Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080588

Authors: Tatiana Escobar-Hernández Rodrigo Segura Claudia Muñoz-Espinoza Mauricio Sanz-Rocha Erick Zagal Valeria Velasco Mhartyn Elso Yudith Guillén Macarena Gerding Daniel Chávez Ángela Machuca

Morels are highly valued edible mushrooms due to their ecological and nutraceutical importance. However, nutritional studies in South America are still scarce. This study evaluated the mineral, nutritional, and bioactive properties of Morchella eximia, M. importuna, M. tridentina, and the endemic M. andinensis, which naturally fruits in forest plantations (FPs) and native forests (NFs) in south-central Chile. Soils differed significantly, indicating varied fertility levels across morel habitats. Ascocarps from all species exhibited significant accumulation of K and P, with moderate accumulation of Ni and Zn. Cd and Pb remained within internationally accepted safe limits, while As was undetectable. The determination of the translocation factor, performed only on M. andinensis and M. tridentina, indicated a preferential translocation of K and P to the pileus. Differences were observed among the species in terms of phenolic content and antioxidant activity. A proximate analysis revealed that Chilean morels had elevated levels of protein and fiber, similar to those reported in morels from other latitudes. An exploratory multivariate analysis suggested that the observed variation in mineral composition and bioactive and nutritional properties of Chilean morels likely reflects the combined influence of soil characteristics, forest environment, and genotype traits. These preliminary results are the first to describe traits related to the nutritional quality of Morchella spp. from south-central Chile.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080589

Authors: Thanawat Sridapan Atisak Jiaranaikulwanich Chompoonek Yurayart Theerapong Krajaejun

Pythium insidiosum, the causative agent of pythiosis, remains an important pathogen in tropical and subtropical regions, where delayed diagnosis is associated with severe disease and poor clinical outcomes. We developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with lateral flow dipstick (LAMP-LFD) assay for the rapid detection of P. insidiosum. The assay employs dual-labeled LAMP amplicons that are directly detected by a lateral flow dipstick, enabling simple visual interpretation without agarose gel electrophoresis. Analytical performance was evaluated using genomic DNA from 102 clinically relevant isolates, comprising 51 P. insidiosum isolates and 51 non-target organisms. The LAMP-LFD assay correctly detected all P. insidiosum isolates, achieving an inclusivity of 100.0% (95% CI: 93.0–100.0%), and correctly excluded 48 of 51 non-target organisms, yielding an exclusivity of 94.1% (95% CI: 83.8–98.8%). The assay demonstrated a detection limit of 10 fg of genomic DNA per reaction, representing at least 1000-fold greater analytical sensitivity than the reference multiplex PCR (m-PCR) assay. Clinical validation using 47 blinded animal tissue specimens showed a sensitivity of 90.3%, specificity of 87.5%, accuracy of 89.4%, and good agreement with the reference standard (culture and ITS sequence analysis) (κ = 0.76). In comparison, the m-PCR assay achieved a sensitivity of only 41.9%, indicating substantially lower clinical detection performance. In conclusion, direct LFD-based detection preserves the analytical performance of the established P. insidiosum LAMP assay while providing a clear and easily interpretable visual endpoint. The LAMP-LFD assay represents a rapid, sensitive, and practical tool for screening pythiosis, offering improved diagnostic performance and more reliable result interpretation.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080587

Authors: Sandra de Camargo Lameu Matheus Henrique Galvão Isabelle Teixeira Mello Fabio Marcio Squina

Hydrophobins are small, cysteine-rich amphipathic proteins predominantly produced by filamentous fungi, known for their ability to self-assemble at hydrophobic–hydrophilic interfaces. These proteins are essential for fungal development, surface interactions, pathogenicity, and environmental adaptation, and they have attracted growing interest for biotechnological applications. In this work, we provide a narrative review of fungal hydrophobins, based on a systematic literature search and manual curation of eligible studies integrated with protein database records from Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Information was compiled from peer-reviewed publications selected according to predefined eligibility criteria and complemented with UniProt records, covering taxonomic distribution, functional and biophysical properties, and physiological and pathogenic roles. Significant diversity in molecular features and physicochemical profiles was observed, indicating functional specialization across different ecological niches and lifestyles. Additionally, the compiled data highlight various biotechnological applications, such as surface modification, enzyme immobilization, drug delivery systems, biomaterial development, and environmentally sustainable technologies. By consolidating molecular, functional, and applied information across a wide range of fungal species, this review provides a comprehensive reference framework for hydrophobin research and biotechnological innovation.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080586

Authors: Xinyu Tong Anxin Wang Zengcai Liu Li Zou

Sanghuangporus baumii, a medicinal macrofungus, remains unexplored in its response to aluminum stress, despite the widespread environmental relevance of this metal. This study investigated the dose-dependent effects of Al3+ on mycelial growth and metabolic regulation. Exposure to 1 mM Al3+ moderately stimulated growth (1.11-fold of control) and induced mild oxidative stress, which activated an effective antioxidant response—including increased SOD, CAT, and POD activities and elevated reduced glutathione content—thereby maintaining redox balance and increasing soluble sugar content. In contrast, 10 mM Al3+ led to pronounced intracellular Al3+ accumulation, severe growth inhibition, and marked oxidative damage, accompanied by impairment of the antioxidant system, yet a marked increase in total triterpenoid content (1.72-fold). Transcriptomic analysis identified 642 and 3019 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the 1 and 10 mM Al3+ treatments, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed concentration-dependent alterations in pathways related to peroxisome function, glutathione metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis. Collectively, these findings suggest that Al3+ modulates S. baumii growth and metabolism in a dose-dependent manner, with redox remodeling as a potential mechanism, offering novel insights into fungal metal adaptation and the targeted modulation of medicinal metabolite production.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080585

Authors: Donghui Li Yang Yang Jialan Zhang Li Li Yingbao Liu Suo Chen Mengxiang Gao

We constructed IscA1 overexpression (IscA1+) and RNA interference (RNAi-IscA1) strains to investigate the role of IscA1 in regulating the synthesis of Monascus pigments (MPs) and citrinin (CIT) in Monascus purpureus under low-frequency magnetic field (LF-MF) exposure. Both IscA1+ and RNAi-IscA1 strains exhibited altered nutritional growth and sexual reproduction; however, asexual reproduction, the ultrastructure of spores and mycelia, and biomass in liquid fermentation, remained unaffected. The production of yellow and orange pigments increased in the IscA1+ strain, while the production of red pigments decreased in the RNAi-IscA1 strain. The expression level of the IscA1 was shown to determine intracellular iron ion content in M. purpureus. Exposure to 1.6 mT LF-MF did not impact biomass but significantly enhanced MPs and decreased intracellular iron content on the 6th day of fermentation in both IscA1+ and RNAi-IscA1 strains, while increasing CIT production in the IscA1+ strain. The interplay between IscA1 gene expression and LF-MF exposure jointly regulates the expression of genes related to iron–sulfur cluster assembly, iron homeostasis, and the synthesis of MPs and CIT. These results suggest that LF-MF enhances the expression of the IscA1 gene in M. purpureus, promotes iron–sulfur cluster assembly, regulates intracellular iron distribution, and influences the synthesis of MPs and CIT.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080584

Authors: Veronika Řezáčová Oushadee A. J. Abeyawardana Milan Řezáč Ema Némethová

Soil fungi play key roles in decomposition, nutrient cycling, plant–soil interactions, and soil structure, yet their immediate responses to pesticides remain insufficiently understood. Most studies have focused on long-term, cumulative, or plant-mediated effects, limiting insight into direct impacts. We assessed the short-term direct effects of eight commercial pesticides on fungal abundance, alpha diversity, community composition, trophic structure, and total arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) abundance across three contrasting agricultural soils in a plant-free pot experiment. Responses varied strongly among soils and pesticides, with no consistent fungal suppression. Alpha-diversity changed little and inconsistently, whereas community composition shifted markedly, indicating rapid community reorganization before detectable changes in richness or evenness. Soil 1 showed the strongest responses, while Soil 2 was resistant. Although most trophic groups’ relative abundance remained stable, their internal composition was often substantially restructured, suggesting taxonomic turnover without major functional-group shifts. Total AMF abundance increased under several treatments in Soil 1 but decreased under selected treatments in Soil 3. Soil pH was associated with fungal diversity, community composition, and total AMF abundance; however, pesticide-induced pH changes did not consistently explain microbial responses. Overall, short-term pesticide exposure drove selective, soil-dependent community restructuring rather than uniform diversity loss, supporting soil-specific risk assessment.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080583

Authors: Dong-Ryeol Yu Kyung-Gu Min Tae-Min Park Youn-Jin Park Myoung-Jun Jang

This study explored disease symptom development and changes in relative volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles after inoculation of Trichoderma atroviride onto Lentinula edodes pilei. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and tef1 sequences supported identification of the inoculated strain as T. atroviride. Inoculation caused surface depression and browning, while discoloration extended from the surface into internal tissues. At 3 days after inoculation, the inoculated strain was re-isolated from T1–T3 tissues, confirming the presence of viable fungi at all sampling positions. Relative VOC profiles were compared among untreated pilei, wound-treated samples, T. atroviride cultures (TA), and samples collected from different positions after inoculation (T1–T3). PCA and heatmap analyses revealed descriptive VOC variation among treatment groups and T1–T3, although no individual VOCs differed significantly among T1–T3 after FDR correction. 6-Pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one showed the highest relative peak area percentage in TA, whereas 2(3H)-naphthalenone was consistently detected only in TA. In inoculated pilei, ylangene was detected at all positions, whereas γ-muurolene, α-muurolene, 1-naphthalenol, 3-octanone, and 1,2,4-trithiolane showed different detection patterns and relative peak area percentages among T1–T3. These findings provide a basis for quantitative validation of inoculation-associated VOC changes and potential spatial variation within the pileus.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080582

Authors: Fei Tao Hong Han Hong Tao Yiping Zou Xinke Kong

Wheat stripe rust (yellow rust), a devastating disease caused by the phytopathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), poses a major threat to global wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Under ongoing climate warming, the highly virulent Pst race CYR34 has become predominant in China and exhibits increased tolerance to elevated temperatures. Although temperature is known to influence Pst urediniospore germination, the molecular mechanisms underlying temperature sensitivity during this process remain poorly understood. In this study, we combined histological examinations with transcriptome sequencing across multiple temperature regimes to identify temperature-responsive genes and characterize the predicted protein association networks in Pst. Urediniospore germination of three Pst races was tested; stronger heat tolerance was observed in CYR34-8 with 67.40–77.40% germination at 9–16 °C. RNA-Seq analysis identified 89 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with temperature sensitivity, and their expression patterns were validated by qRT-PCR. The DEGs were significantly enriched in ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, glycan degradation, and longevity-regulating pathways. Among these DEGs, genes annotated as encoding an ABC transporter, malate dehydrogenase, Hsp70, and a class 3 lipase were identified as putative hub genes in the predicted protein association network and may be associated with the coordination of temperature responses and metabolic processes.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080581

Authors: Augusto Vazquez-Rodriguez Jose L. Lopez-Ribot

Screening assays for discovering Candida albicans biofilm inhibitors typically measure either metabolic activity or attached biomass. Although biomass staining with Crystal Violet or Safranin is affordable and easy to perform, standard protocols often require toxic solvents for biofilm fixation and dye extraction. We developed and evaluated an alternative Safranin staining method that uses heat fixation and direct absorbance measurement of stained biofilms without a dye-extraction step. Under the experimental conditions tested, the proposed method reduced solvent use and plate handling and minimized reagent use while offering assay consistency and reliability for primary screening campaigns. The assay quality was verified using positive and negative inhibition controls, with acceptable Z′-factor values supporting its use for primary drug screening. The protocol was further evaluated by screening 1520 compounds from the Prestwick Chemical Library to identify inhibitors of C. albicans biofilm formation. The proposed Safranin method provides a simplified, extraction-free alternative for biofilm-inhibitor screening under the experimental conditions evaluated in this study.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080580

Authors: Miao Dong Xiaoli Hu Shuaibing He

Leaf and root fungal endophytes (LFEs and RFEs) represent essential yet distinct components of the plant holobiont, but their ecological relationships remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the community structure of LFE and RFE across 45 plant species in an alpine meadow ecosystem using high-throughput sequencing. We found that the richness of RFEs was significantly higher than that of LFEs whereas their diversity showed no significant difference. The community composition of RFEs significantly differed with LFE communities and indicator analysis revealed that Aureobasidium, Didymella, and Mycosphaerella enriched in leaves and Mucor, Candida, and Trichoderma dominating roots. Fungal endophytes form a complementary functional network that supports plant growth, defense, and resource utilization. Plant functional traits rather than phylogenetic distance shaped the structure of both LFE and RFE communities. Despite their compositional divergence, LFEs and RFEs shared a large number of taxa and showed a coordinated assembly pattern. The coordinated variation between leaf and root functional traits, coupled with the fluxes of LFEs and RFEs, is a critical driver of this pattern. Overall, our results provide integrated evidence that LFE and RFE communities constitute ecologically distinct yet interconnected components of the plant holobiont, jointly contributing to plant performance and ecosystem functioning.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080579

Authors: Peng Zhu Junling Wang Jinjie Du Shuainan Yang Boran Zhang Shuang Gao Xiao Li Ao Ma Zengchi Wang Jinghua Tian Ming Li Guojie Li Shoumian Li

Paramarasmius mesosporus is a wild edible mushroom with a strong aroma and high culinary value, capable of growing at temperatures up to 36 °C. However, its domestication system and the genetic basis of its sexual reproduction remain largely unexplored. In this study, fresh fruiting bodies of P. mesosporus were collected from the rhizosphere of Imperata spp. in saline–alkali land in Hebei Province, China. The species was successfully domesticated for the first time, and fruiting bodies were harvested 7–10 days after spawning. A chromosome-level genome of the monokaryotic strain ‘Q2’ was assembled using whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome analysis, and Hi-C technology, with a total size of 46.57 Mb that was anchored onto 11 pseudochromosomes at a mounting rate of 95.18%. The mating-type system was identified as a typical tetrapolar heterothallic type, with the MAT A and MAT B loci located on chromosomes 2 and 10, respectively. The MAT A locus encodes HD1, HD2, MIP, and β-fg, among which tr-HD1 was found to be pseudogenized due to domain truncation. The MAT B locus comprises seven pheromone receptor genes and seven pheromone precursor genes arranged in an interspersed pattern. Based on these genomic features, a preliminary MAPK signaling pathway model was proposed to elucidate the molecular regulation of sexual reproduction. This study achieved the first artificial domestication and cultivation of P. mesosporus. systematically elucidated genomic characteristics and mating-type molecular mechanisms of this species were systematically elucidated, providing a theoretical foundation for hybrid breeding, molecular marker-assisted selection, and genetic improvement. These findings hold significant scientific and applied value for germplasm innovation and industrial development of this rare edible mushroom.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080578

Authors: Xueping Su Fangzhao Qin Cheng Huang Fasih Ullah Haider Leiru Chen

Abiotic stresses increasingly threaten crop productivity, whereas reliance on chemical and resource-intensive interventions can compromise environmental sustainability. Existing literature identifies Trichoderma spp. as multifunctional biocontrol agents, biofertilizers, and microbial biostimulants capable of influencing plant growth, stress signaling, and rhizosphere processes; however, evidence remains fragmented across strains, crops, formulations, and stress conditions. This review aimed to integrate current knowledge on Trichoderma-mediated resilience to salinity, drought, heavy metals, temperature extremes, and emerging pollutants, while distinguishing experimentally validated mechanisms from statistical associations and conceptual inference. It evaluates constraints governing reproducibility from controlled studies to field deployment. The synthesis shows that selected crop–strain systems improve root architecture, photosynthesis, antioxidant regulation, osmotic adjustment, nutrient acquisition, ion homeostasis, hormonal balance, and stress-responsive gene expression. Benefits arise through coordinated delivery, root colonization, metabolite and protein signaling, physiological reprogramming, and rhizosphere modulation. Nevertheless, microbiome co-occurrence patterns do not establish causal network repair, evidence for broad heat and cold protection remains limited, and biochar co-application should not be interpreted as a carrier formulation without direct validation. Future progress requires strain- and crop-specific screening, mechanistic gene and protein studies, standardized formulations, combined-stress experiments, multi-location field trials, biosafety evaluation, and farmer-level economic assessment to develop reliable precision microbial technologies.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080577

Authors: Andrea Grassi Patrizia Danesi Sara Rigamonti Sofia Sgubin Paola Prati Emanuela Olivieri

The survival of Candidozyma (Candida) auris under gastric conditions remains poorly understood, particularly in veterinary species. This pilot in vitro study evaluated the resistance of two cat-derived C. auris strains and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Yeast suspensions were exposed to SGF adjusted to pH 1–5 and 7 for up to 4 h at 37 °C, and colony-forming units (CFUs) were enumerated at 1, 2, and 4 h. Results were expressed as mean log10 CFU/mL ± standard deviation. A clear pH-dependent effect was observed: At pH 7, all strains showed increased CFU counts over time, whereas acidic conditions induced a marked reduction in culturability. At pH 1, reductions of approximately 3–4 log10 units occurred within 1 h, while at pH 2–5 a more moderate decrease of about 1 log10 unit was observed, with most reduction occurring early and stabilizing over time. Two-way ANOVA confirmed significant effects of pH and exposure time, with a significant interaction for all strains (p < 0.0001). Overall, gastric-like acidity strongly reduced, but did not completely abolish, the culturability of the two feline C. auris isolates under the specific in vitro conditions tested. Further studies using larger isolate collections and more physiologically relevant gastrointestinal models are needed to determine whether these findings translate into in vivo survival, intestinal transit, or colonization.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080576

Authors: Dan-Na Ma Yihan Niu Mengli Chen Jun-Nan Yao Huiming Wu Taiying Li

Fusarium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol), is a devastating disease that severely constrains tomato production worldwide. In this study, an endophytic bacterium, designated ZN-S18, was isolated from healthy tomato stems and identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA and rpoB genes. Dual culture assays demonstrated that ZN-S18 exhibited strong antagonistic activity against Fol and significantly inhibited fungal mycelial growth. The cell-free culture filtrate of ZN-S18 markedly suppressed Fol spore germination and mycelial growth, and the inhibitory effect on spore germination was irreversible. LC-MS analyses confirmed that ZN-S18 produces the cyclic lipopeptides surfactin and iturin A. In planta assays further demonstrated that pretreatment with ZN-S18, its culture filtrate, or the combination of surfactin and iturin A significantly reduced Fusarium wilt in tomato seedlings. Moreover, the culture filtrate disrupted fungal cell wall integrity, as indicated by the increased sensitivity of Fol to Congo red stress. Notably, the combined application of surfactin and iturin A exhibited significantly stronger antifungal activity than either compound alone under Congo red-containing conditions, suggesting a synergistic effect on fungal cell wall integrity. Collectively, these findings indicate that the endophytic strain B. amyloliquefaciens ZN-S18 is a promising biocontrol agent against tomato Fusarium wilt, primarily through the synergistic action of surfactin and iturin A. This study provides an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical fungicides and establishes a foundation for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying lipopeptide-mediated antagonism.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080575

