Plants

17 pages, 2562 KB

Open AccessArticle

StSUT2 Regulates Cell Wall Architecture and Biotic Stress Responses in Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)

by Huiling Gong, Hongmei Li, Chenxia Wang, Qian Kui, Leonce Dusengemungu, Xia Cai and Zaiping Feng

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2941; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182941 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 494

Abstract

Plant sucrose transporters (SUTs) are essential membrane proteins that mediate sucrose phloem loading in source tissues and unloading in sink tissues. In addition to their role in carbohydrate partitioning, SUTs have been implicated in plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Our [...] Read more.

Plant sucrose transporters (SUTs) are essential membrane proteins that mediate sucrose phloem loading in source tissues and unloading in sink tissues. In addition to their role in carbohydrate partitioning, SUTs have been implicated in plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Our previous research demonstrated that silencing StSUT2 in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) affects plant growth, flowering time, and tuber yield, with transcriptomic analysis suggesting its involvement in cell wall metabolic pathways. In this study, we further investigated the effects of StSUT2 inhibition on the cell wall structure and biotic stress response of potatoes. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the tuber cell wall thickness of the StSUT2 RNA interference (RNAi) line RNAi-2 was reduced by 7.8%, and the intercellular space was increased by 214% compared with the wild-type plants. Biochemical analyses showed that StSUT2 silencing significantly decreased cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents in both the leaves and tubers, e.g., tuber cellulose reduced by up to 20.1%, while pectin levels remained unaffected, with distinct effects on source leaves and sink tubers’ organs. Additionally, activities of cellulase, xyloglucan glycosyltransferase/hydrolase XTH, and polygalacturonase were elevated in RNAi lines, e.g., leaf cellulase increased by 43.3%, whereas the pectinase activity was unchanged. Pathogen inoculation assays demonstrated that StSUT2 RNAi lines were more susceptible to Ralstonia solanacearum bacterial wilt and Fusarium sulphureum dry rot, showing larger leaf lesions, wider tuber necrotic plaques, and severe seedling wilting. These findings demonstrate that silencing StSUT2 regulates the cell wall structure, composition, and the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes, thereby reducing the plant’s resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Plant Survival Strategies: Physiological and Biochemical Adaptations)

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17 pages, 1270 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Diversification of the Genus Clinopodium (Lamiaceae) from the Balkans with an Emphasis on the Transferred Groups Calamintha, Acinos, and the Sect. Pseudomelissa

by Smiljana Janković, Tanja Dodoš, Petar D. Marin, Jelica Obradović Novaković and Nemanja Rajčević

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2940; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182940 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 436

Abstract

Clinopodium is a morphologically highly diverse and taxonomically intricate genus. Molecular studies have demonstrated high divergence within the genus, and there is no consensus on the taxonomic treatment of some groups classified as Clinopodium. The current phylogenetic understanding of the genus relies [...] Read more.

Clinopodium is a morphologically highly diverse and taxonomically intricate genus. Molecular studies have demonstrated high divergence within the genus, and there is no consensus on the taxonomic treatment of some groups classified as Clinopodium. The current phylogenetic understanding of the genus relies almost exclusively on the analysis of the trnK and trnL-trnF sequences. In Clinopodium s.s., there is no phylogenetic backbone based on nuclear sequences. Therefore, in this study, we included a larger number of plastid and nuclear markers to better understand the diversification of natural populations of the genus Clinopodium from the Balkans. We encompassed the wild-growing taxa from former genera that have now been integrated into Clinopodium: Calamintha, Acinos, and section Pseudomelissa from the genus Micromeria. The markers that displayed the highest informativeness in the in silico analysis were selected. Four nuclear loci (ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2, ETS) and seven plastid loci (rps16-trnK^UUU, rpl32-trnL^UAG, rps15-ycf1, psbA-trnH^GUG, rps16-trnQ^UUG, petN-psbM, psbK-trnS^UGA) were used to analyse the phylogenetic relationships between the Balkan species and subspecies currently classified into Clinopodium. Phylogenetic reconstructions showed the divergence of the two lineages with different diversification patterns. Nuclear markers have shown that the three groups within the clade Clinopodium s.s. have evolved separately, which is consistent with earlier phenetic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Systematics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Classification)

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23 pages, 1679 KB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Agricultural Nanotechnology: An Updated Review

by Mario Pagano, Erika Lunetta, Francesco Belli, Giacomo Mocarli, Claudia Cocozza and Ilaria Cacciotti

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2939; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182939 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1393

Abstract

Sustainable agriculture aims to meet the growing food demands of a rising global population while minimizing negative impacts on the environment, preserving natural resources, and ensuring long-term agricultural productivity. However, conventional agricultural practices often involve excessive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and water, [...] Read more.

Sustainable agriculture aims to meet the growing food demands of a rising global population while minimizing negative impacts on the environment, preserving natural resources, and ensuring long-term agricultural productivity. However, conventional agricultural practices often involve excessive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and water, leading to soil degradation, water pollution, and ecosystem imbalances. In this context, agricultural nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative field, offering innovative solutions to enhance crop productivity, improve soil health, and ensure sustainable agricultural practices. This review has explored the wide-ranging uses of nanotechnology in agriculture, highlighting innovative plant-targeted delivery systems—such as polymer-based nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, dendrimers, metal oxide particles, and nanoemulsions—as well as its contributions to minimizing pesticide application, alleviating plant stress, and improving interactions between plants and nanoparticles. By examining recent research and development, the review highlights the potential of nanotechnology to address critical challenges such as pest resistance, nutrient management, and environmental sustainability. In conclusion, we believe that, in the immediate future, key priorities should include: (1) scaling up field trials to validate laboratory findings, (2) developing biodegradable nanomaterials to ensure environmental safety, and (3) integrating nanotechnology with digital agriculture platforms to enable real-time monitoring and adaptive management. These steps are essential for translating promising research into practical, sustainable solutions that can effectively support global food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanotechnology for Monitoring and Enhancing Plant Physiological Responses Under Environmental Stress)

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14 pages, 1840 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nectar in Plant Species Fragaria vesca L.

by Katja Malovrh, Jože Bavcon, Mitja Križman and Blanka Ravnjak

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2938; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182938 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 345

Abstract

Fragaria vesca L. is a common plant species in Slovenia. It flowers from May to July. Our study was conducted throughout the 2024 season in two locations at which we sampled nectar in F. vesca flowers. To take the nectar samples, we used [...] Read more.

