Brain Sciences, Volume 15, Issue 10

Background/Objectives: Despite efforts, schizophrenia remains a difficult disease to treat for cognitive, positive, negative, and mood symptoms. In the present review, we explore existing data on the ameliorating effects of neurocognitive rehabilitat...

Background: Depression and anxiety disorders impact millions globally. In recent years, low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), characterized by its high precision, deep penetration, and non-invasive nature, has garnered significant interest in neur...

Background/Objectives: This pilot study aimed to investigate the relationship between salivary neuropeptides levels, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and altruism in a sample of medical students. Additionally, the study examined potential sex di...

Background/Objectives: Attentional bias toward drug-related cues is a characteristic of drug dependence and plays a detrimental role during drug withdrawal. The present study examined attentional bias in female individuals with drug dependence. We fo...

Background: Mental health issues among employees are a growing concern globally, particularly in high-stress environments such as Korean workplaces. This study was conducted to analyze the relationships between life stressors and depressive symptoms...

The reconceptualization of addiction as a neurobiological disease has gained significant traction over recent decades, informed by advances in neuropharmacological and neuroimaging research [...]

Objectives: To address the challenges of subjectivity, misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this study proposes an objective auxiliary diagnostic method based on P300 signals. Existing studies largely rely on conv...

Background/Goal: Parkinson’s disease (PD) disrupts dopaminergic transmission, leading to motor deficits and altered activity in the primary motor cortex (M1). While M1 modulation is critical for motor control, its response to dopaminergic degen...

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of healthy aging on sentence production in narrative discourse and examined the role of cognitive abilities and Lifelong Learning (LLL) in mitigating age-related decline. Methods: Three hundred and seve...

Background/Objectives: The relationship between multiple sclerosis (MS) disability and co-occurring non-motor symptomatology is not well understood. This study examined the association between disability status and non-motor symptoms—sleep qual...

Background: As a non-weight-bearing full-body exercise, swimming may reduce inflammation and boost anti-inflammatory agents to decrease the risk of cardiovascular, neurological, and rheumatological disorders. This systematic review examines the curre...

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been regarded as the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy of treatments for chronic pain and are the foundation for regulatory approval and guideline development. However, their restrictive design and dep...

Background: Delirium is a rare but clinically significant complication of opioid withdrawal that remains poorly characterized in the literature. While classical withdrawal symptoms are well recognized, atypical presentations such as delirium are less...

Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest genetic risk determinant for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The APOE3 allele is risk-neutral, the APOE4 allele increases the risk of developing AD, and the APOE2 allele is neuroprotecti...

Objective: Preterm birth has been associated with an elevated risk of a broad range of neurodevelopmental impairments, including attentional deficits. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the existing evidence on sustained and...

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition that affects quality of life due to motor (gait, balance) and cognitive alterations, raising the risk of falling. Virtual reality (RV) and dancing have shown benefits for spe...

Background: Bullying is a major public health issue with long-term psychological consequences, particularly for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or subthreshold autistic traits, known as “broad autistic phenotype” (BAP). Pr...

Background: Inter-brain synchrony (IBS)—the temporal alignment of neural activity between individuals during social interactions—has emerged as a key construct in social neuroscience, reflecting shared attention, emotional attunement, and...

Objectives: This study attempted to investigate whether early life stress (ELS) induces lipid peroxidation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice and its correlation with depression-like behavioral changes. Methods: A mouse ELS model was established...

Currently, the effective therapeutic strategies for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remain revascularization therapies, including intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy. However, the narrow time window and reperfusion injury associated wi...

Objectives: One-third of patients experience inadequate seizure control with antiseizure medications. Therefore, safer and more effective therapeutic strategies remain urgently needed. Research evidence indicates that Panax notoginseng flower may exh...

Background/Objectives: Gestalt therapy traditionally opposes categorical diagnostic labelling due to its fundamental inconsistency with phenomenological and process-oriented ontology. However, this epistemological rigour can limit integration with st...

Background: Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) variants include the non-fluent agrammatic (nfvPPA), logopenic (lvPPA), and semantic (svPPA), which differ in their effects on speech production. However, their impact on modality (oral vs. written) and g...

Background/Objectives: Movement during attention-demanding tasks may help compensate for cortical under-arousal in pediatric ADHD patients. However, the influence of medication during movement is unknown. This study assessed the impact of concurrent...