Authors: Júlia Leão Froldi Renan E. A. Piraine Lucas A. Tavares Lucas Fabrício Bahia Nogueira Patrick Santos Fausto Almeida

Fungal infections remain a major global health challenge, underscoring the need to better understand host–pathogen interactions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by fungal pathogens are emerging as key modulators of immune responses. Here, we investigated how EVs from Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus influence macrophage activation, focusing on the integration of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cytosolic sensing pathways. EVs were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, zeta potential, and cryo-electron microscopy. Human THP-1-derived macrophages were stimulated with fungal EVs, and cytokine production, gene expression, and signaling pathway activation were assessed by ELISA, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. C. albicans EVs induced a strong pro-inflammatory response, with increased production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IL-8, and IFN-β after 24 h. In contrast, A. fumigatus EVs elicited a more limited response, characterized by IL-4 production and minimal pro-inflammatory cytokine induction. Both EV populations modulated PRR expression and activated the cGAS–STING–IRF3 axis; however, C. albicans EVs promoted coordinated activation of TLR4, TLR9, and Dectin-1–CARD9 signaling, whereas A. fumigatus EVs downregulated CARD9 and dampened inflammation. These findings demonstrate that fungal EVs differentially shape macrophage responses through species-specific integration of immune sensing pathways.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080574

Authors: Yanling Hu Lingzhen Zhou Ya Wang Yuyin Cai Xiaofeng Guan Feiyun Yang Zuohua Liu Chengling Bao

Chinese distillers’ grains (CDGs) are a lignocellulose-rich agricultural byproduct with considerable bioconversion potential; however, their recalcitrant structure imposes a major bottleneck for efficient valorization. In this study, six white-rot fungal strains and two Trichoderma strains were isolated from wild macrofungi, among which Ganoderma sp. 2G1-6 exhibited the highest laccase activity, reaching 11.29 U/mL. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a 49.15 Mb genome containing 12,437 predicted proteins, including a substantial repertoire of 196 glycoside hydrolases and 113 auxiliary activity enzymes implicated in lignocellulose degradation. Solid-state fermentation of CDGs with Ganoderma sp. 2G1-6 produced high enzyme activities, including endoglucanase (13.3 ± 4.6 U/g), xylanase (538.8 ± 33.0 U/g), β-glucosidase (26,572 ± 2996 U/g), and laccase (231.2 ± 16.7 U/g). Concomitantly, the nutritional profile of CDGs was markedly improved after 30 days, with crude protein increasing by 28.51%, acid-soluble protein by 33.33%, and soluble dietary fiber by 159%. Complementary structural analyses (FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TGA) confirmed progressive disruption of the lignocellulosic matrix, selective delignification, and enhanced cellulose exposure. These findings establish Ganoderma sp. 2G1-6 as a promising microbial chassis for CDGs valorization and provide preliminary functional profiles of Ganoderma species for lignocellulose bioconversion.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080573

Authors: Jacob Mathew Philip Krishnan Mahalakshmi Helen Mary Abraham Leena Sankari Sankar

Background: The increasing prevalence of antifungal resistance among Candida albicans isolates necessitates the exploration of alternative antifungal strategies and novel molecular targets. Plant-derived bioactive compounds represent a promising source of antifungal agents; however, their chemical composition and mechanisms of action remain insufficiently characterized. Methods: Ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves and Ficus benghalensis aerial roots were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis to characterize their bioactive constituents. Molecular docking studies were performed to evaluate the interaction of selected phytochemicals with C. albicans N-myristoyltransferase (PDB ID: 1IYK), a validated antifungal drug target. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds in both extracts, while saponins were detected only in A. indica. GC–MS analysis demonstrated greater chemical diversity in A. indica, including fatty acids and phenolic derivatives, compared with F. benghalensis, which was dominated by terpenoids and long-chain hydrocarbons. FTIR analysis confirmed functional groups relevant to protein–ligand interactions. Molecular docking showed favorable binding interactions between several A. indica–derived compounds and N-myristoyltransferase, whereas compounds from F. benghalensis did not exhibit detectable binding under the conditions tested. Conclusions: The integrated phytochemical and in silico analyses provide insight into the antifungal potential of A. indica, suggesting possible interactions between identified phytochemicals and the selected drug target protein. This study highlights the value of combining chemical characterization with target-based computational screening in the rational exploration of plant-derived antifungal agents.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080572

Authors: Mhartyn Elso Mauricio Sanz-Rocha Tatiana Escobar-Hernández Yudith Guillén Macarena Gerding Daniel Chávez Ángela Machuca

True morels (Morchella spp.) in South America are poorly documented, despite their high gastronomic and ecological value. In this study, morel ascomata were collected from various environments in south-central Chile, and their in vitro physiological performance was characterized. The endemic species Morchella andinensis, along with the transcontinental M. tridentina, M. eximia, and M. importuna, were identified, pure isolates obtained and then cultivated under various conditions. The carbon supplements had a significant effect on mycelial performance, with mannose and pectin yielding high growth rates (~13 mm·day−1) and biomass production (~100 mg·plate−1). Carboxymethylcellulose consistently reduced growth across all strains. Depending on the strain, organic nitrogen supplements such as peptone and amino acids promoted growth more than inorganic nitrogen such as ammonium sulfate. Most strains demonstrated higher performance at pH 7.2–8.5 and 24 °C, and sclerotia formation was strongly strain-dependent. An exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) descriptively summarized the standardized physiological response profiles of the eight selected strains. In this analysis, M. importuna strains were associated with generally higher growth responses, while M. tridentina T140 and M. eximia E87 showed comparatively lower responses. The M. andinensis strains occupied intermediate positions in the multivariate space. The results indicate significant physiological differences among Morchella strains. This underscores the importance of strain-level evaluation as a preliminary step for future studies on strain preservation, artificial cultivation trials, and biotechnological investigations of morels in Chile.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080571

Authors: Shuwei Wei Yue Mi Xiaozhuo Zhang Bao Qi Wanyi Wang Qi Wang Dongfang Shi Yu Li

Climate change may alter the abiotic conditions associated with macrofungal occurrence, but projections for taxonomically unresolved species complexes require cautious interpretation. Here, we used an AICc-optimized MaxEnt model to characterize the climate-defined aggregate suitability envelope of records assigned to the Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Singer complex in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Xizang, Southwest China, under current conditions and four RCP scenarios for the 2050s and 2070s. After spatial thinning, 70 occurrence records compiled from field surveys and published sources were modeled with correlation-filtered bioclimatic variables. The optimized model showed high discrimination for the pooled occurrence dataset (mean AUC > 0.95), and mean temperature of the coldest quarter had the largest contribution (50.8%). Projected changes differed between scenarios, with increasing fragmentation and reductions in highly suitable climate space under several futures. These outputs do not represent a lineage-resolved species distribution, as the occurrence records were not uniformly verified by molecular barcodes, and the model omits host availability, vegetation, soil, land use, dispersal, and other biotic processes. We therefore interpret the maps as a hypothesis-generating, aggregate climatic envelope for the complex that can guide stratified field surveys, molecular sampling, and habitat monitoring rather than as direct evidence of taxon-specific physiological tolerances or realized distributions.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080570

Authors: Na Pu Rui Wang Wanshan Shao Tangjie Zhao Xiaoxuan He Dan Li Xiahong He Xin Hao Jie Chen

Amomum villosum is an evergreen perennial herb widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, with significant economic and medicinal importance. Throughout the cultivation process, it faces severe fungal disease problems that significantly impact its yield and quality. In July 2025, leaf spot disease with a 56% incidence was observed on A. villosum in Wenshan, Yunnan, China. Affected leaves initially developed irregular grayish-white lesions surrounded by brown margins. As symptom development progressed, semi-submerged black spots formed on the lesion surfaces. Severe infections resulted in premature leaf abscission and, ultimately, death of the entire plant. To identify the pathogen responsible, we conducted isolation and pathogenicity studies. Through morphological characterization, phylogenetic analysis (ITS, LSU, and TUB), and pathogenicity tests, Pestalotiopsis microspora was determined as a pathogen. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled on attached leaves. After 15 days, typical necrotic lesions appeared on inoculated leaves, while controls remained symptom-free. This is the first report of A. villosum leaf spot caused by P. microspora in China. Biocontrol assays revealed that Trichoderma harzianum T15 and T. asperellum T16 exhibited significant antagonistic activity against P. microspora, with inhibition rates of 44.77% and 50.70%, respectively. In addition, Bacillus velezensis SWFU41, isolated from healthy A. villosum leaves, showed superior disease suppression, achieving a control efficacy of 60.52%. Compared with the fungal biocontrol agents, B. velezensis demonstrated greater inhibitory activity against the pathogen, suggesting that bacterial antagonists may provide a more effective biological control strategy for managing A. villosum leaf spot disease. This is the first report of P. microspora-caused leaf spot disease on A. villosum. Furthermore, the comparative evaluation of fungal and bacterial antagonists demonstrated that B. velezensis SWFU41 outperformed T. harzianum and T. asperellum in disease suppression, highlighting its potential as a promising biocontrol agent for sustainable disease management. These findings provide a scientific basis for pathogen monitoring, epidemiological studies, and the development of integrated biological control strategies for A. villosum cultivation.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080567

Authors: José Pereira Melisa Florentín Amiliana Pineda Desiree Almirón Gemma Johnson Monserrat Aldama Idalina Franco Hernán Barrios Olga Aldama Fernando Arévalos Meredith Brown Tom M. Chiller Diego H. Cáceres

Invasive fungal infections, including candidemia and invasive aspergillosis, remain significant causes of morbidity and mortality in at-risk patient populations. Rapid, accurate diagnosis is critical for timely antifungal therapy and improved clinical outcomes. We evaluated two commercial molecular assays, the CandID Multiplex PCR and AspID Real-Time PCR, for detection of clinically relevant Candida and Aspergillus species, respectively, in at-risk patients in Paraguay. The CandID assay demonstrated strong agreement with blood culture in detecting candidemia. The AspID assay showed high concordance with galactomannan testing, particularly in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens, supporting its role as a complementary diagnostic tool. Our findings underscore the value of integrating molecular diagnostics into routine fungal diagnostic workflows to improve early detection of invasive fungal infections.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080568

Authors: Gustavo Giusiano Yone Chacón Alejandra Aguilera Diana Aguirre Clarisa Aguirre Martin Nazr Usandivaras Teresa Corallo Ruth Valdez Lorena Damiana Altamirano Andrea Vázquez María de los Ángeles Sosa Javier Mussin Florencia Rojas

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a neglected systemic mycosis in Latin America. This study aims to characterize the epidemiology and clinical profiles of infant PCM cases (0 to 14 years old) over a 15-year period (2008–2023) in the two primary endemic regions of Argentina, the northeast (NEA) and the northwest (NWA) areas. Results reveal striking regional heterogeneity. Distribution showed clear disparities, 71.1% of cases were recorded in NWA, while 28.9% in the NEA area. The NWA region exhibited a constant temporal occurrence, whereas the NEA showed episodic occurrence/outbreaks potentially triggered by anthropogenic and climatic changes. Severe nutritional impairment and generalized lymphadenopathy were common clinical signs in both regions. Hepatosplenic enlargement and abdominal compromise with gastrointestinal manifestations dominated in the NWA (53.1%), while a higher prevalence of cutaneous/mucocutaneous (76.9%), pulmonary (38.4%) and osteoarticular (38.4%) manifestations characterized the clinical profiles in the NEA. These findings support the existence of distinct regional epidemiological and clinical phenotypes of pediatric PCM in Argentina. Recognizing these disparities is essential to improve clinical suspicion, diagnostic strategies, and the implementation of effective public health strategies for this severe pediatric disease.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080569

Authors: Ziyao Xue Shasha Peng Zhenzhen Liu Yiwu Duan Chengcai Yan Lan Wang Zhe Wang

Fragrant pear canker, caused by Cytospora pyri, is a major branch disease that reduces the productivity and longevity of Korla fragrant pear orchards in Xinjiang, China. During infection and lesion expansion in woody tissues, C. pyri must breach the host cell wall barrier, in which pectin degradation plays a central role by weakening intercellular adhesion and disrupting tissue integrity. Members of glycoside hydrolase family 28 (GH28), represented mainly by polygalacturonases and other pectin-degrading enzymes, are closely involved in fungal invasion and colonization. However, the composition and virulence-related functions of this gene family encoding for these enzymes in C. pyri remain unclear. In this study, GH28 genes were systematically identified and comparatively analyzed in C. pyri and closely related Cytospora species. Infection-stage expression profiling and functional validation were then performed to assess their roles in pathogenicity. A total of 73 GH28 genes were identified across five Cytospora species, including 15 in C. pyri. Most C. pyri GH28 proteins were predicted to be acidic, hydrophilic, extracellularly secreted proteins carrying conserved motifs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. pyri GH28 members were closely related to homologs from C. mali. Genomic distribution analysis revealed that these genes were dispersed across multiple scaffolds, with no obvious tandem duplication events. RT-qPCR analysis showed that all seven candidate GH28 genes were induced during infection of fragrant pear branches, with VP1G_08835 and VP1G_03209 exhibiting strong expression responses at 6 dpi. Functional validation further showed that deletion of VP1G_08835 impaired vegetative growth and reduced lesion length on detached pear branches by 26.62% compared with the wild type, whereas complementation restored these phenotypes. These findings demonstrate that GH28 genes participate in C. pyri infection and identify VP1G_08835 as an important GH28 member required for normal growth and contributing to virulence.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080566

Authors: Sandro Mereu Elettra Merola Giovanni Mario Pes Maria Pina Dore

Background: Growing interest in the gut mycobiome has renewed focus on Candida spp. in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Yet, fecal detection remains difficult to interpret, given its uncertain relationship with intestinal inflammation. This narrative review synthesizes historical, mechanistic, observational, and interventional evidence to distinguish colonization, relative abundance, mucosal invasion, virulence transitions, and potential contributions to IBD. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched, focusing on human studies and major mechanistic or interventional contributions. The final synthesis included 43 studies, 41 research articles, and two historical monographs. Results: Fungal alterations in IBD are heterogeneous and method-dependent across studies. Longitudinal cohorts have associated increased relative abundance of the genus Candida with active disease, but findings have not been consistently replicated across populations. Experimental evidence suggests that fungal expansion, morphology, and strain-specific virulence may trigger inflammation in selected settings, although stool sequencing cannot establish viability, invasion, morphology, or causality. Antifungal therapy, fecal microbiota transplantation, and nutraceutical approaches may modify microbial or inflammatory markers, but consistent clinical benefits remain unproven. Conclusions: Fecal detection of Candida spp. should generally be interpreted as a context-dependent signal of disrupted bacterial–fungal–immune interactions, not as evidence of infection or a compelling indication for antifungal treatment.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080565

Authors: Yajing Yin Yueru Zhao Meng Zhao Lipeng Zhang Ruijie Li Lei Liu

Antifungal resistance in filamentous fungi has emerged as a major threat to global public health, posing a serious challenge particularly to immunocompromised populations. This review provides a systematic overview of the molecular mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and clinical therapeutic strategies for antifungal resistance in filamentous fungi, with a focus on Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium spp., Mucorales, and Scedosporium spp./Lomentospora prolificans. Resistance mechanisms can be broadly categorized as intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance. Intrinsic resistance arises from species-specific genetic traits, such as structural differences in target sites, constitutive overexpression of efflux pumps, and metabolic pathway redundancy. Acquired resistance develops under drug pressure through target gene mutations (e.g., hotspot mutations and promoter tandem repeats in CYP51A), efflux pump overexpression, biofilm formation, and epigenetic regulation. For diagnosis, conventional culture and antifungal susceptibility testing remain the gold standard; however, molecular techniques—including MALDI-TOF MS, targeted resistance gene PCR, and metagenomics—are substantially improving detection efficiency. Therapeutic strategies should be stratified based on antifungal susceptibility testing results and species identification. Precision dosing guided by therapeutic drug monitoring, combination therapy, and the introduction of novel agents (including isavuconazole, rezafungin, fosmanogepix, and olorofim) are progressively improving clinical outcomes. Looking ahead, global surveillance and multisectoral collaboration are essential to deepen our understanding of resistance evolution, accelerate the clinical translation of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and curb the global spread of resistance.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080564

Authors: Jintao Liu Zixue Wu Huiying Li Qifeng Zhang Haixu Sang Jun Yang

Sexual reproduction of the ascomycetous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is reported to be regulated by illuminance and temperature, but their temporal interaction during perithecial production remains unclear. Here, we performed full-factorial condition transfer assays (illuminance: low/0 lx, medium/1000 lx, or high/5000 lx; temperature: low/19 °C or high/25 °C) using a pair of high-fertility M. oryzae isolates collected from green bristlegrass to characterize sequential and combinatorial effects of illuminance and temperature on perithecial production. We found that perithecial production showed a strong positive correlation with illuminance at 19 °C, and continuous darkness completely abolished their fertility. Early illuminance priming promotes perithecial production in a dose-dependent manner, whereas prolonged initial darkness for over four days results in remarkable reductions in perithecial production. Moreover, pre-transfer at 25 °C promoted perithecial production under 1000 lx or darkness, and post-transfer at 19 °C sustained or enhanced perithecial production. We also found that plates initially cultured at 5000 lx maintain high capacity for perithecial production across most post-transfer environments, especially under the post-transfer condition at 19 °C with over 2000 perithecia per plate. Taken together, our study demonstrates that combinations of high illuminance and low temperature promote perithecial production of the green bristlegrass blast fungus M. oryzae under laboratory conditions, providing alternative insights into the roles of environmental factors in fungal sexual reproduction.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080563

