Plants

17 pages, 1159 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling Paracetamol Metabolism and Its Circadian Regulation: Insights from Tobacco Hairy Roots as a Model System

by Lucas G. Sosa Alderete, Mariana Vezza, Sabrina G. Ibañez, Peter Schroeder, Elizabeth Agostini and Melina A. Talano

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2812; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172812 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 962

Abstract

The increasing interest in the presence of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in aquatic environments has driven research into biological mechanisms capable of eliminating pharmaceutical compounds like paracetamol, considering different plant species as model systems. Thus, the use of hairy roots (HRs) has [...] Read more.

The increasing interest in the presence of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in aquatic environments has driven research into biological mechanisms capable of eliminating pharmaceutical compounds like paracetamol, considering different plant species as model systems. Thus, the use of hairy roots (HRs) has become an interesting tool. This study explores the ability of tobacco HRs to remove paracetamol, with an emphasis on elucidating the main metabolism steps and key enzymes involved in the green liver detoxification process, as well as the antioxidant response. The deepening of these aspects has been carried out through gene expression and biochemical analysis under circadian regulation. Our results reveal that HRs efficiently removed paracetamol (100 mg L⁻¹) from the culture medium, achieving around 99% removal at ZT16 h (Zeitgeber Time 16). The early activation of antioxidant defense mechanisms, demonstrated by enhanced peroxidase (POD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (TAA) during the light phase, has been observed. Furthermore, glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) activity and glutathione (GSH) levels, potentially linked to paracetamol conjugation, were also assessed. Gene expression analyses confirmed GST gene upregulation in response to paracetamol treatment, with GSTF6-like and GSTF8-like maintaining circadian rhythms as in the control, and GSTZ1-like only displayed rhythmic expression upon treatment. Additionally, the modulation of core circadian clock genes (NtLHY1 and NtTOC1) suggests that the plant response to paracetamol is tightly regulated by the circadian system. Together, these findings shed light on the complex molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying paracetamol detoxification in tobacco HRs and underscore the significant role of circadian regulation in orchestrating these responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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21 pages, 1328 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Electrical Conductivity of Nutrient Solution and Light Spectra on the Main Phytochemical Content of Sonchus tenerrimus L. Under Wild and Controlled Environments

by Tatiana P. L. Cunha-Chiamolera, Tarik Chileh-Chelh, Mohamed Ezzaitouni, José Luis Guil-Guerrero and Miguel Urrestarazu

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2811; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172811 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 200

Abstract

Sonchus tenerrimus L. is a wild leafy plant valued for its nutritional and functional properties. This study evaluated how different levels of electrical conductivity (EC) in nutrient solutions and lighting conditions affect the accumulation of bioactive compounds and growth performance in hydroponically cultivated [...] Read more.

Sonchus tenerrimus L. is a wild leafy plant valued for its nutritional and functional properties. This study evaluated how different levels of electrical conductivity (EC) in nutrient solutions and lighting conditions affect the accumulation of bioactive compounds and growth performance in hydroponically cultivated S. tenerrimus. Plants were exposed to four EC treatments (1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0 dS m⁻¹), four lighting regimens of natural light, and four artificial-lighting spectra. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), vitamin C, and antioxidant activity (via DPPH and ABTS assays) were measured. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to assess the relationships among treatments and biochemical responses. The 2.4 dS m⁻¹ EC level, particularly under natural light, led to the highest TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity, indicating that moderate salinity enhances phytochemical production. Excessive EC (3.0 dS m⁻¹) reduced antioxidant levels and plant growth, likely due to stress. Light conditions also influenced results, with natural light generally supporting greater bioactive accumulation and biomass than artificial lighting. These findings suggest that optimizing EC and light exposure can improve both the nutritional value and growth of S. tenerrimus. Future studies should explore the long-term effects, genotype-specific responses, and interaction of these factors with other environmental variables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Approaches to the Stress Response in Plants)

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16 pages, 547 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability and Usefulness of Seedling Plant Data in Cassava Breeding

by Chalermpol Phumichai, Hernan Ceballos, Paphawe Pleeprom, Thanasak Chomsuk, Pasajee Kongsil, Wannasiri Wannarat, Wanwisa Siriwan, Thapakorn Jaisuwan, Marcelo Mollinari, Carlos Iglesias, Vichan Vichukit, Ed Sarobol and Chareinsuk Rojanaridpiched

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2810; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172810 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 309

Abstract

Cassava breeding traditionally involves several years of phenotypic evaluation and field selection. The process begins with seedling evaluation trials (SETs), followed by single row trials (SRTs), and then progresses through preliminary, advanced and uniform yield trials. In recent years, significant efforts have been [...] Read more.

Cassava breeding traditionally involves several years of phenotypic evaluation and field selection. The process begins with seedling evaluation trials (SETs), followed by single row trials (SRTs), and then progresses through preliminary, advanced and uniform yield trials. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to shorten the cassava breeding cycle through genomic selection, which relies on genotypically estimated breeding values (GEBVs). Breeders have typically performed visual selection during the SET stage, when each genotype in segregating populations is represented by a single plant. Despite the intense selection pressure applied at this stage—often eliminating 80–90% of genotypes—no data are collected prior to selection. As a result, breeders miss the opportunity to assess the degree and direction of dominance for key cassava traits, which remains largely unknown. This study provides pioneering insights based on seedling data collected over three years of field evaluations, along with the performance of selected genotypes at the SRT stage. Beyond its relevance for conventional inheritance studies, SET data can also be used to estimate phenotypically estimated breeding values (PEBVs) of progenitors, serving a similar purpose to GEBVs in genomic selection strategies. In fact, these two approaches to estimating breeding values can be highly complementary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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19 pages, 3740 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Elicitors on Rosmarinic Acid Accumulation in Hairy Root Cultures of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss.

by Hoda Sadat Kiani, Manijeh Sabokdast and Beata Dedicova

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2809; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172809 - 8 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss., an endangered and endemic medicinal plant of Iran belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is a valuable source of methoxylated flavonoids with proven anticancer activity. In this study, hairy roots were effectively induced from two-week-old hypocotyl explants using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain [...] Read more.

Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss., an endangered and endemic medicinal plant of Iran belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is a valuable source of methoxylated flavonoids with proven anticancer activity. In this study, hairy roots were effectively induced from two-week-old hypocotyl explants using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC 15834. Biomass optimization showed that maximum seedling growth occurred in ¼-strength MS medium, while the highest hairy root induction (76.55%) was achieved in ½-strength MS medium supplemented with 1 mM L-arginine. Root induction varied significantly with explant type and age, with the lowest response (14.66%) observed in five-week-old leaf explants. To increase rosmarinic acid (RA) accumulation, transgenic hairy roots were treated with yeast extract (200 mg L⁻¹) as a biotic elicitor and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (200 and 400 mg L⁻¹) as abiotic elicitors for 24 and 48 h. HPLC analysis revealed that treatment with yeast extract (200 mg L⁻¹ for 48 h) resulted in the highest accumulation of rosmarinic acid (5.65 mg g⁻¹ DW), corresponding to a 26% increase over the control, accompanied by a substantial enhancement of antioxidant activity (63.4%). Yeast extract application also elevated total protein content and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, while markedly suppressing ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities. In contrast, TiO₂ nanoparticles, particularly at a concentration of 400 mg L⁻¹ for 48 h, augmented APX and PPO activities, indicating the induction of oxidative stress. These findings demonstrate that yeast extract and low concentrations of TiO₂ nanoparticles can serve as effective elicitors to enhance rosmarinic acid accumulation in D. kotschyi hairy root cultures, providing valuable insights for applications in plant biotechnology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Specialized Metabolites)

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20 pages, 3006 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Plastome Diversity and Molecular Evolution Within Genus Tortula (Family Pottiaceae, Bryophyta)

by Hamideh Hassannezhad, Mahmoud Magdy, Olaf Werner and Rosa M. Ros

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2808; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172808 - 8 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The Pottiaceae family represents one of the most diverse and ecologically adaptable bryophytes; however, its chloroplast genome diversity remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate plastome variation and identify evolutionary informative loci within the moss genus Tortula. We performed a comprehensive [...] Read more.