Background/Objectives: Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental health condition characterized by intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors. Traditional diagnostic methods rely on subjective clinical assessments, delaying effec...

According to the World Drug Report, there are nearly 300 million drug users globally. Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease that leads to medical, psychological, and social complications. This neuropsychiatric disorder is characterized...

Brain tumors are unfortunately the most common types of solid tumors in the pediatric population, superseded only by leukemias, and largely bode a poor prognosis. Despite advances in our ability to diagnose and treat pediatric brain tumors, there rem...

Background: The external environment continuously shapes human perception, often without conscious awareness. This influence can be objectively studied using non-invasive recordings of brain activity in controlled virtual reality (VR) settings. We hy...

Background: This study validated the Italian version of the Confusion Assessment Protocol (CAP), a tool designed to assess Post-Traumatic Confusional State (PTCS) in patients with severe acquired brain injury (sABI) who are not evaluable with standar...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neuropathological hallmarks, including amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and neurodegeneration. Si...

Background: Problematic smartphone use (PSU) involves excessive smartphone engagement that disrupts daily functioning and is linked to attentional control deficits and altered reward processing. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a key structure in the re...

Background: Fulminant idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a rare and vision-threatening variant of IIH, characterized by rapid visual deterioration and a high risk of irreversible blindness. Urgent intervention is required to prevent perman...

This update pertains to the article previously published by Marchant et al [...]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that affects women more frequently than men. This sex gap has widened over the past century, and appears to be shaped by lifestyle factors more than biological fact...

Background/Objectives: Age-related structural changes in the human brain provide essential insights into cognitive aging and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize age-related volumetric changes acro...

Currently, in the field of rehabilitation, there is a need for researchers and clinicians to stay updated on recent knowledge worldwide [...]

Background/Objectives: Schizophrenia is associated with cognitive deficits that may compromise everyday functioning, including driving. This review systematically examined recent original research (2015–2025) on driving performance in individua...

Background: Parental cognitive characteristics may represent environmental risk factors in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). This study compared obsessive beliefs, metacognitions, and ruminative thinking in parents of adolescents with OCD an...

Background/Objectives: Single-phase CT angiography (sCTA) is widely used to assess collateral circulation in acute ischemic stroke, but its static nature can lead to an underestimation of collateral flow. Our study aimed to develop and validate a dir...

Background: Intracranial aneurysm (IA) rupture is a life-threatening cerebrovascular event with a mortality rate of up to 40%, affecting approximately 500,000 people globally each year. Although environmental pollutants such as 2,2′,4,4′-...

Background/Objectives: Neuropsychological assessments are valuable tools for evaluating the cognitive performance of older adults. Limitations associated with these in-person paper-and-pencil tests have inspired efforts to develop digital assessments...

Objective: In moyamoya disease (MMD), the internal carotid and proximal cerebral arteries narrow, potentially leading to stroke or hemorrhage from fragile collaterals. Disease activity and progression may be detected by contrast-enhanced (CE) high-re...

Background/Objectives: Despite the intent of most mothers to breastfeed their children, breast or nipple pain can be the reason for early cessation of breastfeeding. Current understanding about lactation-related pain revolves around mechanical or pat...

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) denotes MRI methods that estimate physical tissue parameters in units, rather than relative signal. Typical readouts include T1/T2 relaxation (ms; or R1/R2 in s⁻¹), proton density (%), diffusion me...

Vigilance refers to a sustained attentional state enabling the detection of specific but unpredictable changes in the external environment. This state typically declines rapidly over time. A deterioration in vigilance can lead to serious errors or ac...

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by significant neurological plasticity in early childhood, where timely interventions like behavioral therapy, language training, and social skills development...

The rapid evolution of human–technology interaction necessitates continuous sensorimotor adaptation to new digital interfaces and tasks. Mobile typing, defined as text entry on smartphone touchscreens, offers a compelling example of this proces...

Background/Objectives: Growing evidence implicates that processes mediated by cytokines, growth factors, and the plasminogen activation (PA) system play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and its comorbidities. Methods: This study was carr...

Background/Objectives: Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) are known to exhibit both reduced pain sensitivity—when assessed via thresholds and subjective ratings—and diminished facial expressions of emotion. Therefore, investigating th...

Background: Neuroimaging-based diagnostic approaches are of critical importance for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, multisite neuroimaging data often exhibit substantial heterogeneity in terms of scan...