Authors: Emel Gürcüoğlu Gülbahar Çalışkan Müzeyyen Tuğçe Benli Demet Timur

Background: In catheter-related candidemia, a true catheter-source infection is often difficult to distinguish from a catheter that merely marks critical illness. Our primary aim was to identify predictors of 30-day mortality; secondary aims were to characterize species-specific patterns of persistent candidemia, its prognostic meaning within the host immune–inflammatory context, and the relationship between echinocandin therapy and secondary bacterial bloodstream infection (BSI). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 89 consecutive episodes of catheter-related candidemia at Bursa City Hospital (2021–2025). Catheter association required Candida spp. growth in concurrent catheter and peripheral blood cultures. The primary endpoint was 30-day mortality; persistent candidemia (≥72 h) and secondary bacterial BSI on days 3–30 were evaluated as exploratory endpoints. Raw MIC values were retrospectively reinterpreted according to EUCAST v12.1 breakpoints (effective 10 April 2026). Results: Thirty-day mortality was 53.9% (48/89). The multivariable model was significant (LR χ2 = 12.12, df = 4, p = 0.017; Nagelkerke R2 = 0.170); NLR was not significantly associated with mortality (OR = 1.061, 95% CI 1.00–1.13, p = 0.064). Catheter removal, initial echinocandin therapy, and persistent candidemia were not independent predictors, though catheter retention was associated with higher mortality on univariable analysis (83.3%; p = 0.033). Persistent candidemia occurred in 51.7% of episodes, most notably with C. parapsilosis and C. auris. The NLR-persistence interaction was not formally significant, but mortality was higher when both co-occurred (66.7% vs. 36.4%; OR = 3.50, p = 0.075). Secondary BSI occurred in 28.4% of episodes and was more frequent in the echinocandin group (39% vs. 20%; p = 0.062); sensitivity analyses did not change the main findings. Conclusions: Mortality could not be explained by antifungal choice alone; these findings are exploratory. Host response, source control, species distribution, survival time, and device exposure are possible contributing factors warranting evaluation in prospective studies.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080562

Authors: Adriana Lima José das Neves

The continuous increase in vulvovaginal candidiasis cases worldwide is a global health concern that requires being addressed using innovative approaches. The current incidence of recurrent cases of the disease is particularly alarming, and this is not predicted to decrease in the coming years. Virulence factors of Candida spp. are still not entirely understood and the relevance of resistance to antifungal treatment, as well as differences between Candida species, must be considered when designing therapies. In this review, the key concepts of vulvovaginal candidiasis are introduced, and the potential of nanotechnology-based approaches being developed for mitigating the infection is highlighted. Several nanosystems proposed in recent years (including drug-loaded nanoparticles and intrinsically antifungal nanomaterials) are presented and their efficacy, as tested in animal models, is discussed in detail. Limitations of in vivo models are also specified and considerations for future work are addressed.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080561

Authors: Zhihan Shang Xiaowei Zhang Mingfei Li Qian Lu Fenghe Wang Ting Chen Yang Li Yizheng Liu

Monascin, a yellow azaphilone pigment derived from Monascus fermentation, undergoes significant photo-degradation that limits its applications. This study reveals that free radical formation, particularly hydroxyl radicals (·OH) generated via H2O2 photolysis, is the primary mechanism driving monascin photo-degradation. Dissolved oxygen synergistically accelerates degradation, whereas deoxygenation reduces radical yield by 68% and lowers the degradation to 5%. Enzymatic scavengers confirmed H2O2 as the critical ·OH precursor: catalase reduced radicals by 61% and suppressed degradation to 7%, while superoxide dismutase exhibited moderate effects. Natural antioxidants ascorbic acid and α-lipoic acid (ALA) protected monascin concentration-dependently, with ALA showing superior photo-protection (68% degradation reduction) due to its broad ROS-scavenging capacity. These findings establish H2O2-derived ·OH as the primary destructive species and identify oxygen exclusion, H2O2 decomposition, and radical scavenging as effective photo-stabilization strategies.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080560

Authors: Ramón Asis Marina L. Fernandez Gustavo Bonacci Jose Debes John Prieto Andre Boonstra Domingo C. Balderramo Pablo A. Romagnoli

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a dietary mycotoxin classified as a Group 1 carcinogen and a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has seen limited biomarker-based evidence linking it to HCC in South America despite favorable regional contamination conditions. Utilizing a newly validated isotope-dilution HPLC–MS/MS method to quantify AFB1-Lysine (AFB1-Lys) adducts, we conducted a cross-sectional study involving 92 HCC patients and 70 healthy controls across six South American nations. The primary case–control analysis, focusing on 64 HCC patients and 70 controls from Argentina and Colombia, revealed that AFB1-Lys concentrations and positivity rates were significantly higher in HCC cases compared to controls (7.16 vs. 0.89 pg/mg albumin; 43% vs. 10%). Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that detectable AFB1-Lys was significantly and independently associated with HCC (adjusted OR = 3.72), with associations most pronounced, though based on small subgroups, in viral hepatitis-related and cryptogenic HCC. Furthermore, broader regional analysis indicated higher AFB1-Lys positivity rates in HBV-positive patients than in HCV-positive or non-viral HCC cases. Ultimately, chronic dietary aflatoxin exposure shows a consistent, statistically significant association with hepatocarcinogenesis across diverse etiological backgrounds in South America, highlighting an urgent need for integrated regional food safety surveillance and expanded prospective studies.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080559

Authors: Laura Canonico Alice Agarbati Federica Zannini Maurizio Ciani Francesca Comitini

Kombucha is a reservoir of health-promoting yeast strains. In this study, molecular characterization of the Kombucha microbiota led to the identification of 52 distinct yeast isolates, highlighting a complex community, where Brettanomyces anomalus was identified as the dominant yeast species. Other key species were identified, such as Pichia membranifaciens, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Starmerella bacillaris, and Meyerozyma guilliermondii. These isolated yeasts were screened for essential probiotic requirements, demonstrating excellent functional traits showing over 80% survival rate under simulated gastric and gastrointestinal conditions. Regarding the surface properties, wide cell hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation capabilities were seen. Broad antioxidant ability and robust antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were observed, highlighting a protective function. Two strains of T. delbrueckii and one strain of Z. bailii stood out as probiotic candidates and were technologically evaluated in different culture combinations: yeast formulation pools using a specialized “probiotic pool” (PP) and a broader “yeast pool” (YP) both yielded successful analytical and sensory profiles. A strain of Lachancea thermotolerans, isolated from a distinct natural matrix, was employed as a technological booster to drive a yeast-based, bacteria-free kombucha. This study confirmed that specialized kombucha yeasts were not just fermentation drivers, but sustainable assets for developing novel functional plant-based probiotic beverages.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080558

Authors: Nataliya Ivanushkina Anastasia Danilogorskaya Galina Kochkina

Fungi of the genus Ampelomyces are among the most significant hyperparasites used for biological control of phytopathogenic fungi, particularly those causing powdery mildew on various plants. Most species of this genus were described by the Soviet scientist O. Rudakov (1979), 13 original strains of which, including several type cultures, are deposited in the All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms (VKM). These strains were studied for their morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analysis (ITS, LSU, tub2, and rpb2). However, none of them are Ampelomyces. Based on the results obtained, it was established that all studied strains belong to other taxa of the order Pleosporales: Didymella glomerata, D. pomorum, Nothophoma brennandiae, N. quercina, N. spiraeae. The species Ampelomyces artemisiae, A. heraclei, A. polygoni, A. ulicis, and A. uncinulae, for which the material type was studied, should be the heterotypic (taxonomic) synonyms of the taxon Didymella glomerata. Historical experimental data confirming hyperparasitism are provided for nine of the studied strains.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080557

Authors: Yangyang Peng Jianhao Wang Lingjun Xu Nan Liao Yan Hai Zitian Xiao Jiang Xu Ming Liu

Temperature constrains stable mycelial growth and production of Oudemansiella raphanipes, but its molecular response to heat stress followed by recovery remains insufficiently resolved. We integrated untargeted LC-MS metabolomics and RNA sequencing to compare control mycelia maintained at 28 °C (HPJZ28) with mycelia exposed to 42 °C for 6 h and then allowed to recover at 28 °C for 2 h (HPJZ42-R). Metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles separated clearly between the two conditions, indicating broad post-heat recovery-associated molecular remodeling. Most differential metabolites were lower in HPJZ42-R, whereas a smaller subset accumulated, suggesting selective metabolic reorganization rather than generalized activation. Transcriptome analysis identified extensive gene-expression remodeling, with 1081 upregulated and 1878 downregulated genes in the HPJZ28 versus HPJZ42-R comparison. Pathway-level analyses implicated central carbon metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, peroxisome-related processes, and calcium signaling. Because the sampling design included a recovery period and a single post-stress time point, integrated gene–metabolite correlations are interpreted as exploratory associations rather than evidence of direct regulatory coupling. These results provide species-level multi-omics evidence for the post-heat recovery state of O. raphanipes and identify candidate pathways for future functional and physiological validation.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080556

Authors: Rawan N. Budair Dana Kanaan Tala Al Shalakhti Hiba Emadeldeen Joud Jarrah Rawad Rihani

Background: Candidemia carries case-fatality rates exceeding 30% in pediatric oncology cohorts from low- and middle-income countries. We describe a temporal cluster of culture-confirmed candidemia cases at King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan, coinciding with a novel environmental event and the multidisciplinary infection prevention and control (IPC) response undertaken. Methods: This retrospective cohort study describes seven pediatric inpatients with culture-confirmed candidemia identified between June 1 and September 30, 2025, at a 330-bed tertiary oncology center against a background rate of one confirmed case in the preceding six months. An additional five patients with clinically suspected invasive fungal infection (IFI) but negative blood cultures are described separately. Species identification was performed using the BioFire FilmArray Blood Culture Identification (BCID) panel (multiplex PCR); MALDI-TOF MS was additionally available; antifungal susceptibility was determined using the Sensititre system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, UK). Results: The seven confirmed cases comprised six males and one female (median age: 12 years; range: 1–17 years). Underlying diagnoses were predominantly leukemia (71%). All patients had a central venous catheter (CVC) in situ and recent broad-spectrum antibiotic exposure. Candida tropicalis was the predominant species (57%), with azole resistance identified in 42% of tested isolates. A plumbing infrastructure failure with an associated water leak was identified in late August 2025 during the cluster investigation; structural repair was completed in September 2025. The last confirmed case was recorded on 23 September 2025. All patients received guideline-concordant echinocandin- or amphotericin-based therapy. Candidemia-attributable mortality was 14% (1/7). Conclusions: A temporal cluster of seven culture-confirmed candidemia cases—representing a 7-fold increase above background incidence—was identified at a Jordanian pediatric oncology center. The cluster coincided with a documented environmental water leak. Individual single-room isolation, geographic ward sectioning, contact precautions, hand hygiene monitoring, expanded antifungal prophylaxis with real-time protocol adjustment, and environmental remediation were all implemented and documented with defined operational criteria. These data demonstrate that a structured, criteria-driven IPC bundle is operationally feasible at a resource-limited tertiary oncology center.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080555

Authors: Yujia Li Yanxia She Tingzhen Wang Yutong Liu Shuyuan Wang Songhang Hu Cong Liu Yuejia Dang

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a class of zinc-containing metalloenzymes widely present in the biological world, catalyzing the reversible hydration of CO2 to form HCO3− and H+. These enzymes play essential roles in pH homeostasis, gas exchange, metabolic regulation, and virulence expression in pathogens. In fungi, CAs mainly belong to the α- and β-classes and have undergone extensive diversification during evolution. In plant pathogenic fungi, the functions of CAs have extended beyond traditional metabolic roles, evolving into key “environmental adaptation and virulence regulatory factors.” This review takes Magnaporthe oryzae as a model organism and integrates recent advances in CA research across various microorganisms. It systematically summarizes the classification diversity, structural features, subcellular localization, and biological functions of fungal CAs. Particular emphasis is placed on the molecular profile, mitochondrial localization, physical interaction network, and multiple functional roles of the MoCA family members in conidial development, appressorium formation, oxidative stress response, HCO3− homeostasis, nitrogen metabolism, and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Based on these findings, this study proposes a multi-layered analytical framework integrating CA molecular characteristics, mitochondrial functional regulation, and fungal pathogenicity. It explores the potential of targeting fungal CAs for the development of novel selective fungicides and highlights key research directions, aiming to provide theoretical insights into plant-fungal interactions and innovative strategies for disease control.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080554

Authors: Haowen Sun Changbin Tang Yifan Chen Yao Zhang Wenjin You Shufen Su Hanfei Zhao Jianzhong Huang Xianzhang Jiang Lina Qin

Efficient saccharification of lignocellulose, the most abundant renewable carbon reservoir resource, is of great industrial importance. Trichoderma reesei is a premier cellulase producer, but its fermentation efficiency is often constrained by dual challenges: dissolved oxygen limitation and intrinsic oxidative stress. To address this, we engineered T. reesei to heterologously express a robust catalase gene (cat-3) from Neurospora crassa. The recombinant strain Tr-cNcat3 exhibited a 7.4-fold increase in extracellular catalase activity. Tr-cNcat3 showed an increase in total extracellular protein, resulting in markedly enhanced filter paper activity (FPA) and β-glucosidase activity compared to the control. Strikingly, this intervention specifically triggered a significantly higher expression of β-glucosidase, a known bottleneck in T. reesei’s cellulase system, particularly on bagasse and straw as the carbon source. Moreover, the ability of the supernatant to degrade cellulose substrates was improved. Our results reveal that overexpression of cat-3 in T. reesei could modify the cellulase cocktail by triggering a higher level of β-glucosidase. This study provides a novel and effective genetic engineering strategy to unlock the full industrial potential of T. reesei for cost-effective lignocellulosic biorefining.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080553

Authors: Xiaofeng Liu Jun Chun Hong Zhang Zhonghan Fan Yuhang Zhu Qinghua Chen Xiangquan Fan Shaojiang Yang Honghao Li Xiaoli Wang

Potato late blight, Phytophthora infestans, remains a major global threat to potato production due to the rapid genetic change, long-distance dispersal and fungicide resistance. To clarify the genetic structure and phenotypic characteristics of P. infestans populations in southwestern China during 2019–2025, this study analyzed 241 isolates collected from Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan and Hubei. The isolates were characterized using 14 SSR markers, together with mating-type determination, metalaxyl sensitivity assays, mitochondrial haplotype identification and virulence profiling. A total of 70 alleles and 118 multilocus genotypes were detected, with certain genotypes (SW-40, SW-48 and SW-81) broadly distributed across regions, while the simultaneous presence of numerous low-frequency genotypes reflected high overall genetic diversity. Population genetic analyses revealed weak regional differentiation and strong genetic connectivity, with most genetic variation occurring within regional populations, where self-fertile isolates, metalaxyl-resistant phenotypes and mitochondrial haplotype Ia were predominant. Cluster and principal component analyses separated the isolates into three major genetic groups, with the largest group containing most isolates and showing close genetic similarity to the Blue_13 reference genotype. These findings indicate that southwestern China harbors a highly diverse and admixed P. infestans population, likely driven by frequent pathogen movement among potato-growing regions.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080552

Authors: Dávid Balázsi Jacques F. Meis Jeffrey B. Locke Gergely Udvarhelyi Zoltán Tóth Lajos Forgács Csaba Kósa Renátó Kovács László Majoros

Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate the in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy of rezafungin, anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin against Candida auris isolates belonging to clade V. Methods: Five clinical isolates were evaluated (IFRC2087, IFRC4050, MRL40, TMML616 and TMML617). Echinocandin MICs, according to CLSI M27-Ed4, and killing activities were determined in RPMI-1640. In the survival and fungal tissue burden experiments (heart, kidney and brain), neutropenic mice were infected intravenously (1 × 107 CFU/mouse). Treatment was initiated 24 h post-infection with intraperitoneal dosing of 20 mg/kg of rezafungin on days 1, 3 and 6 or once-daily dosing for 6 days with 3 mg/kg of caspofungin, 5 mg/kg of micafungin or 5 mg/kg of anidulafungin. Results: MIC ranges of rezafungin, anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin were 0.06–0.25, ≤0.03–0.12, 0.12–0.5 and ≤0.03–0.12 mg/L, respectively. Growth in RPMI-1640 showed pseudohypha in all five isolates both at 30 °C and 37 °C, but hyphae were never observed. In contrast, echinocandin-treated yeasts at 37 °C showed small and large aggregates of blastoconidia at both 0.25 and 16 mg/L echinocandin concentrations. The four echinocandins at ≥1 mg/L were fungicidal only against isolate MRL40. All echinocandin regimens improved the survival in mice infected with isolates MRL40 and IFRC4050 (p-values were ≤0.0002 and 0.0006, respectively), but only rezafungin was effective against isolate TMML617 (p = 0.0049). All four echinocandins induced more than 4 log mean CFU/gram decreases in the kidneys and hearts of mice infected with isolate MRL40 (p < 0.001 for all echinocandins). Rezafungin and caspofungin significantly decreased the fungal kidney and heart burdens in mice infected with isolate TMML617. Against IFRC4050, rezafungin, anidulafungin and caspofungin significantly decreased the fungal burdens in the kidneys (p < 0.05) and hearts (p < 0.05–0.01). The fungal brain tissue burdens were always higher than 105 CFU/gram. Histopathology showed large aggregates of pseudohyphae in the hearts, kidneys and brains in control mice. In echinocandin-treated mice, only blastoconidia were observed. Conclusions: In vitro activity and in vivo efficacy of the four echinocandins against the fifth clade of C. auris was echinocandin- and isolate-specific. Pseudohyphae production was common in controls, but not in echinocandin-treated mice. Rezafungin activity was comparable to or better than the three previously approved echinocandins.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080551

Authors: Yuanchao Liu Xinyu Shi Yifan Li Chenwei Wu Manjun Cai Xiaoxian Wu Tamdrin Tsering Yutao Wu Ruihan Wang Ming Jiang Huiping Hu

In this paper, we reported a wild strain Z68, isolated from Tibet, was identified as Flammulina yunnanensis based on ITS sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Optimal condition for its mycelial growth (maltose, yeast extract, magnesium sulfate, 20 °C and pH 7.0–8.0) and fruiting ability was confirmed. Its fruiting bodies contained 25.1 g/100 g protein and 19.80 g/100 g of 16 amino acids, with iron, potassium and zinc, contents significantly higher than these in the controls F. fennae and F. velutipes. Significantly, whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis of iron-metabolism gene families were performed between F. yunnanensis, F. fennae and F. velutipes to elucidate the basis of its notably elevated iron content, revealing most single copied and conserved iron-related gene families and two-fold expanded iron permease FTR1 in F. yunnanensi, which is the iron–sulfur cluster assembly protein family. Sequence, topology (DeepTMHMM), and structural-confidence (ColabFold/AlphaFold2) analyses of FTR1 identified six species-specified physicochemical substitutions, of which a charge reverse at the intracellular channel (Glu→Lys) and a polar-to-nonpolar change in the TM3 pore (Ser→Ala) were predicted to enhance iron transport efficiency. These suggested a possible two-tier mechanism underlying the elevated iron content of F. yunnanensis, combining gene-family expansion and predicted functional fine-tuning of the FTR1 permease. This study provided insight for biological characterization, domestication, and the molecular basis of iron enrichment in a F. yunnanensis Z68.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080550

