmers will be crucial for sustainable pasture management in the long run period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 224 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Overcoming Social Barrier to Adoption of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as a Protein Source for Poultry: How Tall Is the Order?

by Nathaniel Siji Olutegbe and Oluwatobi Ojuoluwa

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12321 - 25 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1514

Abstract

The demand–supply gap for protein has continued to widen globally. Unfortunately, the costs of conventional feed resources are assuming an alarmingly increasing trend in Nigeria, with continued decline being projected for the near future for poultry. Black soldier fly (BSF) is being promoted [...] Read more.

The demand–supply gap for protein has continued to widen globally. Unfortunately, the costs of conventional feed resources are assuming an alarmingly increasing trend in Nigeria, with continued decline being projected for the near future for poultry. Black soldier fly (BSF) is being promoted as a more sustainable alternative due to high protein contents and environmental sustainability prospects. The study examined the acceptability of BSF as a protein source for poultry feed among farmers in the Oyo State, Nigeria. A two-stage technique was used to select 120 medium- and large-scale poultry farmers, and data were collected using structured questionnaires. A short, structured video on BSF was used to control for knowledge. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression (α_0.05). The level of perceived benefits was high and included increase in profit margin and reduced transportation cost of waste management. The knowledge level of BSF was high among the majority, just like acceptability (67.2%). Most perceived constraints included the unavailability of land/space and irregular larva production. The average income from poultry, farm size, perceived economic viability, environmental friendliness, total income from other sources, years of experience and perceived constraints were predictors of acceptability of BSF. Therefore, the prospect for social acceptance of BSF in Oyo State is high, devoid of any form of socio-cultural barriers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

3 pages, 210 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Biochar Addition to the Loam Soil of Soybean Fields Can Reduce Trifluralin Usage in Velvetleaf Control

by Mohammad Homayoonzadeh and Jamasb Nozari

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12193 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 759

Abstract

Biochar, made by the pyrolysis of various organic materials such as plants, can amend soil physicochemical properties and improve the efficiency of pre-planted incorporated (PPI) herbicides. The excessive consumption of PPI herbicides results in environmental predicaments; improving the PPI herbicides’ efficacy by changing [...] Read more.

Biochar, made by the pyrolysis of various organic materials such as plants, can amend soil physicochemical properties and improve the efficiency of pre-planted incorporated (PPI) herbicides. The excessive consumption of PPI herbicides results in environmental predicaments; improving the PPI herbicides’ efficacy by changing the soil’s biological properties might solve this problem. Trifluralin, a PPI, is recommended against annual broadleaf weeds such as velvetleaf in soybean fields. In the present study, the treatments included normal soil (NS) (sand 30% + silt 35% + clay 35%) and manipulated soil (MS) (sand 27% + silt 32% + clay 32% + biochar 9%). Two blocks of NS received the recommended dose (RD) (1.7 L/ha) (NS + RD) and a reduced dose (1.2 L/ha) (NS + ReD) of trifluralin. Meanwhile, the block of MS was exposed to the reduced dose (MS + ReD) of trifluralin. Two days after the herbicide treatments, the seeds of Abutilon theophrasti were sown. Then, seven days after sowing, the growth of the weeds was monitored and the weed control percentage was calculated using the arcsine model based on observed data. The results showed that the NS + RD was the most effective treatment in velvetleaf control (100%), followed by MS + ReD (93.5%) with no significant difference. The NS + ReD treatment resulted in 81% weed control showing significant differences with the NS + RD and MS + ReD. Thus, it seems that biochar acts as a neutral buffer and decreases the necessity of PPI herbicide application in soybean fields. Biochar application can potentially reduce soil contamination, weed resistance, environmental pollution, and the adverse effects of PPI herbicides on the soil microbial population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

6 pages, 483 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Spatial Exploration of the Relationships between Agricultural Land Use and Water Quality Measures

by Pietro Macedoni, Elisabetta Carfagna and Flavio Lupia

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12258 - 14 Feb 2022

Viewed by 786

Abstract

Agricultural land-use effect on water quality (surface and groundwater) is a well-known issue, and actions are needed to reduce the impacts of farm inputs management. Direct and indirect links can also be found with some of the SDGs (i.e., SDG 6—Clean water and [...] Read more.

