Next Issue
Volume 11, May
Previous Issue
Volume 11, March
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
6.7
4.2
Journals
JoF
Volume 11
Issue 4
share announcement

J. Fungi, Volume 11, Issue 4 (April 2025) – 90 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The human body hosts a diverse community of microorganisms, with bacteria being the most commonly studied. However, fungi—collectively known as the mycobiota—are increasingly being recognized as key microbiota members, inhabiting nearly all mucosal surfaces. Commensal fungi influence host immunity and contribute to crucial functions such as metabolism. This positions fungi as potential biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting various diseases. This review examines the dual roles of fungi, as both commensals and pathogens, and antifungal antibodies’ potential as diagnostic and prognostic tools, particularly in chronic immune-inflammatory non-communicable diseases. Finally, we address current challenges and future directions for using fungal biomarkers in clinical practice. View this paper
  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
37 pages, 3278 KiB  
Review
Alleviating Plant Density and Salinity Stress in Moringa oleifera Using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: A Review
by Tshepiso Khoza, Absalom Masenya, Nokuthula Khanyile and Standford Thosago
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040328 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 325
Abstract
Moringa oleifera (LAM) is a multipurpose tree species with extensive pharmacological and ethnomedicinal properties. Production of important medicinal plants is facing decline under changing climatic conditions, which brings along exacerbated abiotic stresses like salinity and intraspecific competition, particularly high planting densities. Increasing plant [...] Read more.
Moringa oleifera (LAM) is a multipurpose tree species with extensive pharmacological and ethnomedicinal properties. Production of important medicinal plants is facing decline under changing climatic conditions, which brings along exacerbated abiotic stresses like salinity and intraspecific competition, particularly high planting densities. Increasing plant density is seen as a strategy to increase production; however, the intraspecific competition and a lack of arable land limit productivity. Salinity has been estimated to harm approximately six percent of the Earth’s landmass. This leads to a loss of over 20% of agricultural output annually. These stressors can significantly curtail moringa’s growth and yield potential. Literature designates that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), ubiquitous soil microorganisms forming symbiotic associations with plant roots, offer a promising avenue for mitigating these stresses. This narrative review aims to investigate the utilization of AMF to alleviate the detrimental effects of salinity and high planting density on Moringa oleifera. The different adaptive strategies M. oleifera undergoes to mitigate both stressors are explored. The review found that AMF inoculation enhances plant tolerance to these stressors by improving nutrient acquisition, water relations, and activating stress response mechanisms. By facilitating improved nutrient and water absorption, AMF enhance root architecture, modulate ROS scavenging mechanisms, and promote optimal biomass allocation, ensuring better survival in high-density plantings. Furthermore, AMF-mediated stress alleviation is linked to enhanced physiological efficiency, including increased chlorophyll content, root–shoot biomass balance, and ion homeostasis. This review is important because it could provide insights into a sustainable, natural solution for improving the resilience of Moringa oleifera under adverse environmental conditions, with potential applications in global agriculture and food security. Future research should prioritize identifying and characterizing moringa-specific AMF species and evaluate the long-term efficacy, feasibility, and economic viability of AMF application in real-world moringa cultivation systems to fully harness the potential of AMF in moringa cultivation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Under Stress)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 619 KiB  
Systematic Review
Pneumocystis Infection in Pregnant Women: A Scoping Review
by Irene Calderón-Baturone, Rocío Salsoso, Elena Charpentier, Yaxsier de Armas, Pilar Guadix, Rubén Morilla, Enrique J. Calderón and Vicente Friaza
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040327 - 20 Apr 2025
Viewed by 150
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic fungus that causes severe pneumonia in immunosuppressed individuals. While Pneumocystis colonization, a subclinical form of infection, has been studied in different populations, its implications during pregnancy remain poorly understood. Given the immune modulation of pregnancy, maternal colonization or [...] Read more.
Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic fungus that causes severe pneumonia in immunosuppressed individuals. While Pneumocystis colonization, a subclinical form of infection, has been studied in different populations, its implications during pregnancy remain poorly understood. Given the immune modulation of pregnancy, maternal colonization or infection may contribute to vertical transmission and neonatal respiratory complications. This scoping review aims to map the existing evidence on Pneumocystis colonization/infection during pregnancy, identifying knowledge gaps, prevalence, risk factors, and potential neonatal outcomes. A systematic literature search was conducted in three databases following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A total of 26 studies were included, covering Pneumocystis pneumonia cases (n = 19) and Pneumocystis colonization (n = 7). The review found that most Pneumocystis pneumonia cases in pregnant women were associated with HIV before antiretroviral therapy. More recent cases were related to hematologic malignancies. Pneumocystis colonization rates varied widely (5.4–46.5%). Evidence of vertical transmission was observed, but neonatal impact remains underexplored. This review highlights the need for HIV screening in pregnant women and the need to include Pneumocystis in the diagnosis of pregnant women with pneumonia. Increased awareness and research on Pneumocystis in pregnancy are necessary to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. Future studies should focus on vertical transmission and neonatal respiratory health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Infections: New Challenges and Opportunities, 3rd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 7800 KiB  
Article
Revolutionizing Eco-Friendly Leather Production: A Freeze-Thaw and Liquid Fermentation Approach with Fungal Mycelium
by Linxin Song, Yuxin Liu, Shijun Xiao, Xiaohui Yuan and Xuerong Han
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040326 - 19 Apr 2025
Viewed by 243
Abstract
The environmental impact and resource demands of traditional leather manufacturing have driven the search for sustainable alternatives. Fungal mycelium leather, recognised for its eco-friendly and renewable characteristics, has emerged as a promising option. This study established a cyclic freeze-thaw dehydration protocol for preparing [...] Read more.
The environmental impact and resource demands of traditional leather manufacturing have driven the search for sustainable alternatives. Fungal mycelium leather, recognised for its eco-friendly and renewable characteristics, has emerged as a promising option. This study established a cyclic freeze-thaw dehydration protocol for preparing mycelial leather using Ganoderma mycelium produced through liquid fermentation. By precisely controlling the fermentation parameters (pH 5.5, 150 rpm agitation, 28 °C), the liquid fermentation process ensures uniform mycelial growth, which is critical for subsequent structural enhancement during freeze-thaw cycles. After three freeze-thaw cycles were performed at −15 °C, uniformly distributed ice crystals facilitated effective water removal, achieving a minimum moisture content of 47.6%. The optimized freeze-thaw process produced membranes with a tensile strength of 6.22 MPa and elongation at break of 18.92%, demonstrating high mechanical performance. The freeze-thaw process was demonstrated to enhance structural integrity and mechanical properties while offering reduced energy consumption compared to conventional dehydration methods. This research provides a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for optimising fungal mycelium leather production and contributes to the development of sustainable bio-based materials for industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Sustainable Applications and the Circular Economy: A Themed Issue Dedicated to Academician Yu Li)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 12905 KiB  
Article
Metabolic Influence of S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae in Cross-Kingdom Models of S. mutans and C. albicans
by Ting Li, Xingyi Lu, Yan Wu, Tongtong Wu and Jin Xiao
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040325 - 19 Apr 2025
Viewed by 171
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the potential of Saccharomyces species as probiotics due to their ability to modulate microbial interactions and reduce cariogenic activity, yet the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates the cross-kingdom metabolic effects of Saccharomyces boulardii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on [...] Read more.