Authors: Pisi Suksakol Chananbhorn Thongrote Tatiya Bansra Kanlayawat Intha Jirapinya Liamkraituan Supuk Mahadtanapuk

Fruit rot caused by Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae poses a serious threat to longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) production. The present study evaluated antagonistic and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria for their potential use in environmentally responsible disease and soil management. Two complementary Bacillus isolates were selected. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UPBA63 exhibited strong antagonistic activity against L. pseudotheobromae, whereas Bacillus subtilis SBP04 demonstrated superior phosphate-solubilizing and plant-growth-promoting traits. Their combined application provided complementary benefits for disease suppression and soil phosphorus availability. Biochemical assays and molecular identification using concatenated 16S rDNA and gyrB sequences assigned UPBA63 to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and SBP04 to B. subtilis. Both isolates produced extracellular protease, cellulase, and amylase. UPBA63 significantly reduced fruit rot incidence in planta and during field trials, whereas SBP04 exhibited the greatest phosphate-solubilizing activity. Field application of UPBA63 and SBP04 combined with organic matter and a chemical fertilizer and fungicide at half the recommended doses reduced disease incidence to 15.40 ± 7.42% and improved yield relative to the untreated control. The integrated treatment combining Bacillus spp. with organic matter, half-rate chemical fertilizer, and half-rate fungicide resulted in a soil pH of 4.56, an organic matter content of 2.92%, and an available phosphorus of 149.25 mg kg−1. Multifunctional Bacillus strains demonstrated dual capacity for pathogen suppression and nutrient mobilization, supporting their potential application in sustainable disease control and soil fertility management in longan orchards.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080549

Authors: Palmira Carvalho María Eugenia López de Silanes Graciela Paz-Bermúdez Joana Marques Rui Figueira

Mainland Portugal has a lichenological tradition spanning more than three centuries, yet it still lacks a modern, critically revised checklist of its lichen biota. This gap is particularly relevant given the increasing role of species checklists as authoritative references for DNA metabarcoding applications and the expansion of large biodiversity datasets, including those derived from citizen science initiatives. Here we present the first comprehensive checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi recorded from Mainland Portugal, based on the critical assessment of 43,718 bibliographic records drawn from 381 publications issued between 1788 and 2021. A total of 2012 species and infraspecific taxa are documented from a universe of 4440 taxonomic names, including synonyms. Nomenclature was updated in accordance with the ITALIC 8.0 database. Species distributions are provided by province, following the scheme adopted in Portuguese botanical floras, with additional information on substrates and altitudinal ranges where available. With over 2000 taxa recorded, Mainland Portugal can be considered a lichen-rich territory relative to its land area, comparing favourably with other European checklists. We discuss the factors underlying this diversity, with particular emphasis on the biogeographical position of Portugal at the south-western edge of the European continent.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080548

Authors: You-Di Xu Hai-Jiao Li Chun-Ge Sheng Zuo-Hong Chen Zheng-Mi He

Clitocybaceae is a family of predominantly saprotrophic fungi with important edible and medicinal value. However, the edibility and toxicity of many species within this family remain unknown, posing a poisoning risk. In this study, 24 Chinese specimens, most of which were collected from poisoning sites, were identified. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and six loci (ITS, LSU, TEF1, RPB1, RPB2, and ATP6) and a phylogenomic analysis based on 485 single-copy genes were conducted to determine their placement within Clitocybaceae. Their morphological features were observed, particularly the spore surface. Based on the obtained results, a new genus with distinctly verrucose spores, Allolepista, is proposed to accommodate the clade that exhibits a very large genetic distance from its sister clade, Lepista s.str. A new species, Clitocybe sinensis, is described. Three new combinations, A. crenata (≡L. crenata), A. benekei (≡Cli. benekei), and A. rhodotoides (≡L. rhodotoides), are made. Clitocybe violaceifolia, originally described from the Pacific coast of the USA, is reported for the first time in China. Collybia sinoborealis and Pseudolyophyllum liwanense are found to be junior synonyms of Col. violea and A. benekei, respectively, while Cli. lamoureae and Col. urbana turn out to be synonymous with Cli. truncicola. Based on the symptoms observed in poisoning cases, A. benekei is found to cause gastroenteritis, while Cli. sinensis, Cli. truncicola, Col. bisterigmata, Col. brunneoumbilicata, and Col. subtropica lead to muscarinic syndrome. These results expand our understanding of the toxicity and species diversity of Clitocybaceae, providing a reference for public food safety.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080547

Authors: Pier Luigi Nimis Sebastiano Dose Elena Pittao Naira Sargsyan Lucia Muggia Arsen Gasparyan

This study investigates lichen colonisation on a medieval basalt Armenian cross-stone (khachkar) in the Noratus cemetery, the largest extant concentration of memorial khachkars in Armenia, integrating fine-scale vegetation sampling, microhabitat assessment, and multivariate analysis. A preliminary survey of c. 30 cross-stones confirmed that the selected one was representative of the site. Thirty-six evenly spaced relevés of 10 cm2 were recorded across the surface, with lichens identified macroscopically in situ and supported by laboratory-verified reference material from outside the protected area. Microhabitat descriptors were recorded, and ecological preferences were assessed using indicator values. The main environmental drivers at Noratus appear to be high solar irradiation, pronounced aridity and especially elevated nutrient deposition. Numerical classification and ordination revealed three main lichen communities, structured primarily by micro-scale water availability, exposure, and nutrient enrichment, which occupy different portions of the monument. The absence of endolithic lichens, together with the dry–cold climate of Noratus and the resistance of basalt to bioweathering, suggests limited structural impact. However, pronounced chromatic alteration was observed, producing a characteristic polychromy on the cross-stones. Lichen removal is likely to be problematic due to the extent of the cemetery, the prevalence of vegetative reproduction, and rapid recolonisation of nitrophilous species. This is the first study ever carried out on lichen colonisation of Armenian cross-stones, which are inscribed on the UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The results provide a baseline for future monitoring and support a conservation approach balancing material risk assessment with aesthetic considerations.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080546

Authors: Yanxiang Qi Zhaojing Zhang Hong Zhao Xuelian Xu Xin Zhang

Bipolaris oryzae was recently identified as a new species causing eyespot disease of banana in China. Propiconazole, flusilazole and tebuconazole, belonging to demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, are commonly used for controlling this disease in China. In this study, the propiconazole, flusilazole and tebuconazole sensitivity of 108 B. oryzae isolates collected from banana leaf samples in different locations of Hainan Island, China, in 2021–2023 was determined by mycelial growth inhibition, and the control efficacy of the three DMI fungicides against B. oryzae was assayed in pot experiments. The sensitivity frequency distributions of 108 B. oryzae isolates to propiconazole, flusilazole and tebuconazole indicated the emergence of subpopulations with reduced sensitivity, with EC50 values ranging from 0.029 to 3.495 μg/mL, 0.008 to 3.665 μg/mL, and 0.022 to 8.288 μg/mL, with means and standard errors of 0.826 ± 0.059 μg/mL, 0.204 ± 0.036 μg/mL and 0.952 ± 0.113 μg/mL, respectively. However, the sensitivity distributions of 82.41%, 82.41%, and 80.56% of B. oryzae isolates at the main peak, respectively, to the three fungicides fitted to a normal distribution. Thus, the mean EC50 values of 0.594 ± 0.032 μg/mL, 0.118 ± 0.007 μg/mL and 0.574 ± 0.033 μg/mL of these isolates could be used as the baseline for testing the sensitivity of B. oryzae to propiconazole, flusilazole and tebuconazole, respectively. No significant sensitivity differences to each fungicide among different geographical populations were observed, but a statistically significant and positive association in sensitivity between all three fungicides existed. Seven unstably inherited DMI-resistant isolates all exhibited lower fitness levels than those of the sensitive isolates, suggesting a low risk of resistance to the three DMI fungicides in B. oryzae. Three fungicides applied separately exhibited 100% protective control efficacy against B. oryzae and less than 40% curative control efficacy in pot experiments. Therefore, propiconazole, flusilazole and tebuconazole should be used as protective rather than curative fungicides. These results provide essential information on the evolution of DMI resistance in B. oryzae in Hainan Island, China, and may serve as a reference point in the management of B. oryzae and future DMI resistance monitoring programs.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080545

Authors: Aysun Benli Atahan Çağatay Berivan Şahin Tuğba Arslan Gülen Tuba Turunç Emine Günal Özlem Güler Esra Kazak Ferit Kuşcu Ayça Aydın Zeynep Karakaşoğlu Neşe Saltoğlu Süheyla Serin Senger Hale Turan Özden Buket Erturk Sengel Recep Tekin Oğuz Usta Esra Gürbüz Zehra Çağla Karakoç Didem Akal Taşcıoğlu İlkay Karaoğlan Yasemin Tezer

Background: Cryptococcal infections remain life-threatening fungal infections affecting both people living with HIV (PLWH) and non-HIV populations. Data from real-world cohorts in middle-income settings, particularly those including both groups, remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and identify predictors of one-year mortality in patients with cryptococcal infections. Methods: In this retrospective multicenter cohort study, adult patients diagnosed with cryptococcal infection between 2013 and 2025 were included and followed for one year after diagnosis or until death. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data were collected. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier methods and compared with the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify factors independently associated with mortality. Subgroup analyses were performed according to HIV status. Results: A total of 92 patients with an average age of 46 ± 16 years were included; 56.5% were PLWH, and 87% were immunocompromised. Central nervous system involvement was the most common presentation (64.1%). Overall one-year mortality was 46.7%. In the multivariable Cox regression analysis, altered consciousness (HR 3.110, 95% CI 1.624–5.956, p < 0.001) and disseminated infection (HR 2.155, 95% CI 1.156–4.016, p = 0.016) were independently associated with increased mortality, whereas higher serum albumin levels were independently associated with improved survival (HR 0.532, 95% CI 0.328–0.861, p = 0.010). Age remained independently associated with mortality (HR 1.025 per year, 95% CI 1.006–1.045, p = 0.010). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed significantly lower one-year survival among patients with altered consciousness and disseminated infection. Although CNS involvement was more frequent among PLWH (78.8% vs. 45%, p < 0.001), mortality rates were comparable between PLWH and non-HIV patients. Conclusions: Cryptococcal infections are associated with high mortality regardless of HIV status. Altered consciousness and disseminated infection were independently associated with one-year mortality, whereas higher albumin levels were associated with improved survival. Simple clinical parameters may contribute to early clinical risk assessment, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080544

Authors: Xiaoxiong Xu Zhongmin Lin Tianyou Liao Jiacheng Guo Jiajun Li Jianping Li Hanqing Wang Huimin Feng Kexian Yi

Deep-sea sediment-derived fungal isolates remain underrepresented in organized living collections for phenotype-based screening. We applied 12 complementary isolation protocols—dilution plating, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) pretreatment, and plate stamping—to four deep-sea sediment materials (2595–6000 m) representing three sampling units from the Mariana Trench slope region and the South China Sea. After morphotype-based purification, isolates were characterized by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) closest-match analysis and phylogenetic placement; selected representatives were further screened against five phytopathogenic strains using dual-culture, culture filtrate, and volatile organic compound (VOC) assays. In total, 159 isolates were placed within Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota, representing 35 closest-match genus-level groups and 22 low-similarity ITS phylotypes (<95% similarity) preserved as living cultures. Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus were most frequent. Recovered diversity profiles varied among sediment materials and protocols, with plate stamping capturing a large, compositionally distinct subset of the collection. In dual culture, all 23 tested isolates inhibited at least one pathogen, with maximum mycelial growth inhibition reaching 98.74%. Culture filtrate and VOC assays produced partially discordant activity profiles, highlighting assay-format-dependent effects. This study establishes an ITS-organized living fungal collection and provides a phenotype-based framework for targeted taxonomic, chemical, and biocontrol-oriented follow-up.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12080543

Authors: Hong Li Xin Jiao Youshan Wang Na Sun

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are crucial symbiotic microorganisms in terrestrial ecosystems, playing a vital role in maintaining orchard soil health and productivity. However, how organic–and Ca, Mg, Zn fertilizers co-application affect vertical stratification and ecological functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in perennial fruit orchards remains unclear. Based on a five-year in situ peach trial, we established three fertilization regimes: low- (LWF), medium- (MWF), and high-input (HWF) regimes. We systematically analyzed the AMF community structure, diversity, and their correlations with soil physicochemical properties, as well as peach tree physiology, fruit yield, and quality across two soil depths: 0–20 cm (topsoil) and 20–40 cm (subsoil). HWF significantly inhibited AMF root colonization rates and spore density (p < 0.05), while reducing community α-diversity AMF α-diversity (p < 0.05), characterized by the enrichment of genera such as Glomus and a decrease in the relative abundance of Rhizoglomus. Redundancy analysis (RDA) identified available Zn (AZn) and Mg (WMg) as key drivers of this restructuring. Integrating RDA results into depth-specific partial least squares structural equation models (PLS-SEM), we found that subsoil AZn/WMg indirectly boosted yield by reshaping AMF composition (β = 0.34, p = 0.006), mediated via improved canopy status (NDVI, PRI). Total effect analysis confirmed the dominant role of subsoil pathways. These findings challenge the prevailing topsoil-centric view of soil microbial ecology and underscore the importance of considering the full soil profile when evaluating the impacts of agricultural practices on beneficial symbionts. We conclude that sustainable management strategies should account for depth-dependent AMF responses to maintain both productivity and belowground biodiversity across the entire rooting zone.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070542

Authors: Yao Zhu Tingting Ma Yichu Wang Jiayi Liu Xiaolong He Junshen Wang Pengfei Jin Xiaopeng Gao

The developmental cycle of Pholiota nameko can be divided into four stages: the mycelial stage (JS), the primordium stage (FH), the growth stage (SZ), and the maturity stage (CS). In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed on P. nameko at these four stages, followed by the screening of differentially expressed genes and functional annotation via Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. By integrating the annotation results of all differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we screened for candidate genes potentially correlated with the growth and development of P. nameko. The expression levels of these candidate genes were then compared using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to identify those with the highest expression. The results showed that in the FH vs. CS and SZ vs. CS comparisons, DEGs were mainly enriched in pathways related to protein processing, fatty acid metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism, suggesting that alterations in these specific metabolic pathways may be closely associated with the growth and development of P. nameko. Through analysis based on upregulation and log2 fold change (log2FC) values, further screening identified 13 candidate genes, and the gene Cluster-7415.13 with the highest expression level was preliminarily screened out through RT-qPCR analysis. This gene may be potentially involved in processes such as rapid cell expansion, cell wall synthesis, nutrient absorption, and active growth-stage metabolism.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070541

Authors: Jing Chen Min Wu Zhonghua Deng Yingqiu Ying Ming Lu

Non-HIV Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is a life-threatening opportunistic fungal pneumonia that may progress rapidly in immunocompromised hosts. Broad bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) molecular testing supports microbiologic recognition, but additional organisms often require bedside adjudication. We conducted a single-center observational study of 49 HIV-negative adults with clinically confirmed PJP, routine BALF metagenomic next-generation sequencing support, and complete 30-day follow-up. Diagnosis required compatible symptoms and chest computed tomography findings, microbiologic support for P. jirovecii, and infectious disease specialist exclusion of isolated colonization. The primary endpoint was ICU-level care requirement, defined as ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, or 30-day all-cause mortality. Recent immunosuppressive exposure was present in 48 patients (98.0%). ICU-level care was required in 15 patients (30.6%); all ventilation and death events occurred in this group, and 30-day mortality was 10.2%. Baseline PaO2/FiO2 < 200 mmHg was associated with higher proportions of ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and death. Chronic kidney disease, lower creatinine clearance, higher lactate dehydrogenase, and bacterial co-pathogen context showed exploratory signals, whereas overall co-pathogen positivity was heterogeneous. These findings support integrating oxygenation status, host vulnerability, and conservative co-pathogen adjudication to guide escalation and antimicrobial decisions after BALF testing.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070540

Authors: Ernest Nailevich Komissarov Alfred Onele Obinna Inna Alexandrovna Abdeeva Mariya Vladimirovna Mokryakova Sergey Alexandrovich Bruskin Shamil Zavdatovich Validov

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum (Forc) V03-2g and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Forl) ZUM2407 both cause foot and root rot in cucumber, but differ in host range. Forc V03-2g possesses Secreted in Xylem (SIX) effector genes, whereas Forl ZUM2407 does not, raising questions about their distinct infection strategies on this host. Using comparative transcriptomic analysis (in cucumber at 7 and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) and in tomato at 2 dpi) we show that Forl ZUM2407 induces a delayed defense response in cucumber compared to Forc V03-2g. In turn, Forc V03-2g rapidly activates accessory chromosome effectors on cucumber, while Forl ZUM2407 initially deploys core chromosome genes, activating distinct from Forc V03-2g accessory genes only by 14 dpi. Thereby, Forc V03-2g and Forl ZUM2407 use distinct accessory gene repertoires (unique to each strain) and distinct core gene transcription strategies to infect the same host.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070539

Authors: Ádám Novák Dóra Szabó Adrienn Gomba-Tóth Nikolett Molnár Kálmán Zoltán Váczy Zoltán Karácsony

Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) is a pioneer pathogen of esca, one of the most destructive grapevine trunk diseases worldwide. A recent work suggests that acetate may act as a quorum-sensing (QS) molecule in Pch, promoting biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the broader influence of acetate on virulence-associated traits remains unexplored. In this study, three Pch isolates were cultured under increasing sodium acetate concentrations (0–100 mM) and assessed for pigmentation, extracellular enzyme activities (amylase, cellulase, protease, esterase, and pectinase), phenolic compound-degrading capacity, and antibacterial activity against a grapevine-associated Pseudomonas sp. isolate. Pigmentation, as well as amylase and cellulase activities, were significantly increased at low acetate supplement levels (6.25–12.5 mM), while esterase activity was unaffected. The expression of these traits decreased above 25 mM acetate supplementation. Phenolic compound degradation capacity, antibacterial efficacy, as well as protease and pectinase activities progressively suppressed at all acetate concentrations. These results indicate that acetate concentration modulates multiple virulence-associated phenotypes of Pch in vitro. Based on these patterns, we propose a hypothetical model in which acetate-dependent phenotypic changes may reflect a shift between establishment-associated activities and reduced extracellular activity at higher acetate levels. This model remains to be validated by mechanistic and in planta infection-based studies.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070538