Agricultural land-use effect on water quality (surface and groundwater) is a well-known issue, and actions are needed to reduce the impacts of farm inputs management. Direct and indirect links can also be found with some of the SDGs (i.e., SDG 6—Clean water and sanitation). Assessing these impacts can support the definition of sustainable management practices for agricultural production as well as evaluating the performance of policies and directives (e.g., European Common Agricultural Policy). In this work, we performed an analysis of the relationship between agricultural land use and pesticides found in surface waters located in South Italy (Foggia province—Apulia). Land-use data were produced with a complex data integration process using administrative geospatial data from the Italian agricultural paying agency. Land-use data were jointly analyzed with water quality measures on surface waters within a large watershed in the study area. A statistical analysis was carried out in order to assess the relationships between specific types of chemicals in water and land uses within a circular buffer of 5 km around each monitoring station. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 509 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sustainable Character of Agroproductive Nodes in Intermontane Arid Territories of Sonora, Mexico

by Héctor Tecumshé Mojica-Zárate

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12346 - 14 Mar 2022

Viewed by 876

Abstract

The sustainability of the agroproductive nodes of the Sonoran Desert is a function of environmental and water limitations, the degree of ecotechnological inclusion, and the strategic diversification of its production processes. The objective of this work is to evaluate the inclusion of the [...] Read more.

The sustainability of the agroproductive nodes of the Sonoran Desert is a function of environmental and water limitations, the degree of ecotechnological inclusion, and the strategic diversification of its production processes. The objective of this work is to evaluate the inclusion of the ecotechnological approach of an agroproductive node with a sustainable trend (ANST) in Moctezuma, Sonora, Mexico, from the opening, and the adoption of strategic management through the Braden scale to interpret the changes that have occurred in an agroproductive node when it tends towards sustainability. The case study is node-oriented to the production of forage for haymaking. The global evaluation of the activity is tending towards a decrease in sustainability and a value of the environmental compatibility trait of 25 BU. The valuation of the same trait for the new productive approaches included in the node result from collateral categories that contribute to production and sustainability, among which are distinguished: (a) the definition and practice of arid tourism with 47 BU, (b) buffer areas for the protection of wildlife with 100 BU, and (c) the use of rescue grazing with 68 BU. The sustainable-ecotechnological-adoption process in the study node is a process with complex relationships, with an influence and trend towards what is defined by the SDGs as an agroproductive approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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8 pages, 1422 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

SMART GHG Mobile Application: A New Agricultural App for Tracking GHG Emissions and Low-Carbon Rice Production in Thailand’s Local Communities

by Nittaya Cha-un, Sirintornthep Towprayoon, Amnat Chidthaisong, Kittipong Chaimanuskul, Suwapat Maiyarach, Panuwat Sangsuwan and Pichit Kiatsomporn

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12259 - 14 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1651

Abstract

Rice fields and cultivation activities are sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, quantification of the baseline emissions is necessary to discover and implement the appropriate mitigation options for the transition to low-carbon rice production in order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals [...] Read more.

Rice fields and cultivation activities are sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, quantification of the baseline emissions is necessary to discover and implement the appropriate mitigation options for the transition to low-carbon rice production in order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. This study aimed to track and estimate the baseline GHG emissions and the carbon footprint (C-footprint) from rice cultivation in three farmer communities in Thailand. The SMART GHG mobile application (SGA) was used to calculate the GHG emissions from many cultivation activities and calculate the C-footprint of paddy rice production. The field activity data were collected from 71 farmer households with 134 ha of harvested areas in Muang Chang (MJ) sub-district of Nan province, Suan Taeng (ST) sub-district of Suphan Buri province, and Na Kham (NK) sub-district of Nakorn Phanom province. The results from SGA showed that the total GHG emissions of MJ, ST and NK communities accounted for 7.5, 6.3 and 2.9 tCO₂e ha⁻¹, respectively. The mean of total GHG emissions from all communities accounted for 5.6 tCO₂e ha⁻¹. During the rice growing period with flooded fields, the emission of CH₄ contributed to 83.4% of the total GHG emissions. Whereas, the cultivation activities of fertilization, field preparation, harvest, and residue burning shared small emissions of 5.4, 4.4, 3.8 and 2.0%, respectively. The SGA also reported the C-footprint of paddy yields by 1.77, 1.10 and 1.09 kgCO₂e kg yield⁻¹ in MJ, NK and ST, respectively. This study indicated that the SGA can effectively demonstrate and track the GHG emissions and C-footprint, which can be developed into a baseline emission and mitigation for low-carbon rice production. This is a challenge for agriculture and rural community development in Thailand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 219 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Study of the Profile of Fatty Acids Determined for Roosters and Capons Belonging to Transylvanian Naked Neck Breed Iași, Romania

by Cipriana Maria Cuciureanu, Răzvan Radu-Rusu and Marius Giorgi Usturoi

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12212 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 801

Abstract

The research aimed to evaluate the influence exerted by the removal of the testicles (orchidectomy) in roosters on the fatty acids profile. In this regard, two batches of roosters belonging to the Transylvanian Naked Neck breed were formed; one batch was experimental (Lexp), [...] Read more.

The research aimed to evaluate the influence exerted by the removal of the testicles (orchidectomy) in roosters on the fatty acids profile. In this regard, two batches of roosters belonging to the Transylvanian Naked Neck breed were formed; one batch was experimental (Lexp), composed of 20 birds castrated at the age of 7 weeks, and one batch was control (Lm), composed of 10 uncastrated roosters. The birds of the two groups were raised under identical conditions and received the same type of compound feed; their slaughter was performed at the age of 20 weeks. The results obtained after reporting the values of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids recorded the highest value of 0.47 in the case of the muscles from the upper thighs of roosters (Lm). Regarding the ratio between polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids, the highest value of 1.12 was calculated for the muscles of the upper thighs from capons (Lexp). Regarding the Ω3/Ω6 ratio, the highest value of 17.81 was calculated for the muscles of the upper thighs from the capons, while at the opposite pole was the result for the pectoral muscles of roosters from Lm, with the value of 12.48. We recommend continuing research in this direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

8 pages, 1144 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Organic Plant Bio-Stimulant for Early, Enhanced and Healthy Growth of Chilli Seedlings

by Stella Matthews, Asgar Ali, Yasmeen Siddiqui and Christina Vimala Supramaniam

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12239 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1275

Abstract

This research aims to explore natural and organic sources of plant bio-stimulant such as moringa leaf extract (MLE) and endophytic bacteria isolated from moringa roots to promote seed germination and seedling growth of chilli. Various extraction methods using methanol, ethanol and distilled water [...] Read more.

This research aims to explore natural and organic sources of plant bio-stimulant such as moringa leaf extract (MLE) and endophytic bacteria isolated from moringa roots to promote seed germination and seedling growth of chilli. Various extraction methods using methanol, ethanol and distilled water were compared to select the best extraction method based on phytochemical properties that could help to alleviate abiotic stresses and enhance root growth. Pre-screened endophytic bacteria with plant growth-promoting traits were also tested for their ability to increase the growth of chilli seedlings. The effects of moringa leaf extract and endophytic bacteria as bio-stimulants on chilli seedlings were determined using plant physiological analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 216 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Production Characteristics of Miscanthus (Mischantus × Giganteus Greef et Deu) under Agroecological Conditions of Serbia

by Nenad Đurić, Dobrivoj Poštić, Vera Rajičić, Gordana Branković, Gorica Cvijanović, Radiša Đorđević and Slađana Savić

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12287 - 15 Feb 2022

Viewed by 906

Abstract

This paper presents research of production possibilities of miscanthus (Mischantus × giganteus Greef et Deu) in agroecological conditions of Serbia. For that purpose, an experiment was set up in Srem on the site of Podunavlje village of Surduk. The soil on which [...] Read more.

This paper presents research of production possibilities of miscanthus (Mischantus × giganteus Greef et Deu) in agroecological conditions of Serbia. For that purpose, an experiment was set up in Srem on the site of Podunavlje village of Surduk. The soil on which the plantation was established in 2012 belongs to the type of carbonate chernozem on a loess plateau, at an altitude of 150 m. Stalk height in the panicle stage and yield of dry miscanthus stalks during five years, from 2015 to 2019, as well as the content of cellulose in dry stalks depending on agroecological conditions and variants of fertilization without top dressing and with spring top dressing of 30 kg ha¹ of nitrogen fertilizer, were analysed. The highest recorded yield of dry stalks was in 2019 (34.525 kg ha¹), and the lowest recorded yield was in the dry year of 2017 (17.980 kg ha¹), both in the variant with top-dressing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

7 pages, 2909 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Novel of Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Industrial Effluents on Hydroponic Systems

by Ratna Stia Dewi, Novita Hikmatul Guntari, Meli Agustin and Laras Budiman

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12323 - 28 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1365

Abstract

Aspergillus sp. is a microscopic fungus that can properly degrade Industrial effluents such as batik dye effluents. The innovation of making liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) from degraded batik dye and tofu effluents can be a sustainable solution to overcoming environmental problems and advancing [...] Read more.

Aspergillus sp. is a microscopic fungus that can properly degrade Industrial effluents such as batik dye effluents. The innovation of making liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) from degraded batik dye and tofu effluents can be a sustainable solution to overcoming environmental problems and advancing the agricultural sector, especially with regard to the use of organic fertilizer for agricultural crop productivity. Organic substances found in tofu effluents and degraded batik dye effluents have the potential to support organic fertilizer elements. The results of this study showed that the addition of LOF from degraded batik dye and tofu effluents on mung bean plants (Vigna radiata) affected the best growth response on plant height, wet weight, root length, and seed viability rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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8 pages, 1587 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Evaluation of the Issuer Coefficients of a Locality in Ecuador

by Carmen Mireya Lapo Pauta, José Javier Arias, Holger Manuel Benavides-Muñoz, Francisco Javier Martínez-Solano and Ricardo Aliod-Sebastián

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12329 - 30 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1152

Abstract

The objective of this research is to evaluate the variation of the discharge coefficients of the emitters provided by the commercial companies. This includes coefficients obtained in an experimental bench test. The testing assembly was composed of the supply unit, the filter, the [...] Read more.

The objective of this research is to evaluate the variation of the discharge coefficients of the emitters provided by the commercial companies. This includes coefficients obtained in an experimental bench test. The testing assembly was composed of the supply unit, the filter, the adduction line, the distribution lines, the selected emitters, the analogue volume meters, and digital sensors to obtain the pressure and flow rate. There were two sectors in the plot: the first was a low-pressure sector operated by gravity and the second was high-pressure, supplied by a pump. Nine types of emitters (drippers, micro-sprinklers, sprinklers) were used, including some self-compensating ones. Using an electronic data acquisition system, the pressure and flow rate were obtained and used to generate the characteristic curves of emitters. This made it possible for the characteristic curves to be determined by using the discharge equations of the emitters selected for this study. Subsequently, the network was modelled using the discharge coefficient and exponent obtained for each emitter. The results show which of the tested emitters meet the technical specifications of the local suppliers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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11 pages, 2370 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Use of Radioisotopes to Produce High Yielding Crops in Order to Increase Agricultural Production

by Ayaz Latif Siyal, Akbar Hossain, Fozia Khan Siyal, Tahira Jatt and Sadia Iram

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12267 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 18259

Abstract

Nuclear technology can play an important role in innovating weapons capabilities and energy. With the use of the influence of radioisotopes, the agricultural sector has made tremendous progress. Fertilizers are used in agriculture to increase soil fertility, thereby increasing crop yields. Radio-isotopes are [...] Read more.

Nuclear technology can play an important role in innovating weapons capabilities and energy. With the use of the influence of radioisotopes, the agricultural sector has made tremendous progress. Fertilizers are used in agriculture to increase soil fertility, thereby increasing crop yields. Radio-isotopes are used to produce high-yield crop seeds to increase agricultural production globally. The use of chemical fertilizers is very expensive; improper use will lead to a waste of money and resources and may cause damage to the environment. Radioisotopes can be applied in a variety of ways to resolve many problems in agricultural production and improve industry efficiency. These applications are particularly important for resource-poor developing countries or regions where water is scarce as a result of drought, and for protecting natural resources while addressing food security challenges. This article will explore how to use radiation to improve plant nutrition in fertilizers and produce seed variants, both of which have created higher efficiency in seed production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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5 pages, 699 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Soil Amendments Derived from Agricultural Biomass on Rice Yield and Soil Fertility in a Paddy Field of South Korea

by Jae-Hyuk Park, Jin-Ju Yun, Ju-Sik Cho and Se-Won Kang

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12244 - 11 Feb 2022

Viewed by 850

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of biochar and straw applications on rice yield and soil fertility during a three-year period. The three treatment conditions were: BC (2000 kg ha⁻¹ of barley straw biochar), BS (2000 kg ha [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of biochar and straw applications on rice yield and soil fertility during a three-year period. The three treatment conditions were: BC (2000 kg ha⁻¹ of barley straw biochar), BS (2000 kg ha⁻¹ of barley straw), and BC + BS (1000 kg ha⁻¹ of barley straw biochar + 1000 kg ha⁻¹ of barley straw, respectively). Each treatment area was separated by an untreated control (CN) area. During the study, the rice yields for CN, BC, BS, and BC + BS treatments ranged on average from 473 to 515, 497 to 532, 516 to 528, and 583 to 602 g m⁻², respectively. Among the treatments, the BC + BS treatment produced the highest average rice yield, which was stable during the three-year study. The soil changes after the final rice harvesting were different in the BC and BS application areas. Soil bulk density and pH were improved in all treatments except for the CN treatment compared to those of raw soil. The SOC and TN content after the BC application increased by 0.56 and 0.08 g kg⁻¹, respectively, compared to those of the CN soil, while those after the BS and BC + BS applications increased by 0.89–1.36 and 0.16–0.3 g kg⁻¹, respectively. The soil CEC values after the BC, BS, and BC + BS treatments were 0.55, 0.37, and 0.49 cmol_c kg⁻¹ higher than those in the CN, respectively. Therefore, such an approach can reduce the application of inorganic fertilizer, thereby encouraging the development of sustainable organic agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Med-Index from Farm to Fork: A Food Product Labelling System to Promote Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Encouraging Producers to Make Healthier and More Sustainable Food Products

by Maria Lisa Clodoveo, Pasquale Crupi, Elvira Tarsitano and Filomena Corbo

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12245 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1172

Abstract

Currently, there is an increasing demand of transparency in food labelling in line with the consumers concern about food origin and composition. In the recent years, several food indexes have been developed to promote healthy diet as an affordable way to prevent chronic [...] Read more.

Currently, there is an increasing demand of transparency in food labelling in line with the consumers concern about food origin and composition. In the recent years, several food indexes have been developed to promote healthy diet as an affordable way to prevent chronic diseases. The Mediterranean diet is recognized as one of the healthiest dietary regimen related to a low incidence of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases; anyway, a complete index quantifying the Mediteraneaness of foods is still evanescent. Identifying a uniform labelling system, valid in all EU countries and able to promote healthy lifestyle, is the current European challenge. This article deals with the development of the Mediterranean Index (MI), which may definitely estimate the Mediterraneaness degree of food. In particular MI, which simultaneously accounts nutritional and sustainability features of foods, may constitute an objective reference for using the “Mediterraneaness” label on food products; moreover, it can ultimately define the link to the Mediterranean diet encouraging producers to make healthier and more sustainable food products. Growing consumer willingness of eating healthy foods promoting well-being represents a conscious choice which could favor the diffusion of the precision nutrition principles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 1197 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Context-Aware Method-Based Cattle Vocal Classification for Livestock Monitoring in Smart Farm

by Farook Sattar

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12233 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1195

Abstract

This paper focuses on livestock monitoring on a smart farm to improve animal well-being and production. The great potential for increased automation and technological innovation in agriculture could help livestock farmers to monitor the welfare of their animals for precision livestock farming. A [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on livestock monitoring on a smart farm to improve animal well-being and production. The great potential for increased automation and technological innovation in agriculture could help livestock farmers to monitor the welfare of their animals for precision livestock farming. A new acoustical method exploiting contextual information is introduced for cattle vocal classification. The proposed scheme considers the raw recordings which contain cattle sounds. Then a set of contextual acoustic features is constructed as input to the MSVM classifier to track the types of cattle vocalizations. Categorized noisy cattle calls are finally classified into four types of calls (i.e., cattle food anticipating call, animal estrus call, cough sound, and normal call) with an overall classification accuracy of 84% outperforming the results obtained using conventional MFCC features. We used an open access dataset consists of 270 cattle classification records acquired using multiple sound sensors. Promising results are obtained by the proposed method for livestock monitoring enabling farm owners to determine the status of their cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 1712 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of Compost and Biochar Mixtures to Soils to Produce Parsley Plants Rich in Nutrients and Antioxidant Compounds

by Francielly T. Santos, Mônica S. S. M. Costa, Luiz A. M. Costa, Henrique Trindade and Piebiep Goufo

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12337 - 2 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1104

Abstract

Composts and biochar individually or in combination have been used for decades for improving soil quality and health. To date, very few studies have focused on the quality of food produced using compost-biochar mixtures. In this study, the use of biochar to improve [...] Read more.

Composts and biochar individually or in combination have been used for decades for improving soil quality and health. To date, very few studies have focused on the quality of food produced using compost-biochar mixtures. In this study, the use of biochar to improve the fertilization effect of composts and the quality of greenhouse-grown parsley was investigated by adding biochar to composts made from a mixture of broiler chicken wastes and sugar bagasse, sawdust, urban trees, napier grass, or cotton residues. On average, highest N and P contents were obtained with the bagasse- and sawdust-biochar substrates. The tree-biochar substrate led to increased levels of phenolic compounds in parsley compared to all the other organic substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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7 pages, 681 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Case Study on Minerals Accumulation in Grains and Flours of Bread Wheat Fertilized with ZnSO₄ and Tecnifol Zinc

by Inês Carmo Luís, Diana Daccak, Ana Coelho Marques, Ana Rita F. Coelho, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Manuel Patanita, José Dôres, Ana Sofia Almeida, Maria Manuela Silva, Maria Fernanda Pessoa, Fernando H. Reboredo, Manuela Simões, Paulo Legoinha, Ana Sofia Bagulho, José Moreira, Isabel P. Pais, Paula Scotti Campos, José C. Ramalho, Roberta G. Leitão, Mauro Guerra and Fernando C. Lidon Show full author list Hide full author list

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12291 - 16 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1092

Abstract

In the present day, there is an increasing demand for foods capable of fulfilling the nutritional needs of consumers, leading to a search for food products with a nutrient content able to promote a healthier lifestyle. In this study, an agronomic biofortification itinerary [...] Read more.

In the present day, there is an increasing demand for foods capable of fulfilling the nutritional needs of consumers, leading to a search for food products with a nutrient content able to promote a healthier lifestyle. In this study, an agronomic biofortification itinerary of Triticum aestivum L. (cv. Paiva) was conducted in an experimental field, located in Beja, Portugal, comprising foliar fertilization with ZnSO₄ and Tecnifol Zinc in three different concentrations for each fertilizer along the plant cycle. The mineral quantification (S, K, Ca, and Zn) of whole bread wheat flour and refined bread wheat flour was measured using an X-ray fluorescence analyzer (XRF analyzer), whereas the micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence system (μ-EDXRF) was used to quantify the minerals within the different regions of the wheat grain (embryo, endosperm, and vascular bundle). All the minerals presented lower values in the refined flour relative to the whole bread wheat flour, in which K had higher values followed by S and finally Ca with the lower values in both types of flour. The different minerals were spread around the various regions of the grain; however, they were more concentrated in the embryo and vascular bundle. The values are similar for both fertilizers, with a slight difference regarding Zn values, namely increasing with ZnSO₄. To sum up, as the different minerals tend to accumulate in the embryo and vascular bundle, the whole bread wheat flour presents the richest option, promoting a healthier diet for consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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5 pages, 541 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Mycobiota of Wheat Seeds with Signs of “Black Point” under Conditions of Forest-Steppe and Forest Zones of Ukraine

by Lesia Golosna

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12236 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 841

Abstract

Composition of phytopathogens—causal agents of “black point” was studied in 2018–2019. Investigations were carried out at the Institute of Plant Protection of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. Seed samples were taken from different locations in the Forest-Steppe and Polissya zones of [...] Read more.

Composition of phytopathogens—causal agents of “black point” was studied in 2018–2019. Investigations were carried out at the Institute of Plant Protection of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. Seed samples were taken from different locations in the Forest-Steppe and Polissya zones of Ukraine. The results obtained showed that fungi from the genus Alternaria Nees dominated in the pathogen complex. They were isolated from 76.5–83.1% of seeds from the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Less often they were found in samples from the Polissya zone (59.0–69.4%). Alternaria tenuissima тa Alternaria infectoria were isolated in an almost equal proportion. In addition, seeds with “black point” were colonized by fungi from genera Fusarium Link, Curvularia Boed, Bipolaris Shoem., Aspergillus P.Micheli, Nigrospora Zimm., Cladosporium Link, Acremoniella Sacc., Stemphillium Walr., Sordaria Ces. & De Not, Epicoccum Link, Aureobasidium Viala at Boy. It should be noted that the causal agent of nigrospora dry rot of maize Nigrospora oryzae (Berk & Broom) Petch was isolated from nearly 6% of seeds from the Polissya zone. In addition, saprophitic fungi Stemphillium spp. and Sordaria spp. were found. The majority of isolated fungi produce mycotoxins which are harmful for people and animals. Thus, the monitoring of species composition of pathogens on wheat seeds, in particular causal agents of “black point”, is essential for obtaining a high-quality wheat grain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 420 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Developing a Model for the Automated Identification and Extraction of Agricultural Terms from Unstructured Text

by Hercules Panoutsopoulos, Christopher Brewster and Borja Espejo-Garcia

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12264 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1182

Abstract

Text is the prevalent medium for conveying research findings and developments within and beyond the domain of agriculture. Mining information from text is important for the (research) community to keep track of the most recent developments and identify solutions to major agriculture-related challenges. [...] Read more.

Text is the prevalent medium for conveying research findings and developments within and beyond the domain of agriculture. Mining information from text is important for the (research) community to keep track of the most recent developments and identify solutions to major agriculture-related challenges. The task of Named Entity Recognition (NER) can be a first step in such a context. The work presented in this paper relates to a custom NER model for the automated identification and extraction of agricultural terms from text, built on Python’s spaCy library. The model has been trained on a manually annotated text corpus taken from the AGRIS database, and its performance depending on different model configurations is presented. We note that due to the domain ambiguity, inter-annotator agreement and model performance can be improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 1588 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

SmartPeach: Smart Farming Practices Enhance the Adaptation of Peach Crops to Climate Change

by Panagiota Louka, Nikos Kalatzis and Nikolaos Marianos

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12246 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1370

Abstract

Nowadays, peach farms, and agriculture in general, face intensified challenges linked to pest control and irrigation needs, due to the effects of climate change. A contemporary and effective approach to these challenges is presented herein, which is based on the utilization of a [...] Read more.

Nowadays, peach farms, and agriculture in general, face intensified challenges linked to pest control and irrigation needs, due to the effects of climate change. A contemporary and effective approach to these challenges is presented herein, which is based on the utilization of a smart farming system specialized in peach cultivation, in the framework of the SmartPeach project. A significant feature of the proposed smart farming system is its service-based approach, as its application does require technological investments from the farmers. The current research indicates a potential reduction of up to 25% of the total production cost due to optimization of irrigation and pest control applications, as well as an increase in farmers’ income up to 10% linked to improved product quality and yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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6 pages, 935 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Life Cycle Assessment of an Alternative Method of Water Management to Reduce the Environmental Impact of Italian Rice Cultivation

by Michele Zoli, Livia Paleari, Stefano Cavigiolo, Roberto Tortolina, Roberto Confalonieri and Jacopo Bacenetti

Chem. Proc. 2022, 10(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCAG2022-12223 - 10 Feb 2022

Viewed by 797

Abstract

Italy is the most important European country in terms of rice production. Nevertheless, rice farming in Italy is one of the crop systems with the highest impact on the environment. The main peculiarity of the rice cultivation practice is field water management: in [...] Read more.

Italy is the most important European country in terms of rice production. Nevertheless, rice farming in Italy is one of the crop systems with the highest impact on the environment. The main peculiarity of the rice cultivation practice is field water management: in fact, rice is cultivated keeping the soil submerged and in an anaerobic state. Under these conditions, organic matter degradation causes large methane emissions into the atmosphere. Previous studies show that methane emissions causes about 50% of climate change of rice production. This study reports the biennial results of the BESTsomRICE project in which the environmental performance of an alternative water management, characterized by an aeration period of the field during the cultivation, was evaluated. For this purpose, field trials were carried out for two consecutive years in northern Italy, a life cycle assessment approach was applied with a from-cradle-to-gate perspective, and 1 ton of rice grain at commercial moisture was chosen as the functional unit. The results confirm that methane emissions are responsible for 50% of global warming. Furthermore, alternative water management reduced global warming by 12% and 11% without affecting yield or the other impact categories analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Agriculture—Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology)

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