Fragaria vesca L. is a common plant species in Slovenia. It flowers from May to July. Our study was conducted throughout the 2024 season in two locations at which we sampled nectar in F. vesca flowers. To take the nectar samples, we used microcapillaries. We studied Fragaria vesca nectar production and its composition (sugars, amino acids, and phenolic compounds) throughout the day. We had some problems with sampling nectar in the afternoon, which affected our research, since there were times during which we could not obtain any samples. F. vesca on average secreted 0.02 μL nectar per one flower sample. Our data show that nectar production is highest in the morning, nectar is hexose-dominant, and the time of day affects the sugar concentration, which reaches a maximum at noon. The most common amino acid in F. vesca nectar is proline, and the amino acid concentration is highest in the morning. Quercetin and rutin are common phenolic compounds in the nectar of F. vesca, and the concentration of phenolic acids is highest at noon, as bees are the most active in the spring when mornings are colder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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30 pages, 3034 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing Sustainable Agriculture: Molecular and Physiological Insights into Rapeseed Responsiveness to Organic Amendment Fertilization

by Pedro J. Picazo, María Ancín, Bertrand Gakière, Françoise Gilard, David Soba, Angie L. Gámez, Diane Houdusse and Iker Aranjuelo

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2937; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182937 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 449

Abstract

The widespread use of chemical fertilizers has raised concerns because of their environmental impacts, including soil degradation, water contamination, and biodiversity loss. The integration of organic amendments into agricultural systems provides a sustainable alternative. This study investigates the molecular and physiological traits underlying [...] Read more.

The widespread use of chemical fertilizers has raised concerns because of their environmental impacts, including soil degradation, water contamination, and biodiversity loss. The integration of organic amendments into agricultural systems provides a sustainable alternative. This study investigates the molecular and physiological traits underlying rapeseed responses to organic amendments based on poultry and plant material mixed with the soil. Plant growth, CO₂ assimilation, metabolic, proteomic, and soil microbial analyses were performed. Results show a significant stimulation of plant growth (100%) and leaf biomass (200%) following amendment application. This response is attributed to enhanced efficiency in light energy use for CO₂ fixation, increased carbohydrate and amino acid production, and improved biomass and yield. Increased upregulation of proteins and antioxidant metabolites such as abscisic acid (ABA) indicates an enhanced capacity to cope with oxidative stress. The amendments activated metabolic mechanisms that improved redox balance and homeostasis, including more efficient light energy use and enhanced antioxidant synthesis. Furthermore, the organic amendments promoted Actinobacteria in the soil, contributing to improved soil quality. These metabolic responses may enhance plant resilience against oxidative stress and environmental fluctuations. These findings highlight promising strategies to enhance crop productivity and resilience, advancing sustainable agriculture and strengthening future food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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11 pages, 1315 KB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Optimization of In Vitro Ovule Culture System in Upland Cotton

by Li Zhang, Congcong Zheng, Aijuan Wang, Xuehui Huo, Xiaoying Wu, Jialin Liu, Yupeng Fan, Jianlong Dai and Fanchang Zeng

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2936; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182936 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 394

Abstract

In vitro ovule culture serves as an experimental platform for exploring the growth and development processes of cotton fibers. However, over the decades, research on the in vitro ovule culture of upland cotton has remained underdeveloped. In this study, ovules collected 2 days [...] Read more.

In vitro ovule culture serves as an experimental platform for exploring the growth and development processes of cotton fibers. However, over the decades, research on the in vitro ovule culture of upland cotton has remained underdeveloped. In this study, ovules collected 2 days post-anthesis (2 DPA) from the upland cotton genetic standard line TM-1 were used to investigate the effects of carbon sources (glucose, fructose, sucrose), kinetin (KT), and glutamine (Gln) on ovule growth and observed fiber development in vitro. The results showed that the ovules grew more favorably on a medium supplemented with 0.05 M glucose, 0.02 M fructose, and their degradation products as carbon sources. Regarding the role of KT, it has a slight inhibitory effect on the development of cotton fiber in vitro at a lower concentration (0.1 mg/L). However, as the concentration increased (0.5 mg/L), its effect shifted to promotion. Additionally, Gln demonstrated the ability to enhance the characteristics of fiber fluffiness. In this study, the optimized formula for the in vitro ovule culture of upland cotton was established. This method provides an improved technical system for the in vitro ovule culture of upland cotton, holding great potential for fiber function genomics and seed bioengineering in cotton. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Tissue Culture and Plant Regeneration)

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18 pages, 7813 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Functional Analysis of OsPEAMT1 and OsPEAMT2 Genes in Rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)

by Jinde Yu, Yuying Zhang, Shaojie Ma, Xia Wen, Ning Zhao, Xiaofei Feng, Dan Zong and Jing Li

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2935; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182935 - 22 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 377

Abstract

Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT) is a key enzyme that catalyzes three successive methylation steps of phosphoethanolamine (P-EA) to phosphocholine (P-Cho). Meanwhile, P-Cho is a major precursor of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and glycine betaine (GB), which are involved in cell signal transduction, stress response, etc. [...] Read more.

Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT) is a key enzyme that catalyzes three successive methylation steps of phosphoethanolamine (P-EA) to phosphocholine (P-Cho). Meanwhile, P-Cho is a major precursor of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and glycine betaine (GB), which are involved in cell signal transduction, stress response, etc. Therefore, the PEAMT gene plays an essential role in plant growth and development as well as stress resistance. There are two homologous PEAMT genes in rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica), namely, OsPEAMT1 and OsPEAMT2. However, there has not been any comprehensive functional analysis of these two genes. Here, we employed bioinformatics methods to analyze the amino acid sequences and promoters of OsPEAMT1 and OsPEAMT2, and found that both proteins contain two methyltransferase domains. OsPEAMT1 is highly similar with ZmPEAMT, and OsPEAMT2 is closely related to LmPEAMT and TaPEAMT. There are abundant plant hormone response elements, stress response elements and low-temperature response elements in the promoters of OsPEAMT1 and OsPEAMT2. The in vitro enzymatic activity assays of recombinant proteins of OsPEAMT1 and OsPEAMT2 indicated that they can catalyze the production of P-Cho from P-EA, respectively. Meanwhile, the endogenous P-Cho content increased significantly (p < 0.05) when exogenous P-EA was added to rice. These indicate that OsPEAMT1 and OsPEAMT2 proteins have catalytic functions in vivo and in vitro. The expression patterns of both genes are different in different tissues, flowers and seeds at various developmental stages. Additionally, both genes have different responses to salt and low-temperature stress. This study supplies valuable insights into the function of OsPEAMT1 and OsPEAMT2, and it will provide key targets for rice molecular breeding, offering important insights for the development of rice with stress resistance and high yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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26 pages, 9049 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological, Biochemical, and Transcriptomic Responses to Iron Deficiency in Two Potato Varieties

by Xiangying Ma, Yanping Zhang, Shenglong Yang, Miaomiao He, Yun Zhou, Guangji Ye and Jian Wang

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2934; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182934 - 21 Sep 2025

Viewed by 558

Abstract

This study aimed to elucidate the physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional regulatory responses of potato plants to iron deficiency stress. Two potato varieties were selected for analysis: 05P (high tuber iron content) and CI5 (low tuber iron content). Tissue culture seedlings of both varieties [...] Read more.