Recent studies highlight the potential of Saccharomyces species as probiotics due to their ability to modulate microbial interactions and reduce cariogenic activity, yet the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates the cross-kingdom metabolic effects of Saccharomyces boulardii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the metabolic processes of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans using a metabolomics-based approach. Untargeted LC-MS/MS analysis was conducted to assess metabolites in a planktonic model, followed by metabolomic profiling and pathway analysis to identify key metabolic alterations. The results revealed that S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae demonstrated metabolic regulatory effects on S. mutans and C. albicans. Specifically, S. boulardii down-regulated 262 metabolites and up-regulated 168, while S. cerevisiae down-regulated 265 metabolites and up-regulated 168. Both yeast species down-regulated carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in S. mutans and C. albicans, resulting in reduced biomolecule synthesis and a less acidic environment. S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae also up-regulated certain metabolic processes, including purine metabolism, suggesting a compensatory mechanism for nucleotide synthesis. Notably, dual regulatory effects were observed, where specific metabolites were simultaneously up-regulated and down-regulated, indicating complex metabolic crosstalk. These findings suggest that both S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae modulate microbial metabolism through a shared mechanism, offering potentials for dental caries prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Therapeutic Approaches of Candida Infections, 4th Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4624 KiB  
Article
Antifungal Efficacy of Luliconazole-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid-Carrier Gel in an Animal Model of Dermatophytosis
by Robab Ebrahimi Barogh, Seyyed Mobin Rahimnia, Mohsen Nosratabadi, Abolfazl Maleki, Fatemeh Khosravi Ebrahimi, Zahra Yahyazade, Iman Haghani, Pedram Ebrahimnejad, Majid Saeedi, Darius Armstrong-James, Mahdi Abastabar and Hamid Badali
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040324 - 19 Apr 2025
Viewed by 164
Abstract
Background: Trichophyton indotineae terbinafine-resistant infections are emerging in healthy individuals. Luliconazole, an imidazole antifungal that is effective against skin infections, faces challenges due to low water solubility and poor skin penetration. This study aimed to formulate a luliconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid-carrier (NLC) gel [...] Read more.
Background: Trichophyton indotineae terbinafine-resistant infections are emerging in healthy individuals. Luliconazole, an imidazole antifungal that is effective against skin infections, faces challenges due to low water solubility and poor skin penetration. This study aimed to formulate a luliconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid-carrier (NLC) gel in a Carbopol-based system to enhance drug absorption and efficacy in a guinea pig model of dermatophytosis. Methods: Luliconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were prepared using a solvent evaporation method and gel formulation. Skin absorption and retention were assessed via Franz diffusion cells. The antifungal efficacy was tested against T. indotineae in thirty guinea pigs with induced tinea corporis, divided into five treatment groups. Mycological, clinical, and histopathological evaluations were conducted, along with skin irritation studies for safety. Results: LCZ-NLC demonstrated significantly better skin penetration than simple luliconazole gel, with cumulative drug penetration of 71.8 ± 3.7 μg/cm2 versus 50.9 ± 4.2 μg/cm2 after 24 h. Both formulations achieved complete infection resolution after 21 and 28 days, with reduced inflammation and no local irritations. On day 21, the LCZ-NLC 1% gel significantly reduced lesion scores and mycological evidence of infection compared to the terbinafine-treated groups, untreated controls, and NLC-gel-treated group (p < 0.05). Histopathological analysis indicated a reduction in both epidermal thickening and fungal burden in the models that received treatment with the LCZ-NLC 1% gel. Conclusions: Luliconazole-loaded lipid carriers enhance drug absorption and efficacy, suggesting shorter treatment durations and improved patient outcomes for resistant fungal infections. However, further studies are warranted to correlate these findings with clinical outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Mechanism of Action of Genomic-Based Antifungals)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 5940 KiB  
Article
Genomic and Multi-Omics Analysis of Phlebopus portentosus: Effects of Cultivation on Secondary Metabolites
by Zujiang Kang, Xiaolong Yuan, Chuanguang Zhang, Yi Wang, Lu Li and Yuan Zheng
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040323 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 119
Abstract
Phlebopus portentosus is an edible and medicinal ectomycorrhizal mushroom with delicious and high nutritional value. However, the mechanism of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in P. portentosus is still unclear. In this study, the genomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics were integrated to reveal the biosynthesis mechanism [...] Read more.
Phlebopus portentosus is an edible and medicinal ectomycorrhizal mushroom with delicious and high nutritional value. However, the mechanism of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in P. portentosus is still unclear. In this study, the genomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics were integrated to reveal the biosynthesis mechanism of secondary metabolites in P. portentosus under different cultivation conditions. The 31.4 Mb genome of P. portentosus YAF023 with 15 scaffolds was assembled by Illumina and Nanopore sequencing and annotated, and 206 cytochrome P450s, 201 carbohydrate-active enzymes, 186 transcription factors, 18 terpene synthases (TPSs), and 5 polyketide synthases (PKSs) were identified. Multi-omics analysis showed that PpPKS1 is probably involved in the biosynthesis of Ethyl orsellinate; PpPKS2 and PpPKS5 are probably involved in the synthesis of 6-Methylsalicylic acid and Cytochalasin Z5, respectively; PpTRI5 was involved in the tetracyclic sesquiterpene β-type trichodiene compounds; and PpSTCs was involved in the synthesis of β-copaene analogs or derivatives. Co-expression network analysis and binding site prediction of the promoter regions suggested that PpHOX4 and PpHSF1 regulated the gene expression of PpPKS1, and Ppzf-C2H2 32 and PpHSF5 regulated the gene expression of PpSTCs 8, and PpSTCs 3, respectively. This study will provide an important foundation for further development and utilization of secondary metabolites of P. portentosus. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4951 KiB  
Article
The Nearly Complete Genome of Grifola frondosa and Light-Induced Genes Screened Based on Transcriptomics Promote the Production of Triterpenoid Compounds
by Yang Yang and Xuebo Hu
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040322 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 130
Abstract
Grifola frondosa, commonly known as turkey tail, is a valuable fungus with medicinal and culinary uses, rich in bioactive compounds like triterpenoid polysaccharides that contribute to health benefits. Here, we constructed a nearly complete genome of G. frondosa CH1 using Illumina, PacBio [...] Read more.