Authors: Yao Zhu Ping He Wanxiu Zhang Xiang He Xinli Li Xiaolong He Xiaopeng Gao Baotong Wang Jianzhao Qi Yueqin Liu Pengfei Jin

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) exhibits prominent antibacterial and antioxidant activities. This study evaluated the effects of GLP seed soaking at two concentrations (4 g/100 kg, GLP4; 8 g/100 kg, GLP8) on wheat growth promotion and induced resistance against wheat sharp eyespot caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium head blight (FHB) mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum. Physiological and agronomic analyses showed that GLP treatment increased the germination rate of all tested wheat cultivars (moderately resistant: Xiaoyan 22, Sumai 3; moderately susceptible: Mingxian 169, Xinong 873) by over 2%. Moderately susceptible and resistant cultivars presented average plant height increases of 0.5 cm and 2 cm, respectively, with most cultivars showing a height increase of approximately 3 cm. GLP significantly elevated leaf chlorophyll content by over 5% and differentially regulated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels: MDA decreased by 34–68% in Sumai 3 and Mingxian 169 but increased by 11–23% in Xiaoyan 22. Pot assays verified that GLP yielded over 10% control efficacy against both diseases. Overall, GLP seed soaking effectively promotes wheat growth, activates defense responses, and enhances host resistance to R. solani and F. graminearum infections.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070537

Authors: Eyüp Arslan Ömer Karaşahin Betül Yüsra Şirin Deniz Turan Yıldız Olçar Umut Elmas Fatma Yılmaz Karadağ Derya Öztürk Engin

Candidozyma auris (formerly Candida auris) is a critical-priority multidrug-resistant pathogen. Comparative clinical data on first-line echinocandins—micafungin and anidulafungin—in C. auris candidemia remain limited. This retrospective cohort study compared clinical outcomes of micafungin and anidulafungin in adult patients with C. auris candidemia treated between January 2024 and December 2025 at three affiliated hospital campuses in Istanbul, Türkiye. Propensity score matching (PSM) using a 1:1 nearest-neighbor algorithm was performed to balance baseline characteristics. Outcomes included 30-day (primary) and 14-day all-cause mortality, microbiological response, end-of-therapy (EOT) response, relapse, and drug-induced liver injury assessed by the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM). Among 154 included patients (micafungin, n = 94; anidulafungin, n = 60), no echinocandin resistance was detected. After PSM (55 matched pairs), 30-day all-cause mortality was identical between groups (41.8% vs. 41.8%; mOR 1.00, 95% CI 0.43–2.31; p = 1.000). Fourteen-day all-cause mortality (16.4% vs. 18.2%; p = 0.763), microbiological response (94.5% vs. 90.9%; p = 0.480), EOT response (74.5% vs. 67.3%; p = 0.346), and relapse (12.7% vs. 10.9%; p = 0.763) did not differ significantly between groups. RUCAM-based hepatic safety profiles were descriptively comparable. Micafungin and anidulafungin showed comparable observed outcomes in C. auris candidemia in this cohort.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070536

Authors: Karen Alexandra Caicedo-Jiménez Liliana Torcoroma García Erika Marcela Moreno Catalina Salgado-Salazar Julie Fernanda Benavides Arévalo Beatriz Elena Guerra-Sierra

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a neglected tropical infection with limited therapeutic options and significant drug-related toxicity. Endophytic fungi are emerging as sustainable sources of bioactive metabolites with potential antiparasitic activity. In this study, endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plant Lippia alba were screened for trypanocidal activity. Crude extracts from seven isolates were tested against epimastigote and amastigote forms of T. cruzi, together with cytotoxicity assays in J774A.1 murine macrophages. The crude extract of Montagnula sp. exhibited the strongest trypanocidal activity (IC50 = 22.1 ± 0.5 μg/mL for epimastigotes and 29.2 ± 3.0 μg/mL for amastigotes), comparable to benznidazole, with low toxicity (CC50 > 600 μg/mL) and a high selectivity index (>26). Morphological and mitochondrial analyses demonstrated preservation of host-cell integrity and mitochondrial function, in contrast to the reference drug. UHPLC-ESI-HRMS profiling identified phenolic and terpenoid compounds, including caffeic acid, ferulic acid, naringenin, apigenin, and ursolic acid, which may underlie the observed biological activity. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of trypanocidal activity in an endophytic Montagnula species and highlights endophytic fungi as promising platforms for the discovery of novel anti-T. cruzi agents.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070535

Authors: Lifang Yuan Bo Liu Tinggang Li Xiangtian Yin Qibao Liu Xilong Jiang Xing Han Chundong Wang Tao Ji Nanyang Li Yanfeng Wei

Grape white rot, primarily caused by Coniella diplodiella and Coniella vitis, is a major fungal disease threatening grape production worldwide, with C. vitis more prevalent in China. Temperature is a critical environmental factor influencing pathogen development and disease outbreaks, but how temperature influences the biological characteristics, pathogenicity, and fungicide sensitivity of these two pathogens remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of temperature on mycelial growth, conidial germination, extracellular enzyme activity, pathogenicity, and fungicide sensitivity of C. diplodiella 2019 and C. vitis GP1. The growth, conidial germination, extracellular enzyme production, pathogenicity, and fungicide control efficacy against the two pathogens were systematically evaluated under different temperature conditions (5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 °C). Results showed temperature significantly affected all investigated traits in both species. Optimal mycelial growth, conidial germination, and pathogenicity occurred at moderate temperatures (25 °C), whereas extreme temperatures (5 °C and 45 °C) significantly markedly inhibited fungal development and disease severity. C. vitis GP1 showed greater adaptability and consistently higher pathogenicity than C. diplodiella 2019 across the tested temperature range. Fungicide sensitivity also differed between the two species, and the inhibitory activity of difenoconazole was significantly reduced under temperature extremes, indicating that fungicide performance is influenced by environmental temperature. These findings demonstrate that temperature regulates both fungal development and fungicide efficacy, providing new insights into the temperature-dependent epidemiology of grape white rot and a scientific basis for optimizing disease management under changing environmental conditions.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070534

Authors: Caroline Ström Turesson Anna Grankvist Helena Hammarström

Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) relies on lower respiratory tract sampling, often requiring bronchoscopy. Given its invasive nature, non-invasive diagnostic methods are desirable. In this retrospective case–control study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of serum P. jirovecii PCR and β-D-glucan for PCP diagnosis. Adult patients with hematologic malignancies and positive P. jirovecii PCR in lower respiratory tract samples were included as cases and classified as PCP or colonization. Controls had negative BAL PCR. Stored serum samples were analyzed by P. jirovecii PCR and β-D-glucan. Forty-one cases (29 PCP, 12 colonization) and 36 controls were included. Serum P. jirovecii PCR was positive in 20/41 cases (49%) and in 15/29 patients with PCP (52%), while no controls were serum PCR-positive. For PCP diagnosis, serum PCR had a sensitivity of 52% and a specificity of 89%. For detection of P. jirovecii in the lower respiratory tract, sensitivity was 49% and specificity 100%. Detectable serum P. jirovecii DNA was associated with higher P. jirovecii load in respiratory tract samples and higher β-D-glucan levels, but not with the presence or severity of pneumonia. Serum P. jirovecii PCR is a highly specific marker of P. jirovecii in the lower respiratory tract and may serve as a useful initial non-invasive test in patients with suspected PCP, prior to invasive respiratory sampling.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070533

Authors: An-Hong Zhu Zhi Qu Si-Yu Ma Zhong-Xin Sun Rong-Shen Li Hai-Xia Ma

The study on macrofungi diversity in Motuo county, Xizang Autonomous Region, was conducted from 2021 to 2025, and 2286 vouchered fungal collections were obtained from local forest ecosystems. A total of 534 species, representing two phyla, eight classes, 28 orders, 96 families, and 241 genera were identified according to the morphological characters and molecular evidence. The orders Agaricales (174), Polyporales (91), Xylariales (74) and Russulales (69) were the dominant orders, collectively accounting for 76.40% of the total species listed. Fifteen dominant families with more 10 species each were identified, namely Russulaceae (58), Polyporaceae (37), Xylariaceae (34), Hypoxylaceae (30), Boletaceae (17), Psathyrellaceae (13), Mycenaceae (12), Agaricaceae (11), Hymenochaetaceae (11), Auriculariaceae (11), Stromphariaceae (11), Marasmiaceae (10), Omphalotaceae (10), Steccherinaceae (10), and Pleurotaceae (10), which occupied approximately 53.37% of the total species. Additionally, 21 dominant genera with more than five species each were recorded, including Russula (27), Xylaria (25), Hypoxylon (17), Lactarius (16), Lactifluus (15), and other 16 genera (101), accounting for around 37.64% of all species. We further compared species composition, distribution patterns, dominant taxa and trophic modes of macrofungi between tropical monsoon forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest. A total of 439 species (82.21%) were endemic to a single forest type, while only 95 species (17.79%) were shared by the two forest habitats. The evergreen broad-leaved forest exhibited slightly higher macrofungal species richness than the tropical monsoon forest in Motuo County. Moreover, it harbored a higher proportion of ectomycorrhizal fungi (25.32% vs. 14.06%) and a lower proportion of saprotrophic fungi (71.52% vs. 83.71%). This study fills the research gap in systematic macrofungal diversity investigation in Motuo County, and provides fundamental data for revealing the evolutionary mechanisms of macrofungi on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau margin and clarifying the biodiversity formation process across the Himalayan region.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070532

Authors: Ágnes Kata Mondok Tünde Pusztahelyi Szilvia Kovács Barbara Brendzsák Tamás Emri István Pócsi Éva Leiter

The bZIP type transcription factors (bZIPs) are global regulators governing vegetative growth, development, stress defense and secondary metabolism, including mycotoxin production in filamentous fungi. In this work, we constructed and phenotypically characterized gene deletion and complementation mutants of some bZIPs, including Afap1, AflatfA, LziP, AflatfB and bZIP6 in Aspergillus flavus. Environmental and fungicide stress responses, as well as aflatoxin production of the mutants in both surface cultures and infected maize kernels, were studied. Phenotypic characterization of the mutants revealed that Afap1 and AflatfA were involved in the oxidative (H2O2, menadione, tert-butyl hydroperoxide), cell wall integrity (Congo Red) and heavy metal (CdCl2) stress responses of A. flavus. In addition, the Afap1 and AflatfA gene deletions decreased the diamide and prothioconazole tolerances of the fungus, respectively. The ΔLziP strain showed increased growth in the presence of diamide, while reduced colony diameters were observed after exposure to CdCl2 and fludioxonil. The ΔAflatfB gene deletion mutant was also sensitive to tBOOH, while azoxystrobin and prothioconazole fungicides significantly inhibited the growth of ΔbZIP6. When aflatoxin (AFB1) production was measured in surface cultures, decreased AFB1 levels were detected only in the ΔAflatfA gene deletion mutant strain. However, in corn kernel infection assays, the ΔAfap1, ΔAflatfA, and ΔAflatfB mutants were characterized by significantly reduced aflatoxin production, while the deletion of bZIP6 almost completely abolished AFB1 biosynthesis. Our results suggest that Afap1 and AflatfA appear to be promising targets for the development of new antifungal agents, as their inhibition may increase the sensitivity of A. flavus to environmental stress, simultaneously reducing the aflatoxin production of the fungus and the use of azoles (AflatfA) in the antifungal protection of maize. In addition, bZIP6 may also be considered as an attractive target for further studies when aiming to eliminate aflatoxin production and minimize the use of azoxystrobin and prothioconazole in maize crop protection.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070531

Authors: Nevena Ilić Jelena Lađarević Katja Vasić Maja Leitgeb Željko Knez Suzana Dimitrijević-Branković Katarina Mihajlovski

Synthetic dyes released from industrial effluents represent an important environmental challenge due to their persistence and toxicity. In this study, for the first time, a crude extracellular laccase preparation from Bjerkandera adusta TMF1 produced by solid-state fermentation on a wheat/barley bran mixture was immobilized onto glutaraldehyde-activated alginate beads and applied for mediator-free Bromophenol Blue (BPB) decolorization. The produced laccase showed high activity (51.51 IU/mL; 128.77 IU/g dry substrate), while immobilization efficiency reached 98.84% with 88.39% residual activity under optimal immobilization conditions. FTIR and SEM analyses indicated successful enzyme immobilization and structural changes in the alginate matrix. Under optimal conditions (50 mg/L BPB, pH 5, 30 °C), free and immobilized crude extracellular laccase preparation achieved 73.02% and 78.12% decolorization within 1 h, respectively, without the addition of synthetic redox mediators. The immobilized preparation retained decolorization ability during repeated use, maintaining more than 50% decolorization efficiency after the third cycle. HPLC analysis indicated changes in the chromatographic profile of BPB after enzymatic treatment, while phytotoxicity and antimicrobial assays suggested reduced toxicity of the treated samples toward the tested organisms. These results demonstrate that a crude extracellular laccase preparation produced by B. adusta TMF1 can serve as an efficient immobilized biocatalyst for Bromophenol Blue decolorization while supporting the sustainable valorization of agro-industrial residues for low-cost enzyme production.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070530

Authors: Bekir Mustafa Yoğurtçu Ilknur Yilmaz

Invasive candidiasis, predominantly driven by multidrug-resistant Candida species and intractable biofilms, represents an escalating global health crisis with mortality rates rivaling major infectious diseases. The clinical efficacy of conventional antifungal agents—azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins—is severely compromised by poor tissue penetration, dose-limiting systemic toxicity, and the rapid evolution of complex resistance mechanisms. Here, we review the two-decade structural evolution of nanotechnological interventions designed to overcome these pharmacological and biological barriers. We systematically analyze advanced nanosystems, including lipid-based formulations, natural polymers, and biogenic metallic nanostructures, highlighting their capacity to penetrate the dense extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), combat potential fungal ‘nano-resistance’, and significantly reduce metabolically dormant persister cell populations. The literature search was performed using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Publications indexed between 2015 and 2025 were primarily considered, while seminal studies published before 2015 were included when necessary to provide historical context and foundational knowledge. We place specific emphasis on next-generation biomimetic and exosome-inspired nanocarriers, which significantly reduce systemic host toxicity while maximizing targeted antifungal efficacy. In this context, the synergistic integration of smart nanocarriers to actively disassemble fungal resistance networks, such as the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway and sphingolipid biosynthesis. Finally, we outline a strategic roadmap to bridge the translational “Valley of Death”. By prioritizing manufacturing standardization, comprehensive long-term biosecurity profiling, and rationally designed biomimetic platforms, we propose an alternative way to outpace the evolutionary adaptations of fungal pathogenesis and translate these innovations into the clinic.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070529

Authors: Xue Li Lihua Chen Wenting Liu André Aptroot Mingzhu Dou

The lichenized fungal genus Pyrenula Ach. is one of the most common groups of crustose lichens in tropical and subtropical regions, but there has been little research on this genus in China. Based on an integrative taxonomic method including morphological, chemical characters, and three-locus phylogenetic analyses, we found three new Pyrenula species from southern China. Pyrenula falcatispora sp. nov. is characterized by multiseptate (7–9-septate), falciform ascospores with pointed ends, and the presence of pseudocyphellae; Pyrenula rectiloculata sp. nov. is characterized by elongate-fusiform ascospores (5–7(–8)-septate) with pointed ends and rectangular lumina, the absence of pseudocyphellae, and the inspersed hamathecium; Pyrenula jinghongensis sp. nov. is unique in having 2-spored asci, large and muriform ascospores with 14–19 transverse septa. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that these three species form independent lineages within the genus. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, and comparisons with morphologically similar taxa are provided. Notably, taxa with ascospores more than four times as long as wide or 2-spored asci were uncommon within the genus Pyrenula. This is the first report of transversely septate Pyrenula taxa with ascospores more than four times as long as wide in China. Meanwhile, a key for the Pyrenula species reported in China is provided.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070528

Authors: Geovani Moreira da Cruz Amanda Siqueira Fraga Maíra Terra Garcia Juliana Campos Junqueira

Historically, the study of oral fungal species was limited by the inability to cultivate most of them. However, advances in metagenomic techniques have enabled the direct identification of microbial genomes from human samples, markedly broadening our understanding of the oral mycobiome. This narrative review aims to analyze the available scientific evidence on the composition and dynamics of the oral mycobiome, as well as its influence on the development of local pathological conditions. The oral mycobiome is highly diverse, with emphasis on genus Candida, followed by Cladosporium, Aureobasidium and Saccharomyces. Candida albicans remains the most frequently identified species in both health and diseases state. However, individuals with oral candidiasis present a higher detection of Candida dubliniensis, Candida parapsilosis, Pichia kudriavzevii, Antrodiella micra and Cladosporium sphaerospermum. In dental caries, C. albicans and C. dubliniensis are associated with advanced lesions, whereas Debaryomyces and Rhodotorula may exert protective effects against Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic bacterium. In periodontitis, an increase in yeast-bacteria interactions is observed. Additionally, C. albicans has been implicated in oral carcinogenesis through multiple mechanisms. These findings highlight the need for a deeper understanding of the oral mycobiome to enable early detection of oral diseases and the development of therapeutic approaches.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070527

Authors: Aranza Hernández Rodríguez Aarón Mendieta-Moctezuma Raúl J. Delgado Macuil Víctor Eric López y López

Fusarium fujikuroi is an industrial producer of gibberellic acid (GA3), a phytohormone of agricultural interest. Despite the high concentration of nutrients used for its production, GA3 yields remain low, highlighting the importance of identifying the major metabolites synthesized during GA3 synthesis. Therefore, the principal aim of this work was to evaluate organic acid production during F. fujikuroi batch cultures by determining GA3 production and organic acid profiles using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Significant differences in compound quantification were found; five organic acids, namely lactic, malic, citric, succinic and maleic, were detected by HPLC (in g/L: 101.09, 10.66, 2.80, 6.94 and 1.07, respectively). In addition, eight organic acids were determined by FTIR, namely lactic, butyric, pyruvic, fumaric, malic, succinic, maleic and oxalic (in g/L: 62.97, 19.19, 11.92, 7.54, 2.30, 4.36, 1.25 and 1.06 g/L, respectively). GA3 production was also quantified, reaching nearly 5.0 g/L as determined by HPLC and UV-Vis, and FTIR yielded 2.20 g/L. This report found that the low yields obtained in GA3 production are related to the side conversion of raw materials into organic acids as byproducts. In addition, the FTIR technique can be employed as an innovative strategy for the quantification of metabolites to provide relevant information on F. fujikuroi metabolic regulation. This enables the spread of its application as a biotechnological tool in high-value-added processes with potential for industrial-scale GA3 production.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070526