This study aimed to elucidate the physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional regulatory responses of potato plants to iron deficiency stress. Two potato varieties were selected for analysis: 05P (high tuber iron content) and CI5 (low tuber iron content). Tissue culture seedlings of both varieties were subjected to iron deficiency, and the effects on stem length, root length, fresh weight, soluble sugar and protein contents, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) values were evaluated. Additionally, the impact of iron deficiency on zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) concentrations in different tissues were analyzed. Transcriptomic sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were performed on various seedling tissues. The results showed that iron deficiency significantly inhibited seedling growth and development, resulting in reduced plant height and fresh weight, increased root length, decreased leaf SPAD content, and elevated soluble sugar and protein concentration. SOD, POD, and MDA activities were also significantly increased. Elemental analysis revealed that iron deficiency enhanced the uptake and accumulation of Zn, Mg, Ca, Mn, and Cu across different tissues. Transcriptomic analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) significantly enriched in pathways related to photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, and ribosome function in roots, stems, and leaves. Iron deficiency induced the upregulation of H⁺-ATPase genes in roots (PGSC0003DMG400004101, PGSC0003DMG400033034), acidifying the rhizosphere to increase active iron availability. Subsequently, this was followed by the upregulation of FRO genes (PGSC0003DMG400000184, PGSC0003DMG400010125, PGSC0003DMG401009494, PGSC0003DMG401018223), which reduce Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺, and activation of IRT genes, facilitating Fe²⁺ transport to various tissues. Iron deficiency also reduced SPAD content in leaves, negatively impacting photosynthesis and overall plant growth. In response, the osmotic regulation and antioxidant defense systems were activated, enabling the plant to mitigate iron deficiency stress. Additionally, the absorption and accumulation of other metal ions were enhanced, likely as a compensatory mechanism for iron scarcity. At the transcriptional level, iron deficiency induced the expression of genes involved in metal absorption and transport, as well as those related to photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, and ribosomal function, thereby supporting iron homeostasis and maintaining metabolic balance under stress conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solanaceae Plants Genetics)

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21 pages, 9820 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Deep Water-Saving Practice Effects on Crop Coefficients and Water Consumption Processes in Cultivated Land–Wasteland–Lake Systems of the Hetao Irrigation District

by Jiamin Li, Guoshuai Wang, Delong Tian, Hexiang Zheng, Haibin Shi, Zekun Li, Jie Ren and Ruiping Li

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2933; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182933 - 21 Sep 2025

Viewed by 394

Abstract

Water scarcity, soil salinization, and desertification threaten sustainable agricultural ecosystems of Hetao irrigation district, Yellow River Basin (YRB). Precise quantification of soil water dynamics and plant water consumption processes is essential for the agricultural sustainability of the irrigation district. Therefore, this study mainly [...] Read more.

Water scarcity, soil salinization, and desertification threaten sustainable agricultural ecosystems of Hetao irrigation district, Yellow River Basin (YRB). Precise quantification of soil water dynamics and plant water consumption processes is essential for the agricultural sustainability of the irrigation district. Therefore, this study mainly focused on the crop coefficients and water consumption processes of three representative plant types in the Hetao irrigation district, each corresponding to a specific land system: Helianthus annuus (cultivated land), Tamarix chinensis (wasteland), and Phragmites australis (lake). The SIMDualKc model was calibrated and validated based on situ observation data (soil water content and yield) during 2018 (conventional conditions), 2023 and 2024 (deep water-saving conditions). Results show strong agreement between simulated and observed soil moisture and crop yields. The results indicate that the process curves of K_cb (basal crop coefficient) and K_cb_adj (adjusted crop coefficient) nearly overlapped for the three plant types in 2018 and 2023. However, under the deep water-saving project implemented in 2024, the K_cb_adj process curves for all three plant types exhibited a significant reduction (approximately 15%). Soil evaporation fractions (E/ET_c_adj) were stable at 19–30% during the 2018, 2023, and 2024. The contribution of capillary rise to ET reached 38.61–43.18% in cultivated land (Helianthus annuus), 41.52–48.93% in wasteland (Tamarix chinensis), and 38.08–46.57% in lake boundary areas (Phragmites australis), which underscores the significant role of groundwater recharge in sustaining plant water consumption. Actual-to-potential transpiration ratios (T_a/T_p) during 2023–2024 decreased by 3–11% for Helianthus annuus, 5–12% for Tamarix chinensis, and 23% for Phragmites australis compared to T_a/T_p values in 2018. Capillary rise decreased approximately 10% during the whole system. Deep water-saving practices increased the groundwater depth and restricted groundwater recharge to plants via capillary rise, thereby impairing plant transpiration and growth. These findings provide scientific support for sustainable agriculture and ecological security in the Yellow River Basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

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15 pages, 2012 KB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of Highly Virulent Beauveria bassiana Strains Against Tuta absoluta Larvae and Evaluation of Their Endophytic Colonization-Mediated Suppression in Tomato Plants

by Bo Xu, Cong Huang, Sheng Cheng, Jörg Romeis, Jana Collatz, Guifen Zhang, Yibo Zhang, Guohui Zhang and Fanghao Wan

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2932; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182932 - 21 Sep 2025

Viewed by 592

Abstract

To identify highly virulent Beauveria bassiana strains against Tuta absoluta and evaluate their biocontrol potential, four strains were phylogenetically characterized via ITS sequence analysis of rDNA and assessed for virulence against second-instar T. absoluta larvae. Foliar spray and root irrigation methods were used [...] Read more.

To identify highly virulent Beauveria bassiana strains against Tuta absoluta and evaluate their biocontrol potential, four strains were phylogenetically characterized via ITS sequence analysis of rDNA and assessed for virulence against second-instar T. absoluta larvae. Foliar spray and root irrigation methods were used to establish B. bassiana endophytic colonization in tomato plants, with untreated plants serving as controls. A population life table was constructed to quantify the impact of colonized plants on larval development, fecundity, and key demographic parameters. Results showed variation in virulence among the four B. bassiana strains Bb1Bm, Bb2Bm, Bb1M, and BbC with Bb1Bm exhibiting the highest pathogenicity (85.00% corrected mortality at 1 × 10⁸ spores/mL). Maximum endophytic colonization in tomato leaves was observed 14 days post-inoculation with both foliar spray and root irrigation treatments. Life table analyses revealed that T. absoluta feeding on colonized plants exhibited significantly reduced survival rates, shorter adult lifespans, and lower female fecundity compared to controls. Key population parameters, including net reproductive rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ), were significantly reduced, while mean generation time (T) was significantly prolonged. These findings highlight the dual role of B. bassiana in T. absoluta management, demonstrating its potential as both a direct pathogen and an endophytic biocontrol agent capable of disrupting pest population dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Protection)

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13 pages, 1040 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of High- and Low-Cadmium (Cd)-Accumulating Rice Cultivars Using Combined Molecular Markers

by Chengcheng Wang, Fangfang Ding, Qinlei Rong, Zhihong Lu, Junru Fu and Chunhuo Zhou

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2931; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182931 - 20 Sep 2025

Viewed by 639

Abstract

Rice grain is a primary dietary source of cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal toxic to humans. Reducing Cd accumulation in rice through selecting and breeding low-Cd-accumulating cultivars is very important. However, field-based screening for low-Cd rice cultivars remains labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this [...] Read more.