The Pottiaceae family represents one of the most diverse and ecologically adaptable bryophytes; however, its chloroplast genome diversity remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate plastome variation and identify evolutionary informative loci within the moss genus Tortula. We performed a comprehensive comparative plastome analysis of nine species within the genus Tortula, using Syntrichia princeps as an outgroup within the family Pottiaceae. High-quality chloroplast genomes were assembled and annotated based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) data. All plastomes exhibited conserved quadripartite structures with genome size ranging from 121,889 to 122,697 bp. Adenine–thymine (AT)-rich dinucleotide repeats were the most abundant simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and several genes contained unique higher-order SSRs, suggesting potential utility as population-level markers. Codon usage analysis revealed species-specific biases, particularly in leucine, serine, and threonine codons, with Tortula acaulon exhibiting the most pronounced deviation. Phyloplastomic analysis based on maximum likelihood identified two major clades, indicating that Tortula section Tortula is not monophyletic. Several highly informative loci were found to replicate the full plastome phylogenetic signal. Additionally, a subset of genes, including atpE and matK, exhibited nonsynonymous-to-synonymous substitution (dN/dS) ratios that suggest possible positive selection. These findings provide new insights into chloroplast genome evolution within Tortula, while identifying candidate loci for future phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. This study contributes to a more robust understanding of plastome-based studies in Pottiaceae and highlights efficient molecular markers for broader bryophyte phylogenomics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Distribution and Conservation of Bryophytes)

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24 pages, 838 KB

Open AccessArticle

Xylem Sap Bleeding as a Physiological Indicator in Grapevine: Genotype and Climate Influence

by Eleonora Nistor, Alin Dobrei, Andreea Dragoescu-Petrica, Eleonora Cataldo, Florin Sala, Gabriel Ciorica and Alina Georgeta Dobrei

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2807; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172807 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 241

Abstract

The aim of the research was to investigate several xylem sap parameters (onset, sap bleeding duration and intensity, and main chemical components) in four cultivars (‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Muscat Ottonel’, and ‘Pinot Noir’) grown in the climate of western Romania over three consecutive [...] Read more.

The aim of the research was to investigate several xylem sap parameters (onset, sap bleeding duration and intensity, and main chemical components) in four cultivars (‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Muscat Ottonel’, and ‘Pinot Noir’) grown in the climate of western Romania over three consecutive growing seasons (2022–2024). Understanding early-season sap characteristics is relevant for optimizing vineyard management and improving grape output in fluctuating environmental conditions. Sap onset and duration differed significantly among cultivars and years (p < 0.05), with warmer springs resulting in earlier and longer sap bleeding. ‘Pinot Noir’ consistently exhibited the highest and earliest xylem sap flow (8.2–10.8 mL/vine/day). Chemical profiling revealed cultivar- and year-dependent variation in soluble solids, macro- and micronutrients, proteins, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. ‘Muscat Ottonel’ and ‘Pinot Noir’ had higher phenolic contents, while ‘Merlot’ displayed lower metabolic activity inferred from sap composition. Years with higher precipitation showed reduced phenolic acid and resveratrol concentrations. Principal component analysis highlighted strong effects of both cultivar and season on sap chemistry, with warmer years favoring nutrient- and metabolite-rich profiles, particularly in ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Muscat Ottonel’. These findings confirm that xylem sap bleeding is a sensitive indicator of grapevine reactivation, shaped by genotype and climate. Monitoring sap traits at dormancy release can serve as an early diagnostic tool to guide pruning, irrigation, and fertilization and supports the selection of climate-resilient cultivars and rootstock–scion combinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability (2nd Edition))

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16 pages, 1137 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Traits of Native Plant Species That Inhibit the Seedling Growth of the Exotic Invader Solidago canadensis

by Ruixiang Ma, Jili Liang, Keyi Zuo, Ming Wu and Xiaoqi Ye

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2806; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172806 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 265

Abstract

Rising biological invasions continue to threaten biodiversity conservation worldwide. To protect native ecosystems and biodiversity, improve resilience against invasions, and lower ecological management costs, it is crucial to identify native plant species that can endure the competitive pressures from invasive plants. This greenhouse [...] Read more.

Rising biological invasions continue to threaten biodiversity conservation worldwide. To protect native ecosystems and biodiversity, improve resilience against invasions, and lower ecological management costs, it is crucial to identify native plant species that can endure the competitive pressures from invasive plants. This greenhouse study examined the competition between Solidago canadensis and 32 native plant species to identify key functional traits of these native plant species that influence their competitive effects on and responses to S. canadensis. The results indicated that S. canadensis seedlings were unable to suppress the growth of most of the native species studied, while most native species could significantly suppress growth of S. canadensis, reducing its biomass by 12–92%. The suppression effects by native plants were closely related to their root functional traits. Specifically, annuals with higher root–shoot ratio, specific root lengths, stem biomass, plant height by day 10, and smaller number of root tips showed stronger inhibition of S. canadensis. On the other hand, perennials with smaller average root diameter, or greater root biomass and plant heights by day 60, were also more inhibitory towards S. canadensis. This study concluded that the competitive effect of seedlings of S. canadensis have weaker competitive impacts compared to most the studied native plants. Root traits are essential in the competition between native plants and S. canadensis, potentially aiding in the identification of native plant species with high resistance to invasion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Invasions and Their Interactions with the Environment)

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20 pages, 5539 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Rice PcG Gene Family and Its Involvement in Salt Response and Development

by Ziang Shi, Jun Cao, Chuheng Li, Jun Liu, Xinlei Yang and Xiliu Cheng

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2805; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172805 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 262

Abstract

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are pivotal in maintaining gene silencing through epigenetic mechanisms, particularly by catalyzing Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) via the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) complex. These modifications are crucial for regulating developmental pathways and environmental stress responses in [...] Read more.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are pivotal in maintaining gene silencing through epigenetic mechanisms, particularly by catalyzing Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) via the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) complex. These modifications are crucial for regulating developmental pathways and environmental stress responses in plants. Despite their importance, the PcG gene family has not been systematically explored in rice (Oryza sativa). In this study, 15 OsPcG genes were identified in the Nipponbare genome, spanning 12 chromosomes and classified into distinct phylogenetic groups. Structural and conserved motif analyses revealed high sequence conservation, while collinearity and Ka/Ks analyses indicated gene family expansion through segmental duplication under purifying selection. Promoter element prediction suggested that many OsPcG genes are responsive to plant hormones and abiotic stress cues. Transcriptome analysis under salt treatment highlighted OsPcG5 as a key salt-responsive gene, with qRT-PCR confirming its dynamic expression. Subcellular localization showed OsPcG5 residing in both the nucleus and plasma membrane, suggesting multifunctional roles. Additionally, overexpression of OsFIE2—a PRC2 component—resulted in elevated H3K27me3 levels and abnormal plant height, linking it to chromatin modification and development. These findings contribute to our understanding of PcG gene functions in rice and offer potential genetic resources for enhancing salt tolerance through epigenetic approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Physiology and Stress Adaptation of Crops)

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17 pages, 4457 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Genetic Loci Associated with Fiber Development in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Were Mapped by the BSA-Seq Technique

by Yanlong Yang, Fenglei Sun, Xin Wei, Zhengzheng Wang, Jun Ma, Dawei Zhang, Chunping Li, Chengxia Lai, Guoyong Fu and Youzhong Li

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2804; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172804 - 7 Sep 2025

Viewed by 401

Abstract

Cotton fiber quality improvement remains a fundamental challenge in breeding programs due to the complex genetic architecture underlying fiber development. The narrow genetic base of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and the quantitative nature of fiber quality traits necessitate innovative approaches for [...] Read more.

Cotton fiber quality improvement remains a fundamental challenge in breeding programs due to the complex genetic architecture underlying fiber development. The narrow genetic base of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and the quantitative nature of fiber quality traits necessitate innovative approaches for identifying and incorporating superior alleles from related species. We developed a BC₆F₂ population by introgressing chromosome segments from the sea island cotton variety Xinhai 36 (G. barbadense) into the upland cotton variety Xinluzhong 60 (G. hirsutum). Based on fiber strength phenotyping, we constructed two DNA bulks representing extreme phenotypes (20 superior and 12 inferior individuals) for bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-Seq). High-throughput sequencing generated 225.13 Gb of raw data with average depths of 20× for parents and 30× for bulks. SNP calling and annotation were performed using GATK and ANNOVAR against the upland cotton reference genome (TM-1). BSA-Seq analysis identified 13 QTLs primarily clustered within a 1.6 Mb region (20.6–22.2 Mb) on chromosome A10. Within this region, we detected nonsynonymous mutation genes involving a total of six genes. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed significant enrichment for carbohydrate metabolic processes, protein modification, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Integration with transcriptome data prioritized GH_A10G1043, encoding a β-amylase family protein, as the key candidate gene. Functional validation through overexpression and RNAi knockdown in Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrated that GH_A10G1043 significantly regulates starch content and β-amylase activity, though without visible morphological alterations. This study successfully identified potential genomic regions and candidate genes associated with cotton fiber strength using chromosome segment substitution lines combined with BSA-Seq. The key candidate gene GH_A10G1043 provides a valuable target for marker-assisted selection in cotton breeding programs. Our findings establish a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of fiber quality formation and offer genetic resources for developing superior cotton varieties with enhanced fiber strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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18 pages, 7245 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen Enrichment Reshapes Contrasting Microbial Networks in Northern Tibetan Alpine Meadow vs. Steppe

by Xueying Chen, Peili Shi, Jialuo Yu, Ge Hou, Ning Zong and Huixin Hei

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2803; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172803 - 7 Sep 2025

Viewed by 287

Abstract

Increased Nitrogen (N) input exerts significant impact on the functional integrity of terrestrial ecosystems, with alpine grasslands being particularly susceptible. Soil microbes are intricately intertwined with nearly all facets of essential biogeochemical cycle, underscoring their pivotal role in ecosystem processes. To elucidate how [...] Read more.

Increased Nitrogen (N) input exerts significant impact on the functional integrity of terrestrial ecosystems, with alpine grasslands being particularly susceptible. Soil microbes are intricately intertwined with nearly all facets of essential biogeochemical cycle, underscoring their pivotal role in ecosystem processes. To elucidate how N enrichment modulates soil microbes and their diversity, 11-year N addition experiments were conducted in a semi-humid alpine meadow (AM) and an arid alpine steppe (AS) on the Northern Tibetan Plateau. We measured soil properties, aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), plant diversity, microbial composition and diversity, as well as microbial co-occurrence networks. The results revealed that N additions profoundly reshaped microbial co-occurrence in alpine grasslands, albeit via divergent mechanisms in different ecosystems. In AM, N enrichment destabilized microbial networks mainly through reduced bacterial diversity linked to plant diversity loss. Conversely, in the harsher AS, N addition fostered closer microbial interactions, forming a more stable co-occurrence network despite lower plant richness, predominantly attributed to increased soil nutrient availability. Our results highlight the significance of co-occurrence networks as a key component of microbial biodiversity and emphasize the imperative of deciphering microbial interaction mechanisms to unravel soil functional dynamics under global nitrogen enrichment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Ecological Responses of Arctic and Alpine Plants to Climate Change)

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25 pages, 3102 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photochemical Responses of Parmotrema tinctorum and Usnea barbata to Light Variations in Cerrado Landscapes

by Luciana Cristina Vitorino, Márcio Rosa, Bárbara Gonçalves Cruvinel, Matheus Mendonça de Souza Marques, Alex Marcelino Dos Santos and Layara Alexandre Bessa

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2802; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172802 - 7 Sep 2025

Viewed by 451

Abstract

Epiphytic lichens are vital to tropical biodiversity, their distribution shaped by light. Parmotrema tinctorum and Usnea barbata, common in open Cerrado, endure high radiation, necessitating photoprotection. This study tested the hypothesis that the primary photochemistry of P. tinctorum and U. barbata responds [...] Read more.

Epiphytic lichens are vital to tropical biodiversity, their distribution shaped by light. Parmotrema tinctorum and Usnea barbata, common in open Cerrado, endure high radiation, necessitating photoprotection. This study tested the hypothesis that the primary photochemistry of P. tinctorum and U. barbata responds differentially to light conditions across distinct landscapes of the Brazilian Savanna, to the height at which lichens were sampled, and to radiation levels from different components of the visible spectrum. Our results demonstrate that P. tinctorum and U. barbata possess efficient photoprotective mechanisms, such as energy dissipation as heat, which enable their survival in the dry and highly illuminated landscapes of the Brazilian Savanna. In particular, stressful environments such as Cerrado and Cerrado Ralo exhibited high DI₀/RC values, leading to lower photochemical performance in lichen thalli. However, U. barbata showed greater resilience to light stress than P. tinctorum, likely due to the presence of antioxidant metabolites such as usnic acid. Lichens sampled at higher stem positions and exposed to elevated levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) dissipated less energy as heat and exhibited lower photochemical performance, suggesting photosystem II (PSII) damage under these conditions. Conversely, when different components of the visible spectrum were analyzed separately, increasing light intensities reduced DI₀/RC and enhanced Pi_ABS in the thalli, highlighting photodamage resistance in P. tinctorum and U. barbata. The ability of both species to adapt to high-light environments, combined with their physiological plasticity, supports their broad distribution in these tropical ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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34 pages, 4505 KB

Open AccessArticle

Partial Replacement of Peat: Effects on Substrate Physico-Hydrological Properties and Sage Growth

by Anna Elisa Sdao, Sonia Cacini, Danilo Loconsole, Giulia Conversa, Giuseppe Cristiano, Antonio Elia and Barbara De Lucia

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2801; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172801 - 7 Sep 2025

Viewed by 432

Abstract

The transformation of organic by-products derived from waste into value-added resources represents a promising strategy to advance circular economy principles and bolster environmental and agricultural sustainability, especially in soilless cultivation. This study evaluates the viability of three organic by-products—wood fiber (WF), coffee silverskin [...] Read more.

The transformation of organic by-products derived from waste into value-added resources represents a promising strategy to advance circular economy principles and bolster environmental and agricultural sustainability, especially in soilless cultivation. This study evaluates the viability of three organic by-products—wood fiber (WF), coffee silverskin (CS), and brewer’s spent grains (BSGs)—as partial peat replacements in horticultural substrates. Ten growing media formulations were assessed, incorporating increased doses (0–40% v/v as peat replacement-PR) of each alternative by-product. The effects on physical and hydraulic substrate properties, along with plant growth traits, were examined using two ornamental Salvia genotypes, ‘Victoria’ and ‘Amistad’. To synthesize the multivariate growth data into a single, biologically meaningful metric, based on the first principal component, a Growth Index (GI), a PC1-derived index, was calculated, providing a powerful, unified metric to rank substrate efficacy. WF-based substrates exhibited increased porosity and diminished water retention, whereas media enriched with CS and BSG enhanced moisture availability, particularly at 20–40 PR. The bulk density was highest at PR40 for both WF and BSG treatments, and at PR20 in CS-based substrates. Electrical conductivity increased in CS and BSG treatments with rising PR levels. The results on the vegetative growth of ornamental sages have highlighted that differential PR rates are required depending on the specific organic by-product and plant genotype. In ‘Victoria’, GI indicates that a 20% replacement of peat with BSG provided the optimal conditions for holistic plant development; the lowest GI for WF substrates across nearly all peat replacement levels indicated that it was the most detrimental alternative for this cultivar. In ‘Amistad’, the analysis of the GI scores revealed that the CS20 and BSG20 of peat replacement yielded the highest overall growth, with GI scores significantly greater than those of the peat control. CS10 and BSG40 also showed high GI scores in ‘Amistad’. WF10 had GI scores similar to those of the peat control. In general, the GI-based approach confirms that moderate inclusion of brewer’s spent grain (BSG20) is a highly effective peat replacement for both genotypes. At the same time, coffee silverskin (CS) is particularly effective for the ‘Amistad’ genotype. This analysis underscores that optimal substrate formulation is not only dependent on the amendment type and rate but also critically on the plant genotype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Driving Sustainability: Innovations in Producing Eco-Friendly Substrates for Soilless Culture Systems)

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16 pages, 3335 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Analysis of PdbERF109 Gene Regulation of Salt Tolerance in Populus davidiana × P. bolleana

by Nan Jiang, Shixian Liao, Ruiqi Wang, Wenjing Yao, Yuting Wang, Guanzheng Qu and Tingbo Jiang

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2800; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172800 - 6 Sep 2025

Viewed by 501

Abstract

ERF family transcription factors are crucial regulators in plants, playing a central role in abiotic stress responses and serving as important targets for stress-tolerant crop breeding. Populus davidiana × P. bolleana, an elite hybrid poplar cultivar artificially selected in northern China, holds [...] Read more.

ERF family transcription factors are crucial regulators in plants, playing a central role in abiotic stress responses and serving as important targets for stress-tolerant crop breeding. Populus davidiana × P. bolleana, an elite hybrid poplar cultivar artificially selected in northern China, holds significant research value encompassing ecological restoration, economic industries, genetic resource development, and environmental adaptability. This study identified that PdbERF109 expression was significantly upregulated in P. davidiana × P. bolleana response to salt treatment. Furthermore, transgenic poplar lines overexpressing PdbERF109 (OE) were generated. Salt stress assays demonstrated that PdbERF109 overexpression significantly enhanced salt tolerance in transgenic poplar. Compared to wild-type (WT) plants, PdbERF109-OE lines exhibited a significant enhancement in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, with increases of 2.3-fold, 1.2-fold, and 0.5-fold for superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), respectively, while the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were markedly reduced by 39.89% and 40.03%, indicating significantly enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity and reduced oxidative damage. Concurrently, PdbERF109 overexpression reduced the natural leaf relative water loss (%). Meanwhile, yeast one-hybrid assays confirmed that the PdbERF109 protein specifically binds to GCC-box and DRE cis-acting elements. This study established PdbERF109 as a positive regulator of salt stress responses, highlighting its potential as a target gene for improving plant tolerance to high salinity, providing a promising candidate gene for the molecular breeding of salt-tolerant crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Interaction and Adaptation Between Non-Model Plants and the Environment)

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17 pages, 1073 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Mapping Analysis of Morphological Characteristics in F₂ Population of Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) Using SSR Markers

by Tae Hyeon Heo, Hyeon Park, Jungeun Cho, Da Hyeon Lee and Ju Kyong Lee

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2799; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172799 - 6 Sep 2025

Viewed by 341

Abstract

To identify SSR markers associated with both quantitative and qualitative traits in Perilla, we analyzed a total of 68 individuals from an F₂ population derived from a cross between WPC06-339 (weedy var. crispa) and WPF17-049 (weedy var. frutescens) using [...] Read more.

To identify SSR markers associated with both quantitative and qualitative traits in Perilla, we analyzed a total of 68 individuals from an F₂ population derived from a cross between WPC06-339 (weedy var. crispa) and WPF17-049 (weedy var. frutescens) using 40 SSR primer sets. The genetic diversity of these markers ranged from 0.464 to 0.676, with a mean value of 0.607. Correlation analysis of 13 morphological traits (4 qualitative, 9 quantitative) revealed significant positive correlations among three leaf-related traits and two inflorescence-related traits. Association analysis involving 40 SSR markers and the 13 morphological traits identified 39 significant marker–trait associations, comprising 18 SSR markers associated with 11 morphological traits. Among these SSR markers, 12 were associated with two to five quantitative or qualitative traits. Additionally, 10 SSR markers were significantly associated with three qualitative traits, while 15 SSR markers were associated with eight quantitative traits. Notably, GBPFM179, KNUPF59, and KNUPF167 were significantly associated with multiple quantitative or qualitative traits. GBPFM179 and KNUPF182 exhibited the highest R² values, of 0.38, for stem color and days to maturity, respectively. These SSR markers demonstrate the potential for use in marker-assisted selection in Perilla breeding programs aimed at enhancing leaf or seed productivity through the selection of both quantitative and qualitative traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Genome Sequencing and Analysis)

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30 pages, 9388 KB

Open AccessArticle

Task-Parceling and Synchronous Retrieval Scheme for Twin-Arm Orchard Apple Tree Automaton

by Bin Yan and Xiameng Li

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172798 - 6 Sep 2025

Viewed by 334

Abstract

To address suboptimal throughput performance in conventional intelligent apple harvesting systems predominantly employing single manipulators, a dual-arm harvesting robot prototype was engineered. Leveraging the AUBO-i5 manipulator framework and kinematic characteristics, a coordinated workspace arrangement was established. Subsequently, the dual-manipulator harvesting platform was fabricated. [...] Read more.

To address suboptimal throughput performance in conventional intelligent apple harvesting systems predominantly employing single manipulators, a dual-arm harvesting robot prototype was engineered. Leveraging the AUBO-i5 manipulator framework and kinematic characteristics, a coordinated workspace arrangement was established. Subsequently, the dual-manipulator harvesting platform was fabricated. A dynamic task allocation methodology and intelligent fruit sequencing approach were formulated, grounded in U-tube optimization principles. This framework achieved parallel operation ratios between 82.1% and 99%, with combined trajectory lengths spanning 9.24–11.90 m. Building upon established apple harvesting knowledge, a sequencing strategy incorporating dynamic manipulator zoning was developed. Validation was conducted through V-REP kinematic simulations where end-effector poses were continuously tracked, confirming zero limb interference during coordinated motion. Field assessments yielded parallel operation rates of 85.7–93.3%, total harvest durations of 17.8–22.3 s, and inter-manipulator path differentials of 267–541 mm. Throughout testing, collision-free operation was maintained while successfully harvesting all target fruits according to planned sequences. These outcomes validate the efficacy of U-tube-based dynamic zoning and sequencing methodologies for dual-manipulator fruit harvesting in intelligent orchard applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Artificial Intelligence and Sensor Systems in Agriculture)

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20 pages, 14296 KB

Open AccessArticle

Habitat Suitability and Driving Factors of Cycas panzhihuaensis in the Hengduan Mountains

by Yuting Ding, Yuanfeng Yang, Xuefeng Peng, Juan Wang, Mengjie Wu, Ying Zhang, Xing Liu and Peihao Peng

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2797; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172797 - 6 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The Hengduan Mountains, a global biodiversity hotspot, harbor numerous endemic plant species shaped by complex topography and microclimatic variation. However, increasing habitat fragmentation due to human activities threatens narrowly distributed species such as Cycas panzhihuaensis. To investigate its habitat suitability and inform [...] Read more.

The Hengduan Mountains, a global biodiversity hotspot, harbor numerous endemic plant species shaped by complex topography and microclimatic variation. However, increasing habitat fragmentation due to human activities threatens narrowly distributed species such as Cycas panzhihuaensis. To investigate its habitat suitability and inform conservation, we applied the MaxEnt model, Geodetector, and Zonation to predict potential distribution, identify key environmental drivers, and delineate priority conservation areas. Our results show that only 18.36% of the region constitutes suitable and highly fragmented habitat, primarily concentrated along the dry–hot valleys of the Jinsha and Yalong Rivers, and it is shrinking while shifting southward and southeastward under climate change. Elevation emerged as the dominant driver (q = 0.45), with strong interaction effects among topographic, climatic, soil, and anthropogenic factors, highlighting the role of environmental synergies in shaping habitat heterogeneity. Priority conservation areas covered 32% of suitable habitat and overlapped only 6.17% with existing protected areas, indicating a spatial conservation gap. These findings emphasize the need to incorporate microhabitat heterogeneity and environmental interactions in conservation planning and support the adoption of micro-reserve strategies to complement existing reserves. Our study provides a practical framework for protecting vulnerable montane species and offers insights into plant distribution dynamics in topographically complex regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Modeling Impacts of Changing Environmental Conditions on Plant Growth)

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22 pages, 3333 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Regulatory Network of Arabinogalactan Proteins, Glycosylation, and Nucleotide Sugars for Optimizing Mara des Bois Strawberries Postharvest Storage Quality

by María Isabel Escribano, Irene Romero, María Teresa Sanchez-Ballesta and Carmen Merodio

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2796; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172796 - 6 Sep 2025

Viewed by 270

Abstract

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensins influence cell wall assembly and regulate plant cell mechanical properties through interactions with extracellular matrix polymers. These proteins may play a key role in the biochemical events underlying postharvest treatments aimed at controlling fruit texture and turgor loss [...] Read more.

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensins influence cell wall assembly and regulate plant cell mechanical properties through interactions with extracellular matrix polymers. These proteins may play a key role in the biochemical events underlying postharvest treatments aimed at controlling fruit texture and turgor loss associated with senescence-related disorders. We studied the temporal and spatial accumulation patterns of extensin and AGP isoforms constitutively expressed along with the profiling of nucleotide sugars UDP-galactose, UDP-arabinose, UDP-glucuronic acid, and UDP-rhamnose in Mara des Bois strawberries under different storage conditions. We also assessed the expression timing of AGP-encoding genes (FvAFP4, FvAGP5) and genes involved in key steps of post-translational glycosylation (FvP4H1, FvGAT20, FvGAT7). Whereas extensins are down-regulated, AGPs are transcriptionally regulated by cold and cold-high CO₂ and post-translationally modulated after transfer to 20 °C. Based on their subcellular localization, molecular properties, isoform-specific glycosylation, UDP-sugar availability, and timing-regulated expression, AGPs are likely involved in cell wall assembly and modulation of mechanical properties. Consequently, they may influence fruit texture and enhanced softening resistance, potentially counteracting senescence-associated disorders through CO₂-responsive signaling mechanisms. Conversely, the decrease in both UDP-galactose levels and AGPs gene expression in non-cold-stored senescent strawberries at 20 °C further supports their relevance in AGPs biosynthesis regulation and underscores their potential as markers for improving postharvest storage strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Quality and Physiology of Vegetables and Fruits)

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13 pages, 1216 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth (Russian Sage), a Source of Diterpenes Exerting Antioxidant Activity in Caco-2 Cells

by Marzieh Rahmani Samani, Antonietta Cerulli, Gabriele Serreli, Maria Paola Melis, Monica Deiana, Milena Masullo and Sonia Piacente

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2795; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172795 - 6 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth., a perennial aromatic plant widespread in Iran’s Sistan and Baluchestan region, is known for its essential oil composition, rich in aromatic and non-aromatic sesquiterpenes. To the best of our knowledge, limited information exists on the composition of its non-volatile extracts. [...] Read more.

Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth., a perennial aromatic plant widespread in Iran’s Sistan and Baluchestan region, is known for its essential oil composition, rich in aromatic and non-aromatic sesquiterpenes. To the best of our knowledge, limited information exists on the composition of its non-volatile extracts. Herein, the phytochemical investigation of the EtOH extract of P. atriplicifolia aerial parts was performed, guided by an analytical approach based on LC-(-)ESI/QExactive/MS/MS. This led to the identification of phenolics, flavonoids, diterpenes (mainly carnosic acid derivatives), and triterpenes. Structural elucidation was performed via NMR and HRMSMS analysis. Furthermore, considering the occurrence of diterpenes closely related to carnosic acid and carnosol, known for their antioxidant properties, the antioxidant activity of the extract (0.5–5.0 μg/mL) and selected pure compounds (0.5–25 μM; compounds 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16) was evaluated in Caco-2 intestinal cells, showing significant reduction in free radical levels. The quantitative results highlighted that the above cited compounds occurred in concentrations ranging from 1.73 to 520.21 mg/100 g aerial parts, with carnosol (12) exhibiting the highest concentration (520.21 mg/100 g aerial parts), followed by 1α-hydroxydemethylsalvicanol (9) (91.73 mg/100 g aerial parts) and carnosic acid (16) (88.16 mg/100 g aerial parts). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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14 pages, 1207 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inoculation with Trichoderma atroviride and T. virens Induces ROS Overaccumulation and Compromises Pathogen Resistance in Arabidopsis 35S::TaEPL1-3 Plants

by Ever Trinidad Astorga-Arzola, Enrique González-Pérez, Alicia Becerra Flora and Juan Francisco Jiménez-Bremont

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2794; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172794 - 6 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Recent studies showed that constitutive expression of the cerato-platanin protein EPL1 from Trichoderma atroviride in the Arabidopsis thaliana 35S::TaEPL1-3 line promotes plant growth and pathogen resistance. Here, the effect of inoculating this line with T. atroviride and T. virens on growth and defense [...] Read more.

Recent studies showed that constitutive expression of the cerato-platanin protein EPL1 from Trichoderma atroviride in the Arabidopsis thaliana 35S::TaEPL1-3 line promotes plant growth and pathogen resistance. Here, the effect of inoculating this line with T. atroviride and T. virens on growth and defense responses was evaluated. Inoculated 35S::TaEPL1-3 plantlets exhibited increased fresh weight and more lateral roots compared to uninoculated controls. Infection assays on 28-day-old 35S::TaEPL1-3 and Col-0 (WT) leaves (pre-inoculated at 15 days with T. atroviride, T. virens, or both) revealed that dual Trichoderma inoculation compromised the transgenic line’s resistance to Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea compared to WT. It was previously reported that the 35S::TaEPL1-3 line accumulates elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, ROS levels were examined to determine whether they were further influenced by inoculation with Trichoderma species. Dual inoculation triggered higher H₂O₂ accumulation in 35S::TaEPL1-3 compared to WT. In addition, high ROS levels were observed when the 35S::TaEPL1-3 line was co-inoculated with both Trichoderma species and subsequently challenged with both pathogens. These findings showed that elevated ROS levels may compromise priming activation in the 35S::TaEPL1-3 line (constitutively expressing the Epl1 elicitor) during co-inoculation with T. atroviride (Epl1-secreting) and T. virens (Sm1-secreting), where synergistic elicitor accumulation could potentially lead to defense signal dysregulation and consequent loss of resistance in transgenic plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions Between Plants and Beneficial Microorganisms)

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12 pages, 967 KB

Open AccessArticle

Alkaloid Profile of Fifteen Different Species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidoideae) Collected in Spain

by María Lenny Rodríguez-Escobar, Vanessa Martínez-Francés, Segundo Ríos, Gabriela E. Feresin, Warley de Souza Borges, Jaume Bastida, Laura Torras-Claveria and Luciana R. Tallini

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2793; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172793 - 6 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Molecular diversity is a key component of overall biodiversity, playing a vital role in evolution. It results from the adaptation of organisms to various habitats, which impacts their survival. The Amaryllidoideae subfamily is a significant group of monocotyledonous plants known for producing an [...] Read more.

Molecular diversity is a key component of overall biodiversity, playing a vital role in evolution. It results from the adaptation of organisms to various habitats, which impacts their survival. The Amaryllidoideae subfamily is a significant group of monocotyledonous plants known for producing an exclusive and still-expanding group of molecules with diverse biological activities. Galanthamine (Gal), the most renowned metabolite from Amaryllidoideae subfamily, has been marketed for the palliative treatment of Alzheimer’s disease since 2001 due to its ability to inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Due to the high cost and low yield of its synthesis, pharmaceutical companies extract this drug from Amaryllidoideae plants, such as Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton in Europe and Lycoris radiata in China. The aim of this study was to describe the alkaloid profile of fifteen different species of Narcissus L. (commonly known as daffodils) collected in Spain using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Fifty-one alkaloids were identified and quantified within these species through our private library of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AA) built over the last four decades, while thirty structures remained not identified in thirteen of these species. The highest concentration of these nitrogenate metabolites was quantified in N. confusus, 541 μg Gal·100 mg⁻¹ DW, which also exhibited a notably high concentration of Gal, 301 μg Gal·100 mg⁻¹ DW, which represents about 55% of the alkaloids identified in this species. The species N. bujei was also found to contain a significant quantity of this compound, amounting to 103.2 μg Gal·100 mg⁻¹ DW. The plant N. assoanus harbored a total of seven unidentified compounds, indicating that this species could be a potentially important source of novel alkaloids. In conclusion, this study facilitates a direct comparison of alkaloid profiles for fifteen Narcissus plant species. This serves as a valuable tool for identifying possible new sources of galanthamine, as well as other novel medicinal alkaloids. Finally, this work presents the first alkaloid profile of the species N. minor and N. nevadensis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alkaloids: Chemical Structures with Pharmaceutical Potential)

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20 pages, 6273 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Endangerment of Luminitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt in China Based on Its Global Potential Suitable Areas

by Lin Sun, Zerui Li and Liejian Huang

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2792; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172792 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 389

Abstract

The survival status of Lumnitzera littorea is near threatened globally and critically endangered in China. Clarifying its global distribution pattern and its changing trends under different future climate models is of great significance for the protection and restoration of its endangered status. To [...] Read more.

The survival status of Lumnitzera littorea is near threatened globally and critically endangered in China. Clarifying its global distribution pattern and its changing trends under different future climate models is of great significance for the protection and restoration of its endangered status. To build a model for this purpose, this study selected 73 actual distribution points of Lumnitzera littorea worldwide, combined with 12 environmental factors, and simulated its potential suitable habitats in six periods: the Last Interglacial (130,000–115,000 years ago), the Last Glacial Maximum (27,000–19,000 years ago), the Mid-Holocene (6000 years ago), the present (1970–2000), and the future 2050s (2041–2060) and 2070s (2061–2080). The results show that the optimal model parameter combination is the regularization multiplier RM = 4.0 and the feature combination FC (Feature class) = L (Linear) + Q (Quadratic) + P (Product). The MaxEnt model has a low omission rate and a more concise model structure. The AUC values in each period are between 0.981 and 0.985, indicating relatively high prediction accuracy. Min temperature of the coldest month, mean diurnal range, clay content, precipitation of the warmest quarter, and elevation are the dominant environmental factors affecting its distribution. The environmental conditions for min temperature of the coldest month at ≥19.6 °C, mean diurnal range at <7.66 °C, clay content at 34.14%, precipitation of the warmest quarter at ≥570.04 mm, and elevation at >1.39 m are conducive to Lumnitzera littorea’s survival and distribution. The global potential distribution areas are located along coasts. Starting from the paleoclimate, the plant’s distribution has gradually expanded, and its adaptability has gradually improved. In China, the range of potential highly suitable habitats is relatively narrow. Hainan Island is the core potential habitat, but there are fragmented areas in regions such as Guangdong, Guangxi, and Taiwan. The modern centroid of Lumnitzera littorea is located at (109.81° E, 2.56° N), and it will shift to (108.44° E, 3.22° N) in the later stage of the high-emission scenario (2070s (SSP585)). Under global warming trends, it has a tendency to migrate to higher latitudes. The development of the aquaculture industry and human deforestation has damaged the habitats of Lumnitzera littorea, and its population size has been sharply and continuously decreasing. The breeding and renewal system has collapsed, seed abortion and seedling establishment failure are common, and genetic variation is too scarce. This may indicate why Lumnitzera littorea is near threatened globally and critically endangered in China. Therefore, the protection and restoration strategies we propose are as follows: strengthen the legislative guarantee and law enforcement supervision of the native distribution areas of Lumnitzera littorea, expanding its population size outside the native environment, and explore measures to improve its seed germination rate, systematically collecting and introducing foreign germplasm resources to increase its genetic diversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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15 pages, 2020 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome-Based Identification of Novel Transcription Factors Regulating Seed Storage Proteins in Rice

by Jinpyo So, Jong-Yeol Lee, Kyoungwon Cho, Suchan Park, Kyuhee Lee, Don-Kyu Kim and Oksoo Han

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2791; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172791 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 408

Abstract

Seed storage proteins (SSPs) play a pivotal role in determining the development, quality, and nutritional value of rice seeds. In this study, we conducted a transcriptome-based correlation analysis to identify novel transcription factors (TFs) potentially involved in the biosynthesis and accumulation of SSPs. [...] Read more.

Seed storage proteins (SSPs) play a pivotal role in determining the development, quality, and nutritional value of rice seeds. In this study, we conducted a transcriptome-based correlation analysis to identify novel transcription factors (TFs) potentially involved in the biosynthesis and accumulation of SSPs. Our analysis revealed nine TFs—OsGATA8, OsMIF1, OsMIF2, OsGZF1, OsbZIP58, OsS1Fa1, OsS1Fa2, OsICE2, and OsMYB24—that exhibit strong co-expression with key SSP genes, including those encoding glutelin and prolamin. Gene expression profiling using quantitative RT-PCR and GUS reporter assays revealed that these TFs are predominantly expressed during seed development, with peak expression observed at 10 days after flowering (DAF). Promoter analysis further demonstrated an enrichment of seed-specific and hormone-responsive cis-regulatory elements, reinforcing the seed-preferential expression patterns of these TFs. Collectively, our findings identify a set of candidate TFs likely involved in SSP regulation and seed maturation, providing a foundation for the genetic enhancement of rice seed quality and nutritional content through targeted breeding and biotechnological approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Breeding and Germplasm Improvement of Rice—2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 5675 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Polymorphisms of Invasive Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. in Localities of Slovakia Accessed by Bet v 1 Homologs Differ in Discrimination of Accessions and Show Their Outcrossing in This Area

by Lucia Klongová, Adam Kováčik, Veronika Štefúnová, Monika Tóthová and Jana Žiarovská

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2790; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172790 - 5 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is one of the invasive plants found in Europe. Research into this species is important not only in terms of environmental consequences but also in terms of human health, as it is an allergenic weed. Here, the genetic variability in the [...] Read more.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is one of the invasive plants found in Europe. Research into this species is important not only in terms of environmental consequences but also in terms of human health, as it is an allergenic weed. Here, the genetic variability in the accessions of common ragweed from three localities of the Slovak Republic was analysed. A Bet v 1-based amplified polymorphism was applied for degenerated and non-degenerated primers. Three of the five primer variants were able to distinguish all analysed accessions, and two primer combinations were able to distinguish two accessions in the same amplified fingerprint profile from Kicsina. Using the BBAP technique, between of 1 to 16 amplicons were obtained per 1 genotype of common ragweed within a range of 68 to 3266 base pairs. Using two of the BBAP primer variants, unique fragments were obtained. The results indicate that the outcrossing among Slovak genotypes of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. as non-specific BBAP profiles of individual analysed localities was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Alien Plant Species: From Phytochemical Diversity to Ecological Management)

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22 pages, 2377 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimising Olive Leaf Phenolic Compounds: Cultivar and Temporal Interactions

by Igor Pasković, Mario Franić, Theocharis Chatzistathis, Paula Pongrac, Paula Žurga, Valerija Majetić Germek, Igor Palčić, Smiljana Goreta Ban, Mariem Zakraoui, Šime Marcelić, Jure Mravlje, Joško Kaliterna and Marija Polić Pasković

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2789; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172789 - 5 Sep 2025

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Abstract

All olive (Olea europaea L.) plant tissues have a high phenolic content. However, the effects of the cultivar and sampling period on the tissue phenolic content remain almost unknown; in addition, the interactions between nutrient uptake and leaf phenol concentrations have not [...] Read more.

All olive (Olea europaea L.) plant tissues have a high phenolic content. However, the effects of the cultivar and sampling period on the tissue phenolic content remain almost unknown; in addition, the interactions between nutrient uptake and leaf phenol concentrations have not been clarified. This study sampled olive leaves to explore how the cultivar, sampling period, and their interaction affect leaf phenol and nutrient concentrations. Leaves were collected from six cultivars during three seasonal periods: harvest (October; SP1), dormancy (January; SP2), and pruning (March; SP3). Five were Istrian cultivars (‘Bova’, ‘Buža muška’, ‘Buža puntoža’, ‘Istarska bjelica’, ‘Rošinjola’), and one was the Italian cultivar ‘Leccino’. Phenolic profiles in olive leaves were correlated with potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and copper (Cu) concentrations. However, significant correlations between these nutrients and oleuropein, verbascoside, and total phenolic content (TPC) were determined only for ‘Rošinjola’. Oleuropein was the most abundant phenolic compound, while among genotypes, ‘Buža muška’ showed the highest oleuropein levels across all sampling periods, indicating its potential source of oleuropein in olive leaves. Seasonal variations in olive leaf phenolic compounds appear to be strongly influenced by phenological phase, nutrient dynamics, and weather conditions, as confirmed by multivariate analysis across sampling periods and cultivars. The findings emphasise the importance of selecting both an appropriate cultivar and sampling period to maximise the accumulation of olive leaf phenolic compounds. Nevertheless, long-term experimentation on cultivars with a high leaf phenolic potential, like ‘Buža muška’ and ‘Rošinjola’, is necessary in order to develop appropriate farming strategies for maximising phenolic compounds with human or plant health benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemical Insights into Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Aromatic, Medicinal, and Food Plants: Regulation, Stress Response, and Bioactive Potential)

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20 pages, 631 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ethnobotany in a Modern City: The Persistence in the Use of Medicinal Plants in Guadalajara, Mexico

by Rosa Elena Martínez-González, Francisco Martín Huerta-Martínez, Cecilia Neri-Luna, Lucía Barrientos-Ramírez and Alejandro Muñoz-Urias

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2788; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172788 - 5 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The traditional use of medicinal plants around the world has a long history, predominantly in low- and middle-income countries. Previous ethnobotanical research pertaining to urban environments demonstrated that the legacy of the use of medicinal plant species persists worldwide; however, information about the [...] Read more.

The traditional use of medicinal plants around the world has a long history, predominantly in low- and middle-income countries. Previous ethnobotanical research pertaining to urban environments demonstrated that the legacy of the use of medicinal plant species persists worldwide; however, information about the main city in the occidental part of Mexico is scarce regarding this traditional knowledge and its variation during the last few decades. A database was created from interviews with local people who had inhabited the oldest neighborhoods of Guadalajara for at least 30 years and by using different electronic databases. In addition, the correct taxonomic identification of species was supported via corroboration through local and other digital herbariums. Furthermore, a Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) was performed on the database information to search for relationships among the medicinal plant species used. An inventory of 137 medicinal plants was created, where the plant species most commonly used in the five old neighborhoods of Guadalajara City were muicle (Justicia spicigera Schltdl.), pirul (Schinus molle L.), manzanilla (Matricaria chamomilla L.), valeriana (Valeriana sp.), calabaza (Cucurbita pepo L.), cola de caballo (Equisetum arvense L.), tepezcohuite (Mimosa tenuiflora Poir.), salvia (Salvia officinalis L.), canela (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl.), tila estrella (Tilia americana var. mexicana (Schltdl.) Hardin), cedrón (Aloysia citrodora Paláu), uva (Vitis vinifera L.), jengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and gobernadora (Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville). Illnesses of the cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, respiratory, nervous, muscular and reproductive systems, as well as culture-bound syndromes, were mostly treated with these plant species. Moreover, J. spicigera, M. chamomilla and L. tridentata were used for eight medical purposes, followed by Z. officinale with five medicinal practices. In contrast, only two medicinal uses were recorded for C. pepo, M. tenuiflora and S. officinale. The PCoA explained 65.88% of the variation accumulated at the first three ordination axes and formed four groups of species, which were related to their geographical origin. Eight of the fourteen species that are commonly used as medicinal plants are from America, and the rest come from Europe and Asia. This study confirms the persistence of traditional knowledge related to medicinal plants, and the diseases empirically addressed among the inhabitants of Guadalajara City are common in other parts of the world and in different regions of Mexico. These findings are supported by electronic databases that comprise multiple studies related to the phytochemical compounds and medical validation regarding their biological activity, supporting the empirical use and efficacy of these medicinal plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Resources and Ethnobotany in Aromatic and Medicinal Plants)

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17 pages, 2985 KB

Open AccessArticle

Corn Stover Biochar Amendment Enhances Nitrogen and Phosphorus Transformations, Microbial Community Diversity, and Enzyme Activities in Agricultural Soil

by Baihui Li, Jie Zhang, Tingting Chang, Qianqian Wu, Hanyu Zheng and Dong Zhang

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2787; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172787 - 5 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Corn stover biochar amendment significantly influences nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) transformations, microbial community composition, and enzyme activities in continuous cropping soils. This study aimed to identify the optimal biochar application rate for enhancing N and P nutrient availability in Solanum lycopersicum L. [...] Read more.

Corn stover biochar amendment significantly influences nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) transformations, microbial community composition, and enzyme activities in continuous cropping soils. This study aimed to identify the optimal biochar application rate for enhancing N and P nutrient availability in Solanum lycopersicum L. continuous cropping systems, providing theoretical and technical foundations for mitigating continuous cropping obstacles. A soil experiment under rain-out shelters employed four treatments: 1% biochar (BA1), 3% biochar (BA3), 5% biochar (BA5), and a non-amended control (BA0). The results indicated that biochar amendment significantly elevated available phosphorus content in the soil while effectively suppressing its vertical migration; nitrate N content increased under BA1 treatment but decreased in the BA3 and BA5 groups; and the strength of the inhibition effect of biochar treatment on the vertical migration of nitrate N was BA1 > BA5 > BA0 > BA3. The addition of biochar treatment had no significant effect on the content of ammonium N but could inhibit the vertical migration of ammonium N. The addition of biochar treatment could increase the soil’s ammonium N content. The addition of biochar treatment increased soil catalase and urease and sucrase activities, decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, led to the promotion of nitrate reductase activity at low doses and its inhibition at high doses, and resulted in BA1 treatment having the largest soil enzyme index (SEI), which was the most favorable to increase the overall level of soil enzyme activities. Biochar significantly increased the relative abundance of Patescibacteria and Ciliophora while reducing Gemmatimonadota, Acidobacteriota, Nitrospirota, Ascomycota, and Chlorophyta. Comprehensive evaluation using gray relational analysis (GRA) demonstrated that the addition of 5% biochar resulted in the optimal overall performance, enhancing nitrogen and phosphorus transformation, improving microbial community structure, and harmonizing enzyme activities, thereby exhibiting considerable potential for alleviating the nutrient limitations of nitrogen and phosphorus in continuous cropping soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Microbial Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture)

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25 pages, 3939 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Application of ENOD40 and CEP1 Peptides Boosts Symbiotic Signaling Gene Expression and Productivity in Common Bean

by Hector Cántaro-Segura and Doris Zúñiga-Dávila

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2786; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172786 - 5 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Small signaling peptides play crucial roles in the regulation of legume–rhizobia symbiosis, yet their potential as exogenous biostimulants remains largely unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the effects of foliar application of the synthetic peptides ENOD40 and CEP1 on common bean (Phaseolus [...] Read more.

Small signaling peptides play crucial roles in the regulation of legume–rhizobia symbiosis, yet their potential as exogenous biostimulants remains largely unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the effects of foliar application of the synthetic peptides ENOD40 and CEP1 on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under both greenhouse and field conditions. Using a factorial design, we examined gene expression patterns, nodulation parameters, and yield-related traits in response to peptide treatments alone or in combination with Rhizobium. Results showed that ENOD40 and CEP1 significantly enhanced the transcription of key symbiotic signaling genes (PvENOD40, PvSYMRK, PvCCaMK, PvCYCLOPS, PvVAPYRIN) and modulated defense-related genes (PvAOS, PvICS), with the strongest effects observed at concentrations of 10⁻⁷ M and 10⁻⁸ M. In greenhouse assays, peptide-treated plants exhibited increased root and shoot biomass, nodule number, and seed yield. Field trials confirmed these responses, with CEP1 10⁻⁷ M + Rhizobium treatment achieving the highest grain yield (3322 kg ha⁻¹). Our findings provide the first evidence that ENOD40 and CEP1 peptides can function as foliar-applied biostimulants to enhance nodulation efficiency and improve yield in legumes. This approach offers a promising and sustainable strategy to reduce chemical nitrogen inputs and support biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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17 pages, 4743 KB

Open AccessArticle

Climate-Driven Vegetation Distribution and Wetland Expansion at the Edge of Jiangjiadian Grassland, Northeastern China

by Xiaodong Wang, Xiaoqiang Li, Long Fei, Xiaohui Liu and Mei Zhang

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2785; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172785 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 345

Abstract

There is a close relationship between vegetation distribution and climate pattern in grassland areas, and offering insights into the climate–vegetation relationship may provide significant references for in-depth research on the response of plant community dynamics to climate change. In this study, we took [...] Read more.

There is a close relationship between vegetation distribution and climate pattern in grassland areas, and offering insights into the climate–vegetation relationship may provide significant references for in-depth research on the response of plant community dynamics to climate change. In this study, we took the edge of the Jiangjiadian grassland in China as the research area. Using plant plots and climate data, the climate–vegetation relationship was revealed in relation to climate change on the grassland edge. The research results show that the relative frequency (RF), density (RD), height (RH), and coverage (RC) of Phragmites australis, a typical wetland plant, are the highest among the 10 common species tested. The path coefficient of mean temperature in October (MMTO) to the RD is 0.06 (p < 0.01), and the path coefficient of precipitation in October (POct) to the relative height (RH) is 0.62 (p < 0.05), indicating that the spatial pattern of climate has a significant impact on plant distribution. The temperature and the precipitation increases are associated with the trend regarding the transformation from grassland to wetland. Overall, 34 of the 360 correlation coefficients between climate indices and plant indices reached a significant level (p < 0.05), indicating that the relationship between wetland trends and the climate spatial pattern is very complex in relation to climate change in the past 25 years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Ecological Responses of Arctic and Alpine Plants to Climate Change)

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28 pages, 3770 KB

Open AccessReview

Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Biotechnology to Enhance Cold Stress Resilience in Legumes

by Kai Wang, Lei Xia, Xuetong Yang, Chang Du, Tong Tang, Zheng Yang, Shijie Ma, Xinjian Wan, Feng Guan, Bo Shi, Yuanyuan Xie and Jingyun Zhang

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2784; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172784 - 5 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Cold stress severely limits legume productivity, threatening global food security, particularly in climate-vulnerable regions. This review synthesizes advances in understanding and enhancing cold tolerance in key legumes (chickpea, soybean, lentil, and cowpea), addressing three core questions: (1) molecular/physiological foundations of cold tolerance; (2) [...] Read more.

Cold stress severely limits legume productivity, threatening global food security, particularly in climate-vulnerable regions. This review synthesizes advances in understanding and enhancing cold tolerance in key legumes (chickpea, soybean, lentil, and cowpea), addressing three core questions: (1) molecular/physiological foundations of cold tolerance; (2) how emerging technologies accelerate stress dissection and breeding; and (3) integration strategies and deployment challenges. Legume cold tolerance involves conserved pathways (e.g., ICE-CBF-COR, Inducer of CBF Expression, C-repeat Binding Factor, Cold-Responsive genes) and species-specific mechanisms like soybean’s GmTCF1a-mediated pathway. Multi-omics have identified critical genes (e.g., CaDREB1E in chickpea, NFR5 in pea) underlying adaptive traits (membrane stabilization, osmolyte accumulation) that reduce yield losses by 30–50% in tolerant genotypes. Technologically, AI and high-throughput phenotyping achieve >95% accuracy in early cold detection (3–7 days pre-symptoms) via hyperspectral/thermal imaging; deep learning (e.g., CNN-LSTM hybrids) improves trait prediction by 23% over linear models. Genomic selection cuts breeding cycles by 30–50% (to 3–5 years) using GEBVs (Genomic estimated breeding values) from hundreds of thousands of SNPs (Single-nucleotide polymorphisms). Advanced sensors (LIG-based, LoRaWAN) enable real-time monitoring (±0.1 °C precision, <30 s response), supporting precision irrigation that saves 15–40% water while maintaining yields. Key barriers include multi-omics data standardization and cost constraints in resource-limited regions. Integrating molecular insights with AI-driven phenomics and multi-omics is revolutionizing cold-tolerance breeding, accelerating climate-resilient variety development, and offering a blueprint for sustainable agricultural adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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16 pages, 1406 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptional Regulation of the Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) Gene Family in Mulberry Under Chitosan-Induced Stress

by Apidet Rakpenthai, Mutsumi Watanabe, Arunee Wongkaew and Sutkhet Nakasathien

Plants 2025, 14(17), 2783; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172783 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 291

Abstract

Regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway is critical for plant development and defense. This research investigates the transcriptional control of six Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) gene homologs identified in the mulberry genome. A comprehensive in silico pipeline was employed to analyze the promoter [...] Read more.

Regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway is critical for plant development and defense. This research investigates the transcriptional control of six Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) gene homologs identified in the mulberry genome. A comprehensive in silico pipeline was employed to analyze the promoter architecture of these genes. Using the MEME suite, we identified three statistically significant conserved motifs within the 2000 bp upstream region. Subsequent TF binding prediction with FootprintDB for these motifs implicated the TCP, NAC, AP2/ERF, B3, and BBR-BPC families as potential regulators. A parallel analysis with PlantRegMap highlighted a high density of binding sites for the BBR-BPC and AP2/ERF families in the core promoter regions. A comparative analysis showed a weak correlation between the databases, underscoring the necessity of a multi-faceted predictive approach. Transcriptomic profiling under chitosan-induced conditions validated our in silico framework, suggesting the involvement of these TF families. Specifically, the data support NAC083 as a putative transcriptional activator and suggest a repressive function for members of the AP2/ERF and BBR-BPC families, providing a robust, experimentally supported model of PAL regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transcriptome Analysis and Gene Regulation in Plant Growth Development, 3rd Edition)

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Plants, Volume 14, Issue 17 (September-1 2025) – 206 articles

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