Grifola frondosa, commonly known as turkey tail, is a valuable fungus with medicinal and culinary uses, rich in bioactive compounds like triterpenoid polysaccharides that contribute to health benefits. Here, we constructed a nearly complete genome of G. frondosa CH1 using Illumina, PacBio HiFi, and Hi-C sequencing technologies, resulting in a 35.74 Mb genome with 12,526 protein-coding genes. The genome spans 12 chromosomes, all with intact telomeric structures and no gaps. The BUSCO completeness scores of 95.1% and 99.1% for the genome and genes, respectively, indicate high assembly quality and high completeness of gene prediction. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship between G. frondosa CH1 and Trametes cinnabarina. Transcriptomic analysis under varying light conditions showed changes in the expression of genes, especially those related to terpenoid synthesis, with several CAZymes and CYP450 genes also exhibiting light-induced variations. Ten triterpenoid secondary metabolite gene clusters were identified, three of which were light-sensitive, indicating that light exposure regulates triterpenoid metabolism. This study provides valuable data supporting the high-quality genome of G. frondosa and offers new insights into the light-induced regulation of its metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 13548 KiB  
Article
Morpho-Molecular Characterization of Hypocrealean Fungi Isolated from Rice in Northern Thailand
by Sahar Absalan, Alireza Armand, Ruvishika S. Jayawardena, Nakarin Suwannarach, Jutamart Monkai, Nootjarin Jungkhun Gomes de Farias, Saisamorn Lumyong and Kevin D. Hyde
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040321 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 197
Abstract
Hypocreales is one of the largest orders within the class Sordariomycetes and is renowned for its diversity of lifestyles, encompassing plant, insect, and human pathogens, as well as endophytes, parasites, and saprobes. In this study, we focused on saprobic hypocrealean fungi isolated from [...] Read more.
Hypocreales is one of the largest orders within the class Sordariomycetes and is renowned for its diversity of lifestyles, encompassing plant, insect, and human pathogens, as well as endophytes, parasites, and saprobes. In this study, we focused on saprobic hypocrealean fungi isolated from rice in northern Thailand. Species identification was conducted using morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analyses, including the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), 28S large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU), translation elongation factor 1–alpha (tef1-α), RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit (rpb2), and calmodulin (cmdA). This research confirmed the presence of 14 species of hypocrealean taxa, viz. Fusarium (9), Ochronectria (1), Sarocladium (2), Trichothecium (1), and Waltergamsia (1). Among these were two new species (Fusarium chiangraiense and F. oryzigenum), four new host records (Fusarium kotabaruense, Ochronectria thailandica, Sarocladium bactrocephalum, and Waltergamsia fusidioides), and three new geographical records (Fusarium commune, F. guilinense, and F. hainanese). Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Fungal Biodiversity and Ecology)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 998 KiB  
Article
Epidemiology and Trends of Cutaneous Fungal Infections (2019–2022) in Israel: A Single Tertiary-Center Study
by Eran Galili, Auriella Taieb, Avner Shemer, Gil Leor, Anna Lyakhovitsky, Aviv Barzilai and Sharon Baum
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040320 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 187
Abstract
Cutaneous fungal infections predominantly caused by dermatophytes are a global concern. These infections vary widely by region, age, and body site, with recent shifts in the pathogen distribution. This study examines the distribution and trends of superficial fungal infections in a large tertiary [...] Read more.
Cutaneous fungal infections predominantly caused by dermatophytes are a global concern. These infections vary widely by region, age, and body site, with recent shifts in the pathogen distribution. This study examines the distribution and trends of superficial fungal infections in a large tertiary care center in Israel from 2019 to 2022. A retrospective analysis of 2244 patients with suspected fungal infections was performed, utilizing PCR and fungal cultures for diagnosis. Confirmed fungal infections were present in 53.0% of cases. In adults, infections predominantly affected the nails and feet, while in children, the scalp and nails were the most involved sites. Trichophyton rubrum was the most common pathogen overall, but T. tonsurans was the leading cause of scalp, face, and neck infections, as well as tinea corporis in children. T. tonsurans incidence significantly increased in adults and became the most frequent agent of upper-body tinea corporis by 2022. These findings highlight a shift in pathogen distribution, with T. tonsurans emerging as the leading cause of upper-body skin infections, underscoring the need for targeted prevention strategies and further investigation of its transmission routes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Onychomycosis Research)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5432 KiB  
Article
The Effect of the Application of Chemical Fertilizer and Arbuscular MyCorrhizal Fungi on Maize Yield and Soil Microbiota in Saline Agricultural Soil
by Ye Yuan, Zhengjun Feng, Shengxin Yan, Junjie Zhang, Huiping Song, Yan Zou and Dapeng Jin
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040319 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 204
Abstract
The overuse of chemical fertilizers not only leads to resource wastage but also causes problems such as environmental pollution and soil degradation. In particular, crop growth in saline–sodic soils is severely restricted due to high salinity and alkalinity, further exacerbating challenges in agricultural [...] Read more.
The overuse of chemical fertilizers not only leads to resource wastage but also causes problems such as environmental pollution and soil degradation. In particular, crop growth in saline–sodic soils is severely restricted due to high salinity and alkalinity, further exacerbating challenges in agricultural production. The aim of this study was to investigate different fertilization strategies that combine chemical fertilizer reduction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for improving saline–sodic soils and to assess the effects of these protocols on crop yield, soil properties, and microbial communities. Field experiments across two sites (BeiWuLao and XuJiaZhen) demonstrated that integrating AMF with CF reduction (AHCF treatment) significantly enhanced maize yield by 23.5% at BeiWuLao (from 11,475 to 14,175 kg/ha) and 81.2% at XuJiaZhen (from 7245 to 13,125 kg/ha) compared to conventional fertilization (CK) (p < 0.01). Soil nutrient analysis revealed substantial improvements: available potassium (AK) increased by 77.7% (61.35 vs. 39.33 mg/kg), available phosphorus (AP) by 33.9% (20.50 vs. 15.50 mg/kg), ammonium nitrogen (AN) by 57.3% (64.17 vs. 40.83 mg/kg), and soil organic matter (SOM) by 96.4% (46.98 vs. 23.91 mg/kg) under AHCF treatment (p < 0.05). Although pH and electrical conductivity (ECe) remained unaffected, AMF inoculation shifted microbial composition, elevating salinity-tolerant taxa such as Actinobacteria (+24.7%) and Anabaena. Beta diversity analysis (PCoA) confirmed distinct microbial community structures between treatments, with ECe and AN identified as primary drivers of bacterial (RDA variance: 74.08%) and fungal (RDA variance: 54.63%) communities, respectively. Overall, the combination of chemical fertilizer reduction and AMF effectively improved soil fertility, microbial community structure, and crop yield. These findings have important implications for improving saline soils and promoting environmental sustainability. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 21648 KiB  
Article
Fungal Pathogens of Peach Palm Leaf Spot in Thailand and Their Fungicide Sensitivity
by Prisana Wonglom, Nakarin Suwannarach, Jaturong Kumla and Anurag Sunpapao
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040318 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 151
Abstract
Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is a long-lived tropical palm valued for its edible, nutritious fruits. The cultivation area of peach palm, which was introduced to Thailand for fruit production, has been steadily expanding. Small brown spots that expanded into irregular lesions [...] Read more.
Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is a long-lived tropical palm valued for its edible, nutritious fruits. The cultivation area of peach palm, which was introduced to Thailand for fruit production, has been steadily expanding. Small brown spots that expanded into irregular lesions with dark margins were first observed on B. gasipaes seedlings in commercial nurseries in Phetchaburi Province, southern Thailand. To identify the causal pathogens, ten fungal isolates were obtained from symptomatic leaves and subjected to pathogenicity tests, confirming their ability to cause the disease. Morphological and molecular analyses identified five isolates as Colletotrichum fructicola (BGC02.2, BGC03) and C. theobromicola (BGC01, BGC02.1, BGC04) and five isolates as Fusarium pernambucanum (BGF01, BGF02, BGF03, BGF04.1, BGF04.2). Phylogenetic analysis was based on act, cal, gapdh, ITS, and tub2 regions for Colletotrichum spp. and cal, rpb2, and tef1-α for Fusarium spp. In vitro fungicide assays revealed that C. fructicola and C. theobromicola were the most sensitive to carbendazim, mancozeb, and prochloraz, while F. pernambucanum was effectively inhibited by mancozeb and prochloraz. This study represents the first report of C. fructicola, C. theobromicola, and F. pernambucanum causing leaf spot disease on B. gasipaes in Thailand, providing essential insights for disease management strategies in the region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity of Microscopic Fungi)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2888 KiB  
Article
Functional Analysis of FoCrpA in Fusarium oxysporum Causing Rice Seedling Blight
by Chun Wang, Liang Wang, Xuanjie Zhao, Lei Hou, Qingran Liu, Rui Ren, Anqi Lv, Xinyang Liu, Tianliang Xiong, Peng Guo, Xiaofeng Xu, Zhe Ni, Chunlai Liu and Junhua Zhang
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040317 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 165
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is one of the main pathogens causing rice seedling blight disease. Revealing its pathogenic mechanism is of great significance for formulating prevention and control strategies for rice seedling blight disease. Copper transporting P-type ATPases (Cu-ATPase) is a large class of proteins [...] Read more.
Fusarium oxysporum is one of the main pathogens causing rice seedling blight disease. Revealing its pathogenic mechanism is of great significance for formulating prevention and control strategies for rice seedling blight disease. Copper transporting P-type ATPases (Cu-ATPase) is a large class of proteins located on the plasma membrane that utilize the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis phosphorylation to transport substrates across the membrane. It plays a crucial role in signal transduction, the maintenance of cell membrane stability, and material transport. The main function of Cu-ATPase is to maintain the homeostasis of copper in cells, which is essential for the normal growth and development of organisms. This study utilized the ATMT-mediated gene knockout method to obtain the knockout mutant ∆FoCrpA and the complementation strain ∆FoCrpA-C, which are highly homologous to the P-type heavy metal transport ATPase family in F. oxysporum. The results showed that, compared with the wild-type strain, the knockout mutant ∆FoCrpA had a lighter colony color; a reduced tolerance to copper ion, osmotic, and oxidative stress; a weakened ability to penetrate glass paper; and decreased pathogenicity. However, there was no significant difference in pathogenicity and other biological phenotypes between the complementation strain ∆FoCrpA-C and the wild-type strain. In summary, the FoCrpA gene is involved in osmotic and oxidative stress, affecting the invasion and penetration ability and pathogenicity of F. oxysporum, laying a theoretical foundation for understanding the development and pathogenic mechanism of F. oxysporum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Pathogens and Mycotoxins)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6839 KiB  
Article
Microaggregates as Nutrient Reservoirs for Fungi Drive Natural Regeneration in Larch Plantation Forests
by Yiping Lin, Kefan Wang, Zilu Wang, Xin Fang, Haomin Wang, Nuo Li, Cong Shi and Fuchen Shi
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040316 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 164
Abstract
The natural regeneration of Larix gmelinii plantations plays a pivotal role in rehabilitating ecosystem services in Northeast China’s degraded forests. However, mechanistic linkages between soil aggregate nutrient fluxes and fungal community assembly remain poorly constrained. Combining space-for-time substitution with particle-size fractionation and high-throughput [...] Read more.
The natural regeneration of Larix gmelinii plantations plays a pivotal role in rehabilitating ecosystem services in Northeast China’s degraded forests. However, mechanistic linkages between soil aggregate nutrient fluxes and fungal community assembly remain poorly constrained. Combining space-for-time substitution with particle-size fractionation and high-throughput sequencing, this study examined successional trajectories across regeneration in Langxiang National Nature Reserve to resolve nutrient–fungal interplay during long-term forest restructuring. The results demonstrated that microaggregates (<0.25 mm) functioned as nutrient protection reservoirs, exhibiting significantly higher total carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) contents and greater fungal diversity (p < 0.05). Both stand regeneration stage and aggregate size significantly influenced fungal community composition and structural organization (p < 0.05). Aggregate-mediated effects predominated in upper soil horizons, where fungal dominance progressively transitioned from Mortierellomycota to Ascomycota with increasing particle size. In contrast, lower soil layers exhibited regeneration-dependent dynamics: Basidiomycota abundance declined with L. gmelinii reduction, followed by partial recovery through mycorrhizal reestablishment in Pinus koraiensis broadleaf communities. Fungal co-occurrence networks displayed peak complexity during Juglans mandshurica germination (Node 50, Edge 345), with 64.6%positive correlations, indicating the critical period for functional synergy. Basidiomycota showed significant negative correlations with nutrients and major fungal phyla (R2 = 0.89). This study confirms that natural vegetation regeneration reshapes belowground processes through litter inputs and mycorrhizal symbiosis, while microaggregate management enhances soil carbon sequestration. Near-natural plantation management should incorporate broadleaf species to preserve mycorrhizal diversity and amplify ecosystem services. These findings provide an essential soil ecological theoretical basis for sustainable plantation management in Northeast China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Ecological Interactions of Fungi)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3882 KiB  
Article
Upcycling Chitin Waste and Aged Rice into Fungi Protein Through Fermentation with Cordyceps militaris
by Ao Guo, Chunlin Hui, Yongsheng Ma, Xueru Zhang, Lingling Zhang, Shuai Xu and Changtian Li
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040315 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 360
Abstract
Microbial protein represents a sustainable alternative to conventional animal protein, yet optimizing substrates for fungal cultivation remains critical. This study demonstrates the successful upcycling of chitin waste and aged rice into fungal protein through fermentation with Cordyceps militaris. Substrate formulations (0–20% chitin [...] Read more.
Microbial protein represents a sustainable alternative to conventional animal protein, yet optimizing substrates for fungal cultivation remains critical. This study demonstrates the successful upcycling of chitin waste and aged rice into fungal protein through fermentation with Cordyceps militaris. Substrate formulations (0–20% chitin waste mixed with aged rice) were evaluated for their effects on fungal growth, yield, and metabolite profiles. Results revealed that aged rice alone supported fruiting body yields comparable to fresh rice (9.8 g vs. 9.8 g), with no significant differences in the morphology or growth rate. The addition of 5% chitin waste led to a 17% improvement in yield compared to the control, increasing the average fresh weight of fruiting bodies from 9.8 g to 11.5 g per bottle, while higher chitin levels (20%, T4) suppressed mycelial growth entirely. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed chitin’s structural complexity and nitrogen-rich composition, which slowed the substrate utilization but enriched secondary metabolites. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) identified 1025 metabolites, including up-regulated bioactive compounds (e.g., cordycepin and piplartine) in chitin-amended substrates, linked to amino acid and lipid metabolism pathways. Safety assessments confirmed the absence of toxins, validating the substrates’ suitability for food applications. These findings highlight chitin waste (≤5%) as a viable nitrogen supplement to aged rice, improving the fungal protein yield and bioactive compound synthesis. This approach advances sustainable biomass valorization, offering a scalable strategy to reduce agricultural waste while producing nutrient-dense fungal protein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Sustainable Applications and the Circular Economy: A Themed Issue Dedicated to Academician Yu Li)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2284 KiB  
Article
Detection of Histoplasma capsulatum in Bats from the Brazilian Western Amazon
by Jhonatan Henrique Lima da Rocha, Tamyres Izarelly Barbosa da Silva, Rair de Sousa Verde, Guilherme Henrique Reckziegel, Cíntia Daudt, Daniel Archimedes da Matta and Francisco Glauco de Araújo Santos
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040314 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 231
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a saprophytic dimorphic fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a systemic infectious disease of relevance to public health. Bats can be important agents in the epidemiological cycle of the disease since they act as reservoirs of microorganisms. The aim of this study [...] Read more.