Rice grain is a primary dietary source of cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal toxic to humans. Reducing Cd accumulation in rice through selecting and breeding low-Cd-accumulating cultivars is very important. However, field-based screening for low-Cd rice cultivars remains labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this study, we identified molecular marker genotypes that can distinguish high- and low-Cd-accumulating rice cultivars. We developed corresponding genotypes for marker-assisted selection of low-Cd cultivars in both early and late rice varieties. Fifty-nine locally adapted, high-yielding early rice cultivars and thirty-seven locally adapted, high-yielding late rice cultivars were grown in two fields with different soil Cd levels and genotyped using molecular markers associated with grain Cd accumulation. We identified five early rice cultivars that consistently showed low Cd accumulation, with grain Cd concentrations below the food safety threshold of 0.2 mg kg⁻¹ across two paddy fields. For early rice, we developed two low-Cd combined molecular marker genotypes (Multi-LCL1 and Multi-LCL2) that had significantly lower grain Cd content compared to Multi-LCL3 and Multi-LCL4. For late rice, the low-Cd combined molecular marker genotype Multi-CL1 showed substantially reduced grain Cd levels relative to Multi-CL2-CL5. These findings suggest that the combined molecular marker genotypes Multi-LCL1/LCL2 for early rice and Multi-CL1 for late rice are practical tools for quickly identifying cultivars with low Cd accumulation potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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17 pages, 529 KB

Open AccessArticle

LED Light Treatments Induce Activation of the Antioxidant Defense System in Thymus mastichina L.

by Gustavo J. Cáceres-Cevallos, Almudena Bayo-Canha, María Quílez and María J. Jordán

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2930; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182930 - 20 Sep 2025

Viewed by 443

Abstract

This study investigated how different spectral ranges of LED light affect the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant systems in Thymus mastichina L., focusing on two ecotypes with distinct chemotypes: linalool and eucalyptol. The ecotypes were exposed to white, red, blue, red-blue (70:30), [...] Read more.

This study investigated how different spectral ranges of LED light affect the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant systems in Thymus mastichina L., focusing on two ecotypes with distinct chemotypes: linalool and eucalyptol. The ecotypes were exposed to white, red, blue, red-blue (70:30), white-blue, or white-red light for 30 days under a 16/8 h light/dark cycle (115 μmol/m²s). Photosynthetic pigment content, lipid oxidative damage, antioxidant capacities, and both enzymatic (SOD, CAT) and non-enzymatic (tocopherols and polyphenols) antioxidant systems were assessed. For the linalool chemotype, red-blue light significantly increased carotenoid content, antioxidant capacity, and catalase activity, while elevating levels of plastochromanol-8 and phenolic compounds such as salvianolic acid B, rosmarinic acid, and 6-OH-apigenin-7-hexoside, thereby reducing oxidative stress. In contrast, for the eucalyptol chemotype, pure red light produced the most significant enhancements in carotenoid synthesis and antioxidant defenses, substantial increases in key compounds such as salvianic, neochlorogenic, rosmarinic, and lithospermic acids, and salvianolic acids E and B, and higher levels of plastochromanol-8. Additionally, both SOD and CAT activities increased, providing greater protection against lipid oxidation. These findings highlight the importance of customizing light treatments not only based on plant species but also according to chemotype to obtain optimal biochemical and physiological outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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27 pages, 669 KB

Open AccessReview

Approaches to Extracting Bioactive Compounds from Bark of Various Plants: A Brief Review

by Adrian Nisca and Corneliu Tanase

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2929; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182929 - 20 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1028

Abstract

In recent years, focus has been directed toward studying lignocellulosic matter, such as forestry by-products, due to their high therapeutic potential offered by various bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic compounds. To obtain extracts rich in these phytochemicals, suitable extraction methods must be employed, and [...] Read more.

In recent years, focus has been directed toward studying lignocellulosic matter, such as forestry by-products, due to their high therapeutic potential offered by various bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic compounds. To obtain extracts rich in these phytochemicals, suitable extraction methods must be employed, and a thorough understanding of these methods is necessary. This work concentrates on describing both classical and modern extraction techniques, highlighting their mechanisms as well as their key advantages and disadvantages. It was observed that a wide variety of extraction methods are currently used for bark, emphasizing the importance of method optimization to achieve higher yields of phytochemicals valuable for their biological activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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21 pages, 678 KB

Open AccessReview

Research on the Physiological Mechanisms of Nitrogen in Alleviating Plant Drought Tolerance

by Xichao Sun, Qi Miao, Yingchen Gu, Lan Yang and Peng Wang

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2928; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182928 - 20 Sep 2025

Viewed by 695

Abstract

Drought represents a paramount constraint on global agricultural productivity, imposing severe limitations on crop yield and quality across diverse agroecosystems. Nitrogen (N), functioning as an indispensable macronutrient fundamental to plant architecture, metabolism, and stress acclimatization, exerts a pivotal influence in modulating plant resilience [...] Read more.

Drought represents a paramount constraint on global agricultural productivity, imposing severe limitations on crop yield and quality across diverse agroecosystems. Nitrogen (N), functioning as an indispensable macronutrient fundamental to plant architecture, metabolism, and stress acclimatization, exerts a pivotal influence in modulating plant resilience to water deficit. Substantial evidence accumulated in recent years underscores that optimal N nutrition significantly enhances plant adaptive capacity under drought by improving intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi), optimizing photosynthetic performance, augmenting antioxidant defense systems, promoting advantageous root architectural modifications, and stabilizing biological N fixation (BNF) symbioses. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on the intricate physiological and molecular mechanisms underpinning N-mediated drought mitigation. We meticulously examine regulatory roles of N in water relations and hydraulic conductivity, photosynthetic apparatus protection and carbon assimilation efficiency, N metabolic flux and assimilation homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and osmotic adjustment, root system development and resource foraging strategies, BNF system robustness under water stress, and the complex signaling networks integrating N and drought responses. Furthermore, we critically evaluate existing research consensus, identify persisting controversies and knowledge gaps, and delineate future research trajectories and translational challenges. The overarching objective is to furnish a robust theoretical foundation for devising precision N management strategies and advancing the breeding of drought-resilient, nutrient-efficient crop cultivars suited to arid and semi-arid regions facing escalating climate variability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Nutrition in Alleviating Abiotic Stress)

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18 pages, 1741 KB

Open AccessArticle

High Dose of Nickel Unbalances Carbon Metabolism and Nitrogen Assimilation in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

by Alessia De Lillo, Ivana De Rosa, Giorgia Capasso, Giorgia Santini, Concetta Di Napoli, Noemi Russo, Ermenegilda Vitale, Stefania Grillo, Sergio Esposito and Simone Landi

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2927; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182927 - 20 Sep 2025

Viewed by 458

Abstract

Pollution from heavy metals represents one of the most important threats to crops. Among these, Nickel (Ni) represents a dangerous element, strictly related to anthropic activity and easily accumulated in plants. In this study, effects of high levels (1 mM) of Ni²⁺ [...] Read more.