Authors: Pierine España-Puccini Amner Muñoz-Acevedo Natalia A. Llanos-López Marc Stadler Mayar L. Ganoza-Yupanqui Paula S. Burgos-Zelada María C. Martínez-Habibe

Colombia ranks third among South American countries in terms of fungal diversity (including lichens); however, the lichen diversity of tropical dry forest ecosystems, particularly those in the Caribbean region, remains relatively understudied. The typical lichens found in tropical dry forest are crustose/corticolous microlichens (adapted to the xerophytic environments), which produce certain secondary metabolites that act as protective agents against ultraviolet radiation/decomposition/depredators; nonetheless, secondary metabolites of most of these lichens have not yet been described. This study focused on the compositional analysis and the extrolite content of seven lichens: Cryptothecia sp., Cryptothecia scripta, Graphis dendrogramma, Leucodecton occultum, Helminthocarpon leprevostii, Pyrenula ochraceoflava, and Allographa seminuda, using thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector, liquid chromatography–electrospray–mass spectrometry and/or liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The main findings were: (i) two Cryptothecia spp. contained 2′-O-methylperlatolic acid (97%) or ovoic/gyrophoric acids (67%/28%); (ii) two specimens of G. dendrogramma had stictic/norstictic acids (33–60%/40%); (iii) three samples of L. occultum were characterized by norstictic acid (42–82%); (iv) schizopeltic/3-O-methylschizopeltic acids (58%/32%) were found in one specimen of H. leprevostii; (v) one sample of P. ochraceoflava was represented by unidentified xanthone-type metabolite/7-chloroemodin/ (26%/24%); and, (vi) the extrolite content in one specimen of A. seminuda was negligible. Finally, 10 of the 11 lichen specimens studied from the Department of Atlántico within Colombia contained certain secondary metabolites that likely reflect the common types of extrolites, namely, di-/tri-depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans, and chlorinated anthraquinones/xanthones, which could be hypothetically related to the evolutionary patterns of this type of organism.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070525

Authors: Ja-Yoon Kim Kang-Hyo Lee Gyung-Sook Han Gi-Hong An Seong-Yeon Jo Hye-Sung Park

Pseudomonas tolaasii, the causal agent of bacterial brown blotch disease, is a major threat to the yield and quality of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). To investigate the molecular basis of cultivar-dependent resistance, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis using the resistant cultivar ‘Aenutari’ (KMCC01220; AE) and the susceptible cultivar ‘Dahyun’ (KMCC04942; DH) under P. tolaasii challenge. The two cultivars showed contrasting phenotypic and transcriptomic responses after pathogen inoculation. DH exhibited visible disease symptoms and severe mycelial growth inhibition, with relative mycelial growth reduced to 33.97 ± 2.53% of the control, whereas AE maintained a relatively resistant phenotype and higher mycelial growth under pathogen challenge, reaching 51.19 ± 3.72% of the control. Consistent with these phenotypic differences, DH showed extensive transcriptional reprogramming, with 3585 up-regulated and 4377 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In contrast, AE showed a much narrower transcriptional response, with 181 up-regulated and 71 down-regulated DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that pathogen-responsive DEGs in AE were mainly associated with carbohydrate metabolism, extracellular regions, redox-related processes, and ion transport. In cultivar-wise comparisons under pathogen-inoculated conditions, genes highly expressed in AE were enriched in RNA splicing, mRNA processing, mitochondrial organization, mitochondrial gene expression, transmembrane transport, oxidoreductase activity, and sterol-related metabolism. These results indicate that the resistant phenotype of AE is associated with a more limited pathogen-induced transcriptional perturbation and the relative enrichment of gene modules related to RNA processing, mitochondrial organization and gene expression, membrane transport, redox-related processes, and sterol metabolism. This study provides a transcriptomic framework for understanding cultivar-dependent responses to bacterial brown blotch disease in oyster mushroom.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070524

Authors: Linda J. Harris Whynn Bosnich Anne Johnston Danielle Schneiderman Rachel Kwan Indira Thapa Thomas E. Witte Amanda Sproule Steve Gleddie Barbara Blackwell David P. Overy

Fusarium graminearum and F. avenaceum often co-contaminate Canadian durum wheat grain, resulting in the co-deposition of species-specific mycotoxins, including trichothecenes produced by F. graminearum and enniatins produced by F. avenaceum. These mycotoxins pose significant risks to human and animal health. Although these fungi commonly co-occur in infected wheat, relatively little is known about how they interact during host infection. Interactions between the two species were examined using co-inoculation experiments on durum wheat spikes. In pathology trials, co-inoculations often reduced both disease severity and trichothecene accumulation compared with inoculations of F. graminearum alone, despite F. graminearum greatly out-competing F. avenaceum in total fungal biomass. Transcriptomic profiling identified strong induction of the F. graminearum ABC transporter gene FgABCB8 during co-inoculation with an enniatin-producing F. avenaceum strain. When F. graminearum was grown in vitro, FgABCB8 was induced upon exposure to F. avenaceum culture filtrate, or the related cyclohexadepsipeptides enniatin B1 or beauvericin. Heterologous expression of FgABCB8 in yeast provided partial protection against enniatin and beauvericin toxicity. Gene disruption of FgABCB8 increased F. graminearum sensitivity to enniatins. These findings demonstrate that FgABCB8 expression enhances the ability of F. graminearum to tolerate enniatin-producing fungi.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070523

Authors: Xihua Lian Amy Scott-Thomas John G. Lewis Madhav Bhatia Stephen T. Chambers

Objective: To determine the in vitro anti-Aspergillus activity of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) 1D2 and 4E4 alone and in combination with voriconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin and to assess whether selected antimicrobial agents interfere with 1D2/4E4 binding to Aspergillus antigens. Methods: The in vitro antifungal activity of 1D2, 4E4 and all antifungal drugs was determined in a microplate-based assay. The anti-Aspergillus activity of mAb 1D2 and 4E4 in vitro alone and in combination with voriconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin was determined using a checkerboard assay. Finally, a competitive ELISA was used to assess whether selected antifungal and antibacterial agents interfered with the binding of 1D2 and 4E4 to immobilised Aspergillus antigens. Results: The in vitro interactions of 1D2 with voriconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin against four different Aspergillus species were all additive, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) between 0.5 and 1. Similarly, the in vitro interactions of 4E4 with these same four antifungals against Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) were all additive. An additive interaction was also detected for 4E4 and caspofungin against all four Aspergillus species tested. However, no interaction was found for 4E4 combined with voriconazole, posaconazole and amphotericin B against Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Aspergillus terreus (A. terreus), with an FICI between 1 and 4. Moreover, none of the tested antifungal or antibacterial agents significantly interfered with 1D2/4E4 binding to Aspergillus antigens in the competitive ELISA. Conclusions: In this study, 1D2 and 4E4 showed in vitro growth-inhibitory activity against the tested Aspergillus isolates. Specifically, 1D2 showed additive interactions with the tested antifungal agents across all tested species, whereas 4E4 showed a more species- and drug-dependent interaction profile. The tested antimicrobial agents did not measurably interfere with 1D2/4E4 binding under the competitive ELISA conditions examined. Overall, these findings provide preliminary in vitro evidence supporting the further evaluation of 1D2 and 4E4.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070522

Authors: Woon-Jong Yu Ha Young Lee Hyein Jin Na Young Choi Hyeon Gyeong Jeong Dawoon Chung

Marine yeasts have attracted increasing interest as potential resources for biotechnology. However, direct comparative studies between marine and terrestrial yeasts remain limited, and the extent to which marine yeasts provide advantages beyond conventional terrestrial yeasts remains unclear. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge of marine yeasts based on approximately 130 publications in the field by organizing the literature into six major themes: comparative studies with terrestrial yeasts, environmental adaptation, metabolic and functional diversity, diversity and distribution, genomic resources, and genetic engineering. Available evidence indicates that marine yeasts possess adaptive traits associated with marine environments, including tolerance to salinity, low temperature, high pressure, and environmental contaminants. These adaptive traits support the use of marine yeasts in seawater-based biofuel production, bioremediation, and the production of enzymes and biosurfactants for saline or other environmentally challenging conditions. We also summarize recent advances in genomics, genetic engineering, and taxonomy that provide useful resources for future studies of marine yeasts. Overall, this review highlights current knowledge of marine yeasts while identifying key gaps that require further comparative investigation with terrestrial yeasts.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070521

Authors: You-Jun Liao Zi-Xuan Liu Ya-Jing Yu Ai-Hua Li

Floral yeasts are generally recognized to exhibit high metabolic activities. We isolated 437 yeast strains from 45 flower samples collected from different plants in the Beijing Olympic Forest Park, a unique urban ecosystem harboring diverse plants, which facilitated a thorough survey of floral yeast diversity. Based on a sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rRNA) and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), these strains were assigned to 69 species, with Filobasidium magnum, Starmerella bombicola, Teunia globosa, Aureobasidium pini, and Kwoniella ovata being the dominant taxa. Ten representative strains were characterized comprehensively and identified as two novel genera and four novel species. Integrating the molecular data, genome information, and phenotypic/physiological traits, the ten novel yeast strains were described as six novel yeast taxa, including two novel species of two novel genera, Fanglaniella lipolytica gen. nov. sp. nov., Polychromogenomyces tardus gen. nov. sp. nov., and four novel species as Pseudotremella jasmini sp. nov., Teunia pruni sp. nov., Kurtzmanomyces yulaniae sp. nov., and Trigonosporomyces otomorphus sp. nov. Furthermore, qualitative profiling of the lipolytic activity across all six novel taxa was conducted using Tween 20 and Tween 80 plate culture assays, and the lipolytic functional genes were subsequently predicted. Our findings highlighted the high diversity of flower-inhabitant yeast strains and the potential lipolytic activity of floral yeasts.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070520

Authors: Verónica S. Mary Pilar A. Velez Sol Quiroz Sofía A. Díaz Iriso Candelaria Amilibia Héctor R. Rubinstein Martín G. Theumer

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are cereal-contaminating mycotoxins; co-exposure to these compounds is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, although the underlying immunological mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of AFB1 and FB1, individually and combined, on immune cell function, focusing on Th1-associated cytokines, cytotoxic capacity, oxidative stress involvement, and energy and purinergic metabolism. Rat splenocytes and intrahepatic leukocytes were exposed to AFB1 (20 μM), FB1 (10 μM), or a mixture of both (MIX), in the presence or absence of catalase. Cytokines and phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry and ELISA, cytotoxicity by co-culture assays, and intra/extracellular adenine nucleotides and purines by HPLC. The MIX significantly impaired Th1-like differentiation and reduced IFNγ and TNFα production, FAS-L expression and cytolytic activity while increasing IL4 production, indicating a shift toward a Th2-like profile. These effects were prevented by catalase, supporting a key role for oxidative stress. Co-exposure disrupted intracellular energy balance, decreasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, ATP/ADP ratios, and total adenine nucleotide pools. It also enhanced purine degradation, extracellular ATP release and adenosine accumulation, suggesting altered purinergic signaling. Consequently, AFB1-FB1 co-exposure disrupts immune function through interconnected redox and metabolic mechanisms, promoting an immunosuppressive environment that may favor tumor progression.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070519

Authors: Min Han Jin Young Ahn Jae Eun Seong Se Ju Lee Jinnam Kim Jae Hoon Kim Joon Sup Yeom Jun Yong Choi Su Jin Jeong Jung Ho Kim Jung Ah Lee Yong Seop Lee Hyuk Min Lee Nam Su Ku

Candida auris (C. auris) is a multidrug-resistant pathogen that spreads clonally in healthcare settings and was designated an urgent threat by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2019. We conducted a multicenter study to identify mortality risk factors in C. auris bloodstream infection (BSI) in South Korea. In this retrospective cohort study across three tertiary centers, 50 adults with first-episode C. auris BSI were analyzed. Primary and secondary outcomes were 30- and 90-day mortality. 30-day mortality was 24%, and 90-day mortality was 46%. Older age and higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score were independently associated with 30-day mortality. Microbiologic clearance within 30 days was protective. For 90-day mortality, older age was the only independent risk factor, and microbiologic clearance within 90 days was also protective. In conclusion, C. auris BSI causes substantial 30-day mortality, underscoring the need for risk-stratified, clearance-focused management.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070518

Authors: Daniel J. Muller Carol A. Kauffman Marisa H. Miceli

Recent studies suggest coccidioidomycosis can be found outside regions not considered to be endemic for Coccidioides species. We reviewed our experience with coccidioidomycosis at a large quaternary medical center in southeastern Michigan, an area not typically considered to be endemic for this infection. In the last decade, we cared for 18 patients with proven (11) or probable (7) coccidioidomycosis. All patients had a history of travel or prior residence in areas known to be endemic for Coccidioides species; for 16, the presumed source of exposure to Coccidioides was in southern Arizona. The median age was 64 (36–80) years. Thirteen patients had pulmonary coccidioidomycosis; manifestations included multiple lung nodules, consolidated pneumonia, diffuse reticulonodular infiltrates, chronic thick-walled cavitary lesions, and pleural involvement. Five patients had disseminated infection, including two with isolated coccidioidal meningitis, one with osteoarticular coccidioidomycosis, one with extra-thoracic lymphadenopathy in addition to diffuse lung infiltrates, and one with involvement of lung, mediastinal lymph nodes, and skin. Proven coccidioidomycosis was established by growth of Coccidioides species in culture in five patients, histopathological examination in five patients (one of whom also had a positive culture), and positive complement fixation (CF) test for Coccidioides antibody in cerebrospinal fluid for two patients. Probable coccidioidomycosis was documented for seven patients by positive titers for CF antibody to Coccidioides in serum. A careful travel and exposure history remains crucial for patients presenting outside Coccidioides-endemic regions, in which coccidioidomycosis may not be readily suspected and the diagnosis missed.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070517

Authors: Feifei Song Zhiping Li Nemat O. Keyhani Yusheng Zhang Mengjia Zhu Lin Zhao Ligong Shen Dewei Su Junzhi Qiu

Inonotus is a globally distributed genus within the Hymenochaetales, with certain species widely used in traditional herbal medicine. Here, a new species, I. chrysosporus, was identified as a sister clade to I. hispidus based on morphological, molecular, and vegetative incompatibility characteristics. The growth of I. chrysosporus on two substrate formulations—(1) 60% (wt:wt) Dicranopteris dichotoma, mixed with 18% corncob, 20% wheat bran, 1% gypsum, and 1% lime (GS), and (2) 78% sawdust wood chips (SS)—was compared in terms of the accumulation of bioactive components and the corresponding biological activities. On both substrates, I. chrysosporus exhibited high nutritional value, with high protein and mineral contents, low fat content, and a high proportion of medicinal amino acids. However, significant variations in the profiles of active constituents were observed, with cultivation on the GS formulation promoting the accumulation of bioactive polysaccharides, whereas growth on SS resulted in the accumulation of polyphenols. Aqueous extracts of I. chrysosporus mushrooms derived from both growth substrates exhibited potent antioxidant activities. Correlation analyses indicated that polysaccharide content was positively associated with ·OH scavenging activity and that polyphenol content was correlated with strong DPPH radical scavenging activity and high ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). This study provides a foundation for the comprehensive development and utilization of the newly described I. chrysosporus species.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070516

Authors: Diego Strianese Mario Troisi Adriana Iuliano Dana Cohen Francesco Matarazzo Maria Paola Laezza Biagio Pinchera Maria Laura Passaro Davide Tramontano Vittoria Lanni Antonella D’Aponte Ivan Gentile Ciro Costagliola

Rhino-orbital mucormycosis is a rare, life-threatening opportunistic fungal infection, typically affecting immunocompromised patients. During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased cases were mainly linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection, diabetes, and corticosteroid exposure. We report a severe case in a previously healthy 44-year-old immunocompetent man who developed acute left-sided exophthalmos, ophthalmoplegia, severe visual loss, and systemic deterioration 10 days after AZD1222 COVID-19 vaccination. Clinical and radiologic findings suggested invasive rhino-orbital fungal disease, prompting immediate liposomal amphotericin B, broad-spectrum antibiotics, urgent endoscopic sinus surgery, and repeated orbital–sinonasal debridements with amphotericin B irrigation. Histopathological examination demonstrated broad aseptate hyphae with tissue necrosis, consistent with mucormycosis, while fungal culture and ITS sequencing identified Rhizopus arrhizus as the causative species. Therapy was later adjusted to include isavuconazole and antibacterial coverage for persistent inflammation and secondary colonization. Orbital and systemic improvement occurred within the first week, with globe preservation and marked proptosis reduction at 6 months, despite persistent ophthalmoplegia and residual light perception. Isavuconazole was continued for 2 years, with no recurrence during 3 years of follow-up. Although causality with vaccination cannot be established, the temporal association and biological plausibility warrant further investigation. Early suspicion and prompt combined medical–surgical management are essential in rapidly progressive orbital cellulitis.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070515

Authors: Yanxia She Xiaotong Song Tingzhen Wang Yujia Li Huiyan Zheng Shuyuan Wang Yutong Liu Fei Gao Xin Lou Yuejia Dang

With growing global recognition of the nutritional value of blueberries, their cultivation has expanded significantly across various regions. However, gray mold disease, caused by Botrytis cinerea, remains a major challenge in postharvest storage and transportation. In this study, two strains—Trichoderma asperellum BBR–A and B. cinerea BC7–1—were isolated and identified from the blueberry rhizosphere and diseased leaves. Co-culture assays demonstrated that BBR–A exhibits potent antagonistic activity, rapidly suppressing the growth of the pathogen BC7–1 through mycoparasitic behaviors, including hyphal coiling, penetration, and degradation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that upon interaction with BC7–1, BBR–A undergoes extensive reprogramming of carbon metabolism, with coordinated upregulation of genes encoding degradative enzymes, transporters, and stress-related proteins. Congo red staining and enzymatic activity assays further confirmed the enhanced secretion of extracellular enzymes and the increased cell wall-degrading capacity of BBR–A. On detached blueberry leaves, seedlings, and fruits, BBR–A treatment significantly delayed lesion expansion and reduced disease severity. Metabolomic profiling further demonstrated that BBR–A induces the marked accumulation of phenolic compounds, polyamines, and other antioxidant- and immunity-related metabolites in blueberry leaves, thereby maintaining host redox homeostasis and enhancing stress resilience. Collectively, these findings indicate that T. asperellum BBR–A effectively suppresses B. cinerea through multiple mechanisms, including antagonism, mycoparasitism, metabolic regulation, and the induction of plant defense responses, highlighting its strong potential for development as a biocontrol agent against blueberry gray mold.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070512