Histoplasma capsulatum is a saprophytic dimorphic fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a systemic infectious disease of relevance to public health. Bats can be important agents in the epidemiological cycle of the disease since they act as reservoirs of microorganisms. The aim of this study was to detect Histoplasma capsulatum in the lung tissue of bats captured in urban forest fragments in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre, in the Western Amazon. Twenty-two bat species were captured from five urban forest fragments. The samples taken were subjected to histopathological, mycological, and molecular analysis. Among the 96 animals analyzed, the fungus was detected in 32.29% (31/96). This was the first study to detect the pathogen in bats in the Western Amazon. It is also the first record of the fungus being detected in six bat species. The state of Acre is located in a region with a rich diversity of bats. Furthermore, this area is constantly suffering from climatic and environmental changes that can favor the emergence and re-emergence of diseases. Thus, active epidemiological research and surveillance of neglected fungal infections are essential, especially considering the concept of One Health. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3920 KiB  
Article
Tangeretin Suppresses Fumonisin Production by Modulating an NmrA- and HSCARG-like Protein in Fusarium verticillioides
by Liuqing Wang, Wenlei Zhai, Dongmei Jiang, Nan Jiang, Jiaqi Yan, Haoyun Jiang and Meng Wang
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040313 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 231
Abstract
Fumonisins are polyketide-derived mycotoxins posing significant health threats to humans and animals. Among these, fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most prevalent mycotoxin, primarily produced by Fusarium verticillioides, especially in maize and its derived products. Tangeretin, a polymethoxyflavonoid, has been [...] Read more.
Fumonisins are polyketide-derived mycotoxins posing significant health threats to humans and animals. Among these, fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most prevalent mycotoxin, primarily produced by Fusarium verticillioides, especially in maize and its derived products. Tangeretin, a polymethoxyflavonoid, has been identified as having potential medicinal properties, particularly as an antioxidant. To evaluate the antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic properties of tangeretin and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its inhibitory effects, assessments of fungal growth, FB1 production, conidial germination, and cellulase activity, antioxidant capacity and enzyme activities, transcriptomic analysis and gene deletion experiments were conducted. Consequently, tangeretin significantly curtailed fungal growth and FB1 production and provided protection against pathogenic infection on corn. It affected genes associated with fungal growth, conidial development, and antioxidant response. Furthermore, tangeretin interfered with the supply of biosynthetic substrate necessary for fumonisin production, particularly impacting pathways involved in alanine metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid degradation, and sphingolipid metabolism. Notably, tangeretin downregulated four biosynthetic genes (Fum2, Fum3, Fum10 and Fum11) that are involved in the final steps of fumonisin formation. It likely disrupted the MAPK signaling pathway and targeted a putative NmrA- and HSCARG-like protein Fv_Tan1, which was identified as having positive effects on fungal growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis. This study presents a promising approach for controlling fumonisin contamination in agricultural settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 20467 KiB  
Article
Isolation and Biological Control of Colletotrichum sp. Causing Anthracnosis in Theobroma cacao L. in Chiapas, Mexico
by Nadia Denisse Rodríguez-Velázquez, Irene Gómez-de la Cruz, Guillermo López-Guillen, Belén Chávez-Ramírez and Paulina Estrada-de los Santos
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040312 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 310
Abstract
Anthracnose is a phytosanitary issue caused by various species of Colletotrichum. This study aims to revise the presence of Colletotrichum in the south of Mexico (the Soconusco area in Chiapas) and assess the inhibitory capacity of Paenibacillus sp. NMA1017 against Colletotrichum in [...] Read more.
Anthracnose is a phytosanitary issue caused by various species of Colletotrichum. This study aims to revise the presence of Colletotrichum in the south of Mexico (the Soconusco area in Chiapas) and assess the inhibitory capacity of Paenibacillus sp. NMA1017 against Colletotrichum in in vitro and field experiments. The study involved sampling pods with anthracnose from 17 sites in the Soconusco area, Chiapas, Mexico. The incidence of the disease ranged from 0.6 to 11.63%. A total of 142 isolates exhibiting the morphological characteristics of the Colletotrichum genus were obtained. Fifty selected isolates were identified using the ITS region and were classified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with 99% similarity. The concatenation of morphological and physiological characteristics resulted in nine main clusters. The in vitro test showed that Paenibacillus sp. NMA1017 inhibited the fungal growth of selected strains by 30–50%. The field experiments included three commercial biocontrol agents, Paenibacillus sp. NMA1017, and a water control. The incidence of anthracnose (control with water) ranged from 32 to 65%, while the commercial biocontrol agents and Paenibacillus showed an incidence range of 12 to 20%. These findings support the use of Paenibacillus sp. NMA1017 as a biocontrol agent for cacao anthracnose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Control of Fungal Plant Pathogens)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 17659 KiB  
Article
Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophage Subsets Vary in Their Responses to the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
by Amulya Yaparla, Milan Popovic, Kelsey A. Hauser, Louise A. Rollins-Smith and Leon Grayfer
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040311 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 295
Abstract
The chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), infects amphibian skin, causing chytridiomycosis, which is a contributing cause of worldwide declines and extinctions of amphibians. Relatively little is known about the roles of amphibian skin-resident immune cells, such as macrophages, in these antifungal defenses. Across [...] Read more.
The chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), infects amphibian skin, causing chytridiomycosis, which is a contributing cause of worldwide declines and extinctions of amphibians. Relatively little is known about the roles of amphibian skin-resident immune cells, such as macrophages, in these antifungal defenses. Across vertebrates, macrophage differentiation is controlled through the activation of colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) receptor by CSF1 and interleukin-34 (IL34) cytokines. While the precise roles of these respective cytokines in macrophage development remain to be fully explored, our ongoing studies indicate that frog (Xenopus laevis) macrophages differentiated by recombinant forms of CSF1 and IL34 are functionally distinct. Accordingly, we explored the roles of X. laevis CSF1- and IL34-macrophages in anti-Bd defenses. Enriching cutaneous IL34-macrophages, but not CSF1-macrophages, resulted in significant anti-Bd protection. In vitro analysis of frog macrophage-Bd interactions indicated that both macrophage subsets phagocytosed Bd. However, IL34-macrophages cocultured with Bd exhibited greater pro-inflammatory gene expression, whereas CSF1-macrophages cocultured with Bd showed greater immunosuppressive gene expression profiles. Concurrently, Bd-cocultured with CSF1-macrophages, but not IL34-macrophages, possessed elevated expression of genes associated with immune evasion. This work marks a step forward in our understanding of the roles of frog macrophage subsets in antifungal defenses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diseases in Animals, 3rd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 688 KiB  
Review
Gene Editing in Ganoderma lucidum: Development, Challenges, and Future Prospects
by Shiqi He, Yuanchao Liu, Zhi Zhang, Manjun Cai, Yufan Hao and Huiping Hu
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040310 - 14 Apr 2025
Viewed by 207
Abstract
As an emerging and innovative technology, gene-editing technology has been widely applied in crop breeding, human disease treatment, animal model research, drug and vaccine development, and microbial engineering. We mainly introduce the development of gene-editing technology, the application of clustered regularly interspaced short [...] Read more.
As an emerging and innovative technology, gene-editing technology has been widely applied in crop breeding, human disease treatment, animal model research, drug and vaccine development, and microbial engineering. We mainly introduce the development of gene-editing technology, the application of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) in Ganoderma lucidum breeding, the current challenges and optimization strategies in the use of gene-editing technology in Ganoderma breeding, as well as the current status of gene-editing technology in Ganoderma breeding. Finally, the future research directions and innovative strategies that gene editing may explore in Ganoderma breeding are prospects given the existing background, future research directions, and innovative strategies that gene editing may explore in Ganoderma breeding prospects. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2794 KiB  
Article
Characterizing the Soil Microbial Community Associated with the Fungal Pathogen Coccidioides immitis
by Molly Radosevich, Jennifer Head, Lisa Couper, Amanda Weaver, Simon Camponuri, Liliam Montoya, John W. Taylor and Justin Remais
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040309 - 14 Apr 2025
Viewed by 239
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease affecting humans and other mammals caused by environmental pathogens of the genus Coccidioides. Human exposure to the pathogen occurs via inhalation of spores aerosolized from soil. Thus, understanding the ecological factors that shape the distribution of Coccidioides [...] Read more.
Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease affecting humans and other mammals caused by environmental pathogens of the genus Coccidioides. Human exposure to the pathogen occurs via inhalation of spores aerosolized from soil. Thus, understanding the ecological factors that shape the distribution of Coccidioides in soils is important for minimizing the risk of human exposure, though this task remains challenging due to the pathogen’s highly variable spatial distribution. Here, we examined the associations between the soil microbial community and Coccidioides immitis’ presence within the Carrizo Plain National Monument, a minimally disturbed grassland ecosystem, and the site of a longitudinal study examining the effects of rodents and their burrows on C. immitis’ presence in soils. Using internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and 16S amplicon sequencing to characterize the soil fungal and bacterial communities, we found over 30 fungal species, including several other members of the Onygenales order, that co-occurred with C. immitis more frequently than would be expected by chance. Coccidioides-positive samples were significantly higher in fungal and bacterial diversity than negative samples, an association partly driven by higher Coccidioides presence within rodent burrows compared to surface soils. Soil source (i.e., rodent burrow versus surface soil) explained the largest amount of variation in bacterial and fungal community diversity and composition, with soils collected from rodent burrows having higher fungal and bacterial diversity than those collected from adjacent surface soils. While prior evidence is mixed regarding the relationship between the presence of Coccidioides and microbial diversity, we find that favorable microhabitats, such as rodent burrows, lead to a positive association between soil microbial diversity and Coccidioides presence, particularly in otherwise resource-limited natural environments. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3123 KiB  
Article
A Novel Effector FoUpe9 Enhances the Virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 by Inhibiting Plant Immunity
by Zheng Cong, Yini Ma, Lisha Zeng, Yaoyao Wu, Yaojun Chen, Ludan Liang, Jie Zhu, Huaping Li, Yanfang Nie and Yunfeng Li
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040308 - 13 Apr 2025
Viewed by 350
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) is the most destructive disease of the banana. Effectors play a crucial role in Foc TR4–banana interaction; however, only a few effectors have been functionally characterized. Our previous secretome [...] Read more.
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) is the most destructive disease of the banana. Effectors play a crucial role in Foc TR4–banana interaction; however, only a few effectors have been functionally characterized. Our previous secretome studies on Foc TR4 highlighted an uncharacterized protein without any conserved domains (named FoUpe9), which was predicted to be a candidate effector. Herein, bioinformatics analysis showed that FoUpe9 was highly conserved among Fusarium species. FoUpe9 was highly induced during the early infection stages in the banana. A yeast signal sequence trap assay showed that FoUpe9 is a secretory protein. FoUpe9 could inhibit cell death and ROS accumulation triggered by BAX through the Agrobacterium-mediated Nicotiana benthamiana expression system. Subcellular location showed that FoUpe9 was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm of N. benthamiana cells. Deletion of the FoUpe9 gene did not affect mycelial growth, conidiation, sensitivity to cell-wall integrity, or osmotic and oxidative stress, but significantly attenuated fungal virulence. FoUpe9 deletion diminished fungal colonization and induced ROS production and expression of SA-related defense genes in banana plants. These results suggest that FoUpe9 enhances Foc TR4 virulence by inhibiting host immune responses and provide new insights into the functions of the uncharacterized proteins, further enhancing our understanding of effector-mediated Foc TR4 pathogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fusarium, Alternaria and Rhizoctonia: A Spotlight on Fungal Pathogens, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1673 KiB  
Article
Host Developmental Stage and Vegetation Type Govern Root EcM Fungal Assembly in Temperate Forests
by Dong-Xue Zhao, Yu-Lian Wei, Zi-Qi You, Zhen Bai and Hai-Sheng Yuan
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040307 - 11 Apr 2025
Viewed by 221
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi are critical mediators of forest succession, yet the relative contributions of stochastic (neutral) and deterministic (niche-based) processes in shaping their communities are still poorly understood. We investigated the assembly processes in root EcM fungal communities across juvenile and adult coniferous [...] Read more.
Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi are critical mediators of forest succession, yet the relative contributions of stochastic (neutral) and deterministic (niche-based) processes in shaping their communities are still poorly understood. We investigated the assembly processes in root EcM fungal communities across juvenile and adult coniferous (Abies nephrolepis, Picea jezoensis, and Pinus koraiensis) and broadleaf (Acer mono, Betula platyphylla, and Quercus mongolica) tree species in northeastern China. Employing neutral theory modeling, alpha and beta diversity metrics, and a random forest analysis, we identified patterns of EcM fungal community assembly and the specific taxa associated with developmental stages of various hosts. Neutral processes contributed to the variation in fungal communities, with adult trees showing a higher explanation power (more than 33% of variation) compared to juvenile trees (less than 7% of variation), reflecting a successional shift in assembly mechanisms. Dispersal dynamics was pronounced in juveniles but diminished with host age. Additionally, alpha diversity increased with host age and was slightly moderated by host identity, while beta diversity reflected stronger effects of host age (PERMANOVA R2 = 0.057) than host identity (R2 = 0.033). Host age and identity further structured communities, with distinct taxa varying between juvenile vs. adult, and coniferous vs. broadleaf hosts. Our results demonstrate that host maturity drives a transition from deterministic to stochastic assembly, modulated by tree species identity, improving our understanding of plant–fungal dynamics during forest succession. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Phylogeny and Ecology of Forest Fungi)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1645 KiB  
Review
Proteomic Strategies on the Management of Phytopathogenic Fungi
by Aldrey Nathália Ribeiro Corrêa, Ana Carolina Ritter and Adriano Brandelli
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040306 - 11 Apr 2025
Viewed by 288
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi are important causative agents of many plant diseases, resulting in substantial economic losses in agriculture. Proteomics has become one of the most relevant high-throughput technologies, and current advances in proteomic methodologies have been helpful in obtaining massive biological information about several [...] Read more.