Pollution from heavy metals represents one of the most important threats to crops. Among these, Nickel (Ni) represents a dangerous element, strictly related to anthropic activity and easily accumulated in plants. In this study, effects of high levels (1 mM) of Ni²⁺ were investigated in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Nure) grown hydroponically, inducing a severe reduction in plant growth, as well as genotoxic damage. Moreover, stress affects photosynthesis, inducing a decrease in Fv/Fm and ΦPSII and an increase in D1 protein and RuBisCO (RbcL) abundance to compensate for the loss of photosynthetic efficiency. Changes were observed in carbon metabolism, with increases in phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehyde-3P dehydrogenase-NAD⁺, and pyruvate kinase expression confirmed by increased proteins and activities. Notably, there was an evident rise in PEP carboxylase activity, presence, and expression. This increase boosts the TCA cycle (increased fumarase) and supports photorespiration. Evident rises were observed also for glucose-6P dehydrogenase activity and presence. Ni²⁺ stress induced an evident increase in enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism: particularly, the chloroplastic GS2/Fd-GOGAT cycle and N assimilation through the cytosolic glutamate dehydrogenase reaction were enhanced. These results design a specific stress-responsive metabolism by diverting the synthesis of N-compounds through alternative C/N assimilation pathways to counteract the effects of Ni²⁺ toxicity. This study depicts a diversion of the main C/N metabolism network towards an increase in leaf N assimilation, using carbon skeletons from dark CO₂ fixation under high Ni²⁺ stress. These results may provide possible targets for the improvement of heavy metal tolerance in cereals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Carbon/Nitrogen Balance on Photosynthetic Organisms: From Lab to Natural Environment)

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20 pages, 5608 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spraying Foliar Fertilizer Affect the Physiological Function of Leaf and Improve the Quality of ‘Snick’ Apple

by Hong-Fu Xu, Shi-Mei Li, Wei-Feng Ma, Shi-Xiong Lu, Zhi-Yuan Bian, Guo-Ping Liang and Juan Mao

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2926; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182926 - 20 Sep 2025

Viewed by 781

Abstract

Foliar fertilizers are efficient in enhancing nutrient utilization. This experiment aims to improve leaf physiological functions, enhance fruit quality, increase yield, and boost orchard productivity through the screening of foliar fertilizers suitable for apple trees. The 6-year-old apple trees of the ‘Snick’ were [...] Read more.

Foliar fertilizers are efficient in enhancing nutrient utilization. This experiment aims to improve leaf physiological functions, enhance fruit quality, increase yield, and boost orchard productivity through the screening of foliar fertilizers suitable for apple trees. The 6-year-old apple trees of the ‘Snick’ were used as experiment material. The results of measurements amino acids, calcium, boron, and potassium indicate that different foliar fertilizers can improve fruit quality and aroma by enhancing leaf physiological functions. In apple fruit, amino acid foliar fertilizer increased the tartaric acid content by 44.26%. Calcium foliar fertilizer resulted in a 32.39% increase in vitamin C, a 19.71% increase in sucrose compared to the control, with a total aroma substance increase of 13.41%. Boron foliar fertilizer elevated flavonoid content in the peel to 3.67 mg·g⁻¹, a 70.69% increase over the CK. Potassium foliar fertilizer significantly improved fruit appearance, phenolic substances in the peel, soluble protein content by 25.39%, and glucose content by 55.91%. Therefore, mineral source fulvic acid potassium foliar fertilizer was demonstrated the best overall effect, effectively enhancing fruit quality and flavor. These results provide a theoretical basis and scientific reference for improving apple quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biostimulant Use on Horticultural Crops)

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15 pages, 8732 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cloning and Functional Analysis of ClVND1, a Member of the OsNAC7 Subfamily of the NAC Family in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium

by Yueyue Liu, Chendi Mei, Hao Zhang, Ying Liao, Yinuo Zhai, Hai Wang and Xuebin Song

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2925; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182925 - 20 Sep 2025

Viewed by 448

Abstract

Chrysanthemum × morifolium is a commercially important flower worldwide. Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium is the main model plant for the research on Chrysanthemum. Enhancing stress resistance in C. lavandulifolium is highly significant for improving commercial chrysanthemum production. NAC transcription factors are key regulators of [...] Read more.

Chrysanthemum × morifolium is a commercially important flower worldwide. Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium is the main model plant for the research on Chrysanthemum. Enhancing stress resistance in C. lavandulifolium is highly significant for improving commercial chrysanthemum production. NAC transcription factors are key regulators of plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, we cloned ClVND1—a member of the OsNAC7 subfamily within the NAC transcription factor family—from Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium. The gene comprises a 1164 bp coding sequence (CDS) encoding a protein of 387 amino acids. Overexpression of ClVND1 promotes secondary cell wall thickening in the stems of transgenic Arabidopsis, stimulates lateral root growth, and consequently enhances tolerance to salt and low-temperature stress in seedlings. Phenotypic analysis showed that transgenic Arabidopsis exhibited reduced inflorescence elongation and plant height compared to wild-type controls, but an earlier flowering time. These findings suggest that ClVND1 enhances stress resistance by promoting lateral root development, while also suppressing inflorescence growth and accelerating flowering time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics in Modern Plant Science—2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1354 KB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Inflammatory and Antifungal Activities of Wood Essential Oil from Juniperus morrisonicola Hayata

by Nai-Wen Tsao, Shih-Chang Chien, Yen-Hsueh Tseng and Sheng-Yang Wang

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2924; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182924 - 20 Sep 2025

Viewed by 590

Abstract

This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of the wood essential oil from Juniperus morrisonicola Hayata (Jm-EO), an endemic conifer in Taiwan. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed a sesquiterpenoid-rich profile, with cedrol, widdrol, and thujopsen comprising over 55% of the total essential oil [...] Read more.

This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of the wood essential oil from Juniperus morrisonicola Hayata (Jm-EO), an endemic conifer in Taiwan. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed a sesquiterpenoid-rich profile, with cedrol, widdrol, and thujopsen comprising over 55% of the total essential oil content. Jm-EO exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in vitro, notably inhibiting nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages (IC₅₀ = 12.9 μg/mL). Among the major constituents, widdrol demonstrated the most potent anti-inflammatory activity (IC₅₀ = 24.7 μM), followed by thujopsene and cedrol, representing the first report of widdrol’s anti-inflammatory activity. Jm-EO also showed cytotoxic effects against HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells (IC₅₀ = 41.5 μg/mL at 48 h) and achieved complete inhibition of Laetiporus sulphureus at 100 ppm. These findings suggest that Jm-EO is a promising natural resource with potential applications in anti-inflammatory drug development and as an eco-friendly wood preservative. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Essential Oils of Plants (Chemical Composition, Variation and Properties))

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18 pages, 1996 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fruit Bag Removal Timing Influences Fruit Coloration, Quality, and Physiological Disorders in ‘Arisoo’ Apples

by Nay Myo Win, Van Giap Do, Jung-Geun Kwon, Jong-Taek Park, Juhyeon Park, Youngsuk Lee, Hun-Joong Kweon, In-Kyu Kang, Soon-Il Kwon and Seonae Kim

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2923; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182923 - 20 Sep 2025

Viewed by 494

Abstract

The timing of fruit bag removal is important for achieving optimum fruit quality, coloration, and visual appearance. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of fruit bag removal timing on fruit quality and color and the occurrence of physiological disorders in ‘Arisoo’ apples. Fruits [...] Read more.

The timing of fruit bag removal is important for achieving optimum fruit quality, coloration, and visual appearance. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of fruit bag removal timing on fruit quality and color and the occurrence of physiological disorders in ‘Arisoo’ apples. Fruits were bagged in two-layer paper bags, which were removed 30, 20, and 10 days before harvest (DBH). Unbagged fruits served as the control. The incidence of fruit cracking, sunburn, and pathogen infection was highest in the unbagged group, followed by the group with bag removal at 30 DBH, and lowest in those with bag removal at 20 and 10 DBH. However, bag removal at 10 DBH significantly reduced fruit weight and soluble solids content but increased firmness. Additionally, bag removal at 10 DBH resulted in poorly colored fruits with higher chlorophyll and lower anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments and lower expression levels of pigment-related genes, including anthocyanin-, carotenoid-, and chlorophyll degradation-associated genes, compared with those in the other treatment groups. Bag removal at 30 and 20 DBH did not significantly affect fruit quality or coloration, but it did affect fruit size. Overall, this study serves as a reference for determining the optimal timing of fruit bag removal to enhance the quality and coloration of ‘Arisoo’ apples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Development and Ripening)

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19 pages, 14469 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of the AP2/ERF Gene Family and Functional Analysis of PgAP2/ERF187 Under Cold Stress in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

by Yihan Wang, Shurui Wang, Xiangru Meng, Ping Wang, Hongmei Lin, Peng Di and Yingping Wang

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2922; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182922 - 20 Sep 2025

Viewed by 516

Abstract

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive components such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and volatile oils and is widely used in both the pharmaceutical and food industries. While the AP2/ERF gene family is well-documented to [...] Read more.

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive components such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and volatile oils and is widely used in both the pharmaceutical and food industries. While the AP2/ERF gene family is well-documented to play crucial roles in plant growth, development, and defense responses, functional studies on this gene family in P. ginseng remain unreported. Our genome-wide analysis identified 318 PgAP2/ERF family members, which are classified into five subfamilies: AP2, DREB, ERF, RAV, and Soloist. Homology analysis revealed that segmental duplication serves as the primary evolutionary driver for the PgAP2/ERF gene family in P. ginseng. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that all PgAP2/ERF members in the DREB-A1 subgroup respond to cold stress. Specifically, we found that the DREB-A1 member PgAP2/ERF187 plays a pivotal role in the cold stress response, with its expression specifically induced by ABA. Overexpression of PgAP2/ERF187 in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced the expression of cold tolerance-related genes. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed the co-localization of PgABF and PgAP2/ERF187 in the nucleus. Combining transcription factor interaction predictions and yeast one-hybrid experiments, we propose that PgABF likely regulates PgAP2/ERF187 expression by directly binding to its promoter region. These findings unveil the potential mechanism of the “PgABF-PgAP2/ERF187” regulatory module within the ABA signaling pathway during P. ginseng’s cold stress adaptation, thereby providing novel theoretical insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying P. ginseng’s cold resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Genome Sequencing and Analysis)

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15 pages, 6940 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Elucidate the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Yield and Bacterial Blight Resistance in the RXN2 Rice Cultivar

by Ji’an Bi, Jingqi Wang, Xuan Huang, Jiefeng Jiang, Xianbo Shi, Genliang Bao, Qiufeng Meng and Chengqi Yan

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2921; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182921 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 405

Abstract

Achieving high yield while maintaining disease resistance is a crucial goal in rice breeding programs. In this research, two cultivated rice varieties, Jia58 and Runxiang3, were selected as parental lines. A new variety, designated as the new variety RXN2, was generated and identified [...] Read more.

Achieving high yield while maintaining disease resistance is a crucial goal in rice breeding programs. In this research, two cultivated rice varieties, Jia58 and Runxiang3, were selected as parental lines. A new variety, designated as the new variety RXN2, was generated and identified through a breeding process that involved hybridization of the parental lines followed by irradiation-induced mutagenesis of the offspring. Compared with its parental lines, RXN2 shows increased plant height, higher yield, and stronger resistance to bacterial blight. Comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolic analyses indicate that pathways associated with growth, such as gibberellin and auxin signaling, are upregulated in RXN2. Meanwhile, defense-related pathways, especially those involving jasmonic acid and peroxidase metabolism, are significantly enhanced. These results provide new insights into the trade-offs between growth and defense and elucidate the genetic and metabolic underpinnings of the simultaneous improvement in grain yield and disease resistance in rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Pathways and Hormonal Regulation in Plant Defense and Growth)

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19 pages, 2306 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Transcriptomic Analyses Provide New Insights into Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) Seedling Roots Response to Nitrogen Stress

by Braulio J. Soto-Cerda, Giovanni Larama, Bourlaye Fofana and Izsavo Soto

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2920; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182920 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 587

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) is the most important macro-nutrient for plant growth and development, which not only results in the highest cost in crop production but may also lead to environmental pollution. Hence, there is a need to develop N and use efficient genotypes, a [...] Read more.

Nitrogen (N) is the most important macro-nutrient for plant growth and development, which not only results in the highest cost in crop production but may also lead to environmental pollution. Hence, there is a need to develop N and use efficient genotypes, a prerequisite for which is a better understanding of N stress adaptation. Here, responses of two contrasting linseed accessions at the seedling stage were assessed for N stress-induced changes in twelve phenotypic traits and for gene expression profiling in the roots. The results showed that nine out of twelve phenotypic traits were affected under N stress conditions, and include total root length (TRL), root tips (RT), shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), root-to-shoot ratio (R/S), plant nitrogen content (PNC), shoot nitrogen content (SNC), root nitrogen content (RNC), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). For example, under N stress, the TRL, RDW, SDW, PNC, SNC, and RNC showed reductions of 7.1, 7.6, 16.0, 43.7, 43.3, and 38.7%, respectively. The N-efficient (NE) genotype outperformed the N-inefficient (NI) genotype for all root and shoot traits and NUE under N stress and N normal conditions. Transcriptome analysis identified 1034 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under the contrasting N conditions and uncovered the opposite responses of the two linseed genotypes to N starvation at the gene expression level. DEGs included 153 transcription factors distributed in 27 families, among which ERF, MYB, NAC, and WRKY were the most represented. In addition, DEGs involved in N absorption and transport, root development, amino acid transport, and antioxidant activity were found to be differentially expressed. The candidate genes identified in the current study are purported for their roles in N metabolism in other crops and might also play a pivotal role in N stress adaptation in linseed, and therefore could be useful for further detailed research on N stress response in linseed, paving the way toward developing N-efficient linseed cultivars with improved root system architecture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Analysis of Plant Adaptation to Abiotic Stresses)

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24 pages, 5259 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morpho-Agronomic Characterization of an Unexploited Germplasm Collection of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (L.)) from Spain

by Eric Prendes-Rodríguez, Alicia Iborra, Carla Guijarro-Real, Adrián Rodríguez-Burruezo and Ana Fita

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2919; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182919 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 644

Abstract

Cauliflower landraces (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) safeguard allelic diversity for adaptation, yet their phenotypic breadth under winter field conditions remains under-documented. We evaluated 69 Spanish landraces and two commercial checks from the COMAV-UPV genebank using 15 quantitative and 21 qualitative descriptors. [...] Read more.

Cauliflower landraces (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) safeguard allelic diversity for adaptation, yet their phenotypic breadth under winter field conditions remains under-documented. We evaluated 69 Spanish landraces and two commercial checks from the COMAV-UPV genebank using 15 quantitative and 21 qualitative descriptors. Seed viability ranged from 0 to 92%, and mature plants showed wide ranges in stem length (coefficient of variation ≈ 72%), leaf size, and head weight (100–723 g). Six curd-colour classes—including uncommon purple and Romanesco green—were recorded. Most accessions (>88%) required more than 120 days from sowing to harvest, but a distinct subset (12%) matured within 60–120 days. Plant stature tended to be positively associated with head mass, whereas highly branched inflorescences matured earlier. Variation was dominated by curd size and plant architecture. Multivariate analyses—principal component analysis for quantitative traits, multiple correspondence analysis for qualitative traits, factor analysis of mixed data, and clustering of FAMD scores by k-means—resolved three phenotypic clusters spanning a gradient of curd size/architecture and plant stature. The collection includes accessions with compact curds, earliness, or distinctive pigmentation that are immediately useful for breeding and for prioritizing regeneration. These results provide a phenotypic baseline for future genomic association studies and the development of cultivars adapted to winter production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetic Resources)

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19 pages, 11920 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Bacillus thuringiensis LKT25 on Cadmium Accumulation and Physiological Responses in Solanum nigrum L.

by Guannan Kong, Da Song, Chao Zhang, Xinyao Jia, Yingying Ren, Shuhe Wei and Huiping Dai

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2918; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182918 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 693

Abstract

Cadmium contamination in soil threatens ecological safety and human health. Phytoremediation has gained attention due to its cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. Studies show that plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can enhance the ability of hyperaccumulator plants to remove heavy metals. This research aimed to isolate [...] Read more.

Cadmium contamination in soil threatens ecological safety and human health. Phytoremediation has gained attention due to its cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. Studies show that plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can enhance the ability of hyperaccumulator plants to remove heavy metals. This research aimed to isolate and identify plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria under Cd stress and assess their impact on the growth and Cd accumulation of Solanum nigrum L. Six bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of S. nigrum, all showing high Cd tolerance. Among them, LKT25 exhibited multiple growth-promoting traits, including indole-3-acetic acid production, nitrogen fixation, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, and siderophore synthesis. Under varying Cd concentrations (5, 25, and 50 mg/kg), the Bacillus thuringiensis strain LKT25 significantly improved Cd removal by S. nigrum. At 5 mg/kg Cd, the removal efficiency reached 45.13%. LKT25 also enhanced plant growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant activity, contributing to improved Cd remediation. This study provides new microbial resources and technical support for using rhizobacteria in remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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15 pages, 5277 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on High-Protein Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Varieties in China

by Zhuo Li, Yaru Zhang, Yinghui Liu, Yi Fan, Ding Qiu, Zhongfeng Li, Fangping Gong and Dongmei Yin

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2917; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182917 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 527

Abstract

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) protein, as a precursor to various amino acids and bioactive peptides, determines the flavor and nutritional quality of peanut products. Therefore, high protein content is one of the target traits in advanced peanut breeding programs. In this review, [...] Read more.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) protein, as a precursor to various amino acids and bioactive peptides, determines the flavor and nutritional quality of peanut products. Therefore, high protein content is one of the target traits in advanced peanut breeding programs. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of all currently available high-protein peanut varieties in China and provided a comprehensive analysis of the genetic, physical characteristics, and disease resistance. These varieties mostly were developed through interspecific hybridization or selected from mutants of self-pollinated parents, primarily using the cultivars “Silihong” and “Baisha 1016” as main parental lines. In terms of disease resistance, although most high-protein peanut varieties can resist two to four types of disease, few varieties exhibit resistance to multiple diseases, and some varieties show no resistance for tested disease or lack sufficient experimental validation. The genetic basis of high-protein peanuts is relatively narrow, relying mainly on a small number of parental varieties. The findings of this review provide important references for high-protein peanut breeding, highlighting the existing problems and challenges in current breeding efforts and emphasizing the importance of broadening the genetic base, enhancing disease resistance breeding, and optimizing overall quality. This review offers theoretical and practical guidance for future breeding of high-quality, high-yield, and high-protein peanut varieties, contributing to the sustainable development and quality improvement of the peanut industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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17 pages, 8397 KB

Open AccessArticle

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Antioxidant Defense Systems in Sugarcane Under Soil Cadmium Stress

by Gloria Magaly Paladines-Beltrán, Nathalia Alejandra Venegas and Juan Carlos Suárez

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2916; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182916 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1336

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that affects living organisms even at low concentrations, causing physiological alterations and biomass reduction in plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) represent a biological strategy that increases tolerance to heavy metals, although their specific mechanisms in sugarcane remain [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that affects living organisms even at low concentrations, causing physiological alterations and biomass reduction in plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) represent a biological strategy that increases tolerance to heavy metals, although their specific mechanisms in sugarcane remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, an open-field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of AMF on Cd accumulation, oxidative stress, photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic antioxidant system, and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds in sugarcane variety CC 01-1940, using a randomized block design. Results showed that AMF established symbiosis with plants, retaining Cd in the roots and reducing its translocation to leaves. Additionally, they decreased Cd-induced oxidative stress by reducing lipid peroxidation (MDA) and proline content. Although an initial decrease in photosynthetic capacity was observed, AMF helped maintain stable levels of photosynthetic pigments, preserving photosynthetic efficiency. They also activated antioxidant enzymes and increased antioxidant compounds such as reduced glutathione (GSH), non-protein thiols (NP-SH), ascorbic acid (AA), and phytochelatins (PC). These findings demonstrate that symbiosis with AMF protects sugarcane plants from cellular oxidative damage and reduces Cd concentrations in leaves. Therefore, the use of AMF represents an effective strategy to improve the antioxidant defense and resistance of sugarcane plants to cadmium stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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18 pages, 25460 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combined GC–MS and RNA-Seq Identification of the Role of the ABC Gene Family in the Formation of Mango Flavor Compounds

by Yibo Bai, Songlin Yang, Dairui Hou, Hanqing Cong, Huapeng Sun, Rongxiang Wang, Xiaona Fu and Fei Qiao

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2915; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182915 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 483

Abstract

Background: Mango is a tropical fruit that is deeply loved by consumers due to its unique flavor and taste. Different mango varieties have unique aromas, and the volatile components of mango are an important part of determining mango flavor. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters [...] Read more.

Background: Mango is a tropical fruit that is deeply loved by consumers due to its unique flavor and taste. Different mango varieties have unique aromas, and the volatile components of mango are an important part of determining mango flavor. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are important in transporting plant volatile components. Although ABC transporters have been extensively studied in other species, little is known about the evolutionary characteristics and biological functions of the ABC family in mango. Results: In this study, a total of 119 MiABC genes were identified from the Mangifera indica genome and classified into eight subfamilies based on phylogenetic relationships. By analyzing the gene structure, subcellular localization prediction, chromosome localization, gene duplication events, and Ka/Ks ratios of MiABC genes, the MiABC gene functions were preliminarily determined. The expression profiles of MiABC genes at different stages of mango fruit harvesting indicate that MiABC genes are involved in the transport of volatile substances in mango fruit. The prediction of the transmembrane structure indicates that the MiABC genes have multiple transmembrane domains, and subcellular localization results show that the MiABC genes are mainly located on the cell membrane. Conclusions: In summary, this study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the ABC gene family in mango, laying an important theoretical foundation for the analysis of the transport process of volatile compounds in mango. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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22 pages, 4493 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Witches’-Broom Disease of Cultivated Strawberry Associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Rubi’-Related Strains in Southern Italy

by Carmine Marcone, Carmine Palmieri and Alberto Sellitto

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2914; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182914 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 571

Abstract

In the Campania region of southern Italy, a formerly undescribed witches’-broom disease of cultivated strawberry characterized by symptoms similar to those of strawberry witches’-broom and multiplier diseases occurring in North America, has been observed. Strawberry witches’-broom and multiplier diseases are not known to [...] Read more.

In the Campania region of southern Italy, a formerly undescribed witches’-broom disease of cultivated strawberry characterized by symptoms similar to those of strawberry witches’-broom and multiplier diseases occurring in North America, has been observed. Strawberry witches’-broom and multiplier diseases are not known to occur in Europe. To elucidate the etiology of the new strawberry disease occurring in southern Italy and to determine the taxonomic position of the presumable causal agent, field observations and PCR assays using universal and group-specific phytoplasma primers followed by multigene sequence analysis were carried out. All of the symptomatic strawberry plants examined tested phytoplasma positive with universal primers and primers specific to the elm yellows (EY) phytoplasma group or 16SrV group. The percentage of diseased plants in the fields was about 30%. Data obtained from sequence and phylogenetic and virtual RFLP analyses of PCR-amplified rDNA (16S rDNA and 16S/23S rDNA spacer region), rpsV (rpl22) and rpsC (rps3), map, imp and groEL gene sequences, showed that the diseased strawberry plants harbored phytoplasma strains which were identical or nearly identical to each other and to strains of the rubus stunt (RuS) agent ‘Ca. Phytoplasma rubi’, a member of the 16SrV group, subgroup 16SrV-E. The 16S rDNA sequence similarity among the strawberry-infecting phytoplasma strains ranged from 99.1 to 99.9%. These strains shared the same range of 16S rDNA sequence similarity with RuS phytoplasma strains including the reference strain RUS of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma rubi’. This is the first report on the occurrence of RuS phytoplasma in naturally affected strawberry plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Viruses, Viroids and Phytoplasmas: Insight into Evolutionary, Pathogenicity, and Epidemiology Studies—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 2363 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Enhance Sorghum Yield and Resilience in Drought-Prone Regions

by Binita Thapa, Ripendra Awal, Ali Fares, Anoop Valiya Veettil, Almoutaz Elhassan and Atikur Rahman

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2913; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182913 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 636

Abstract

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a vital cereal crop in semi-arid regions, but its productivity is often limited by water scarcity and inefficient nitrogen (N) management. While previous studies have explored the individual effects of irrigation and N application, limited research [...] Read more.

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a vital cereal crop in semi-arid regions, but its productivity is often limited by water scarcity and inefficient nitrogen (N) management. While previous studies have explored the individual effects of irrigation and N application, limited research has examined their combined influence on sorghum growth, phenology, and yield. This study aimed to assess the impacts of four irrigation levels (0, 75, 100, and 125% of irrigation as I₀, I₇₅, I₁₀₀, and I₁₂₅) and four N application rates (0, 90, 180, and 360 kg N ha⁻¹ as N₀, N₉₀, N₁₈₀, and N₃₆₀) on sorghum performance to identify optimal water and nutrient management strategies. A field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons, measuring plant height, number of leaves, panicle length, flowering percentage, visual maturity rating, biomass, and grain yield using a split-plot design, with irrigation as the main factor and N rates as subplots with three replications. Key findings revealed that irrigation and N application significantly influenced plant height, number of leaves, panicle length, biomass, and grain yield. The highest plant height (58.06 cm), number of leaves (10.25), and panicle length (26.60 cm) were observed under I₁₂₅. Compared to the I₀ treatment, the increase in visual maturity rating in I₇₅ and I₁₀₀ was 64.91% and 249.70%, respectively. The highest biomass (3.25 t/ha) was observed for treatment I₁₂₅, while the highest grain yield (2.40 t/ha) was for I₁₀₀. Compared to N₀, treatments N₉₀, N₁₈₀, and N₃₆₀ increased grain yield by 64.8, 66.4, and 81.6%, respectively. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships among key crop growth, phenology, and yield traits. The maturity rating correlated highest with flowering percentage (0.76). The response to N application was more pronounced under well-watered conditions, with the steepest grain yield increase observed under N₃₆₀. In water-limited conditions, higher N rates did not improve yield. Based on these results, applying irrigation at 100% of the crop water requirement and at least 180 kg N ha⁻¹ is recommended to enhance sorghum resilience, resource-use efficiency, and sustainable production, particularly in water-scarce regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Soil Health and Crop Productivity Through Sustainable Agricultural Practices)

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Open AccessArticle

Effects of Alternative Food Sources and Different Substrates on the Mass Rearing of Amblyseius andersoni

by Angelos Bechtsoudis, Maria L. Pappas, Konstantinos Samaras and George D. Broufas

Plants 2025, 14(18), 2912; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14182912 - 19 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni Chant (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a key biological control agent against spider mites and other pests. For its broad application, efficient and affordable mass-rearing systems are essential. This study evaluated the effects of rearing substrate, food type, and rearing [...] Read more.

The predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni Chant (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a key biological control agent against spider mites and other pests. For its broad application, efficient and affordable mass-rearing systems are essential. This study evaluated the effects of rearing substrate, food type, and rearing history on the development, survival, reproduction, and predation efficiency of the predator. Mites were reared on leaf discs or Plexiglas plates and fed one of five diets, including various plant pollens and the stored product mite Carpoglyphus lactis (L.) (Acari: Carpoglyphidae). Additionally, it was assessed whether rearing five generations on cattail pollen supplemented with the natural prey (Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) or frozen C. lactis influenced later predators’ performance. The substrate type did not affect development or survival contrary to the food source, with mites fed on cattail pollen or C. lactis developing faster and producing more eggs. Survival remained high across all diets. The intrinsic rate of increase was highest with cattail pollen and C. lactis. The five-generation rearing did not affect performance or feeding on natural prey such as T. urticae or Aculops lycopersici (Tryon) (Acari: Eriophyidae). These findings demonstrate that A. andersoni can be effectively mass-reared on alternative diets and substrates, supporting biocontrol strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Protection: Focusing on Phytophagous Mites)

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Plants, Volume 14, Issue 18 (September-2 2025) – 129 articles

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