Authors: Zhengxiang Qi Keqing Qian Peisong Jia Lili Shi Dongmei Wu Libo Wang Xiao Li Yu Li Bo Zhang

Xinjiang, northwestern China, encompasses sharply contrasting desert–wetland and montane forest ecosystems, providing a natural setting to study species limits and habitat-associated morphological variation in Agaricus subgen. Pseudochitonia. We examined 303 specimens collected from 2021 to 2025 and generated 905 sequences across three loci (ITS, LSU, tef1). Species delimitation followed an integrative framework incorporating morphology, multilocus phylogeny, pairwise genetic distances, chemical reactions, and habitat data. We recognized ten species from Xinjiang. Among them, Agaricus acanthosquamosus is described as a new species in sect. Bohusia. It is recovered as a sister to A. bohusii and is distinguished by conspicuous squarrose spinose pileus scales, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores, a solitary to scattered fruiting habit, and reddening context. We also document newly observed morphological variation in several previously described species. These include irregularly clavate cheilocystidia in A. desjardinii, clavate pleurocystidia in A. subperonatus, non-digitate pleurocystidial apices in A. sinodeliciosus, and habitat-associated macromorphological variation in A. xanthodermus. These observations extend the known morphological range of each taxon. Exploratory PCA, PERMANOVA, and trait comparisons revealed significant assemblage-level morphological structuring between the Ebinur Lake desert–wetland assemblage and the Qiongkushitai montane forest assemblage, notably in basidioma size, robustness, and basidiospore dimensions. In addition, we compiled a comprehensive identification key and species checklist for Agaricus subgen. Pseudochitonia in Xinjiang. These integrative results highlight both the diversity of subgen. Pseudochitonia in arid northwestern China and the value of combining morphological, ecological, and molecular evidence for accurate species delimitation.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070514

Authors: Lyudmila Plotnikova Svetlana Kuzmina Valeria Knaub Marina Kukoleva

Rust, caused by the fungus Uromyces pisi, is the most harmful disease of peas in temperate regions. It is necessary to search for sources of resistance with different defense mechanisms in the pea gene pool. A set of 38 Pisum sativum accessions of various origin was studied in Western Siberia in 2021–2024. The aim of the research was to assess the accessions in the field and under controlled conditions using seedlings and adult plants, as well as to study the interaction of U. pisi with resistant varieties, and to determine genetic control of rust resistance. All accessions showed partial (incomplete) resistance to rust in the field. A set of 10 resistant varieties was used for studying U. pisi interaction with peas using cytological methods. The protective mechanisms of Russian varieties led to the inhibition of 50–90% spores on leaf surfaces before penetration into the stomata, and a part of the small colonies died without hypersensitive reaction in the tissues. Hydrogen peroxide and phenolic compounds with red and green autofluorescence appeared by the stage of sporogenesis. Five varieties showed adult resistance to rust. A hybridological analysis revealed monogenic dominant control of resistance in two varieties, and digenic control in two others. The information obtained expands the understanding of the partners’ interaction in the pathosystem ‘U. pisi–P. sativum’, and can also be used for breeding pea varieties with different resistance mechanisms.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070513

Authors: Irene H. Grant Noemi Olivo Harriet Ammann

Background: Produced by indoor Stachybotrys and Trichoderma spp., macrocyclic trichothecenes (MTs), a type of cytotoxic respirable molecule (<0.01–0.03 µm), inhibit protein/DNA/RNA production, damage mitochondria, and induce apoptosis. Dust-bound MTs remain toxic despite remediation/disinfection. Inhaled MTs easily cross tissue barriers, potentially reaching the placenta and the unborn. Methods: Retrospective medical record abstraction of pregnant females and offspring cohort exposed to indoor MTs, Stachybotrys, or Trichoderma to correlate professional indoor testing, exposure variables, mold species, environmental MTs, medical symptomatology, outcomes, and urine/milk MTs excretion. Results: In eight women from seven MT/mold-contaminated homes, with 21 pregnancies, complications occurred in 19 (90%) pregnancies, including miscarriages (38%) and premature labor (33%). Placental abnormalities in two women (25%) from the same home (calcification, chronic villitis, placental infarcts, double placenta, gritty membranitis). Birth defects in infants (38%) included renal hypertrophy, levocardia, patent foramen ovale, ventriculoseptal defect, ptosis, teeth, and “goosebump” black/grey skin discoloration. Later abnormalities included developmental delay, oropharyngeal hypotonic dysphagia, refractory eczema, and refractory perirectal rash progressing to intussusception. Lactation difficulties included grey-black oronasal drainage, thrush, projectile vomiting, choking, oropharyngeal neurologic damage, apnea, and respiratory arrest. Aspergillus +/− Penicillium exposure was documented in all, Stachybotrys (75%), Chaetomium (62%), Trichoderma (38%), and indoor MT contamination exposure (75%). Conclusions: In-utero indoor MTs and Stachybotrys exposure correlate strongly with adverse gestational, neonatal complications (miscarriage, congenital defects, and placental abnormalities). Exposure timing and severity correlate with adverse outcomes. Breastfeeding with indoor exposure appears hazardous. Environmental/human MTs testing appears useful for identifying MT contaminaion and/or exposure.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070511

Authors: Yufei Diao Jiayin Zhang Rui Cheng Xiong Xiong Chengli Wang Dezhen Zhang Chengming Yu Huixiang Liu

Apple Valsa canker disease, caused by Valsa mali, is one of the most destructive diseases of apple trees in China and seriously threatens the sustainable development of the apple industry. VmSom1 acts as a core transcription factor in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) signaling pathway and regulates vegetative growth, development and pathogenicity of this phytopathogen. Transcriptome analysis was performed using the VmSom1 deletion mutant and the wild-type strain sdau11-175, and a significantly differentially expressed transcription factor, VmGAL4, was identified. In this study, the single-gene deletion mutant ΔVmGAL4 and the double-gene deletion mutant ΔVmSom1/VmGAL4 were constructed via homologous recombination, aiming to preliminarily explore the interaction between these two genes. Sequence analysis revealed that the VmGAL4 protein contains a conserved fungal_TF_MHR domain spanning amino acids 164 to 614. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that VmGAL4 shares the closest phylogenetic relationship with homologs from Cytospora schulzeri and Cytospora chrysosperma. Phenotypic assays demonstrated that the VmGAL4 deletion mutant exhibited markedly reduced mycelial growth rate and fewer pycnidia production. Additionally, the mutant displayed enhanced sensitivity to cell wall inhibitors and osmotic stress agents, along with significantly increased capacity to utilize various carbon and nitrogen sources and decreased pathogenicity compared with the wild-type strain. Compared with the single deletion mutant ΔVmSom1, the double mutant ΔVmSom1/VmGAL4 partially rescued the growth defects and also alleviated the reduction in pathogenicity to a certain extent. Nevertheless, conidial production remained severely inhibited in the double mutant. Collectively, VmGAL4 is involved in the regulation of vegetative growth, asexual development, cell wall integrity, osmotic stress response, carbon and nitrogen source utilization, and pathogenicity in V. mali.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070510

Authors: Daysi Guamán Carlos Bolaños-Carriel Nancy Nénger-Coral Ligia García Víctor Manuel Valdiviezo Sir Jaris Veneros

The genus Nigrospora remains poorly understood as a plant pathogen. Until 2026, there were only 26 species recorded in MycoBank and 19 in GenBank. Diseases caused by Nigrospora were once considered uncommon, but in recent years there has been a sharp rise in first reports globally, especially in tropical and subtropical regions such as China, Malaysia, India, and the Americas, as well as in Europe. In November 2022, Oreopanax ecuadorensis, a plant endemic to Ecuador, exhibited symptoms of leaf blight and wilting in Quito Metropolitan Park-South, Ecuador. The causal agent was isolated on PDA; DNA was extracted, and PCR products of the ITS and EF regions were sequenced. DNA sequences from isolate CBC-FCA-001 were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers OR597663.1 (ITS region) and PP897887.1 (EF region). Morphological and molecular analyses identified the causal agent as Nigrospora oryzae. Koch’s postulates confirmed the isolate’s pathogenicity, with mycelium-inoculated, non-wounded plants exhibiting characteristic symptoms while control plants remained healthy. This marks the first report of N. oryzae affecting O. ecuadorensis. Symptoms were observed on multiple plants throughout the site, raising concerns about the vulnerability of endemic flora to emerging pathogens. The rise in Nigrospora-associated diseases, potentially driven by climate change and human activities, highlights the urgent need for research to mitigate their impacts on agriculture and biodiversity conservation.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070509

Authors: Natalia Pedretti Luca Spaggiari Francesco Ricchi Samyr Kenno Muhammad Behzad Samuele Peppoloni Karin Sossi Giuseppina Campisciano Andrea Ardizzoni Francesco De Seta Manola Comar Eva Pericolini

Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a commensal of the vaginal mucosa and the main etiological agent of acute and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC/RVVC). Disease severity is thought to depend on a dysregulated host inflammatory response to Candida, not necessarily associated with increased fungal burden and/or morphogenesis. The role of strain-specific differences leading to epithelial immune response or tolerance remains undefined. In this study, we compared the virulence profile of vaginal C. albicans isolates from women with acute VVC/RVVC (VVC/RVVC), asymptomatic colonizer (Colonizing), and VVC/RVVC associated with microbial co-infections (Co-infections). Isolates were evaluated for growth and biofilm formation under standard culture conditions and tested in an in vitro vaginal epithelial cell (VEC) infection model to assess fungal shedding, epithelial damage, and cytokine production. Corresponding vaginal samples were analyzed for C. albicans morphology, polymorphonuclear neutrophil presence, microbiota composition, cytokines levels, and anti-C. albicans IgA production. No significant differences in growth or biofilm formation were observed among isolates under culture conditions. However, VEC infection revealed strain-dependent differences: acute VVC/RVVC and Co-infections isolates induced greater fungal shedding, while VVC/RVVC isolates caused increased epithelial damage and showed a trend toward higher cytokine production. Vaginal samples from symptomatic groups displayed increased neutrophils, hyphal morphology, elevated IL-1α, IL-1β, and anti-Candida IgA, but not IL-1Ra, without differences in lactobacilli abundance or Community-State-Type (CST) distribution. These findings suggest that C. albicans pathogenicity in VVC depends on strain-specific interactions with VEC driving differential host responses.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070508

Authors: Wen-Li Xia Zhe Zheng Feng-Mao Chen

In the original publication [...]

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070507

Authors: Huawei Tan Sihai Yang Xiaohui Zhang

Neurospora crassa is a widely distributed ascomycete with high genetic diversity, yet reliance on limited reference genomes has hindered a comprehensive understanding of its genetic landscape. To address this limitation, we integrated the functional annotation of the FGSC2225 genome with a comprehensive comparative genomic analysis of N. crassa strains. FGSC2225 gene and transposable element (TE) proportions mirrored those of FGSC2489, though TE levels were significantly higher than those in sister species Sordaria macrospora. Phylogenetic analysis resolved the N. crassa population into two primary lineages: Clade A (including FGSC2489 and FGSC2225) and Clade B (including FGSC4830), with the former exhibiting larger genome sizes. Leveraging de novo assemblies of 72 high-quality draft genomes, we constructed a comprehensive pangenome to investigate the molecular evolution of various gene families. For example, systematic phylogenetic analysis of the HET-domain-containing gene family and three stress-related families—heat shock transcription factor, basic leucine zipper, and Cytochrome P450—demonstrated varying degrees of conservation and presence/absence variation across the lineages. Addressing the limitations of current genomic resources, this work provides a pangenomic framework to detect rapid adaptive evolution in filamentous fungi. This methodology serves as a robust template for identifying transcription factors, effectors, and structural variations critical to stress response and virulence in diverse fungi.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070504

Authors: Ningning Shi Junling Guo Zhen Zhang Feng Jing Shuoyu Zhao Yan Fu Xinhua Lu Yucheng Gu Binliang Tong Manli Zhang

A chemical study of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus F15ZA56 resulted in the elucidation of eight previously undescribed cyclohexenols, aspergienynes R-Y (1, 5–11), and three new benzopyran derivatives (2–4), together with two known analogues (12–13). The structures were determined based on HRESIMS and extensive NMR data. The absolute configurations of the chiral carbons in the new compounds were ultimately confirmed by ECD analysis. Bioactivity assays showed that compounds 4, 12 and 13 had significant inhibitory activities against TCPTP, PTP1B, and MEG2 (IC50 12.20–62.19 nM). Notably, compound 12 exhibited notable selectivity towards PTP1B (IC50 12.20 nM) over the tested phosphatases, comparable to the reference inhibitor AC484 (9.12 nM).

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070505

Authors: Nan Chen

This study assessed the pathogenicity and toxigenic chemotypes of Fusarium species causing maize stalk rot. In addition, the ability of selected strains of Trichoderma longibrachiatum, T. koningiopsis, and T. gamsii to inhibit mycelial growth and the biosynthesis of Fusarium mycotoxins was evaluated. Pathogenicity assays indicated that F. graminearum, F. verticillioides, F. boothii, and F. subglutinans, previously characterized via morphological and molecular analyses, caused maize stalk rot symptoms with varying degrees of aggressiveness. PCR-based detection of mycotoxin biosynthetic genes revealed distinct toxigenic chemotypes among the Fusarium isolates, including fumonisin (FUM), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), zearalenone (ZEN), and beauvericin (BEA). After 7 days of co-culture on potato dextrose agar, all Trichoderma strains significantly inhibited the growth of Fusarium mycelia. The Fusarium pathogen inhibition rate ranged between 28.30 and 71.77%. T. longibrachiatum grew over the mycelium of the pathogen and sporulated. In rice-based co-cultured assays, Trichoderma strains inhibit FUM biosynthesis by about 74% to 92%, 3-AcDON by about 32% to 100%, ZEN by about 11% to 90%, and BEA by about 6% to 57%, depending on the pathogen–antagonist combination. The maximum reduction in mycotoxin production (100% for 3-AcDON) exceeded the maximum inhibition of mycelial growth (71.77%), suggesting that Trichoderma may repress mycotoxin biosynthesis via mechanisms independent of simple growth inhibition. These findings provide a basis for developing green biocontrol strategies for maize stalk rot.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070506

Authors: Jenny Patricia Muñoz-Lombo Sandra Liliana Ossa Gustavo Adolfo Clemen-Martínez Raúl Andrés Vallejo-Serna

Background: Trichosporon asahii is an emerging opportunistic yeast of growing concern in nosocomial settings, particularly in immunocompromised critically ill patients. Outbreaks in intensive care units remain infrequently reported, and environmental reservoirs are seldom fully characterized. Methods: A prospective outbreak investigation was conducted from 16 August to 29 October 2024 at a 496-bed high-complexity university hospital in Cali, Colombia. Case definitions distinguished healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) from colonization. Active surveillance included clinical cultures, environmental sampling of surfaces, biomedical equipment, and air conditioning duct systems. Microbiological identification was performed using MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. Results: Nine cases were identified among 74 patients (6.76% attack rate); five were HCAIs, and four were colonizations. Overall mortality was 44%, though 0% was attributable to T. asahii. Primary risk factors included prolonged hospitalization, invasive devices, and broad-spectrum antibiotics. While environmental cultures were negative, maintenance records revealed unscheduled air duct cleaning and intermittent AC failures in the affected unit. Conclusions: Epidemiological evidence suggests that air conditioning malfunctions and temperature fluctuations facilitated fungal dispersal. The outbreak was contained through unit closure, hydrogen peroxide vaporization, and reinforced hand hygiene, highlighting the necessity of rigorous ventilation maintenance in high-complexity units.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070503

Authors: Laura Beatriz Borim da Silva Laríssa Santos de Oliveira Thiago Blanco Parra Furlan Bruna Carolina Teixeira Almeida Maíra Terra Garcia Yinggai Song Nalu Teixeira de Aguiar Peres Paulo Henrique Fonseca do Carmo

Dermatophytosis is a cutaneous mycosis caused by keratinolytic fungi, classified as dermatophytes, affecting 20–25% of the global population and representing a significant public health concern. The disease manifests as circular, erythematous, pruritic, and desquamative skin lesions, hair breakage and loss, and nail degradation, leading to considerable morbidity. In addition, dermatophytosis can markedly impair patients’ quality of life. Despite the high global prevalence of dermatophytosis, the causative agents are often misdiagnosed, and there is limited data on the epidemiology and genomic surveillance of dermatophytosis worldwide. This review aims to update the global epidemiology of dermatophytosis and dermatophytes while addressing their taxonomy, pathogenesis, virulence factors, clinical manifestations, and antifungal therapy. Consistently, Trichophyton spp., particularly T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and T. interdigitale, remain the predominant pathogens worldwide. Recently, T. indotineae has gained prominence due to its global dissemination, significant terbinafine resistance, extensive lesions, therapeutic failure, and recurrence. Furthermore, studies have reported endogenous cases of T. indotineae infections in Asia and Europe, and exogenous reports in the Americas and Oceania. Among non-Trichophyton dermatophytes, Microsporum canis and M. audouinii stand out as relevant pathogens, particularly in endemic regions and specific clinical settings, such as scalp infections. Overall, these factors emphasize the importance of global vigilance regarding dermatophyte dissemination. This review also highlights a discrepancy between accurate fungal identification and global reporting, raising concerns regarding epidemiological surveillance and underscoring the need for improved strategies to manage dermatophytosis worldwide.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070502

Authors: Elmostafa Gagou Meryem Ben Moumen Khadija Chakroune Mondher El Jaziri Abdelkader Hakkou

The date palm is an icon of resilience in arid ecosystems, yet its survival is increasingly challenged by climate change and disease. Belowground, a powerful symbiotic solution exists: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). This review synthesizes eight decades of research, from the pioneering observations in 1940 to contemporary studies, to build a comprehensive understanding of this critical partnership. We explore the vast, largely untapped biogeographic diversity of AMF, from the oases of North Africa to the deserts of Arabia, and detail the physiological and molecular mechanisms that underpin AMF-mediated tolerance to salinity, drought, and pathogens like Fusarium oxysporum. Evidence from individual studies indicates that AMF inoculation can increase plant biomass by more than 100% under specific stress conditions and substantially reduce Bayoud disease severity, although the magnitude of these effects varies with fungal identity, host cultivar, and experimental conditions. We then bridge this fundamental knowledge to cutting-edge biotechnological applications, including the design of precision inoculants and scalable in vitro production systems. We conclude by outlining a strategic vision for future research, focusing on the development of cultivar-specific consortia and the integration of multi-omics, to translate this fundamental ecological interaction into robust, sustainable agricultural solutions.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070501

Authors: Hafiz Muhammad Usman Aslam Mark L. Gleason Saba Aslam Luqman Amrao

Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is a major constraint to rice production worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the morphological, pathogenic, and molecular diversity of M. oryzae isolates collected from rice-growing regions of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 125 infected samples were collected, from which 25 representative isolates were selected to represent the observed morphological diversity. Morphological characterization grouped the isolates into four distinct categories based on cultural and conidial characteristics. Pathogenicity assays under greenhouse conditions confirmed that all the tested isolates were pathogenic and fulfilled Koch’s postulates, with significant variation in disease severity and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Isolate RBNN-1 produced the highest disease severity, whereas RBNR-3 produced the lowest. Multilocus molecular identification using ITS, β-tubulin, actin, and calmodulin gene regions confirmed all isolates as M. oryzae. Sequence analysis of the 25 representative isolates revealed high conservation across protein-coding genes, whereas a single nucleotide polymorphism (A→G) in the ITS region identified an ITS-defined haplotype present in seven isolates. Phylogenetic analysis placed these isolates in a well-supported subclade that was consistently associated with a distinct morphological group and higher disease severity under greenhouse conditions. These findings identified an ITS-defined haplotype that was consistently associated with a distinct morphological group and differences in disease severity among the analyzed isolates. This preliminary observation provides a foundation for future studies using higher-resolution genomic approaches to validate and further investigate intraspecific diversity in M. oryzae.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070499

Authors: Meiyan Zhang Qiaozhen Li Zhen Xu Haoran Dong Hailong Yu Xiaodong Shang Chunyan Song Xiaoxia Song

Grifola frondosa is a commercially important edible mushroom, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying fruiting body development in this species remain poorly understood. In this study, five sample types were collected from the same cultivation bag bearing mature fruiting bodies to represent different stages of a developmental continuum: spawn (S), white mycelial film (WM), gray mycelial mat (GM), fruiting body base (B), and pileus (P). Transcriptomic, biochemical, and morphological analyses were integrated to investigate the tissue-specific characteristics and potential roles of these tissues during fruiting body formation. The results revealed that S exhibited enhanced cellulase expression and activity, consistent with its proposed role in carbon supply for the developing fruiting body. WM showed upregulation of genes involved in H2O2 production and ATP synthesis, together with hydrophobin-related genes, consistent with active energy metabolism and a possible role in surface protection in this light-exposed layer. GM displayed distinct morphological features, including thicker hyphae with rounded tips and elevated expression of lectin, transcription-related, and signal transduction genes, consistent with its possible role as the site of primordium initiation. Both B and P specifically upregulated meiosis-related genes, suggesting their involvement in spore production. Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive molecular resource for understanding tissue-specific genetic programs governing fruiting body formation in G. frondosa, while also highlighting candidate genes and testable hypotheses for future functional validation.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070500

Authors: Chieh-Hsi Tsao Hsin-Ya Tsai Kai-Wen Cheng Guan-Yuan Chen Hao-Ting Chen Cheng-Chih Hsu Nan-Wei Su

Ganoderic acids (GAs) are bioactive lanostane-type triterpenoids produced by Ganoderma lucidum that accumulate predominantly in fruiting bodies, whose long cultivation period limits their practical production. Using Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS), we identified G. lucidum TM701, which accumulated 99 GA derivatives in mycelia and exhibited higher triterpenoid levels and greater chemical diversity than the commercial strain BCRC 36203. Four abundant GAs (GA-Mb/Mc, GA-S/Mf, GA-T, and GA-R) were selected as marker compounds for monitoring GA production. A modified two-stage cultivation strategy, combining submerged inoculum preparation with nutrient optimization during static cultivation, increased GA production to 1396 mg L−1 GAs in potato dextrose broth supplemented with 2% glucose. Heat treatment revealed interconversion among GA-Mb/Mc, GA-Mh, and GA-P/Q, indicating a dehydration-driven stabilization of conjugated diene structures. G. lucidum TM701 mycelia not only provide a platform for triterpenoid production, but also serve as a promising model for elucidating GA biosynthesis and investigating their thermal transformation.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070498

Authors: Pilar Rivas-Pinedo José Millán Oñate Gutiérrez

Diagnostic failure in invasive fungal infections (IFIs) remains a relevant and underrecognized cause of mortality, morbidity, delayed therapy, unnecessary antifungal exposure, and pharmacological selective pressure. Although major advances have been achieved in biomarkers, rapid diagnostic tests, molecular methods, imaging studies, and microbiological identification, timely diagnosis continues to be influenced by the interaction among host factors, pathogen-related factors, diagnostic tools, and healthcare system–related factors. This narrative review analyzes diagnostic failure in IFIs as a dynamic process that includes delayed, incorrect, and incomplete diagnosis. It examines its determinants and consequences in high-risk populations—critically ill patients, patients with hematologic diseases or hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, and neonates—as well as in invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, cryptococcosis, endemic mycoses, and infections caused by rare or emerging fungi. It also reviews how delayed sampling, decontextualized interpretation of biomarkers, incomplete microbiological identification, absence of antifungal susceptibility testing when clinically relevant, and fragmentation between clinical and laboratory teams contribute to adverse outcomes. Finally, it proposes a diagnostic-centered antifungal stewardship framework (AFSP-Dx) based on syndromic bundles, population-specific diagnostic algorithms, 48–72 h reassessment, and auditable indicators intended to support earlier recognition, more precise therapeutic decisions, and rational antifungal use.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070497

Authors: Aisel Valle Garay Cíntia Marques Coelho Napoleão Fonseca Valadares Leonardo Ferreira da Silva Letícia Sousa Cabral Matheus de Castro Leitão Luiza Cesca Piva Janice Lisboa De Marco Brenda Rabello de Camargo Amanda Araújo Souza Izadora Cristina Moreira de Oliveira Matheus Ferroni Schwartz Túlio Marcos Godoy de Andrade Talita Souza Carmo João Ricardo Moreira de Almeida Fernando Araripe Gonçalves Torres Sonia Maria de Freitas

The mevalonate (MVA) pathway is a central metabolic route responsible for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids with broad biological and biotechnological relevance. Due to its importance, the MVA pathway has attracted increasing interest in studies of enzymatic regulation, structural biology, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology, particularly in fungi. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the MVA pathway, addressing its distribution across different domains of life, evolutionary aspects, and metabolic organization, with emphasis in fungi. Special attention is given to the biochemical and structural characterization of MVA-pathway enzymes, including catalytic mechanisms, structural features, and regulatory processes. The methylerythritol phosphate pathway is also presented as an alternative route for isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis and discussed in terms of its taxonomic distribution and metabolic significance. Recent advances in synthetic biology, enzyme regulation, and pathway engineering are highlighted, emphasizing their contributions to metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. Special emphasis is given to fungi, in which the MVA pathway plays a central role in ergosterol biosynthesis, protein prenylation, and secondary metabolite production. Advances in the engineering of fungal cells, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other emerging fungal species, are discussed in the context of sustainable isoprenoid production. Finally, strategies for optimizing microbial production are presented, highlighting the importance of fungal synthetic biology in advancing biotechnological applications.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070496

Authors: Ildar T. Sakhabutdinov Inna B. Chastukhina Egor A. Ryazanov Konstantin R. Yamschikov Mira L. Ponomareva Vladimir Y. Gorshkov

Winter cereals, which are vital for global food security in temperate regions, face severe challenges during overwintering due to the development of snow mold—a complex disease caused by different microorganisms that combine phytopathogenicity with cold tolerance. Even within a single field plot, individual plants exhibit significant variation in snow mold severity. This natural variation was exploited to achieve the aim of the present study—the comparison of microbiomes of healthy and diseased plants of winter cereal crops (rye, triticale, and wheat) at the peak of snow mold manifestation to interpret differential disease severity through differences in plant-associated microbial communities and to obtain information necessary for the biological control of snow mold. Fungi of the genus Herpotrichia were implicated as novel candidate causal agents of snow mold in winter cereals. Variations in snow mold severity defy simple explanations tied solely to pathogen abundance or broad changes in overall microbial community composition. Instead, the most striking contrast between healthy and diseased plants was observed in the inferred candidate hub taxa, accompanied by marked changes in exploratory co-occurrence networks involving the candidate snow mold pathogens. These network alterations were crop-specific. Several key taxa were implicated as probable influencers of snow mold dynamics.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070495

Authors: Mindong Sung Shihwan Jang Ah Young Leem Chan Ho Lee Kyung Soo Chung Young Sam Kim Joon Kim Su Hwan Lee

Candida auris has emerged as a multidrug-resistant, healthcare-associated pathogen worldwide; however, outcome data on C. auris candidaemia in East Asia remain limited. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with candidaemia who received antifungal therapy at a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Republic of Korea, from January 2023 to December 2024, comparing C. auris with other Candida species. Confounding was addressed by inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using a five-covariate propensity score (age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, septic shock, ICU admission at antifungal initiation, and concomitant Gram-negative infection). Among 423 patients, C. auris accounted for 6.9% of cases and was uniformly fluconazole non-susceptible, with frequent high-level caspofungin resistance but preserved micafungin and anidulafungin susceptibility. Patients with C. auris were older, with greater comorbidity and more frequent ICU admission at antifungal initiation. After IPTW adjustment, C. auris was not associated with higher 30-day mortality, the primary outcome (adjusted hazard ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.26–1.32); the wide confidence interval indicates limited precision rather than equivalence, and results were directionally consistent for 90-day and in-hospital mortality and across sensitivity analyses that varied both the comparison cohort and the analytic method. Residual confounding by unmeasured illness severity and limited precision preclude concluding equivalence. Continued surveillance, molecular characterisation, and infection control remain essential.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070494

Authors: Ling Yang Chia Wei Phan Yee Shin Tan Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan

Endophytic fungi from Malaysian medicinal plants constitute a metabolically prolific yet underexplored reservoir for natural product discovery. This scoping review of 56 studies published between 2015 and 2025 identified a fundamental methodological divergence within the field: while phenotypic bioactivity screening dominates the literature (>87% of studies), it is weakly supported by chemical characterization (<25%) and entirely disconnected from genomic investigation (0% biosynthetic gene cluster studies). This phenotype-first paradigm has largely confined the field to descriptive reporting, limiting mechanistic understanding and translational potential. Collectively, the evidence reveals a substantial disconnect between reported bioactivities and their underlying biosynthetic foundations. To address this limitation, a practical genotype-to-phenotype workflow is proposed that integrates strain prioritisation, multi-omics-guided activation, chemical mapping, and mechanism-oriented validation. By linking genomic potential with metabolite production and biological function, this framework provides a roadmap for advancing fungal natural product discovery beyond conventional phenotype-driven screening. Adoption of such approaches may improve the identification of chemically novel and biologically relevant metabolites while supporting the sustainable development of Malaysia’s endophytic fungal resources for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070493

Authors: Gerardo Aguilar Christian Krohn Alexis Marshall Sali Khair Biek Julie A. Besedin Courtney Pilcher Attila Tottszer Leadin S. Khudur Andrew S. Ball

Despite increasing interest in fungal remediation systems for the treatment of persistent contaminants, the mechanisms governing fungal transformation of halogenated organic compounds remain poorly resolved. The aim of this study was to determine whether the transformation of halogenated nitrophenols is driven by isolated extracellular enzymes and cofactor-dependent oxidative activity or instead reflects coordinated system-level fungal metabolism. To address this question, we investigated the transformation of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (2C4NP) and 5-fluoro-2-nitrophenol (5F2NP) by ascomycete fungi Caldariomyces fumago (C. fumago) and Curvularia sp. under varying nutrient and cofactor conditions. Whole-culture transformation, crude supernatant activity, purified enzyme assays, intracellular detoxification responses, and genome-resolved functional annotation were integrated to evaluate the relative contributions of extracellular and intracellular processes. Transformation was strongly dependent on fungal species, substrate identity, nutrient availability, and cofactor composition. C. fumago achieved complete transformation of 2C4NP and up to 85.3% transformation of 5F2NP, whereas Curvularia sp. exhibited strict Na3VO4-dependent transformation of 5F2NP. Crude supernatants retained partial transformation capacity, achieving ~40–45% substrate depletion under conditions supporting whole-culture activity. Purified chloroperoxidase and laccase showed negligible independent activity and did not reproduce whole-culture transformation behavior. Lignin peroxidase activity was consistently induced during contaminant exposure and peaked during periods of maximum transformation. Cytochrome P450 inhibition did not prevent transformation. Baseline glutathione S-transferase activity was detected in both fungi, and comparative genome analysis identified conserved intracellular detoxification-associated enzyme alongside divergent extracellular oxidative enzyme repertoires. Together, these findings demonstrate that transformation of halogenated nitrophenols by fungi cannot be explained by isolated extracellular enzymes alone but is consistent with coordinated extracellular and intracellular system-level metabolism. These findings highlight an underexplored role for integrated fungal metabolic systems in bioremediation and provide a mechanistic basis for developing a scalable fungal platform for treatment of persistent halogenated contaminants.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070492

Authors: Wei Jian Yuanyuan Li Yaqian Zhu Qing Yao Youcheng Qin Haiying Liu Jing Zhang Guoyang Qiu Qihang Gui Zhengwu Zhao

Black spot disease caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata (C. fimbriata) is a severe postharvest disease of sweet potatoes. This study evaluated the biocontrol potential of Bacillus velezensis (B. velezensis) L33a against this pathogen. Confrontation assays showed that L33a inhibited mycelial growth by 82.83%. FDA/PI staining and scanning electron microscopy revealed that L33a disrupted cell membrane integrity and caused severe mycelial deformation. Co-culture experiments indicated that L33a altered the expression of key pathogenic genes in C. fimbriata. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from L33a inhibited the pathogen by 77.78%, outperforming cell-free supernatant (CFS). VOCs primarily suppressed spore germination, with phenylethanol (PEA) and octanoic acid achieving 100% inhibition. In planta tests on sweet potato tubers showed that both L33a culture and VOCs significantly reduced lesion expansion. Using qPCR analysis, we found that L33a activated defense-related genes in tissues around wounds, particularly those involved in the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. In summary, B. velezensis L33a effectively controls sweet potato black rot through multiple mechanisms: direct antifungal activity, inhibition of spore germination, modulation of pathogen gene expression, and induction of host defense responses. It represents a promising natural inhibitor for postharvest disease management.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070491

Authors: Zi-Qi You Lin-Jiang Zhou Hai-Sheng Yuan Hyang Burm Lee

Macrofungal resources are abundant in Northeast China, but those from Shenyang and its surrounding areas remain insufficiently investigated. In this study, morphological and phylogenetic analyses were carried out on specimens collected from the vicinity of Shenyang, Liaoning Province. Phylogenetic trees were inferred using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods based on sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU). Three new species, Descolea laevis (Bolbitiaceae), Leucocoprinus shenyangensis (Agaricaceae), and Tephrocybe umbonata (Lyophyllaceae), are described herein. Descolea laevis is characterized by pale yellow to light yellow basidiomata, a nearly smooth pileus surface, clavate to narrowly clavate cheilocystidia, fusiform to clavate pleurocystidia, and amygdaliform to limoniform, verrucose basidiospores. Leucocoprinus shenyangensis is distinguished by white to yellowish-white basidiomata, a pileus covered with light grey squamules, narrowly clavate to subcylindrical cheilocystidia, a hymenidermal pileipellis, and amygdaliform to limoniform basidiospores. Tephrocybe umbonata is characterized by orange-white to greyish-orange basidiomata, a pileus with a blunt umbo, a smooth or slightly finely fibrillose pileus surface, lageniform pleurocystidia with slightly acute apices, and amygdaliform to limoniform basidiospores. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations of microscopic structures, and phylogenetic evidence for the three new species are provided. The diagnostic characteristics separating the new taxa from their closely related species are also discussed.

Journal of Fungi doi: 10.3390/jof12070490

Authors: Yuanchao Liu Yufan Hao Huiping Hu Tianqiao Yong Manjun Cai Huiyang Guo Shiqi He Xinyu Shi Yifan Li Zhi Zhang Ming Jiang

Ganoderma leucocontextum, a fungus discovered by our group, is highly valued for its immune modulation and anti-tumor polysaccharides significantly. Thus, this research aims to select a substrate formulation to enhance its polysaccharides and reveal the underlying mechanism. Seven distinct substrate formulations, incorporating combinations of fruit-tree wood, bagasse, oak wood, and cottonseed hulls, were explored. Interesting, the fruiting bodies grown on GMTZ fruit-tree wood–bagasse formulation showed the highest polysaccharide content at 3.19 ± 0.56% (p < 0.01 or 0.05). Moreover, GMTZ efficiently channeled resources toward diterpenoids synthesis at the expense of flavonoid and most triterpenoid production. It also dramatically enhanced androgen synthesis, while showing no corresponding accumulation of storage lipids or certain hormone signals, reinforcing a specific metabolic commitment. Furthermore, PCA analysis of the metabolomics confirmed the profound impact of substrate formulations. Correlation analysis revealed that GMTZ promoted a growth-and-synthesis metabolic phenotype, which was characterized by metabolic signatures of supporting anabolism and cellular homeostasis. In contrast, formulations that induced the defense-and-stress phenotype were often rich in lignin, which diverted resources toward detoxification and stress responses and suppressed growth-oriented metabolite synthesis. Moreover, prostaglandin A1, deoxycholic acid, cucurbitacin E, and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid were found to be positively correlated with polysaccharide synthesis. In addition, networks for polysaccharide biosynthesis were mapped and it was proposed, accordingly, that prostaglandin A1-phosphoglucomutase may be a mechanism by which GMTZ enhances polysaccharides. This research provided a substrate formulation for elevating polysaccharides in G. leucocontextum.