Phytopathogenic fungi are important causative agents of many plant diseases, resulting in substantial economic losses in agriculture. Proteomics has become one of the most relevant high-throughput technologies, and current advances in proteomic methodologies have been helpful in obtaining massive biological information about several organisms. This review outlines recent advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics applied to the study of phytopathogenic fungi, including analytical platforms such as LC-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF, as well as quantitative strategies including TMT, iTRAQ, and label-free quantification. Key findings are presented from studies exploring infection-related protein expression, virulence-associated factors, post-translational modifications, and fungal adaptation to chemical fungicides, antimicrobial peptides, and biological control agents. Proteomic analyses have also elucidated mechanisms of resistance, oxidative stress response, and metabolic disruption following exposure to natural products, including essential oils and volatile organic compounds. The proteomic approach enables a comprehensive understanding of fungal biology by identifying proteins related to pathogenicity, stress adaptation, and antifungal resistance, while also facilitating the discovery of molecular targets and natural compounds for the development of sustainable antifungal strategies that reduce risks to human health and the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proteomic Studies of Pathogenic Fungi and Hosts)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 26350 KiB  
Article
Comparison and Analysis of Resistance Differences in Alternaria alternata from Fungicides with Three Different Mechanisms
by Qian Bai, Xinbo Ma, Mansoor Hayat, Yuxin Tang and Zhanbin Wang
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040305 - 11 Apr 2025
Viewed by 310
Abstract
The pathogen Alternaria alternata infects a variety of plants and crops, notably poplars, and results in large financial losses. Using twelve chemical fungicides for fungicide sensitivity tests (FSTs) on A. alternata, the result showed that prochloraz (PCZ), mancozeb (MZ), and fludioxonil (FLU) [...] Read more.
The pathogen Alternaria alternata infects a variety of plants and crops, notably poplars, and results in large financial losses. Using twelve chemical fungicides for fungicide sensitivity tests (FSTs) on A. alternata, the result showed that prochloraz (PCZ), mancozeb (MZ), and fludioxonil (FLU) have potent inhibitory effects against the pathogen through different mechanisms. To investigate how the pathogen responded to fungicide-induced stress, transcriptome and physiological investigations were carried out after treatments with three fungicides at their corresponding 50% effective concentration (EC50) doses. The MZ treatment produced a distinct genetic response; FLU treatment produced the greatest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by PCZ. DEGs from FLU treatment were mostly engaged in ribosome biosynthesis, those from MZ treatment in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and those from PCZ treatment in carbohydrate metabolism, according to Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that FLU and PCZ treatments were associated with ribosome biogenesis, whereas MZ treatment was linked to the pyruvate metabolic pathway. Collinear trend analysis indicates that MZ exhibits a unique pattern, with FLU treatment causing the most significant overexpression of genes, followed by PCZ. The six categories of 88 elevated DEGs associated with fungal resistance include tyrosinase, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters, antioxidant and cellular resilience genes, as well as genes involved in cell wall and membrane biosynthesis. Notably, the pathways involved in the synthesis of melanin and ergosterol exhibited the strongest response to FLU. The results of a correlation analysis between physiological indices and resistance-related genes indicated that melanin content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and tyrosinase activity were positively correlated with the majority of resistance-related DEGs, whereas soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity were negatively correlated, which is consistent with the observed trends in the measured physiological indicators. Taken together, this study provides a theoretical basis for developing more effective fungicides and chemical control strategies against A. alternata. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

2 pages, 1196 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Shobha et al. Trichoderma-Mediated ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Antibiofilm and Antibacterial Activities. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 133
by Balagangadharaswamy Shobha, Bagepalli Shivaram Ashwini, Mohammed Ghazwani, Umme Hani, Banan Atwah, Maryam S. Alhumaidi, Sumanth Basavaraju, Srinivas Chowdappa, Tekupalli Ravikiran, Shadma Wahab, Wasim Ahmad, Thimappa Ramachandrappa Lakshmeesha and Mohammad Azam Ansari
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040304 - 11 Apr 2025
Viewed by 174
Abstract
In the original article [...] Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 3

13 pages, 2145 KiB  
Article
Serum Type 2 Cytokine Levels Are Elevated in a Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis Subgroup with High Serum Total Immunoglobulin E Level
by Shizuka Watanabe, Junko Suzuki, Maho Suzukawa, Taku Nishimura, Masato Watanabe, Yu Enomoto, Keita Takeda, Kei Kusaka, Masahiro Kawashima, Yoshiteru Morio, Atsuhisa Tamura, Hideaki Nagai, Yuka Sasaki and Hirotoshi Matsui
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040303 - 10 Apr 2025
Viewed by 228
Abstract
A subgroup of patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) exhibits elevated serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, similar to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify the underlying pathophysiology of the CPA subgroup with high serum [...] Read more.
A subgroup of patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) exhibits elevated serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, similar to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify the underlying pathophysiology of the CPA subgroup with high serum total IgE levels. In this study, we prospectively collected CPA cases treated at our hospital between January and July 2022 and measured serum cytokine levels along with clinical data. We compared 34 healthy controls (HCs) and 51 patients with CPA and found significantly elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and tissue repair and destruction-related cytokines in CPA. Among the 51 patients with CPA, 10 had total IgE levels of >500 IU/mL, whereas the remaining 41 did not. The IgE-high group exhibited significantly increased eosinophil counts and elevated levels of type 2 cytokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Based on these findings, patients with CPA exhibited an enhanced inflammatory response in terms of cytokines compared with HCs. In particular, the CPA subgroup with high total IgE levels may have an underlying enhancement of type 2 inflammation. Our study provides insights into the potential novel pathomechanisms of CPA and may contribute to the development of new treatment strategies. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 7312 KiB  
Article
Comparative Antagonistic Activities of Endolichenic Fungi Isolated from the Fruticose Lichens Ramalina and Usnea
by Lloyd Christian Jamilano-Llames and Thomas Edison E. dela Cruz
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040302 - 10 Apr 2025
Viewed by 344
Abstract
Persistent fungal pathogens remain a threat to global food security as these pathogens continue to infect crops despite different mitigating strategies. Traditionally, synthetic fungicides are used to combat these threats, but their environmental and health impacts have spurred interest in a more sustainable, [...] Read more.
