Journal of Fungi

21 pages, 6272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Whole-Genome Characterization of Inonotus hispidus from Ulmus macrocarpa and Its Comparative Genomics with Strains from Morus alba and Acer truncatum

by Ruxue Bai, Qingchun Wang and Haiying Bao

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050346 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Inonotus hispidus growing on Morus alba is traditionally regarded as the authentic source of the medicinal fungus. However, this species is also found on other host trees, such as Ulmus macrocarpa and Acer truncatum; yet, whether these strains share comparable genomic and [...] Read more.

Inonotus hispidus growing on Morus alba is traditionally regarded as the authentic source of the medicinal fungus. However, this species is also found on other host trees, such as Ulmus macrocarpa and Acer truncatum; yet, whether these strains share comparable genomic and functional traits with Morus-derived strains remains unknown. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing of a strain isolated from U. macrocarpa (UMI) using Illumina and PacBio platforms and conducted comparative genomic analysis with strains from M. alba (MAI) and A. truncatum (AMI). Antagonistic interactions were also evaluated via dual-culture confrontation assays. The UMI genome was 36.44 Mb in size, comprising 9097 predicted genes, of which 6991 and 1672 were annotated in the KEGG and COG databases, respectively. SNP analysis revealed 623,498 and 335,343 variants in AMI and MAI, with AMI showing greater genomic variation. Core–pan genome analysis identified 2651 core genes and 1046, 1424, and 1217 strain-specific genes in UMI, AMI, and MAI, respectively. Phenotypic assays demonstrated distinct mycelial growth dynamics and antagonistic behaviors, which likely reflect host-related environmental adaptation. Overall, I. hispidus strains from non-Morus hosts exhibit unique genomic and phenotypic features, providing a valuable basis for resource evaluation, artificial domestication, and the medicinal development of wild Sanghuang strains beyond traditional sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Metabolomics and Genomics)

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14 pages, 3077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Assessment of the Antifungal Efficacy of a Novel Topical Onychomycosis Treatment Using Human Nail and Skin Infection Models

by Anthony Brown, Felipe Goñi-de-Cerio, Ainhoa Bilbao, Adrià Ribes, Antonio R. Fernández de Henestrosa, Ludmila Prudkin, Paola Perugini and Mónica Foyaca

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050345 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Onychomycosis, a fungal nail infection, affects about 4% of the global population. Current topical antifungals like ciclopirox and amorolfine have limited effectiveness, highlighting the need for better treatments. WSNS-PO is a novel water-soluble therapy designed to treat and prevent onychomycosis by enhancing nail [...] Read more.

Onychomycosis, a fungal nail infection, affects about 4% of the global population. Current topical antifungals like ciclopirox and amorolfine have limited effectiveness, highlighting the need for better treatments. WSNS-PO is a novel water-soluble therapy designed to treat and prevent onychomycosis by enhancing nail health. This study evaluated WSNS-PO’s ability to penetrate the nail plate and to treat and prevent infection by Trichophyton rubrum using bovine hoof membranes and human nail clippings. The anti-fungal efficacy of WSNS-PO was additionally evaluated against other dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte fungi, and yeast. The results showed that WSNS-PO effectively permeated nails and reduced and prevented the colonization of human nail fragments by T. rubrum ex vivo, demonstrating an efficacy comparable to ciclopirox and amorolfine. WSNS-PO also prevented the transfer of T. rubrum infection between nails and inhibited the fungal colonization of human skin by dermatophyte and non-dermatophyte fungi and yeast. Together, these results indicate that WSNS-PO possesses fungistatic, barrier-forming, and anti-adhesive properties, suggesting that it holds promise as an onychomycosis treatment against dermatophytes, yeast, and molds. Full article

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13 pages, 3034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Resistance Mechanisms of Anilinopyrimidine Fungicide Pyrimethanil in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

by Yanfen Wang, Zeyuan Chen, Tiancheng Liu, Xupeng Gao, Yanchao Shi, Honghui Wu, Runqiang Liu, Yunchao Kan, Hao Yu and Feng Zhou

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050344 - 28 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is widely distributed and infects a broad range of hosts, making it one of the most economically damaging plant pathogens. This study demonstrated that pyrimethanil, an anilinopyrimidine fungicide, exhibited potent activity against S. sclerotiorum, with EC₅₀ [...] Read more.

The necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is widely distributed and infects a broad range of hosts, making it one of the most economically damaging plant pathogens. This study demonstrated that pyrimethanil, an anilinopyrimidine fungicide, exhibited potent activity against S. sclerotiorum, with EC₅₀ values ranging from 0.411 to 0.610 μg/mL. Four highly pyrimethanil-resistant mutants were obtained through chemical taming, with EC₅₀ values of 7.247 to 24.718 μg/mL. These mutants exhibited significantly reduced mycelial growth, sclerotia production, and pathogenicity compared to their wild-type parental isolates, indicating that pyrimethanil resistance suffered a fitness penalty in S. sclerotiorum. Notably, three mutants (DDJH-Pyri-R1, DDJH-Pyri-R3, and DDJH-Pyri-R4), completely lose the capacity to infect detached tomato leaves. Point mutations that cause amino acid changes in the predicted sequence of cystathione-γ synthase (CGS) and cystathione-β lyase (CBL), encoded by SsCGS1 and SsCGS2, were identified in three mutants. However, one mutant (DDJH-Pyri-R2) showed no mutations in these genes, suggesting an alternative resistance mechanism. Molecular docking revealed that mutations in SsCGS1-R3, SsCGS1-R4, and SsCGS2-R1 reduced the binding affinity between pyrimethanil and SsCGSs. No cross-resistance was observed between pyrimethanil and other commonly used fungicides, including carbendazim, fludioxonil, prochloraz, tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, fluazinam, and cyprodinil. These findings provide valuable insights for designing resistance inhibitors and suggest that pyrimethanil has significant potential for controlling soybean sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) caused by S. sclerotiorum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Control of Fungal Diseases, 2nd Edition)

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4 pages, 179 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Diversity and Ecology of Fungi from Underexplored and Extreme Environments

by Daniela Isola and Francesc X. Prenafeta-Boldú

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050343 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 29

Abstract

Fungi represent one of the most diverse and ecologically important groups of organisms on Earth, yet much of their biodiversity remains unknown and unexplored [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Ecology of Fungi from Underexplored and Extreme Environments)

15 pages, 3580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CVF1 Promotes Invasive Candida albicans Infection via Inducing Ferroptosis

by Gang Luo, Yongman Ma, Chunyi Chen, Yudie Hu, Chunchun Yan, Di Wang, Cong Wang, Yanyan Wang, Xichen Yu, Andriy Sibirny, Jun Yuan and Yingqian Kang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050342 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 53

Abstract

Recent studies have shown that several pathogens manipulate ferroptosis in host cells to aid their dissemination and enhance pathogenicity. While bacterial virulence factors capable of inducing ferroptosis have been identified, no such factors have been reported for human fungal pathogens thus far. Candida [...] Read more.

Recent studies have shown that several pathogens manipulate ferroptosis in host cells to aid their dissemination and enhance pathogenicity. While bacterial virulence factors capable of inducing ferroptosis have been identified, no such factors have been reported for human fungal pathogens thus far. Candida albicans, a most common human pathogenic fungus causing invasive fungal diseases, has recently been found to be able to induce ferroptosis in macrophages. Whether specific virulence factors induce ferroptosis in host cells that promote C. albicans pathogenicity remains to be defined. Here, we identify CVF1 as a critical virulence gene of C. albicans that is required for systemic fungal infection. Moreover, the CVF1 gene can significantly promote macrophage death. Using a macrophage infection model combined with the addition of cell death inhibitors, we show that the CVF1-induced death of macrophages is attributed to ferroptosis. More importantly, CVF1 is sufficient to trigger ferroptosis to promote C. albicans dissemination and pathogenicity in vivo. This study highlights a mechanism by which a virulence factor from a human fungal pathogen regulates ferroptosis in host cells, supporting the concept that human pathogenic fungi harbor specific virulence factors to manipulate ferroptosis in host cells for their invasive infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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46 pages, 3153 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unveiling the Bioactive Compounds and Therapeutic Potential of Russula: A Comprehensive Review

by Jingya Yang, Samantha C. Karunarathna, Nimesha Patabendige, Entaj Tarafder, Dengji Lou, Yuanqing Zhou and Kalani Hapuarachchi

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050341 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 68

Abstract

Russula, a genus of Basidiomycetes with considerable taxonomic diversity, holds significant potential in both traditional and modern medicinal practices. This comprehensive review explores the bioactive compounds identified in various Russula species, detailing their characterization, structural elucidation, and classification. The medicinal properties of [...] Read more.

Russula, a genus of Basidiomycetes with considerable taxonomic diversity, holds significant potential in both traditional and modern medicinal practices. This comprehensive review explores the bioactive compounds identified in various Russula species, detailing their characterization, structural elucidation, and classification. The medicinal properties of these fungi are examined, with a focus on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, supported by both historical usage and contemporary preclinical pharmacological research. The review also highlights emerging biotechnological applications including environmental remediation, antimicrobial agents, and functional food development. Safety and toxicological considerations are evaluated to provide a balanced perspective on the medicinal use of Russula. The review concludes by summarizing the key findings and emphasizing the importance of Russula in both traditional medicine and future clinically validated innovations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Fungi)

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16 pages, 8050 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Characterization of Ammonium Transporter LjAMT2;4 During Lotus japonicus Symbiosis with Rhizobia and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

by Kailing Xie, Ying Ni, Lijie Bai, Yuqian Zhai, Wenqing Zhou, Beijiu Cheng and Xiaoyu Li

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050340 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 58

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia are important symbiotic microorganisms in soil, which can symbiose with legumes to form mycorrhizal symbionts and nodules, respectively. Once a stable symbiotic relationship is established, these microorganisms have been found to enhance nitrogen absorption by legumes. Although [...] Read more.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia are important symbiotic microorganisms in soil, which can symbiose with legumes to form mycorrhizal symbionts and nodules, respectively. Once a stable symbiotic relationship is established, these microorganisms have been found to enhance nitrogen absorption by legumes. Although plants can directly utilize ammonium through ammonium transporters (AMTs), there is limited research on the role of the AMT gene family in promoting ammonium transport in symbiotic relationships. Lotus japonicus, a common host of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia, serves as a model legume plant. In this study, we examined the characteristics of the ammonium transporter LjAMT2;4 in L. japonicus and found that LjAMT2;4 is localized to the plasma membrane and is predominantly expressed in roots. The promoter region of LjAMT2;4 contains cis-acting elements induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizomes, and the expression of LjAMT2;4 was induced by AM fungi and rhizobia. However, there was no significant difference in the mycorrhizal colonization rate of ljamt2;4 compared to the wild type, while the absence of LjAMT2;4 significantly increased the number of root nodules under nitrogen-starved conditions, enhancing nitrogen fixation and alleviating nitrogen stress in extremely nitrogen-starved environments, ultimately promoting plant growth. These findings suggest that manipulating the genes involved in symbiotic nitrogen fixation, such as LjAMT2;4, could offer new strategies for sustainable agricultural production. Given that AM and rhizobia symbiosis are critical for crop growth, our findings may inform strategies to improve agricultural management. Full article

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15 pages, 2618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Antifungal Effects of Equol Against Candida albicans Involve Mitochondrial Dysfunction

by Anni Ge, Hao Zhou, Xi Yang, Chunling Zhao, Caiyan Xin and Zhangyong Song

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050339 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 53

Abstract

Novel antifungal agents are urgently needed because of the increasing number of drug-resistant Candida strains encountered in clinical practice and the limited variety of available antifungal drugs. Equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone glycosides, exhibits antifungal activities. In this study, Equol had good [...] Read more.

Novel antifungal agents are urgently needed because of the increasing number of drug-resistant Candida strains encountered in clinical practice and the limited variety of available antifungal drugs. Equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone glycosides, exhibits antifungal activities. In this study, Equol had good inhibitory activity against Candida species. The lowest inhibitory concentration of 125–500 μg/mL was confirmed by the gradient dilution method. In addition, transmission electron microscopy and the relative content assay showed that Equol altered the cell wall and membrane of Candida albicans. Further studies found that Equol treatment increased the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and Ca²⁺. Subsequent experiments suggested that Equol treatment depolarized the membrane potential of C. albicans and up-regulated the expression of the apoptosis-inducing factor gene. These results confirmed that Equol damaged the cell wall and membrane, dysregulated the intracellular components, induced oxidative stress and Ca²⁺ accumulation, and ultimately resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that Equol is a potential antifungal agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Natural Products to Fight Fungal Infections)

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11 pages, 1048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Superficial Candidiasis: Cluster Analysis of Species Distribution and Their Antifungal Susceptibility In Vitro

by Marina Ranđelović, Aleksandra Ignjatović, Milica Đorđević, Maša Golubović, Marko Stalević, Nataša Rančić and Suzana Otašević

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050338 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 129

Abstract

Background: Superficial candidiasis (SC) is widespread in humans worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate species distribution patterns and antifungal susceptibility through cluster analysis. Methods: A total of 180 Candida strains isolated from skin and nail samples of 1593 examined patients with suspected superficial [...] Read more.

Background: Superficial candidiasis (SC) is widespread in humans worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate species distribution patterns and antifungal susceptibility through cluster analysis. Methods: A total of 180 Candida strains isolated from skin and nail samples of 1593 examined patients with suspected superficial fungal infection were identified by Matrix-assisted laser desorption in ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS; Zybio EXS2600, China). Antifungal susceptibility was assessed using the commercial Integral System YEASTS Plus test (ISYPT; Liofilchem^®, Italy). Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis was used to analyze species distribution and susceptibility. Results: Candida parapsilosis (44.4%) and C. albicans (40%) were the most prevalent causative agents of SC. Cluster analysis established two defined clusters. Cluster 1 (121 isolates) showed a statistically significant difference compared to Cluster 2 (54 isolates) in species distribution (C. albicans was dominant in the first and C. parapsilosis in the second cluster) as well as in susceptibility to ECN (p ≤ 0.001), KCA (p = 0.030), CLO (p ≤ 0.001), MCZ (p ≤ 0.001), ITZ (p ≤ 0.001), and FLU (p ≤ 0.006). Conclusion: The fact that one-third of isolates exhibited low sensitivity to antifungals highlights the need for a new approach in SC treatment, emphasizing the importance of mycological analyses, including in vitro testing of antifungal effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Superficial Fungal Infections)

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19 pages, 3088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plant–Soil Interactions Shape Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity and Functionality in Eastern Tibetan Meadows

by Shihu Zhang, Zhengying Yang, Xuechun Yang, Xiaoyu Ma, Qun Ma, Miaojun Ma and Jiajia Zhang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050337 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 152

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi occur in the interface between soils and plants. Yet, the impacts of the plant community functional composition and soil properties on AM fungal communities remain poorly understood in the face of ongoing climate change. Here, we investigated the AM [...] Read more.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi occur in the interface between soils and plants. Yet, the impacts of the plant community functional composition and soil properties on AM fungal communities remain poorly understood in the face of ongoing climate change. Here, we investigated the AM fungal community in alpine meadow habitats of the Tibetan Plateau by linking fungal species richness to plant community functional composition and soil parameters at three latitudinal sites. High-throughput sequencing of the AM fungal small subunit rRNA gene was performed to characterize fungal communities. We found that AM fungal diversity and plant functional diversity, as well as the contents of soil nutrients, were significantly higher in the southernmost site, Hongyuan (HY). Total soil nitrogen and soil-available phosphorus explained the variation in AM fungal diversity, while AM fungal biomass was best predicted by the plant community-weighed mean nitrogen:phosphorus ratio (CWM-N:P). Glomus species preferentially occurred in the northernmost site of Hezuo (HZ). Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) revealed that AM fungal community structure was influenced by not only CWM-N:P but also by plant community-weighed mean photosynthetic rate (CWM-Pn), soil total carbon, and plant community functional dispersion (FDis). We conclude that plant traits and soil properties are crucial for nutrient–carbon (C) exchange, as fungal symbionts may shape AM communities in this vast alpine meadow ecosystem. Our findings provide timely insight into AM fungal community assembly from the perspective of nutrient–C exchange dynamics in the Tibetan Plateau’s alpine meadow habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Evolution, Biodiversity and Systematics)

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21 pages, 3889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Report on Antifungal Activity of Metschnikowia pulcherrima Against Ascosphaera apis, the Causative Agent of Chalkbrood Disease in Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Colonies

by Massimo Iorizzo, Francesca Coppola, Gianfranco Pannella, Sonia Ganassi, Cristina Matarazzo, Gianluca Albanese, Cosimo Tedino, Licia Maria Di Donato, Vincenzo Pio Iacovino, Rosaria Cozzolino and Antonio De Cristofaro

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050336 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 206

Abstract

Chalkbrood is the manifestation of the fungal disease caused by Ascosphaera apis, which affects broods of developing honeybees, particularly in Apis mellifera colonies. Recently, Metschnikowia pulcherrima has been proposed as a biocontrol agent in winemaking and for the management of major postharvest [...] Read more.

Chalkbrood is the manifestation of the fungal disease caused by Ascosphaera apis, which affects broods of developing honeybees, particularly in Apis mellifera colonies. Recently, Metschnikowia pulcherrima has been proposed as a biocontrol agent in winemaking and for the management of major postharvest and soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi. In this study, the antagonistic activity of three M. pulcherrima strains against fifteen A. apis strains, isolated from contaminated hives of A. mellifera, was evaluated, with a specific focus on the potential antifungal activity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The study revealed that M. pulcherrima was effective against A. apis and that the antifungal activity was related to various mechanisms including competition for nutrients, secretion of pulcherriminic acid, and biosynthesis of specific antifungal VOCs. We also found that each M. pulcherrima strain produced a unique combination of VOCs, and the antifungal activity was strain-dependent and varied depending on the specific yeast-mold combination. In addition, preliminary analyses showed that a temperature of 30 °C and a higher amount of glucose (40 g/L) in the growing medium promote the growth of A. apis. These results could be useful for designing new strategies for the biocontrol of chalkbrood disease in honeybee colonies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diseases in Animals, 3rd Edition)

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16 pages, 2971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Type 2C Protein Phosphatase MoPtc6 Plays Critical Roles in the Development and Virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae

by Frankline Otieno Jagero, Abah Felix, Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar, Meilian Chen, Wilfred M. Anjago, Hatungimana Mediatrice, Nkurikiyimfura Oswald, Osakina Aron, Wei Tang, Zonghua Wang and Jules Biregeya

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050335 - 24 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype is the worst disease that leads to serious food insecurity globally. Understanding rice blast disease pathogenesis is therefore essential for the development of a blast disease mitigation strategy. Reverse phosphorylation mediated by phosphatases performs a vital [...] Read more.

Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype is the worst disease that leads to serious food insecurity globally. Understanding rice blast disease pathogenesis is therefore essential for the development of a blast disease mitigation strategy. Reverse phosphorylation mediated by phosphatases performs a vital function in the activation of diverse biological mechanisms within eukaryotic. However, little has been reported on the roles of PP2Cs in the virulence of blast fungus. In this current work, we deployed functional genomics and biochemical approaches to characterize type 2C protein phosphatase MoPtc6 in blast fungus. Deletion of MoPTC6 led to a drastic reduction in conidiophore development, conidia production, hyphal growth, and stress tolerance. Western blotting assay demonstrated that the phosphorylation level of MoOsm1 was decreased while MoMps1 was increased in the MoPtc6 deletion mutant, and comparative transcriptome assay revealed a higher number of expressed genes between mutant and wild type. Localization assay confirmed that MoPtc6 is sub-localized in the cytoplasm of mycelia, spores, and in the appressoria of M. oryzae. Furthermore, disruption of MoPTC6 impaired appressoria turgor pressure and glycogen utilization; more findings revealed attenuation of hyphal penetration and virulence upon deletion of MoPTC6. Generally, present findings suggested the role of MoPtc6 in the growth and virulence of M. oryzae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomics of Fungal Plant Pathogens, 4th Edition)

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11 pages, 466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiology and Inpatient Outcomes of Invasive Aspergillosis in Patients with Liver Failure and Cirrhosis

by Aditya Sharma, Bashar Mohamad and Ayman O. Soubani

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050334 - 23 Apr 2025

Viewed by 173

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence and inpatient outcomes of liver failure and cirrhosis (LFC) admissions with invasive aspergillosis (IA) in the United States. Methods: This retrospective cohort study utilized the 2016–2020 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to [...] Read more.

Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence and inpatient outcomes of liver failure and cirrhosis (LFC) admissions with invasive aspergillosis (IA) in the United States. Methods: This retrospective cohort study utilized the 2016–2020 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to analyze outcomes of IA in LFC admissions. Baseline variables, including demographics, comorbidities, and complications, were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes, and liver transplant admissions were excluded. Outcomes were compared between LFC admissions with and without IA. Results: During the study period, 9515 (0.36%) LFC admissions were associated with IA. This cohort experienced significantly higher rates of complications, including acute kidney injury (AKI) (73.36% vs. 42.96%; p < 0.001) and acute respiratory failure (ARF) (65.74% vs. 24.85%; p < 0.001). IA admissions required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) more frequently (58.17% vs. 18.78%; p < 0.001). All-cause inpatient mortality was significantly higher in the aspergillosis group (43.40% vs. 15.75%; p < 0.001). IA admissions had longer lengths of stay (LOS), with 38.89% exceeding 21 days compared to 6.20% (p < 0.001), and a mean LOS more than three times longer (22.9 vs. 7.5 days; p < 0.001). The IA group incurred over four times higher hospital charges (USD 459,414.9 vs. USD 104,389.4; p < 0.001) and hospitalization costs (USD 108,030.6 vs. USD 24,272.1; p < 0.001) compared to the LFC without aspergillosis group. Interpretation: LFC admissions with IA experienced poorer outcomes, longer hospital stays, and significantly higher healthcare costs, underscoring the need for targeted interventions in this high-risk, nonclassical population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Infections in Intensive Care Medicine)

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29 pages, 2306 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gut Mycobiome: Latest Findings and Current Knowledge Regarding Its Significance in Human Health and Disease

by Bogdan Severus Gaspar, Oana Alexandra Roşu, Robert-Mihai Enache, Monica Manciulea (Profir), Luciana Alexandra Pavelescu and Sanda Maria Creţoiu

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050333 - 22 Apr 2025

Viewed by 374

Abstract

The gut mycobiome, the fungal component of the gut microbiota, plays a crucial role in health and disease. Although fungi represent a small fraction of the gut ecosystem, they influence immune responses, gut homeostasis, and disease progression. The mycobiome’s composition varies with age, [...] Read more.

The gut mycobiome, the fungal component of the gut microbiota, plays a crucial role in health and disease. Although fungi represent a small fraction of the gut ecosystem, they influence immune responses, gut homeostasis, and disease progression. The mycobiome’s composition varies with age, diet, and host factors, and its imbalance has been linked to conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and metabolic disorders. Advances in sequencing have expanded our understanding of gut fungi, but challenges remain due to methodological limitations and high variability between individuals. Emerging therapeutic strategies, including antifungals, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and dietary interventions, show promise but require further study. This review highlights recent discoveries on the gut mycobiome, its interactions with bacteria, its role in disease, and potential clinical applications. A deeper understanding of fungal contributions to gut health will help develop targeted microbiome-based therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Mycobiome, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 6223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal Volatile Organic Compounds from Talaromyces purpureogenus CEF642^N: Insights from One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) Strategy for Controlling Verticillium dahliae in Cotton

by Peng Li, Yalin Zhang, Hongjie Feng, Jinglong Zhou, Lihong Zhao, Heqin Zhu, Feng Wei and Zili Feng

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050332 - 22 Apr 2025

Viewed by 184

Abstract

Verticillium wilt is a devastating soil-borne disease that significantly impacts cotton production, necessitating the development the effective biofumigants for its control. In this study, the inhibitory effect of total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Talaromyces purpureogenus CEF642^N against Verticillium dahliae were [...] Read more.

Verticillium wilt is a devastating soil-borne disease that significantly impacts cotton production, necessitating the development the effective biofumigants for its control. In this study, the inhibitory effect of total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Talaromyces purpureogenus CEF642^N against Verticillium dahliae were evaluated using the one strain many compounds (OSMAC) strategy and analyzed through volatile metabolome. CEF642^N was found to produce two primary VOCs, 3-octanol and 2-octenal, (E)-, both of which demonstrated significant antifungal activity. Transcriptome analysis of mycelium grown on various solid media revealed notable differences in the expression of genes associated with arachidonic acid metabolism, lipoxygenase (LOX), and lytic enzymes. These findings provide a foundation for future research aimed at identifying key genes involved in the eight-carbon volatile biosynthetic pathway. Full article

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19 pages, 14137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphology and Phylogeny Reveal New Species and Records of Diplodia, Dothiorella, and Phaeobotryon Associated with Tree Cankers in Xizang, China

by Jia Zhou, Aining Li and Ning Jiang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050331 - 22 Apr 2025

Viewed by 207

Abstract

The fungal family Botryosphaeriaceae, which includes genera such as Diplodia, Dothiorella, and Phaeobotryon, comprises species commonly associated with woody plants such as endophytes, pathogens, and saprophytes. The Xizang Autonomous Region of China, known for its rich forest resources, harbors significant [...] Read more.

The fungal family Botryosphaeriaceae, which includes genera such as Diplodia, Dothiorella, and Phaeobotryon, comprises species commonly associated with woody plants such as endophytes, pathogens, and saprophytes. The Xizang Autonomous Region of China, known for its rich forest resources, harbors significant fungal diversity. However, limited research has been conducted on plant-disease-associated fungi in this region. In this study, we employed morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA (ITS), the ribosomal large subunit (LSU), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene, and the partial beta-tubulin (tub2) gene to identify fungal species. As a result, two new species, Diplodia salicicola sp. nov. and Phaeobotryon xizangense sp. nov., are proposed and described herein. Additionally, Di. corticola, Di. mutila, Do. acericola, Do. magnoliae, Do. vidmadera, Do. yunnana comb. nov., and Do. zanthoxyli are reported for the first time in Xizang. Our findings contribute to advancing the knowledge of fungal biodiversity in Xizang’s high-altitude ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research of Ascomycota)

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14 pages, 8617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zinc Metalloprotease SlMEP1: An Essential Factor Required for Fungal Virulence in Stemphylium lycopersici

by Dezhen Zhang, Wenjuan Chi, Tingting Li, Cuicui Wang, Jing Zhang, Haoqin Pan, Ning Qiao, Jintang Li and Xiaoan Sun

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050330 - 22 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Stemphylium lycopersici is the causal pathogen of the devastating tomato gray leaf spot with a wide range of alternative plant hosts. To mitigate its potential endemic in facility-cultivated tomatoes, novel disease control strategies should be attempted to minimize the use of chemical fungicides. [...] Read more.

Stemphylium lycopersici is the causal pathogen of the devastating tomato gray leaf spot with a wide range of alternative plant hosts. To mitigate its potential endemic in facility-cultivated tomatoes, novel disease control strategies should be attempted to minimize the use of chemical fungicides. In this study, we identified a metalloprotease from S. lycopersici genome and designated it as SlMEP1, as it appears to be a typical zinc metalloproteinase containing a WLM (WSS1-like metalloprotease) domain and a characteristic HEXXH motif, which we determined by analyzing its transcriptional profile and enzymatic functions. The transcription level of SlMEP1 increased greatly during the fungal invasion of tomato leaves. The deletion of the SlMEP1 gene from S. lycopersici hindered its mycelial growth and reduced its pathogenicity. An assessment of the functional dissection indicated that SlMEP1 induced cell collapse and inhibited the expression of the host chitinases, which consequently made tomato cells more susceptible to S. lycopersici and other pathogenic fungi. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

A Silent Threat in Post-Tuberculosis Patients: Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis Survey in Multiple Regions of Indonesia (I-CHROME Study)

by Anna Rozaliyani, Findra Setianingrum, Fathiyah Isbaniah, Heidy Agustin, Raden Rara Diah Handayani, Rosamarlina Syahrir, Siti Pratiekauri, Robiatul Adawiyah, Hesti Setiastuti, Mohammad Nizam Erhamza, Retno Ariza S. Soemarwoto, Irvan Medison, Deddy Herman, Avissena Dutha Pratama, Jatu Apridasari, Jani Jane, Soedarsono Soedarsono, Tutik Kusmiati, Mufidatun Hasanah, Diah Adhyaksanti, Winda Sofvina, Ammar A. Hasyim, Chris Kosmidis and David W. Denning Show full author list Hide full author list

J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050329 - 22 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Background: A significant complication among post-tuberculosis patients is chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), with prevalence and outcomes varying by region. This study aimed to explore the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and microbiological profiles of 219 post-tuberculosis patients with persistent respiratory symptoms and lung cavities in [...] Read more.

Background: A significant complication among post-tuberculosis patients is chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), with prevalence and outcomes varying by region. This study aimed to explore the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and microbiological profiles of 219 post-tuberculosis patients with persistent respiratory symptoms and lung cavities in Indonesia. Methods: The patients were divided into CPA (n = 144) and non-CPA (n = 75) groups. This cross-sectional study diagnosed CPA in post-tuberculosis patients using ERS/ESCMID criteria, integrating clinical, radiological, and fungal assessments. Serological tests for Aspergillus-specific IgG were conducted using immunochromatographic (ICT) and ELISA on serum samples. Sputum specimens were used in parallel for fungal culture, and radiological evaluations (e.g., chest X-rays or CT scans) were performed to identify typical CPA features such as cavitation and fibrosis. Results: Persistent cough was significantly more common in CPA patients (83.3%, p = 0.015), highlighting its role as a clinical indicator for CPA. Radiological infiltrates were found in 165 patients (75.3%); critical diagnostic markers of CPA were cavitation and pericavitary fibrosis. Aspergillus-specific IgG testing demonstrated high diagnostic utility, with positivity rates of 69.4% for ICT and 63.2% for ELISA among CPA patients. Among those with infiltrates, a positive Aspergillus culture was not more common (p > 0.05), whereas Aspergillus IgG was more often raised (p = 0.037), as was a positive ICT (p = 0.021). Regional analysis revealed a higher CPA burden in Region 1 (75%) compared to Region 2 (56%, p = 0.003), with Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger predominating in Region 1. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive approaches and region-specific CPA management strategies in Indonesia. Full article

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J. Fungi, Volume 11, Issue 5 (May 2025) – 18 articles

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