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Trichoderma in Action
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Trichoderma in Action

A special issue of Journal of Fungi (ISSN 2309-608X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2025) | Viewed by 3931

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. John Hampton

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
Interests: biocontrol; climate change mitigation; plant pathology; seed technologies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
Interests: signalling; biocontrol; plant–microbe interactions; molecular biology; biochemistry; cell biology; microbial bioactive compounds; Trichoderma
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Edgardo Esquivel-Naranjo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
2. Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
Interests: Trichoderma; cell signaling; functional genomic; fungal biotechnology; bioactive compounds; biocontrol; crop protection

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan genus comprising species with great biotechnological impacts in the production of proteins, elicitors, bioactive molecules, and biocontrol, promoting plant growth and systemic resistance. In addition, it is used to understand many cellular processes. In this regard, the 16th International Trichoderma-Gliocladium Workshop (TG2024) was held at Lincoln University, New Zealand, under the theme "Trichoderma in Action". There were five sessions as follows:

  1. Ecology, biodiversity, and taxonomy.
    Keywords: species diversity; habitats/environments; fungal versatility
  1. Biology-omics, physiology, and biotechnical applications.
    Keywords: fungal genomes; transcript-/proteo-/metabolomics; secondary metabolism; gene manipulation; biofertilizers; enzyme production
  1. Interaction with other microbes and animals.
    Keywords: microbial communities; rhizosphere competence; synergism; antagonism; insects; nematodes
  1. Interaction with plants.
    Keywords: biocontrol; growth promotion; abiotic stress; plant defence systems; priming; induced systemic resistance
  1. Product development.
    Keywords: formulation; application methods; patenting; commercialisation; markets; logistics

This Special Issue of the Journal of Fungi will include papers from these five sessions presented at TG2024.

Prof. Dr. John Hampton
Dr. Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza
Dr. Edgardo Esquivel-Naranjo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Fungi is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • species diversity
  • habitats/environments
  • fungal genomes
  • enzyme production
  • interaction with other organisms
  • product development

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 4096 KiB  
Article
Act1 out of Action: Identifying Reliable Reference Genes in Trichoderma reesei for Gene Expression Analysis
by Caroline Danner, Yuriy Karpenko, Robert L. Mach and Astrid R. Mach-Aigner
J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050396 - 21 May 2025
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Abstract
Trichoderma reesei is a well-established industrial enzyme producer and has been the subject of extensive research for various applications. The basis of many research studies is the analysis of gene expression, specifically with RT-qPCR, which requires stable reference genes for normalization to yield [...] Read more.
Trichoderma reesei is a well-established industrial enzyme producer and has been the subject of extensive research for various applications. The basis of many research studies is the analysis of gene expression, specifically with RT-qPCR, which requires stable reference genes for normalization to yield reliable results. Yet the commonly used reference genes, act1 and sar1, were initially chosen based on reports from the literature rather than systematic validation, raising concerns about their stability. Thus, properly evaluated reference genes for T. reesei are lacking. In this study, five potentially new reference genes were identified by analyzing publicly available transcriptome datasets of the T. reesei strains QM6a and Rut-C30. Their expression stability was then evaluated under relevant cultivation conditions using RT-qPCR and analyzed with RefFinder. The two most stable candidate reference genes were further validated by normalizing the expression of the well-characterized gene cbh1 and comparing the results to those obtained using act1 and sar1. Additionally, act1 and sar1 were normalized against the new reference genes to assess the variability in their expression. All five new reference genes exhibited a more stable expression than act1 and sar1. Both in silico and RT-qPCR analysis ranked the so far uncharacterized gene, bzp1, as the most stable. Further, we found that act1 and sar1 have strain- and condition-dependent expression variability, suggesting that they are unsuitable as universal reference genes in T. reesei. Based on these results, we propose to use the combination of bzp1 and tpc1 for the normalization in RT-qPCR analysis instead of act1 and sar1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trichoderma in Action)
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17 pages, 2588 KiB  
Article
Structure and Fungicidal Activity of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Trichoderma hamatum b-3
by Li Huang, Qiang Bian, Mengdan Liu, Yiwen Hu, Lijuan Chen, Yucheng Gu, Qiwei Zu, Guangzhi Wang and Dale Guo
J. Fungi 2024, 10(11), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10110755 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1072
Abstract
Two new harziane diterpenes (1–2), five undescribed cyclonerane sesquiterpenes (3–7), and three known compounds, 11-cycloneren-3, 7, 10-triol (8), harziandione (9), and dehydroacetic acid (10), were isolated from Trichoderma hamatum [...] Read more.
Two new harziane diterpenes (1–2), five undescribed cyclonerane sesquiterpenes (3–7), and three known compounds, 11-cycloneren-3, 7, 10-triol (8), harziandione (9), and dehydroacetic acid (10), were isolated from Trichoderma hamatum b-3. Their structures were elucidated via comprehensive inspection of spectral evidence in HRESIMS and 1D and 2D NMR, and the absolute configuration of 1–8 was confirmed by NMR, ECD calculation, as well as Mosher’s method. In vitro fungicidal activity showed that some compounds showed great inhibitory activity against pathogenic fungi, including Fusarium graminearum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, and Rhizoctonia solani, among which compound 10 showed 100% inhibition of S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. The in vivo activity test showed that compound 10 was 65.8% effective against B. cinerea and compound 10 can be used as a lead compound for the development of biopesticides that inhibit B. cinerea. This study elucidated the bioactivity of secondary metabolites of T. hamatum and indicated the direction for the subsequent development of the biological control activity of T. hamatum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trichoderma in Action)
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17 pages, 2664 KiB  
Article
Carbon and Nitrogen Sources Influence Parasitic Responsiveness in Trichoderma atroviride NI-1
by Víctor Javier García-Sánchez, Karina Lizbeth Sánchez-López, Juana Jazmín Esquivel Méndez, Daniel Sánchez-Hernández, José Antonio Cervantes-Chávez, Fidel Landeros-Jaime, Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza, Julio Cesar Vega-Arreguín and Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo
J. Fungi 2024, 10(10), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10100671 - 26 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1373
Abstract
Parasitic species of Trichoderma use hydrolytic enzymes to destroy the host cell wall. Preferent carbon and nitrogen sources suppress the expression of genes related to parasitism. Here, different nutrients were evaluated in the parasitic isolated NI-1, which was identified as Trichoderma atroviride. [...] Read more.
Parasitic species of Trichoderma use hydrolytic enzymes to destroy the host cell wall. Preferent carbon and nitrogen sources suppress the expression of genes related to parasitism. Here, different nutrients were evaluated in the parasitic isolated NI-1, which was identified as Trichoderma atroviride. The genes cbh1 and chb2 (cellobiohydrolases), bgl3.1 (endoglucanase), and pra1 and prb1 (proteinases) were poorly expressed during the interaction between NI-1 and Phytophthora capsici on PDA. However, gene expression improved on minimal medium with preferent and alternative carbon sources. Dextrin and glucose stimulated higher transcript levels than cellulose, sucrose, and glycerol. Also, ammonium stimulated a stronger parasitic responsiveness than the alternative nitrogen sources. During interaction against different phytopathogens, NI-1 detects their host differentially from a distance due to the cbh1 and cbh2 genes being only induced by P. capsici. The pra1 and ech42 genes were induced before contact with Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani, while when confronted with P. capsici they were stimulated until contact and overgrowth. The prb1 and bgl3.1 genes were induced before contact against the three-host assayed. Overall, T. atroviride prefers to parasitize and has the capacity to distinguish between an oomycete and a fungus, but nutrient quality regulates its parasitic responsiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trichoderma in Action)
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