Persistent fungal pathogens remain a threat to global food security as these pathogens continue to infect crops despite different mitigating strategies. Traditionally, synthetic fungicides are used to combat these threats, but their environmental and health impacts have spurred interest in a more sustainable, eco-friendly approach. Endolichenic fungi (ELF) are a relatively underexplored group of microorganisms found thriving inside the lichen thalli. They are seen as promising alternatives for developing sustainable plant disease management strategies. Hence, in this study, a total of forty ELF isolates from two fruticose lichen hosts—Ramalina and Usnea, were tested and compared for their antagonistic activities against three economically important filamentous fungal pathogens—Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Fusarium oxysporum. The results of the dual culture assay showed that all ELF isolates successfully reduced the growth of the three filamentous fungal pathogens with varying degrees, and with direct contact inhibition as the predominant trait among the endolichenic fungi. Comparing the antagonistic activities between the different endolichenic fungi from the two lichen hosts, ELF isolates from Ramalina generally demonstrated a higher percentage inhibition of growth of the test fungi as compared to ELF isolates from Usnea. This study underscores the importance of endolichenic fungi as an efficient biocontrol agent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Fungal Diseases and Crop Protection, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 3097 KiB  
Communication
L-Rhamnose Dehydrogenase LraA of Aspergillus niger Shows High Substrate Specificity Matching Its Expression Profile
by Agata Terebieniec, Li Xu, Mao Peng, Miia R. Mäkelä and Ronald P. de Vries
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040301 - 10 Apr 2025
Viewed by 259
Abstract
L-rhamnose is one of the main monomeric sugars of rhamnogalacturonan I and II, which are polysaccharide components of pectin. In the ascomycete fungus Aspergillus niger it is metabolized through the non-phosphorylated L-rhamnose pathway, of which the first step is catalyzed by L-rhamnose dehydrogenase [...] Read more.
L-rhamnose is one of the main monomeric sugars of rhamnogalacturonan I and II, which are polysaccharide components of pectin. In the ascomycete fungus Aspergillus niger it is metabolized through the non-phosphorylated L-rhamnose pathway, of which the first step is catalyzed by L-rhamnose dehydrogenase (LraA), converting L-rhamnose into L-rhamnono-γ-lactone. This enzyme belongs to PFAM PF00106, unlike most of other reductases/dehydrogenases involved in fungal sugar catabolism that are typically assigned to PF00248 and PF00107. The enzymes of those families have broad substrate specificity and in some cases have been shown to be involved in multiple pathways. In this study we heterologously produced and biochemically characterized A. niger LraA and studied its expression on a set of monosaccharides. This revealed that, in contrast to other metabolic redox enzymes, LraA is highly specific for L-rhamnose and has no activity on most other substrates tested in this study. This specificity is matched by a highly specific expression profile, which only shows significant expression on L-rhamnose. It therefore can be concluded that LraA has evolved with a highly specific function in fungal sugar catabolism, unlike most other sugar reductases/dehydrogenases described so far. The high specificity of LraA also affects its biotechnological applications, as it may benefit L-rhamnose-based processes, but would be less suitable for applications involving conversion of multiple sugars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Cell Biology, Metabolism and Physiology)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 674 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay (LAMP) Eazyplex® Pneumocystis jirovecii
by Ulrike Scharmann, Lisa Kirchhoff, Jan Buer, Franziska Schuler, Annerose Serr, Susann Rößler, Jürgen Held, Tobias Szumlanski, Joerg Steinmann and Peter-Michael Rath
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040300 - 10 Apr 2025
Viewed by 238
Abstract
A commercially available loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (LAMP) for the detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) has been evaluated for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) in critically ill patients. Altogether, 109 lower respiratory tract specimens from 95 patients with a [...] Read more.
A commercially available loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (LAMP) for the detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) has been evaluated for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) in critically ill patients. Altogether, 109 lower respiratory tract specimens from 95 patients with a positive P. jirovecii test in routine diagnostics were collected from five distinct university hospitals in Germany. All samples were tested with a qPCR and eazyplex® LAMP assay. qPCR was set as the gold standard and was evaluated beforehand with samples from 100 patients categorized to have proven, probable, and possible PcP according to the EORTC/MSGERC guidelines. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV) of the LAMP were assessed. Sensitivity was 68%, specificity was 86%, and PPV and NPV were 99% and 16%, respectively. All patients with proven PcP were positive in the LAMP. There was a weak correlation between the time to positivity and the fungal load (squared Pearson correlation coefficient (r2) = 0.5653). A positive result in the LAMP indicates a PcP. Because of the low sensitivity, negative results do not rule out an infection and should be clarified with further molecular methods. The LAMP should be used in patients in whom a PcP is expected, not for screening only. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 9451 KiB  
Article
Resistance to Azoles in Candida parapsilosis Isolates from Spain Is Associated with an Impairment in Filamentation and Biofilm Formation
by Alba Torres-Cano, Cristina de Armentia, Alejandra Roldán, Elena López-Peralta, Juliana Manosalva, Paloma Merino-Amador, Fernando González-Romo, Mireia Puig-Asensio, Carmen Ardanuy, María Teresa Martín-Gómez, Daniel Romero-Herrero, Ana Pérez-Ayala, Marta López-Lomba, María Teresa Durán-Valle, Isabel Sánchez-Romero, María Muñoz-Algarra, María Pía Roiz-Mesones, Isabel Lara-Plaza, Maite Ruíz Pérez de Pipaón, Gregoria Megías-Lobón, María Ángeles Mantecón-Vallejo, Laura Alcázar-Fuoli, Diego Megías and Oscar Zaragozaadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040299 - 9 Apr 2025
Viewed by 431
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of fluconazole-non-susceptible (FNS) Candida parapsilosis. The reasons why these strains are able to colonize hospitals remain unknown. It is also unclear whether these strains exhibit resistance to the disinfectants used in [...] Read more.
In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of fluconazole-non-susceptible (FNS) Candida parapsilosis. The reasons why these strains are able to colonize hospitals remain unknown. It is also unclear whether these strains exhibit resistance to the disinfectants used in hospitals, facilitating their spread. For these reasons, in this work, we aimed to investigate whether fluconazole resistance was associated with virulence traits and the resistance of these strains to common hospital disinfectants. The general conclusion of the study was that more than 95% of the FNS strains, regardless of the resistance mutation they carried, had filamentation problems, whereas around 75% of the susceptible strains formed pseudohyphae and were capable of filamentation. This 95% of the FNS strains did not form pseudohyphae, did not invade agar, and did not form biofilms, while the susceptible strains exhibited the opposite behaviour. Through microfluidics experiments, we observed that both the susceptible and FNS strains were capable of adhering to a plastic surface under dynamic conditions, but the FNS strains formed unstable aggregates that did not remain attached to the surface, confirming the filamentation defect of these strains. In the second part of the study, we observed that FNS strains are susceptible to clinical disinfectants, although they presented a slight resistance to some of them, such as chlorhexidine, compared to susceptible isolates. In this work, we address important aspects to understand the dissemination of FNS strains in clinical outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Systemic and Emerging Mycoses)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-90
Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop