Brain Sciences

27 pages, 3834 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Different Frequencies of Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation (TEAS) on EEG Source Localization in Healthy Volunteers: A Semi-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study

by Rael Lopes Alves, Maxciel Zortea, David Mayor, Tim Watson and Tony Steffert

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(3), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15030270 - 3 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1055

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS), also known as transcutaneous electroacupuncture stimulation, delivers electrical pulses to the skin over acupuncture points (“acupoints”) via surface electrodes. Electroencephalography (EEG) is an important tool for assessing the changes in the central nervous system (CNS) that may [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS), also known as transcutaneous electroacupuncture stimulation, delivers electrical pulses to the skin over acupuncture points (“acupoints”) via surface electrodes. Electroencephalography (EEG) is an important tool for assessing the changes in the central nervous system (CNS) that may result from applying different TEAS frequencies peripherally—i.e., acting via the peripheral nervous system (PNS)—and determining how these influence cerebral activity and neural plasticity. Methods: A total of 48 healthy volunteers were allocated in a semi-randomized crossover study to receive four different TEAS frequencies: 2.5 pulses per second (pps); 10 pps; 80 pps; and sham (160 pps at a low, clinically ineffective amplitude). TEAS was applied for 20 min to each hand at the acupuncture point Hegu (LI4). The EEG was recorded during an initial 5 min baseline recording, then during TEAS application, and after stimulation for a further 15 min, separated into three periods of 5 min (initial, intermediate, and final) in order to assess post-stimulation changes. Source localization analysis was conducted for the traditional five EEG frequency bands: delta (0.1–3.9 Hz), theta (4–7.9 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz), beta (14–30 Hz), and gamma (30.1–45 Hz). Results: Within-group source localization analyses of EEG data showed that during the initial 5 min post-stimulation, theta oscillations in the 2.5 pps TEAS group increased over the parahippocampal gyrus (t = 4.42, p < 0.01). The 10 pps TEAS group exhibited decreased alpha rhythms over the inferior parietal gyrus (t = −4.20, p < 0.05), whereas the sham (160 pps) TEAS group showed decreased delta rhythms over the postcentral gyrus (t = −3.97, p < 0.05). During the intermediate 5 min post-stimulation, the increased theta activity over the left parahippocampal gyrus (BA27) remained in the 2.5 pps TEAS group (t = 3.97, p < 0.05). However, diminished alpha rhythms were observed in the 10 pps TEAS group over the postcentral gyrus (t = −4.20, p < 0.01), as well as in the delta rhythms in the sham (160 pps) TEAS group in the same area (t = −4.35, p < 0.01). In the final 5 min post-stimulation, reduced alpha rhythms were exhibited over the insula in the 10 pps TEAS group (t = −4.07, p < 0.05). Interaction effects of condition by group demonstrate decreased alpha rhythms in the 10 pps TEAS group over the supramarginal gyrus during the initial 5 min post-stimulation (t = −4.31, p < 0.05), and decreased delta rhythms over the insula in the sham TEAS group during the final 5 min post-stimulation (t = −4.42, p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study revealed that low TEAS frequencies of 2.5 pps and 10 pps modulate theta and alpha oscillations over the brain areas related to emotional and attentional processes driven by external stimuli, as well as neural synchronization of delta rhythms in the sham group in brain areas related to stimulus expectation at baseline. It is hoped that these findings will stimulate further research in order to evaluate such TEAS modulation effects in clinical patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 1086 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Phytochemicals Targeting BDNF Signaling for Treating Neurological Disorders

by Alka Ashok Singh, Shweta Katiyar and Minseok Song

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(3), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15030252 - 27 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1622

Abstract

Neurological disorders are defined by a deterioration or disruption of the nervous system’s structure and function. These diseases, which include multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and schizophrenia, are caused by intricate pathological processes that include excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, genetic [...] Read more.

Neurological disorders are defined by a deterioration or disruption of the nervous system’s structure and function. These diseases, which include multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and schizophrenia, are caused by intricate pathological processes that include excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, genetic mutations, and compromised neurotrophic signaling. Although current pharmaceutical treatments relieve symptoms, their long-term efficacy is limited due to adverse side effects and weak neuroprotective properties. However, when combined with other neuroprotective drugs or adjunct therapy, they may offer additional benefits and improve treatment outcomes. Phytochemicals have emerged as attractive therapeutic agents due to their ability to regulate essential neurotrophic pathways, especially the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling cascade. BDNF is an important target for neurodegenerative disease (ND) treatment since it regulates neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. This review emphasizes the molecular pathways through which various phytochemicals—such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds—stimulate BDNF expression and modulate its downstream signaling pathways, including GSK-3β, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, CREB, and Wnt/β-catenin. This paper also highlights how phytochemical combinations may interact to enhance BDNF activity, offering new therapeutic options for ND treatment. Despite their potential for neuroprotection, phytochemicals face challenges related to pharmacokinetics, blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and absorption, highlighting the need for further research into combination therapies and improved formulations. Clinical assessment and mechanistic understanding of BDNF-targeted phytotherapy should be the main goals of future studies. The therapeutic efficacy of natural compounds in regulating neurotrophic signaling is highlighted in this review, providing a viable approach to the prevention and treatment of NDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropharmacology and Neuropathology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2306 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cognitive Priming During Warmup Enhances Sport and Exercise Performance: A Goldilocks Effect

by Jesús Díaz-García, Ana Rubio-Morales, David Manzano-Rodríguez, Tomás García-Calvo and Christopher Ring

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(3), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15030235 - 23 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1195

Abstract

Background: Mental fatigue can impair sport, exercise and cognitive performance. Warmup activities can improve performance when the individual is rested. However, their effectiveness when the individual is fatigued has yet to be established. The research objectives were to evaluate the effects of physical [...] Read more.

Background: Mental fatigue can impair sport, exercise and cognitive performance. Warmup activities can improve performance when the individual is rested. However, their effectiveness when the individual is fatigued has yet to be established. The research objectives were to evaluate the effects of physical and combined physical plus cognitive warmup activities on subsequent sport, exercise, and cognitive performance when rested and fatigued by sleep restriction in athletes (Study 1) and older adults (Study 2). Methods: In Study 1, 31 padel players completed a padel performance test and Stroop task after physical and combined warmups when rested and fatigued by sleep deprivation. In Study 2, 32 older adults completed sit–stand, arm curl, walking, Stroop, and psychomotor vigilance tests after no warmup, physical warmup, and combined warmup when rested and fatigued by sleep deprivation. In both studies, combined warmups intermixed short-, medium-, or long-duration cognitive tasks between physical warmup activities. Mental fatigue was measured using visual analog scale ratings. Results: In both studies, sleep deprivation increased mental fatigue and impaired performance. In Study 1, relative to a physical warmup, padel and Stroop performance were improved by combined warmups (with short-to-medium cognitive tasks) when rested and fatigued. In Study 2, relative to no warmup, sit–stand, arm curl, walking, Stroop, and reaction time performance were improved by physical and combined warmups (with short-to-medium cognitive tasks) when rested and fatigued. Conclusions: The negative effects of sleep deprivation on sport, exercise, and cognitive performance were best mitigated by combined warmups with short-to-medium cognitive tasks. Combined warmups are effective countermeasures against the deleterious effects of mental fatigue on performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive, Social and Affective Neuroscience)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1124 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Neuroinflammatory and Immunological Aspects of Fibromyalgia

by Kate Findeisen, Emma Guymer and Geoffrey Littlejohn

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(2), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020206 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 2528

Abstract

Fibromyalgia is a common, high-impact condition of chronic widespread pain and sensory dysfunction associated with altered central and peripheral sensory processing. A growing body of evidence supports the role of neuroinflammation and immune changes in fibromyalgia, and a narrative review of this literature [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia is a common, high-impact condition of chronic widespread pain and sensory dysfunction associated with altered central and peripheral sensory processing. A growing body of evidence supports the role of neuroinflammation and immune changes in fibromyalgia, and a narrative review of this literature was undertaken. Published data suggest that the interactions between the neural pain networks and the immune system in fibromyalgia appear to be bidirectional and operate both centrally and peripherally. There is a growing focus on processes occurring in the dorsal root ganglia and the role of maladaptive microglial cell activation. Ongoing insight into neuroinflammatory mechanisms in fibromyalgia opens potential avenues for the development of mechanism-based therapies in what is, at present, a challenging-to-manage condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Neuroinflammation and Pain Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

101 pages, 7201 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Challenging Cognitive Load Theory: The Role of Educational Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence in Redefining Learning Efficacy

by Evgenia Gkintoni, Hera Antonopoulou, Andrew Sortwell and Constantinos Halkiopoulos

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020203 - 15 Feb 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6702

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This systematic review integrates Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), Educational Neuroscience (EdNeuro), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Machine Learning (ML) to examine their combined impact on optimizing learning environments. It explores how AI-driven adaptive learning systems, informed by neurophysiological insights, enhance personalized education for [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This systematic review integrates Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), Educational Neuroscience (EdNeuro), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Machine Learning (ML) to examine their combined impact on optimizing learning environments. It explores how AI-driven adaptive learning systems, informed by neurophysiological insights, enhance personalized education for K-12 students and adult learners. This study emphasizes the role of Electroencephalography (EEG), Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), and other neurophysiological tools in assessing cognitive states and guiding AI-powered interventions to refine instructional strategies dynamically. Methods: This study reviews n = 103 papers related to the integration of principles of CLT with AI and ML in educational settings. It evaluates the progress made in neuroadaptive learning technologies, especially the real-time management of cognitive load, personalized feedback systems, and the multimodal applications of AI. Besides that, this research examines key hurdles such as data privacy, ethical concerns, algorithmic bias, and scalability issues while pinpointing best practices for robust and effective implementation. Results: The results show that AI and ML significantly improve Learning Efficacy due to managing cognitive load automatically, providing personalized instruction, and adapting learning pathways dynamically based on real-time neurophysiological data. Deep Learning models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) improve classification accuracy, making AI-powered adaptive learning systems more efficient and scalable. Multimodal approaches enhance system robustness by mitigating signal variability and noise-related limitations by combining EEG with fMRI, Electrocardiography (ECG), and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). Despite these advances, practical implementation challenges remain, including ethical considerations, data security risks, and accessibility disparities across learner demographics. Conclusions: AI and ML are epitomes of redefinition potentials that solid ethical frameworks, inclusive design, and scalable methodologies must inform. Future studies will be necessary for refining pre-processing techniques, expanding the variety of datasets, and advancing multimodal neuroadaptive learning for developing high-accuracy, affordable, and ethically responsible AI-driven educational systems. The future of AI-enhanced education should be inclusive, equitable, and effective across various learning populations that would surmount technological limitations and ethical dilemmas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Educational Neuroscience: Current Status and Future Directions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 3435 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate, Quercetin, and Kaempferol for Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Through Prevention of Gut Dysbiosis and Attenuation of Multiple Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis

by Alexis Kalu and Swapan K. Ray

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(2), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020144 - 31 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 924

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition in which degeneration mostly occurs in the dopamine (DA)-producing neurons within the substantia nigra in the midbrain. As a result, individuals with this condition suffer from progressively worsening motor impairment because of the resulting DA deficiency, [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition in which degeneration mostly occurs in the dopamine (DA)-producing neurons within the substantia nigra in the midbrain. As a result, individuals with this condition suffer from progressively worsening motor impairment because of the resulting DA deficiency, along with an array of other symptoms that, over time, force them into a completely debilitating state. As an age-related disease, PD has only risen in prevalence over the years; thus, an emphasis has recently been placed on discovering a new treatment for this condition that is capable of attenuating its progression. The gut microbiota has become an area of intrigue among PD studies, as research into this topic has shown that imbalances in the gut microbiota (colloquially known as gut dysbiosis) seemingly promote the primary etiologic factors that have been found to be associated with PD and its pathologic progression. With this knowledge, research into PD treatment has begun to expand beyond synthetic pharmaceutical compounds, as a growing emphasis has been placed on studying plant-derived polyphenolic compounds, namely flavonoids, as a new potential therapeutic approach. Due to their capacity to promote a state of homeostasis in the gut microbiota and their long-standing history as powerful medicinal agents, flavonoids have begun to be looked at as promising therapeutic agents capable of attenuating several of the pathologic states seen amidst PD through indirect and direct means. This review article focuses on three flavonoids, specifically epigallocatechin-3-gallate, quercetin, and kaempferol, discussing the mechanisms through which these powerful flavonoids can potentially prevent gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammation, and other molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of PD, while also exploring their real-world application and how issues of bioavailability and potential drug interactions can be circumvented or exploited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

30 pages, 728 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Psychedelic-Induced Neural Plasticity: A Comprehensive Review and a Discussion of Clinical Implications

by Francesco Weiss, Anna Magnesa, Matteo Gambini, Riccardo Gurrieri, Eric Annuzzi, Camilla Elefante, Giulio Perugi and Donatella Marazziti

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(2), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020117 - 25 Jan 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3629

Abstract

Background: Psychedelics are increasingly recognized as a promising and innovative treatment strategy for several mental disorders. However, there is still a lively controversy in the medical community as regards the rationale of their employment, specifically their indications and potential dangers. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: Psychedelics are increasingly recognized as a promising and innovative treatment strategy for several mental disorders. However, there is still a lively controversy in the medical community as regards the rationale of their employment, specifically their indications and potential dangers. Methods: A comprehensive literature search on “MEDLINE/PubMed” and “Web of Science” was performed from inception to 26 June 2024, cross-checking the obtained references. We included all studies, i.e., both clinical and preclinical, that supplied original data. Results: We initially obtained a total of 1083 entries, 813 from MEDLINE/PubMed and 270 from Web of Science. After duplicate elimination, 903 underwent systematic literature selection. Primary abstract screening yielded a total of 572 candidates for eligibility assessment and excluded 331 entries on formal grounds. Eligibility assessment led to the exclusion of 501 titles. Finally, a total of 70 articles were included in this review. Discussion: Preclinical evidence from genetic expression, histology and behavioral studies is soundly consistent with psychedelics possessing neuroplasticity-inducing properties. Despite methodological difficulties, clinical evidence seems to be inferentially in agreement with preclinical findings. However, it is still unclear whether the “neuroplastic boost” induced by classic psychedelics might be dissociable from the psychodysleptic effects, thereby reducing the psychopathological hazards implied by these compounds. Moreover, the fact that the so-called “relaxation of priors” should be unconditionally beneficial appears debatable, and further research should clarify the possible indications and contraindications of psychedelic psychoplastogens within a precision medicine perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropharmacology and Neuropathology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1189 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

PROMISE: Prognostic Radiomic Outcome Measurement in Acute Subdural Hematoma Evacuation Post-Craniotomy

by Alexandru Guranda, Antonia Richter, Johannes Wach, Erdem Güresir and Martin Vychopen

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010058 - 10 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 848

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Traumatic acute subdural hematoma (aSDH) often requires surgical intervention, such as craniotomy, to relieve mass lesions and pressure. The extent of hematoma evacuation significantly impacts patient outcomes. This study utilizes 3D Slicer software to analyse post-craniotomy hematoma volume changes and evaluate their [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Traumatic acute subdural hematoma (aSDH) often requires surgical intervention, such as craniotomy, to relieve mass lesions and pressure. The extent of hematoma evacuation significantly impacts patient outcomes. This study utilizes 3D Slicer software to analyse post-craniotomy hematoma volume changes and evaluate their prognostic significance in aSDH patients. Methods: Among 178 adult patients diagnosed with aSDH from January 2015 to December 2022, 64 underwent hematoma evacuation via craniotomy. Initial scans were performed within 24 h of trauma, followed by routine postoperative scans to assess residual hematoma. We conducted radiomic analysis of preoperative and postoperative volumes, surface area, Feret diameter, sphericity, flatness, and elongation. Clinical parameters, including SOFA score, APACHE score, pupillary response, comorbidities, age, anticoagulation status, and preoperative haematocrit and haemoglobin levels, were also evaluated. Results: Changes in Δ surface area significantly correlated with 30-day outcomes (p = 0.03) and showed moderate predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.65). Patients with a Δ surface area > 30,090 mm² experienced poorer outcomes (OR = 6.66, p = 0.02). Significant features included preoperative surface area (p = 0.009), Feret diameter (p = 0.0012). In multivariate analysis, only the Feret diameter remained significant (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Postoperative Δ surface area is, among other variables, a strong predictor of 30-day outcomes, while in multivariate analysis, preoperative Feret diameter remains the only independent predictor. Radiomic analysis with 3D Slicer may enhance prognostic accuracy and inform tailored therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 3268 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Walking and Hippocampal Formation Volume Changes: A Systematic Review

by Mohamed Hesham Khalil

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010052 - 8 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2011

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sustaining the human brain’s hippocampus from atrophy throughout ageing is critical. Exercise is proven to be effective in promoting adaptive hippocampal plasticity, and the hippocampus has a bidirectional relationship with the physical environment. Therefore, this systematic review explores the effects of walking, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sustaining the human brain’s hippocampus from atrophy throughout ageing is critical. Exercise is proven to be effective in promoting adaptive hippocampal plasticity, and the hippocampus has a bidirectional relationship with the physical environment. Therefore, this systematic review explores the effects of walking, a simple physical activity in the environment, on hippocampal formation volume changes for lifelong brain and cognitive health. Method: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for studies on humans published up to November 2022 examining hippocampal volume changes and walking. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Study quality was assessed using the PEDro scale and ROBINS-I tool. A narrative synthesis explored walking factors associated with total, subregional, and hemisphere-specific hippocampal volume changes. Results: Overall, walking had positive effects on hippocampal volumes. Several studies found benefits of higher-intensity and greater amounts of walking for total hippocampal volume. The subiculum increased after low-intensity walking and nature exposure, while the parahippocampal gyrus benefited from vigorous intensity. The right hippocampus increased with spatial navigation during walking. No studies examined the effect of walking on the dentate gyrus. Conclusions: This systematic review highlights walking as a multifaceted variable that can lead to manifold adaptive hippocampal volume changes. These findings support the promotion of walking as a simple, effective strategy to enhance brain health and prevent cognitive decline, suggesting the design of physical environments with natural and biophilic characteristics and layouts with greater walkability and cognitive stimulation. Future research is encouraged to explore the hippocampal subregional changes instead of focusing on total hippocampal volume, since the hippocampal formation is multicompartmental and subfields respond differently to different walking-related variables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurorehabilitation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2528 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

AI Chatbots and Cognitive Control: Enhancing Executive Functions Through Chatbot Interactions: A Systematic Review

by Pantelis Pergantis, Victoria Bamicha, Charalampos Skianis and Athanasios Drigas

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010047 - 6 Jan 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7425

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The evolution of digital technology enhances the broadening of a person’s intellectual growth. Research points out that implementing innovative applications of the digital world improves human social, cognitive, and metacognitive behavior. Artificial intelligence chatbots are yet another innovative human-made construct. These [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The evolution of digital technology enhances the broadening of a person’s intellectual growth. Research points out that implementing innovative applications of the digital world improves human social, cognitive, and metacognitive behavior. Artificial intelligence chatbots are yet another innovative human-made construct. These are forms of software that simulate human conversation, understand and process user input, and provide personalized responses. Executive function includes a set of higher mental processes necessary for formulating, planning, and achieving a goal. The present study aims to investigate executive function reinforcement through artificial intelligence chatbots, outlining potentials, limitations, and future research suggestions. Specifically, the study examined three research questions: the use of conversational chatbots in executive functioning training, their impact on executive-cognitive skills, and the duration of any improvements. Methods: The assessment of the existing literature was implemented using the systematic review method, according to the PRISMA 2020 Principles. The avalanche search method was employed to conduct a source search in the following databases: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and complementary Google Scholar. This systematic review included studies from 2021 to the present using experimental, observational, or mixed methods. It included studies using AI-based chatbots or conversationalists to support executive functions, such as anxiety, stress, depression, memory, attention, cognitive load, and behavioral changes. In addition, this study included general populations with specific neurological conditions, all peer-reviewed, written in English, and with full-text access. However, the study excluded studies before 2021, the literature reviews, systematic reviews, non-AI-based chatbots or conversationalists, studies not targeting the range of executive skills and abilities, studies not written in English, and studies without open access. The criteria aligned with the study objectives, ensuring a focus on AI chatbots and the impact of conversational agents on executive function. The initial collection totaled n = 115 articles; however, the eligibility requirements led to the final selection of n = 10 studies. Results: The findings of the studies suggested positive effects of using AI chatbots to enhance and improve executive skills. Although, several limitations were identified, making it still difficult to generalize and reproduce their effects. Conclusions: AI chatbots are an innovative artificial intelligence tool that can function as a digital assistant for learning and expanding executive skills, contributing to the cognitive, metacognitive, and social development of the individual. However, its use in executive skills training is at a primary stage. The findings highlighted the need for a unified framework for reference and future studies, better study designs, diverse populations, larger sample sizes of participants, and longitudinal studies that observe the long-term effects of their use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Cognitive Training on Executive Function and Cognition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 622 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Interoceptive Awareness and Female Orgasm Frequency and Satisfaction

by Emily Dixon, Giulia L. Poerio, Gerulf Rieger and Megan Klabunde

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1236; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121236 - 9 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 8621

Abstract

Background: The female orgasm is a highly understudied phenomenon that is linked to both wellbeing and relationship satisfaction in women. Although orgasm has been associated with interoception—the sense of the physiological condition of the body—very few studies have directly examined the influence that [...] Read more.

Background: The female orgasm is a highly understudied phenomenon that is linked to both wellbeing and relationship satisfaction in women. Although orgasm has been associated with interoception—the sense of the physiological condition of the body—very few studies have directly examined the influence that interoception has on orgasm. Objectives: This study investigates how the subjective experience of one’s interoceptive capacities (called interoceptive awareness) is associated with self-reported orgasm frequency and satisfaction in people who identify as women. Methods: In a dataset of 318 women, orgasm frequency and satisfaction were both rated significantly higher for solitary as compared to partnered sexual experiences. Results: Analysis of how dimensions of interoceptive awareness correlated with orgasm frequency and satisfaction showed that (1) ‘Noticing’ predicted orgasm frequency (but not satisfaction) across both solitary and partnered interactions, (2) ‘Attention Regulation’ predicted greater frequency and satisfaction of solitary orgasm (but not partnered interactions), and (3) ‘Body Trusting’ predicted orgasm satisfaction (but not frequency) across both solitary and partnered contexts. Conclusions: Findings underscore the importance of moving beyond orgasmic dysfunction research by investigating how interoception is associated with healthy—and potentially even optimal—orgasmic functioning in women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interoception and Women’s Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 8528 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Neuroplastic Responses to Chiropractic Care: Broad Impacts on Pain, Mood, Sleep, and Quality of Life

by Heidi Haavik, Imran Khan Niazi, Imran Amjad, Nitika Kumari, Usman Ghani, Moeez Ashfaque, Usman Rashid, Muhammad Samran Navid, Ernest Nlandu Kamavuako, Amit N. Pujari and Kelly Holt

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111124 - 7 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 11017

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of chiropractic care using resting electroencephalography (EEG), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), clinical health assessments (Fitbit), and Patient-reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29). Methods: Seventy-six people with chronic low back pain (mean age ± SD: 45 [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of chiropractic care using resting electroencephalography (EEG), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), clinical health assessments (Fitbit), and Patient-reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29). Methods: Seventy-six people with chronic low back pain (mean age ± SD: 45 ± 11 years, 33 female) were randomised into control (n = 38) and chiropractic (n = 38) groups. EEG and SEPs were collected pre and post the first intervention and post 4 weeks of intervention. PROMIS-29 was measured pre and post 4 weeks. Fitbit data were recorded continuously. Results: Spectral analysis of resting EEG showed a significant increase in Theta, Alpha and Beta, and a significant decrease in Delta power in the chiropractic group post intervention. Source localisation revealed a significant increase in Alpha activity within the Default Mode Network (DMN) post intervention and post 4 weeks. A significant decrease in N30 SEP peak amplitude post intervention and post 4 weeks was found in the chiropractic group. Source localisation demonstrated significant changes in Alpha and Beta power within the DMN post-intervention and post 4 weeks. Significant improvements in light sleep stage were observed in the chiropractic group along with enhanced overall quality of life post 4 weeks, including significant reductions in anxiety, depression, fatigue, and pain. Conclusions: These findings indicate that many health benefits of chiropractic care are due to altered brain activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Altered Musculoskeletal Sensory Input and Neuromechanics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 973 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Effect of Autism Spectrum Disorder on Family Mental Health: Challenges, Emotional Impact, and Coping Strategies

by José Jesús Sánchez Amate and Antonio Luque de la Rosa

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111116 - 1 Nov 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6676

Abstract

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) impacts not only diagnosed individuals, but also significantly affects the quality of life of both primary and secondary caregivers. These effects are particularly pronounced when compared to caregivers of individuals with other neurodevelopmental disorders. The emotional and physical [...] Read more.

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) impacts not only diagnosed individuals, but also significantly affects the quality of life of both primary and secondary caregivers. These effects are particularly pronounced when compared to caregivers of individuals with other neurodevelopmental disorders. The emotional and physical demands of caring for someone with ASD can profoundly alter family dynamics and interpersonal relationships, creating challenges that require a comprehensive approach to be understood and addressed. Methods: The methodological design is a narrative review study, based on a search conducted during May, June, July, and August 2024 in the Scopus, Dialnet, and WoS databases concerning the object of study. As a result, a total of 197 articles were qualitatively analyzed. Of these, 36 articles were selected for a more detailed qualitative analysis, leading to a final sample of 14 documents. The selected studies were examined through qualitative content analysis. The inclusion criteria for this selection were as follows: empirical studies or research published in English or Spanish; open access via the Internet; categories limited to “education/educational research” relevant to the proposed objectives; and specific documents related to students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Results: The care of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has a significant and multifaceted impact on family life, deeply affecting the mental health of caregivers. These effects manifest in the form of chronic stress, anxiety, and interpersonal difficulties, altering family dynamics. The quality of life of caregivers varies depending on the coping strategies they employ, which are crucial for their emotional well-being. Conclusions: Understanding and optimizing these strategies is essential to mitigate the negative effects of caregiving and improving the overall well-being of families living with ASD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Mental Health of People with Autism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2931 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

A Systematic Review on Social Cognition in ADHD: The Role of Language, Theory of Mind, and Executive Functions

by Alessandra Capuozzo, Salvatore Rizzato, Giuseppe Grossi and Francesca Strappini

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111117 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 7150

Abstract

Background: In this systematic review, conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we aimed to assess differences in the cognitive processes associated with social cognition—namely language, theory of mind (ToM), and executive functions (EFs)—between ADHD and control groups. Methods: The review included studies [...] Read more.

Background: In this systematic review, conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we aimed to assess differences in the cognitive processes associated with social cognition—namely language, theory of mind (ToM), and executive functions (EFs)—between ADHD and control groups. Methods: The review included studies indexed in PubMed, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO up until May 2024. Eligible original peer-reviewed articles met the following criteria: they were written in English, included a clinical group with a current primary ADHD diagnosis, were empirical, included quantitative data, and utilized standardized and validated measures with adequate psychometric properties to assess social cognitive processes. Results and Discussion: A total of 1215 individuals with ADHD participated in the selected studies. Out of the 22 articles reviewed, 17 reported significant differences between ADHD and the controls across several cognitive processes related to language and EF rather than ToM. These processes included pragmatic skills, verbal and nonverbal communication, emotional prosody, interaction skills, sarcasm, paradoxical sarcasm recognition, ambiguous situations, emotion recognition, false belief, social problem solving, social behaviors, and gesture codification. We also discuss the limitations of the research and the implications of our findings. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42023474681. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Cognition across Lifespan in Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Cognitive and Neural Processes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 2902 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Alzheimer’s Disease: Understanding Motor Impairments

by Jesús Andrade-Guerrero, Humberto Martínez-Orozco, Marcos M. Villegas-Rojas, Alberto Santiago-Balmaseda, Karen M. Delgado-Minjares, Isaac Pérez-Segura, Mauricio T. Baéz-Cortés, Miguel A. Del Toro-Colin, Magdalena Guerra-Crespo, Oscar Arias-Carrión, Sofía Diaz-Cintra and Luis O. Soto-Rojas

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111054 - 24 Oct 2024

Viewed by 8097

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide, profoundly impacts health and quality of life. While cognitive impairments—such as memory loss, attention deficits, and disorientation—predominate in AD, motor symptoms, though common, remain underexplored. These motor symptoms, [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide, profoundly impacts health and quality of life. While cognitive impairments—such as memory loss, attention deficits, and disorientation—predominate in AD, motor symptoms, though common, remain underexplored. These motor symptoms, including gait disturbances, reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle weakness, sarcopenia, and impaired balance, are often associated with advanced stages of AD and contribute to increased mortality. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that motor symptoms may be present in earlier stages and can serve as predictive markers for AD in older adults. Despite a limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving these motor symptoms, several key pathways have been identified, offering avenues for further investigation. This review provides an in-depth analysis of motor symptoms in AD, discussing its progression, potential mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies. Addressing motor symptoms alongside cognitive decline may enhance patient functionality, improve quality of life, and support more comprehensive disease management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers Identification for Neurological Diseases and Neurorehabilitation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

38 pages, 2124 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Neurofeedback Training Protocols in Sports: A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Performance, Anxiety, and Emotional Regulation

by Beatrice Tosti, Stefano Corrado, Stefania Mancone, Tommaso Di Libero, Chiara Carissimo, Gianni Cerro, Angelo Rodio, Vernon Furtado da Silva, Danilo Reis Coimbra, Alexandro Andrade and Pierluigi Diotaiuti

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 1036; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101036 - 18 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5799

Abstract

(1) Background. Neurofeedback has been used in sports since the 1990s, frequently showing positive outcomes in enhancing athletic performance. This systematic review provides an updated analysis of neurofeedback training in sports, evaluating reaction time, cognitive performance, and emotional regulation to address literature gaps [...] Read more.

(1) Background. Neurofeedback has been used in sports since the 1990s, frequently showing positive outcomes in enhancing athletic performance. This systematic review provides an updated analysis of neurofeedback training in sports, evaluating reaction time, cognitive performance, and emotional regulation to address literature gaps and suggest future research directions. (2) Methods. A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases for articles published from January 2016 to April 2023. The search included only original articles written in English, resulting in 24 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. (3) Results. The reviewed studies cover a wide range of sports, including golf, basketball, swimming, rifle shooting, football, volleyball, athletics, judo, ice hockey, triathlon, handball, fencing, taekwondo, and darts. They involved athletes of varying experience levels (beginners, professionals, and experts) and utilized neurofeedback training targeting different frequency bands (alpha, beta, theta, and SMR), either individually or in mixed protocols. Findings show improvements in sports and cognitive performance, emotional regulation, and anxiety management. (4) Conclusions. This systematic review supports the effectiveness of neurofeedback in enhancing sports and cognitive performance across various disciplines and experience levels. Notable improvements were observed in technical skills, physical performance parameters, scoring, attention, concentration, reaction time, short-term and working memory, self-regulation, and cognitive anxiety. Future research should standardize protocols, include more diverse samples, and explore long-term effects to further validate these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Neuroscience)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 719 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Mindfulness-Based Interventions for People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review

by Luca Simione, Alessandro Frolli, Francesca Sciattella and Salvatore Gaetano Chiarella

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101001 - 30 Sep 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5171

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have emerged in recent years as a strong candidate for the treatment of a range of difficulties faced by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including cognitive, emotional, and social aspects. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a review that [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have emerged in recent years as a strong candidate for the treatment of a range of difficulties faced by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including cognitive, emotional, and social aspects. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a review that systematically examined the efficacy of MBIs for individuals with ASD and their caregivers. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Our literature search was conducted within the MEDLINE database. We included in the review only longitudinal or intervention studies focusing mainly on mindfulness principles, while we excluded mixed intervention studies. We only included studies that explicitly utilized quantitative methodologies for evaluating the outcomes of the interventions, including mental health indices (e.g., stress, anxiety, depression) and assessments of cognitive and social skills (e.g., attention, prosociality). We conducted also a risk of bias assessment through the method of the Cochrane risk of bias tool for intervention studies ROBINS-I. Results: Thirty-seven studies were included in the review, and we grouped the studies by the targets of the interventions, i.e., adults (n = 12), children and adolescents (n = 9), caregivers and medical staff (n = 13), and combined intervention for both children/adolescents and their parents/caregivers (n = 5). The reviewed papers seem to support the feasibility and utility of mindfulness interventions for persons with ASD and their caregivers, but any recommendations based on this body of evidence should be made with caution due to the overall low quality of the studies conducted so far. Conclusions: The review reveals a positive outcome, including the alleviation of psychological distress, reduced behavioral problems, and enhanced cognitive and social skills in individuals with ASD. Despite such promising results, the review notes a limitation in the scarcity of MBIs for young patients, emphasizing caution in universally endorsing the existing literature. Moreover, the results underline the urgency of the exploration of tailored interventions for different ASD subgroups, considering varying levels of autism, and expanding support to teachers in educational settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Mental Health of People with Autism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1265 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advancements in Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: The Advent of Disease-Modifying Therapies (DMTs)

by Qiong Wang, Sihui Chen, Junhui Wang, Huifang Shang and Xueping Chen

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(10), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14100990 - 29 Sep 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5527

Abstract

The landscape of pharmacological treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has undergone significant transformations with the advent of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) targeting β-Amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, one of the hallmark pathologies of AD. The approval and market introduction of monoclonal antibodies mark the dawn of [...] Read more.

The landscape of pharmacological treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has undergone significant transformations with the advent of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) targeting β-Amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, one of the hallmark pathologies of AD. The approval and market introduction of monoclonal antibodies mark the dawn of a new era in AD therapeutics as well. Furthermore, considerable progress has also been made in the development of new drugs targeting non-Aβ and non-Tau protein pathways. These advancements are key in tackling the root causes of AD, offering hope for treatments that both relieve symptoms and slow disease progression, improving patient outcomes and quality of life. This review aims to provide a comprehensive update on the advances in drug development and application for AD, including those currently in clinical trials and those already approved for the market to treat patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropharmacology and Neuropathology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1119 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biostasis: A Roadmap for Research in Preservation and Potential Revival of Humans

by Andrew T. McKenzie, Brian Wowk, Anton Arkhipov, Borys Wróbel, Nathan Cheng and Emil F. Kendziorra

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090942 - 21 Sep 2024

Viewed by 4458

Abstract

Human biostasis, the preservation of a human when all other contemporary options for extension of quality life are exhausted, offers the speculative potential for survival via continuation of life in the future. While provably reversible preservation, also known as suspended animation, is not [...] Read more.

Human biostasis, the preservation of a human when all other contemporary options for extension of quality life are exhausted, offers the speculative potential for survival via continuation of life in the future. While provably reversible preservation, also known as suspended animation, is not yet possible for humans, the primary justification for contemporary biostasis is the preservation of the brain, which is broadly considered the seat of memories, personality, and identity. By preserving the information contained within the brain’s structures, it may be possible to resuscitate a healthy whole individual using advanced future technologies. There are numerous challenges in biostasis, including inadequacies in current preservation techniques, methods to evaluate the quality of preservation, and potential future revival technologies. In this report, we describe a roadmap that attempts to delineate research directions that could improve the field of biostasis, focusing on optimizing preservation protocols and establishing metrics for querying preservation quality, as well as pre- and post-cardiac arrest factors, stabilization strategies, and methods for long-term preservation. We acknowledge the highly theoretical nature of future revival technologies and the importance of achieving high-fidelity brain preservation to maximize the potential of future repair technologies. We plan to update the research roadmap biennially. Our goal is to encourage multidisciplinary communication and collaboration in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 356 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Understanding Trauma in IPV: Distinguishing Complex PTSD, PTSD, and BPD in Victims and Offenders

by Erica Pugliese, Federica Visco-Comandini, Carolina Papa, Luciana Ciringione, Lucia Cornacchia, Fabiana Gino, Loreta Cannito, Stefania Fadda and Francesco Mancini

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090856 - 25 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4888

Abstract

This work aims to shed light on the differential diagnosis of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (cPTSD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and borderline personality disorder (BPD) within the context of intimate partner violence (IPV), which represents a highly innovative field of clinical research. To [...] Read more.

This work aims to shed light on the differential diagnosis of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (cPTSD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and borderline personality disorder (BPD) within the context of intimate partner violence (IPV), which represents a highly innovative field of clinical research. To this end, a critical review of the literature was conducted to identify and compare the clinical patterns and symptomatic overlaps among cPTSD, PTSD, and BPD, with an emphasis on their manifestation in both IPV victims and offenders. The results show that despite some symptomatic similarities, cPTSD, PTSD, and BPD have distinct clinical patterns of interpersonal violence. Specifically, disturbances in self-organization (DSO) are more commonly found in offenders, while the diagnosis of cPTSD seems more aligned with the psychological functioning of victims. In addition, cPTSD and specific characteristics of BPD, such as fear of rejection and instability of identity, constitute risk factors for IPV victimization. cPTSD is shown as a predisposing factor not only for IPV victims but also for offenders, while PTSD emerges as a consequential factor. The specific pathways linking PTSD, cPTSD, and BPD with IPV have significant implications for clinical practice. Further research is needed to understand these profiles and the mechanisms linking trauma-related features to IPV, which is crucial for implementing effective violence prevention programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Violence and Affection Behavior in Relationships and Interpersonal Communication)

34 pages, 1134 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

From Infancy to Childhood: A Comprehensive Review of Event- and Task-Related Brain Oscillations

by Esra Ünsal, Rümeysa Duygun, İrem Yemeniciler, Elifnur Bingöl, Ömer Ceran and Bahar Güntekin

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(8), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080837 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 4449

Abstract

Brain development from infancy through childhood involves complex structural and functional changes influenced by both internal and external factors. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of event and task-related brain oscillations, focusing on developmental changes across different frequency bands, including delta, theta, alpha, [...] Read more.

Brain development from infancy through childhood involves complex structural and functional changes influenced by both internal and external factors. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of event and task-related brain oscillations, focusing on developmental changes across different frequency bands, including delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma. Electroencephalography (EEG) studies highlight that these oscillations serve as functional building blocks for sensory and cognitive processes, with significant variations observed across different developmental stages. Delta oscillations, primarily associated with deep sleep and early cognitive demands, gradually diminish as children age. Theta rhythms, crucial for attention and memory, display a distinct pattern in early childhood, evolving with cognitive maturation. Alpha oscillations, reflecting thalamocortical interactions and cognitive performance, increase in complexity with age. Beta rhythms, linked to active thinking and problem-solving, show developmental differences in motor and cognitive tasks. Gamma oscillations, associated with higher cognitive functions, exhibit notable changes in response to sensory stimuli and cognitive tasks. This review underscores the importance of understanding oscillatory dynamics to elucidate brain development and its implications for sensory and cognitive processing in childhood. The findings provide a foundation for future research on developmental neuroscience and potential clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Brain Responses and Functional Brain Networks across the Lifespan)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Insights into the Effect of Light Pollution on Mental Health: Focus on Affective Disorders—A Narrative Review

by Giulia Menculini, Federica Cirimbilli, Veronica Raspa, Francesca Scopetta, Gianmarco Cinesi, Anastasia Grazia Chieppa, Lorenzo Cuzzucoli, Patrizia Moretti, Pierfrancesco Maria Balducci, Luigi Attademo, Francesco Bernardini, Andreas Erfurth, Gabriele Sachs and Alfonso Tortorella

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(8), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080802 - 10 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6097

Abstract

The presence of artificial light at night has emerged as an anthropogenic stressor in recent years. Various sources of light pollution have been shown to affect circadian physiology with serious consequences for metabolic pathways, possibly disrupting pineal melatonin production with multiple adverse health [...] Read more.

The presence of artificial light at night has emerged as an anthropogenic stressor in recent years. Various sources of light pollution have been shown to affect circadian physiology with serious consequences for metabolic pathways, possibly disrupting pineal melatonin production with multiple adverse health effects. The suppression of melatonin at night may also affect human mental health and contribute to the development or exacerbation of psychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals. Due to the high burden of circadian disruption in affective disorders, it has been hypothesized that light pollution impacts mental health, mainly affecting mood regulation. Hence, the aim of this review was to critically summarize the evidence on the effects of light pollution on mood symptoms, with a particular focus on the role of circadian rhythms in mediating this relationship. We conducted a narrative review of the literature in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science datasets. After the screening process, eighteen papers were eligible for inclusion. The results clearly indicate a link between light pollution and the development of affective symptoms, with a central role of sleep disturbances in the emergence of mood alterations. Risk perception also represents a crucial topic, possibly modulating the development of affective symptoms in response to light pollution. The results of this review should encourage a multidisciplinary approach to the design of healthier environments, including lighting conditions among the key determinants of human mental health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Challenges for the Diagnosis and Management of Affective Disorders: From Preclinical Evidence to Clinical Trials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 357 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Treatment of Cognitive Impairment Associated with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: New Evidence, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

by Irene Calzavara-Pinton, Gabriele Nibbio, Stefano Barlati, Lorenzo Bertoni, Nicola Necchini, Daniela Zardini, Antonio Baglioni, Stefano Paolini, Laura Poddighe, Viola Bulgari, Jacopo Lisoni, Giacomo Deste and Antonio Vita

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(8), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080791 - 6 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7689

Abstract

Cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS) represents one of the core features of the disorder and has a significant impact on functional and rehabilitation outcomes of people living with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). The aim of this critical review is to highlight the [...] Read more.

Cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS) represents one of the core features of the disorder and has a significant impact on functional and rehabilitation outcomes of people living with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). The aim of this critical review is to highlight the most recent evidence on effective treatments available for CIAS, to discuss the current challenges in this field, and to present future perspectives that may help to overcome them. Concerning psychopharmacological approaches, among the most indicated strategies for the management and prevention of CIAS is to favor second-generation antipsychotic medications and avoid long-term and high-dose treatments with anticholinergic medications and benzodiazepines. Moreover, non-pharmacological approaches such as cognitive remediation and physical exercise-based programs represent evidence-based interventions in the treatment of CIAS that have shown reliable evidence of effectiveness on both cognitive and functional outcomes. These treatments, however, are still delivered to people accessing mental health services with a diagnosis of CIAS in an uneven manner, even in high-income countries. Academic and clinical partnership and collaboration, as well as advocacy from service users, families, carers, and stakeholders’ organizations could help to reduce the bench to bedside gap in the treatment of CIAS. Future perspectives include the development of novel pharmacological agents that could be effective in the treatment of CIAS, the implementation of novel technologies such as telemedicine and virtual reality in the delivery of evidence-based interventions to improve accessibility and engagement, and further research in the field of non-invasive brain stimulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia)

18 pages, 1073 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Understanding the Effect of Listening to Music, Playing Music, and Singing on Brain Function: A Scoping Review of fNIRS Studies

by Keya Ding, Jingwen Li, Xuemei Li and Hui Li

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(8), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080751 - 26 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 16905

Abstract

Music is integrated into daily life when listening to it, playing it, and singing, uniquely modulating brain activity. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), celebrated for its ecological validity, has been used to elucidate this music–brain interaction. This scoping review synthesizes 22 empirical studies using [...] Read more.

Music is integrated into daily life when listening to it, playing it, and singing, uniquely modulating brain activity. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), celebrated for its ecological validity, has been used to elucidate this music–brain interaction. This scoping review synthesizes 22 empirical studies using fNIRS to explore the intricate relationship between music and brain function. This synthesis of existing evidence reveals that diverse musical activities, such as listening to music, singing, and playing instruments, evoke unique brain responses influenced by individual traits and musical attributes. A further analysis identifies five key themes, including the effect of passive and active music experiences on relevant human brain areas, lateralization in music perception, individual variations in neural responses, neural synchronization in musical performance, and new insights fNIRS has revealed in these lines of research. While this review highlights the limited focus on specific brain regions and the lack of comparative analyses between musicians and non-musicians, it emphasizes the need for future research to investigate the complex interplay between music and the human brain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1628 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality

by Davide Crivelli, Carlotta Acconito and Michela Balconi

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070734 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 9351

Abstract

Studies on decision-making have classically focused exclusively on its cognitive component. Recent research has shown that a further essential component of decisional processes is the emotional one. Indeed, the emotional route in decision-making plays a crucial role, especially in situations characterized by ambiguity, [...] Read more.

Studies on decision-making have classically focused exclusively on its cognitive component. Recent research has shown that a further essential component of decisional processes is the emotional one. Indeed, the emotional route in decision-making plays a crucial role, especially in situations characterized by ambiguity, uncertainty, and risk. Despite that, individual differences concerning such components and their associations with individual traits, decisional styles, and psychophysiological profiles are still understudied. This pilot study aimed at investigating the relationship between individual propensity toward using an emotional or cognitive information-processing route in decision-making, EEG and autonomic correlates of the decisional performance as collected via wearable non-invasive devices, and individual personality and decisional traits. Participants completed a novel task based on realistic decisional scenarios while their physiological activity (EEG and autonomic indices) was monitored. Self-report questionnaires were used to collect data on personality traits, individual differences, and decisional styles. Data analyses highlighted two main findings. Firstly, different personality traits and decisional styles showed significant and specific correlations, with an individual propensity toward either emotional or cognitive information processing for decision-making. Secondly, task-related EEG and autonomic measures presented a specific and distinct correlation pattern with different decisional styles, maximization traits, and personality traits, suggesting different latent profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive, Social and Affective Neuroscience)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Depression Is Associated with a Higher Risk of Mortality among Breast Cancer Survivors: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey–National Death Index Linked Study

by Jagdish Khubchandani, Srikanta Banerjee, Kavita Batra and May A. Beydoun

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070732 - 21 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4690

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) and depression are globally prevalent problems. Numerous reviews have indicated the high prevalence of depression among BC survivors. However, the long-term impact of depression on survival among BC survivors has not been well explored. For this investigation, we aimed to [...] Read more.

Breast cancer (BC) and depression are globally prevalent problems. Numerous reviews have indicated the high prevalence of depression among BC survivors. However, the long-term impact of depression on survival among BC survivors has not been well explored. For this investigation, we aimed to explore the relationship between BC, depression, and mortality from a national random sample of adult American women. Data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (years 2005–2010) were linked with mortality data from the National Death Index up to December 31st, 2019. A total of 4719 adult women (ages 45 years and older) were included in the study sample with 5.1% having breast cancer and more than a tenth (12.7%) having depression. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality risk among those with BC was 1.50 (95% CI = 1.05–2.13) compared to those without BC. In the adjusted analysis, the risk of all-cause mortality was highest among women with both depression and BC (HR = 3.04; 95% CI = 1.15–8.05) compared to those without BC or depression. The relationship between BC and mortality was moderated by cardiovascular diseases, anemia, smoking, age, PIR, and marital status. Our analysis provides vital information on factors that could be helpful for interventions to reduce mortality risk among those with BC and depression. In addition, given the higher risk of mortality with co-occurring BC and depression, collaborative healthcare practices should help with widespread screening for and treatment of depression among BC survivors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Mood Disorders: Opportunities and Challenges)

21 pages, 2257 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Verbal Learning and Memory Deficits across Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Insights from an ENIGMA Mega Analysis

by Eamonn Kennedy, Spencer W. Liebel, Hannah M. Lindsey, Shashank Vadlamani, Pui-Wa Lei, Maheen M. Adamson, Martin Alda, Silvia Alonso-Lana, Tim J. Anderson, Celso Arango, Robert F. Asarnow, Mihai Avram, Rosa Ayesa-Arriola, Talin Babikian, Nerisa Banaj, Laura J. Bird, Stefan Borgwardt, Amy Brodtmann, Katharina Brosch, Karen Caeyenberghs, Vince D. Calhoun, Nancy D. Chiaravalloti, David X. Cifu, Benedicto Crespo-Facorro, John C. Dalrymple-Alford, Kristen Dams-O’Connor, Udo Dannlowski, David Darby, Nicholas Davenport, John DeLuca, Covadonga M. Diaz-Caneja, Seth G. Disner, Ekaterina Dobryakova, Stefan Ehrlich, Carrie Esopenko, Fabio Ferrarelli, Lea E. Frank, Carol E. Franz, Paola Fuentes-Claramonte, Helen Genova, Christopher C. Giza, Janik Goltermann, Dominik Grotegerd, Marius Gruber, Alfonso Gutierrez-Zotes, Minji Ha, Jan Haavik, Charles Hinkin, Kristen R. Hoskinson, Daniela Hubl, Andrei Irimia, Andreas Jansen, Michael Kaess, Xiaojian Kang, Kimbra Kenney, Barbora Keřková, Mohamed Salah Khlif, Minah Kim, Jochen Kindler, Tilo Kircher, Karolina Knížková, Knut K. Kolskår, Denise Krch, William S. Kremen, Taylor Kuhn, Veena Kumari, Junsoo Kwon, Roberto Langella, Sarah Laskowitz, Jungha Lee, Jean Lengenfelder, Victoria Liou-Johnson, Sara M. Lippa, Marianne Løvstad, Astri J. Lundervold, Cassandra Marotta, Craig A. Marquardt, Paulo Mattos, Ahmad Mayeli, Carrie R. McDonald, Susanne Meinert, Tracy R. Melzer, Jessica Merchán-Naranjo, Chantal Michel, Rajendra A. Morey, Benson Mwangi, Daniel J. Myall, Igor Nenadić, Mary R. Newsome, Abraham Nunes, Terence O’Brien, Viola Oertel, John Ollinger, Alexander Olsen, Victor Ortiz García de la Foz, Mustafa Ozmen, Heath Pardoe, Marise Parent, Fabrizio Piras, Federica Piras, Edith Pomarol-Clotet, Jonathan Repple, Geneviève Richard, Jonathan Rodriguez, Mabel Rodriguez, Kelly Rootes-Murdy, Jared Rowland, Nicholas P. Ryan, Raymond Salvador, Anne-Marthe Sanders, Andre Schmidt, Jair C. Soares, Gianfranco Spalleta, Filip Španiel, Scott R. Sponheim, Alena Stasenko, Frederike Stein, Benjamin Straube, April Thames, Florian Thomas-Odenthal, Sophia I. Thomopoulos, Erin B. Tone, Ivan Torres, Maya Troyanskaya, Jessica A. Turner, Kristine M. Ulrichsen, Guillermo Umpierrez, Daniela Vecchio, Elisabet Vilella, Lucy Vivash, William C. Walker, Emilio Werden, Lars T. Westlye, Krista Wild, Adrian Wroblewski, Mon-Ju Wu, Glenn R. Wylie, Lakshmi N. Yatham, Giovana B. Zunta-Soares, Paul M. Thompson, Mary Jo Pugh, David F. Tate, Frank G. Hillary, Elisabeth A. Wilde and Emily L. Dennis Show full author list Hide full author list

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070669 - 29 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5116

Abstract

Deficits in memory performance have been linked to a wide range of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. While many studies have assessed the memory impacts of individual conditions, this study considers a broader perspective by evaluating how memory recall is differentially associated with nine [...] Read more.

Deficits in memory performance have been linked to a wide range of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. While many studies have assessed the memory impacts of individual conditions, this study considers a broader perspective by evaluating how memory recall is differentially associated with nine common neuropsychiatric conditions using data drawn from 55 international studies, aggregating 15,883 unique participants aged 15–90. The effects of dementia, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder on immediate, short-, and long-delay verbal learning and memory (VLM) scores were estimated relative to matched healthy individuals. Random forest models identified age, years of education, and site as important VLM covariates. A Bayesian harmonization approach was used to isolate and remove site effects. Regression estimated the adjusted association of each clinical group with VLM scores. Memory deficits were strongly associated with dementia and schizophrenia (p < 0.001), while neither depression nor ADHD showed consistent associations with VLM scores (p > 0.05). Differences associated with clinical conditions were larger for longer delayed recall duration items. By comparing VLM across clinical conditions, this study provides a foundation for enhanced diagnostic precision and offers new insights into disease management of comorbid disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Impairment in Neuropsychiatry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2846 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Integrating Augmented Reality in Spine Surgery: Redefining Precision with New Technologies

by Manuel De Jesus Encarnacion Ramirez, Gennady Chmutin, Renat Nurmukhametov, Gervith Reyes Soto, Siddarth Kannan, Gennadi Piavchenko, Vladmir Nikolenko, Ibrahim E. Efe, Alberto Ramírez Romero, Jeff Ntalaja Mukengeshay, Keith Simfukwe, Tshiunza Mpoyi Cherubin, Federico Nicolosi, Salman Sharif, Juan Carlos Roa and Nicola Montemurro

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070645 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3515

Abstract

Introduction: The integration of augmented reality (AR) in spine surgery marks a significant advancement, enhancing surgical precision and patient outcomes. AR provides immersive, three-dimensional visualizations of anatomical structures, facilitating meticulous planning and execution of spine surgeries. This technology not only improves spatial understanding [...] Read more.

Introduction: The integration of augmented reality (AR) in spine surgery marks a significant advancement, enhancing surgical precision and patient outcomes. AR provides immersive, three-dimensional visualizations of anatomical structures, facilitating meticulous planning and execution of spine surgeries. This technology not only improves spatial understanding and real-time navigation during procedures but also aims to reduce surgical invasiveness and operative times. Despite its potential, challenges such as model accuracy, user interface design, and the learning curve for new technology must be addressed. AR’s application extends beyond the operating room, offering valuable tools for medical education and improving patient communication and satisfaction. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted by searching PubMed and Scopus databases using keywords related to augmented reality in spine surgery, covering publications from January 2020 to January 2024. Results: In total, 319 articles were identified through the initial search of the databases. After screening titles and abstracts, 11 articles in total were included in the qualitative synthesis. Conclusion: Augmented reality (AR) is becoming a transformative force in spine surgery, enhancing precision, education, and outcomes despite hurdles like technical limitations and integration challenges. AR’s immersive visualizations and educational innovations, coupled with its potential synergy with AI and machine learning, indicate a bright future for surgical care. Despite the existing obstacles, AR’s impact on improving surgical accuracy and safety marks a significant leap forward in patient treatment and care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends and Technologies in Modern Neurosurgery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1752 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Selective Activation of the Spinal Cord with Epidural Electrical Stimulation

by Carlos Cuellar, Lauri Lehto, Riaz Islam, Silvia Mangia, Shalom Michaeli and Igor Lavrov

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070650 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5162

Abstract

Spinal cord epidural electrical stimulation (EES) has been successfully employed to treat chronic pain and to restore lost functions after spinal cord injury. Yet, the efficacy of this approach is largely challenged by the suboptimal spatial distribution of the electrode contacts across anatomical [...] Read more.

Spinal cord epidural electrical stimulation (EES) has been successfully employed to treat chronic pain and to restore lost functions after spinal cord injury. Yet, the efficacy of this approach is largely challenged by the suboptimal spatial distribution of the electrode contacts across anatomical targets, limiting the spatial selectivity of stimulation. In this study, we exploited different ESS paradigms, designed as either Spatial-Selective Stimulation (SSES) or Orientation-Selective Epidural Stimulation (OSES), and compared them to Conventional Monopolar Epidural Stimulation (CMES). SSES, OSES, and CMES were delivered with a 3- or 4-contact electrode array. Amplitudes and latencies of the Spinally Evoked Motor Potentials (SEMPs) were evaluated with different EES modalities. The results demonstrate that the amplitudes of SEMPs in hindlimb muscles depend on the orientation of the electrical field and vary between stimulation modalities. These findings show that the electric field applied with SSES or OSES provides more selective control of amplitudes of the SEMPs as compared to CMES. We demonstrate that spinal cord epidural stimulation applied with SSES or OSES paradigms in the rodent model could be tailored to the functional spinal cord neuroanatomy and can be tuned to specific target fibers and their orientation, optimizing the effect of neuromodulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Chronic Pain Research: Focus on Neuroimaging)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 991 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Complex Relationship between Sleep and Cognitive Reserve: A Narrative Review Based on Human Studies

by Francesca Balsamo, Erica Berretta, Debora Meneo, Chiara Baglioni and Francesca Gelfo

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070654 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4688

Abstract

Sleep and brain/cognitive/neural reserve significantly impact well-being and cognition throughout life. This review aims to explore the intricate relationship between such factors, with reference to their effects on human cognitive functions. The specific goal is to understand the bidirectional influence that sleep and [...] Read more.

Sleep and brain/cognitive/neural reserve significantly impact well-being and cognition throughout life. This review aims to explore the intricate relationship between such factors, with reference to their effects on human cognitive functions. The specific goal is to understand the bidirectional influence that sleep and reserve exert on each other. Up to 6 February 2024, a methodical search of the literature was conducted using the PubMed database with terms related to brain, cognitive or neural reserve, and healthy or disturbed sleep. Based on the inclusion criteria, 11 articles were selected and analyzed for this review. The articles focus almost exclusively on cognitive reserve, with no explicit connection between sleep and brain or neural reserve. The results evidence sleep’s role as a builder of cognitive reserve and cognitive reserve’s role as a moderator in the effects of physiological and pathological sleep on cognitive functions. In conclusion, the findings of the present review support the notion that both sleep and cognitive reserve are critical factors in cognitive functioning. Deepening comprehension of the interactions between them is essential for devising strategies to enhance brain health and resilience against age- and pathology-related conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep, Circadian Rhythms and Cognitive Function)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 323 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Potential Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Substance Use, Compulsive Behavior, and Libido: Insights from Social Media Using a Mixed-Methods Approach

by Davide Arillotta, Giuseppe Floresta, G. Duccio Papanti Pelletier, Amira Guirguis, John Martin Corkery, Giovanni Martinotti and Fabrizio Schifano

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060617 - 20 Jun 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 12757

Abstract

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is involved in a range of central and peripheral pathways related to appetitive behavior. Hence, this study explored the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) on substance and behavioral addictions, including alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, cannabis, psychostimulants, compulsive shopping, [...] Read more.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is involved in a range of central and peripheral pathways related to appetitive behavior. Hence, this study explored the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) on substance and behavioral addictions, including alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, cannabis, psychostimulants, compulsive shopping, and sex drive/libido. Data were collected from various social platforms. Keywords related to GLP-1 RAs and substance/behavioral addiction were used to extract relevant comments. The study employed a mixed-methods approach to analyze online discussions posted from December 2019 to June 2023 and collected using a specialized web application. Reddit entries were the focus here due to limited data from other platforms, such as TikTok and YouTube. A total of 5859 threads and related comments were extracted from six subreddits, which included threads about GLP-1 RAs drugs and associated brand names. To obtain relevant posts, keywords related to potential substance use and compulsive behavior were selected. Further analysis involved two main steps: (1) manually coding posts based on users’ references to the potential impact of GLP-1 RAs on substance use and non-substance habits, excluding irrelevant or unclear comments; (2) performing a thematic analysis on the dataset of keywords, using AI-assisted techniques followed by the manual revision of the generated themes. Second, a thematic analysis was performed on the keyword-related dataset, using AI-assisted techniques followed by the manual revision of the generated themes. In total, 29.75% of alcohol-related; 22.22% of caffeine-related; and 23.08% of nicotine-related comments clearly stated a cessation of the intake of these substances following the start of GLP-1 RAs prescription. Conversely, mixed results were found for cannabis intake, and only limited, anecdotal data were made available for cocaine, entactogens, and dissociative drugs’ misuse. Regarding behavioral addictions, 21.35% of comments reported a compulsive shopping interruption, whilst the sexual drive/libido elements reportedly increased in several users. The current mixed-methods approach appeared to be a useful tool in gaining insight into complex topics such as the effects of GLP-1 RAs on substance and non-substance addiction-related disorders; some GLP-1 RA-related mental health benefits could also be inferred from here. Overall, it appeared that GLP-1 RAs may show the potential to target both substance craving and maladaptive/addictive behaviors, although further empirical research is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychiatry and Addiction: A Multi-Faceted Issue)

20 pages, 2552 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Research Progress on the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Drug Therapy of Alzheimer’s Disease

by Yixuan Yang and Lina Qiu

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060590 - 9 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4638

Abstract

As the population ages worldwide, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent kind of neurodegenerative disorder among older people, has become a significant factor affecting quality of life, public health, and economies. However, the exact pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s remains elusive, and existing highly recognized [...] Read more.

As the population ages worldwide, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent kind of neurodegenerative disorder among older people, has become a significant factor affecting quality of life, public health, and economies. However, the exact pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s remains elusive, and existing highly recognized pathogenesis includes the amyloid cascade hypothesis, Tau neurofibrillary tangles hypothesis, and neuroinflammation hypothesis. The major diagnoses of Alzheimer’s disease include neuroimaging positron emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid molecular diagnosis. The therapy of Alzheimer’s disease primarily relies on drugs, and the approved drugs on the market include acetylcholinesterase drugs, glutamate receptor antagonists, and amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies. Still, the existing drugs can only alleviate the symptoms of the disease and cannot completely reverse it. This review aims to summarize existing research results on Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and drug therapy, with the objective of facilitating future research in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurodegenerative Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 653 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Long COVID in Brain Health Research: A Call to Action

by Thorsten Rudroff

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060587 - 8 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6568

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought attention to the long-term consequences of the virus, particularly the persistent symptoms that characterize long COVID. This syndrome, which can last for months after the initial infection, includes a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations that have significant [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought attention to the long-term consequences of the virus, particularly the persistent symptoms that characterize long COVID. This syndrome, which can last for months after the initial infection, includes a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations that have significant implications for brain health and dementia research. This review explores the current understanding of long COVID’s cognitive, neurological, and psychiatric symptoms and their potential impact on brain stimulation and neuroimaging studies. It argues that researchers must adapt their study designs and screening processes to account for the confounding effects of long COVID and ensure the accuracy and reliability of their findings. To advance the understanding of this condition and its long-term effects on brain health, the review proposes a series of strategies, including the development of standardized screening tools, the investigation of underlying mechanisms, and the identification of risk factors and protective factors. It also emphasizes the importance of collaborative research efforts and international data sharing platforms in accelerating the pace of discovery and developing targeted interventions for individuals with long COVID. As the prevalence of this condition continues to grow, it is imperative that the neuroscience community comes together to address this challenge and support those affected by long COVID. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Brain Health and Dementia: Prevention and Early Detection of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: Series II)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1281 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Role of Glial Cells in Neuronal Function, Mood Disorders, and Drug Addiction

by Yousef Tizabi, Bruk Getachew, Sheketha R. Hauser, Vassiliy Tsytsarev, Alex C. Manhães and Victor Diogenes Amaral da Silva

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060558 - 30 May 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3201

Abstract

Mood disorders and substance use disorder (SUD) are of immense medical and social concern. Although significant progress on neuronal involvement in mood and reward circuitries has been achieved, it is only relatively recently that the role of glia in these disorders has attracted [...] Read more.

Mood disorders and substance use disorder (SUD) are of immense medical and social concern. Although significant progress on neuronal involvement in mood and reward circuitries has been achieved, it is only relatively recently that the role of glia in these disorders has attracted attention. Detailed understanding of the glial functions in these devastating diseases could offer novel interventions. Here, following a brief review of circuitries involved in mood regulation and reward perception, the specific contributions of neurotrophic factors, neuroinflammation, and gut microbiota to these diseases are highlighted. In this context, the role of specific glial cells (e.g., microglia, astroglia, oligodendrocytes, and synantocytes) on phenotypic manifestation of mood disorders or SUD are emphasized. In addition, use of this knowledge in the potential development of novel therapeutics is touched upon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glial Mechanisms in Psychiatric Disorders Focusing on Drug Addiction, Anxiety and Depression)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 4342 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Comparative Analysis of the Novel Conditional Deep Convolutional Neural Network Model, Using Conditional Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network-Generated Synthetic and Augmented Brain Tumor Datasets for Image Classification

by Efe Precious Onakpojeruo, Mubarak Taiwo Mustapha, Dilber Uzun Ozsahin and Ilker Ozsahin

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060559 - 30 May 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1643

Abstract

Disease prediction is greatly challenged by the scarcity of datasets and privacy concerns associated with real medical data. An approach that stands out to circumvent this hurdle is the use of synthetic data generated using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). GANs can increase data [...] Read more.

Disease prediction is greatly challenged by the scarcity of datasets and privacy concerns associated with real medical data. An approach that stands out to circumvent this hurdle is the use of synthetic data generated using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). GANs can increase data volume while generating synthetic datasets that have no direct link to personal information. This study pioneers the use of GANs to create synthetic datasets and datasets augmented using traditional augmentation techniques for our binary classification task. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the performance of our novel Conditional Deep Convolutional Neural Network (C-DCNN) model in classifying brain tumors by leveraging these augmented and synthetic datasets. We utilized advanced GAN models, including Conditional Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (DCGAN), to produce synthetic data that retained essential characteristics of the original datasets while ensuring privacy protection. Our C-DCNN model was trained on both augmented and synthetic datasets, and its performance was benchmarked against state-of-the-art models such as ResNet50, VGG16, VGG19, and InceptionV3. The evaluation metrics demonstrated that our C-DCNN model achieved accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores of 99% on both synthetic and augmented images, outperforming the comparative models. The findings of this study highlight the potential of using GAN-generated synthetic data in enhancing the training of machine learning models for medical image classification, particularly in scenarios with limited data available. This approach not only improves model accuracy but also addresses privacy concerns, making it a viable solution for real-world clinical applications in disease prediction and diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuro-oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2309 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Low-Cost 3D Models for Cervical Spine Tumor Removal Training for Neurosurgery Residents

by Albert Sufianov, Carlos Salvador Ovalle, Omar Cruz, Javier Contreras, Emir Begagić, Siddarth Kannan, Andreina Rosario Rosario, Gennady Chmutin, Garifullina Nargiza Askatovna, Jesus Lafuente, Jose Soriano Sanchez, Renat Nurmukhametov, Manuel Eduardo Soto García, Nikolay Peev, Mirza Pojskić, Gervith Reyes-Soto, Ismail Bozkurt and Manuel De Jesus Encarnación Ramírez

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060547 - 27 May 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1821

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Spinal surgery, particularly for cervical pathologies such as myelopathy and radiculopathy, requires a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical skill. The complexity of these conditions, often necessitating surgical intervention, underscores the need for intricate understanding and precision in execution. Advancements [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Spinal surgery, particularly for cervical pathologies such as myelopathy and radiculopathy, requires a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical skill. The complexity of these conditions, often necessitating surgical intervention, underscores the need for intricate understanding and precision in execution. Advancements in neurosurgical training, especially with the use of low-cost 3D models for simulating cervical spine tumor removal, are revolutionizing this field. These models provide the realistic and hands-on experience crucial for mastering complex neurosurgical techniques, filling gaps left by traditional educational methods. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of 3D-printed cervical vertebrae models in enhancing surgical skills, focusing on tumor removal, and involving 20 young neurosurgery residents. These models, featuring silicone materials to simulate the spinal cord and tumor tissues, provided a realistic training experience. The training protocol included a laminectomy, dural incision, and tumor resection, using a range of microsurgical tools, focusing on steps usually performed by senior surgeons. Results: The training program received high satisfaction rates, with 85% of participants extremely satisfied and 15% satisfied. The 3D models were deemed very realistic by 85% of participants, effectively replicating real-life scenarios. A total of 80% found that the simulated pathologies were varied and accurate, and 90% appreciated the models’ accurate tactile feedback. The training was extremely useful for 85% of the participants in developing surgical skills, with significant post-training confidence boosts and a strong willingness to recommend the program to peers. Conclusions: Continuing laboratory training for residents is crucial. Our model offers essential, accessible training for all hospitals, regardless of their resources, promising improved surgical quality and patient outcomes across various pathologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends and Technologies in Modern Neurosurgery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2154 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Model of Assessment and Diagnosis

by Ahmed Alduais and Hind Alfadda

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060540 - 24 May 2024

Viewed by 4705

Abstract

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) represents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge within the field of clinical neuropsychology, characterized by its nuanced presentation and multifactorial nature. The aim of this study was to distil and synthesize the broad spectrum of research into a [...] Read more.

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) represents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge within the field of clinical neuropsychology, characterized by its nuanced presentation and multifactorial nature. The aim of this study was to distil and synthesize the broad spectrum of research into a coherent model for the assessment and diagnosis of CAS. Through a mixed-method design, the quantitative phase analyzed 290 studies, unveiling 10 clusters: developmental apraxia, tabby talk, intellectual disabilities, underlying speech processes, breakpoint localization, speech characteristics, functional characteristics, clinical practice, and treatment outcome. The qualitative phase conducted a thematic analysis on the most cited and recent literature, identifying 10 categories: neurobiological markers, speech motor control, perceptual speech features, auditory processing, prosody and stress patterns, parent- and self-report measures, intervention response, motor learning and generalization, comorbidity analysis, and cultural and linguistic considerations. Integrating these findings, a descriptive and prescriptive model was developed, encapsulating the complexities of CAS and providing a structured approach for clinicians. This model advances the understanding of CAS and supports the development of targeted interventions. This study concludes with a call for evidence-based personalized treatment plans that account for the diverse neurobiological and cultural backgrounds of children with CAS. Its implications for practice include the integration of cutting-edge assessment tools that embrace the heterogeneity of CAS presentations, ensuring that interventions are as unique as the children they aim to support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language, Communication and the Brain)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 259 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoicePerspective

Enhancing Substance Use Disorder Recovery through Integrated Physical Activity and Behavioral Interventions: A Comprehensive Approach to Treatment and Prevention

by Yannis Theodorakis, Mary Hassandra and Fotis Panagiotounis

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060534 - 24 May 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 8778

Abstract

The global issue of substance abuse demands ongoing initiatives aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. With drug use remaining prevalent worldwide, interventions are critical to addressing the associated health challenges and societal implications. Exercise and physical activities have emerged as integral [...] Read more.

The global issue of substance abuse demands ongoing initiatives aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. With drug use remaining prevalent worldwide, interventions are critical to addressing the associated health challenges and societal implications. Exercise and physical activities have emerged as integral components of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, offering promising avenues for prevention, intervention, and recovery. Recent research underscores the efficacy of exercise in reducing substance cravings, promoting abstinence, and improving overall well-being. However, integrating exercise into SUD recovery programs presents challenges such as dropout rates and cultural considerations. This paper synthesizes existing literature on exercise integration into SUD recovery, highlighting strategies for enhancing treatment outcomes and addressing barriers to exercise adherence. Drawing on cognitive–behavioral therapy, experiential learning, motivational interviewing, and goal-setting techniques, the holistic approach outlined in this paper aims to empower individuals both mentally and physically, fostering resilience and supporting long-term recovery. In conclusion, new initiatives need to be taken by advocating for inclusive policies, promoting community engagement, and fostering collaborations across sectors. By doing so, stakeholders can optimize the effectiveness of exercise programs and contribute to sustainable rehabilitation efforts for individuals with SUD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Advances in Addiction Behavior)

38 pages, 2703 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Central Causation of Autism/ASDs via Excessive [Ca²⁺]i Impacting Six Mechanisms Controlling Synaptogenesis during the Perinatal Period: The Role of Electromagnetic Fields and Chemicals and the NO/ONOO(-) Cycle, as Well as Specific Mutations

by Martin L. Pall

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(5), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050454 - 30 Apr 2024

Viewed by 7115

Abstract

The roles of perinatal development, intracellular calcium [Ca²⁺]i, and synaptogenesis disruption are not novel in the autism/ASD literature. The focus on six mechanisms controlling synaptogenesis, each regulated by [Ca²⁺]i, and each aberrant in ASDs is novel. The model presented [...] Read more.

The roles of perinatal development, intracellular calcium [Ca²⁺]i, and synaptogenesis disruption are not novel in the autism/ASD literature. The focus on six mechanisms controlling synaptogenesis, each regulated by [Ca²⁺]i, and each aberrant in ASDs is novel. The model presented here predicts that autism epidemic causation involves central roles of both electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and chemicals. EMFs act via voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation and [Ca²⁺]i elevation. A total of 15 autism-implicated chemical classes each act to produce [Ca²⁺]i elevation, 12 acting via NMDA receptor activation, and three acting via other mechanisms. The chronic nature of ASDs is explained via NO/ONOO(-) vicious cycle elevation and MeCP2 epigenetic dysfunction. Genetic causation often also involves [Ca²⁺]i elevation or other impacts on synaptogenesis. The literature examining each of these steps is systematically examined and found to be consistent with predictions. Approaches that may be sed for ASD prevention or treatment are discussed in connection with this special issue: The current situation and prospects for children with ASDs. Such approaches include EMF, chemical avoidance, and using nutrients and other agents to raise the levels of Nrf2. An enriched environment, vitamin D, magnesium, and omega-3s in fish oil may also be helpful. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Current Situation and Prospects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Narrative Review of the Efficacy of Interventions for Emotional Dysregulation, and Underlying Bio–Psycho–Social Factors

by Thomas Easdale-Cheele, Valeria Parlatini, Samuele Cortese and Alessio Bellato

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(5), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050453 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 20252

Abstract

In this narrative, comprehensive, and updated review of the literature, we summarize evidence about the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing emotion dysregulation and improving emotion regulation in children, adolescents, and adults. After introducing emotion dysregulation and emotion regulation from a theoretical standpoint, [...] Read more.

In this narrative, comprehensive, and updated review of the literature, we summarize evidence about the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing emotion dysregulation and improving emotion regulation in children, adolescents, and adults. After introducing emotion dysregulation and emotion regulation from a theoretical standpoint, we discuss the factors commonly associated with emotion regulation, including neurobiological and neuropsychological mechanisms, and the role of childhood adverse experiences and psycho–social factors in the onset of emotion dysregulation. We then present evidence about pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions aiming at improving emotion dysregulation and promoting emotion regulation across the lifespan. Although our review was not intended as a traditional systematic review, and the search was only restricted to systematic reviews and meta-analyses, we highlighted important implications and provided recommendations for clinical practice and future research in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical and Biological Correlates of Emotional Dysregulation in Children and Adolescents: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Developmental Psychopathology)

23 pages, 1454 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Neuropsychopharmacological Induction of (Lucid) Dreams: A Narrative Review

by Abel A. Oldoni, André D. Bacchi, Fúlvio R. Mendes, Paula A. Tiba and Sérgio Mota-Rolim

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(5), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050426 - 25 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7413

Abstract

Lucid dreaming (LD) is a physiological state of consciousness that occurs when dreamers become aware that they are dreaming, and may also control the oneiric content. In the general population, LD is spontaneously rare; thus, there is great interest in its induction. Here, [...] Read more.

Lucid dreaming (LD) is a physiological state of consciousness that occurs when dreamers become aware that they are dreaming, and may also control the oneiric content. In the general population, LD is spontaneously rare; thus, there is great interest in its induction. Here, we aim to review the literature on neuropsychopharmacological induction of LD. First, we describe the circadian and homeostatic processes of sleep regulation and the mechanisms that control REM sleep with a focus on neurotransmission systems. We then discuss the neurophysiology and phenomenology of LD to understand the main cortical oscillations and brain areas involved in the emergence of lucidity during REM sleep. Finally, we review possible exogenous substances—including natural plants and artificial drugs—that increase metacognition, REM sleep, and/or dream recall, thus with the potential to induce LD. We found that the main candidates are substances that increase cholinergic and/or dopaminergic transmission, such as galantamine. However, the main limitation of this technique is the complexity of these neurotransmitter systems, which challenges interpreting results in a simple way. We conclude that, despite these promising substances, more research is necessary to find a reliable way to pharmacologically induce LD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In the Arms of Morpheus: Recent Advances in Dreaming and in Other Sleep-Related Metacognitions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1885 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Necessity of Taking Culture and Context into Account When Studying the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Brain Development

by Julie M. Schneider, Mohammad Hossein Behboudi and Mandy J. Maguire

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040392 - 18 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4507

Abstract

Decades of research has revealed a relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and brain development at the structural and functional levels. Of particular note is the distinction between income and maternal education, two highly correlated factors which seem to influence brain development through [...] Read more.

Decades of research has revealed a relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and brain development at the structural and functional levels. Of particular note is the distinction between income and maternal education, two highly correlated factors which seem to influence brain development through distinct pathways. Specifically, while a families’ income-to-needs ratio is linked with physiological stress and household chaos, caregiver education influences the day-to-day language environment a child is exposed to. Variability in either one of these environmental experiences is related to subsequent brain development. While this work has the potential to inform public policies in a way that benefits children, it can also oversimplify complex factors, unjustly blame low-SES parents, and perpetuate a harmful deficit perspective. To counteract these shortcomings, researchers must consider sociodemographic differences in the broader cultural context that underlie SES-based differences in brain development. This review aims to address these issues by (a) identifying how sociodemographic mechanisms associated with SES influence the day-to-day experiences of children, in turn, impacting brain development, while (b) considering the broader cultural contexts that may differentially impact this relationship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Brain Responses and Functional Brain Networks across the Lifespan)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 306 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

AI and Aphasia in the Digital Age: A Critical Review

by Adam John Privitera, Siew Hiang Sally Ng, Anthony Pak-Hin Kong and Brendan Stuart Weekes

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040383 - 16 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6264

Abstract

Aphasiology has a long and rich tradition of contributing to understanding how culture, language, and social environment contribute to brain development and function. Recent breakthroughs in AI can transform the role of aphasiology in the digital age by leveraging speech data in all [...] Read more.

Aphasiology has a long and rich tradition of contributing to understanding how culture, language, and social environment contribute to brain development and function. Recent breakthroughs in AI can transform the role of aphasiology in the digital age by leveraging speech data in all languages to model how damage to specific brain regions impacts linguistic universals such as grammar. These tools, including generative AI (ChatGPT) and natural language processing (NLP) models, could also inform practitioners working with clinical populations in the assessment and treatment of aphasia using AI-based interventions such as personalized therapy and adaptive platforms. Although these possibilities have generated enthusiasm in aphasiology, a rigorous interrogation of their limitations is necessary before AI is integrated into practice. We explain the history and first principles of reciprocity between AI and aphasiology, highlighting how lesioning neural networks opened the black box of cognitive neurolinguistic processing. We then argue that when more data from aphasia across languages become digitized and available online, deep learning will reveal hitherto unreported patterns of language processing of theoretical interest for aphasiologists. We also anticipate some problems using AI, including language biases, cultural, ethical, and scientific limitations, a misrepresentation of marginalized languages, and a lack of rigorous validation of tools. However, as these challenges are met with better governance, AI could have an equitable impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Language(s), Social Environment and Culture on Brain Development and Function)

26 pages, 1687 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Prevalence and Correlates of the Concurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Claudia Aymerich, Malein Pacho, Ana Catalan, Noorulain Yousaf, Violeta Pérez-Rodríguez, Matthew J. Hollocks, Mara Parellada, Georgina Krebs, Bruce Clark and Gonzalo Salazar de Pablo

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040379 - 13 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5543

Abstract

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are two common and impairing neurodevelopmental conditions with partial symptomatic overlap. The aim of this study is to systematically and meta-analytically examine the following: (i) the prevalence of an OCD diagnosis among young [...] Read more.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are two common and impairing neurodevelopmental conditions with partial symptomatic overlap. The aim of this study is to systematically and meta-analytically examine the following: (i) the prevalence of an OCD diagnosis among young people with ASD, (ii) the prevalence of an ASD diagnosis among young people with OCD, and (iii) the clinical and therapeutic implications of such comorbidity. Method: A multistep literature search was performed from database inception until 17 November 2023. This PRISMA/MOOSE-compliant systematic review, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023480543), identified studies reporting on the prevalence, sociodemographic, psychopathologic, prognostic, and therapeutic correlates of OCD and ASD concurrence in children and adolescents. A quantitative meta-analysis with random effects was conducted to analyse the pooled prevalence of OCD among samples with a mean age of < 18 years old with ASD and the prevalence of ASD among individuals under 18 with OCD. Sensitivity analyses were performed to investigate the effect of diagnostic criteria and different continents. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to examine the effect of gender, age, IQ, and OCD severity scores. A narrative review of the clinical and therapeutical implications of the comorbidity was provided. Results: 42 studies were selected for the systematic review (SR), and 31 of them were also included in one of the meta-analyses. The pooled prevalence of OCD among ASD youth samples (n = 8916, mean age = 10.6 ± 1.6; 16.4% female) was 11.6% (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 6.9%; 18.8%), and the pooled prevalence of ASD among OCD children and adolescent samples (n = 6209, mean age = 14.1 ± 1.4; 45.7% female) was 9.5% (95% CI = 6.0%; 14.7%). Meta-regressions found a statistically higher prevalence of ASD among samples with a lower prevalence of females (β = −4.7; 95%CI = −8.6; −0.8). Children with both OCD and ASD present higher rates of functional impairment, psychopathology, and other comorbidities, compared to youth with either of the disorders alone. Conclusions: OCD and ASD are highly concurrent conditions in youth, with symptomatic, prognostic, severity, and therapeutic implications. Future research should focus on conducting longitudinal cohort studies prospectively to determine development trajectories, along with randomized controlled trials to assess the efficacy of specific therapeutic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolutionary and Developmental Pathways of Obsessive Compulsive Rituals in Psychopathology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 871 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Repeated Bilateral Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Auditory Cortex for Tinnitus Treatment: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

by Ali Yadollahpour, Samaneh Rashidi, Nader Saki, Pramod Singh Kunwar and Miguel Mayo-Yáñez

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040373 - 12 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4952

Abstract

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive and painless technique of brain neuromodulation that applies a low-intensity galvanic current to the scalp with the aim of stimulating specific areas of the brain. Preliminary investigations have indicated the potential therapeutic efficacy of multisession [...] Read more.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive and painless technique of brain neuromodulation that applies a low-intensity galvanic current to the scalp with the aim of stimulating specific areas of the brain. Preliminary investigations have indicated the potential therapeutic efficacy of multisession tDCS applied to the auditory cortex (AC) in the treatment of chronic tinnitus. The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effects of repeated sessions of bilateral tDCS targeting the AC on chronic tinnitus. A double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted on patients (n = 48) with chronic intractable tinnitus (>2 years duration). Participants were randomly allocated to two groups: one receiving tDCS (n = 26), with the anode/cathode placed over the left/right AC, and the other receiving a placebo treatment (n = 22). A 20 min daily session of 2 mA current was administered for five consecutive days per week over two consecutive weeks, employing 35 cm² electrodes. Tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) scores, tinnitus loudness, and tinnitus distress were measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS), and were assessed before intervention, immediately after, and at one-month follow-up. Anodal tDCS significantly reduced THI from 72.93 ± 10.11 score to 46.40 ± 15.36 after the last session and 49.68 ± 14.49 at one-month follow-up in 18 out of 25 participants (p < 0.001). The risk ratio (RR) of presenting an improvement of ≥20 points in the THI after the last session was 10.8 in patients treated with tDCS. Statistically significant reductions were observed in distress VAS and loudness VAS (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences in the control group were observed. Variables such as age, gender, duration of tinnitus, laterality of tinnitus, baseline THI scores, and baseline distress and loudness VAS scores did not demonstrate significant correlations with treatment response. Repeated sessions of bilateral AC tDCS may potentially serve as a therapeutic modality for chronic tinnitus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Methods in Neuroimaging: Advances and Challenges)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 226 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring the Role of Conscious and Unconscious Processes in Hypnosis: A Theoretical Review

by Gavriel Knafo and Joel Weinberger

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040374 - 12 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4670

Abstract

This review provided a comprehensive examination of various theories that attempt to explain hypnosis, focusing on the interplay between conscious and unconscious processes. We conducted a thorough analysis of key theories, from historical origins to recent models centered on cognition, social factors, and [...] Read more.

This review provided a comprehensive examination of various theories that attempt to explain hypnosis, focusing on the interplay between conscious and unconscious processes. We conducted a thorough analysis of key theories, from historical origins to recent models centered on cognition, social factors, and attributions. A central theme emerged: the critical role of the unconscious as a “gatekeeper” that modulates and guides the hypnotic experience. This notion appears in various forms across many theories, with the unconscious actively shaping and regulating the flow of information between conscious and unconscious realms during hypnosis. Understanding this dynamic interplay is crucial for comprehending the complex nature of hypnosis. The synthesized view of the unconscious as a “gatekeeper” offers a framework for integrating insights from diverse perspectives and highlights the centrality of unconscious processes in shaping hypnotic phenomena. Future research should further investigate the mechanisms of this unconscious “gatekeeper” role and its impact on hypnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hypnotizability and Hypnosis: Basic and Clinical Science)

47 pages, 775 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Review of EEG Affective Recognition with a Neuroscience Perspective

by Rosary Yuting Lim, Wai-Cheong Lincoln Lew and Kai Keng Ang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040364 - 8 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4794

Abstract

Emotions are a series of subconscious, fleeting, and sometimes elusive manifestations of the human innate system. They play crucial roles in everyday life—influencing the way we evaluate ourselves, our surroundings, and how we interact with our world. To date, there has been an [...] Read more.

Emotions are a series of subconscious, fleeting, and sometimes elusive manifestations of the human innate system. They play crucial roles in everyday life—influencing the way we evaluate ourselves, our surroundings, and how we interact with our world. To date, there has been an abundance of research on the domains of neuroscience and affective computing, with experimental evidence and neural network models, respectively, to elucidate the neural circuitry involved in and neural correlates for emotion recognition. Recent advances in affective computing neural network models often relate closely to evidence and perspectives gathered from neuroscience to explain the models. Specifically, there has been growing interest in the area of EEG-based emotion recognition to adopt models based on the neural underpinnings of the processing, generation, and subsequent collection of EEG data. In this respect, our review focuses on providing neuroscientific evidence and perspectives to discuss how emotions potentially come forth as the product of neural activities occurring at the level of subcortical structures within the brain’s emotional circuitry and the association with current affective computing models in recognizing emotions. Furthermore, we discuss whether such biologically inspired modeling is the solution to advance the field in EEG-based emotion recognition and beyond. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends of Biomedical Signal Processing in Intelligent Emotion Recognition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 784 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Techniques for Improving Cognitive Function: A Review

by Ruijuan Chen, Lengjie Huang, Rui Wang, Jieying Fei, Huiquan Wang and Jinhai Wang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040354 - 1 Apr 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4835

Abstract

Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques are widely utilized to study and improve cognitive function, with the aim of modulating different cognitive processes. For workers performing high-intensity mental and physical tasks, extreme fatigue may not only affect their working efficiency but may also lead to cognitive [...] Read more.

Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques are widely utilized to study and improve cognitive function, with the aim of modulating different cognitive processes. For workers performing high-intensity mental and physical tasks, extreme fatigue may not only affect their working efficiency but may also lead to cognitive decline or cognitive impairment, which, in turn, poses a serious threat to their physical health. The use of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques has important research value for improving and enhancing cognitive function. In this paper, we review the research status, existing problems, and future prospects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and transcutaneous acupoint stimulation (TAS), which are the most studied physical methods in non-invasive neuromodulation techniques to improve and enhance cognition. The findings presented in this paper will be of great reference value for the in-depth study of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques in the field of cognition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-invasive Neuromodulation for Brain Function: Past, Present and Promise)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1378 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Use of Prescribed and Non-Prescribed Treatments for Cluster Headache in a Swedish Cohort

by Gabriella Smedfors, Felicia Jennysdotter Olofsgård, Anna Steinberg, Elisabet Waldenlind, Caroline Ran and Andrea Carmine Belin

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040348 - 31 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4713

Abstract

Background: Cluster headache (CH) is a debilitating condition, but current therapies leave CH patients in pain. The extent of this problem in Sweden is unknown. Methods: An anonymized questionnaire was sent to 479 Swedish CH patients to investigate patterns and perceived effects of [...] Read more.

Background: Cluster headache (CH) is a debilitating condition, but current therapies leave CH patients in pain. The extent of this problem in Sweden is unknown. Methods: An anonymized questionnaire was sent to 479 Swedish CH patients to investigate patterns and perceived effects of treatments. Results: Three hundred fourteen answers were analyzed. The population was representative regarding age of onset and sex. Less than half (46%) were satisfied with their abortive treatments, 19% terminated functioning abortive treatments due to side effects. Additionally, 17% of chronic CH patients had not tried the first-line preventive drug verapamil. A small subset had tried illicit substances to treat their CH (0–8% depending on substance). Notably, psilocybin was reported effective as an abortive treatment by 100% (n = 8), and with some level of effect as a preventive treatment by 92% (n = 12). For verapamil, some level of preventive effect was reported among 68% (n = 85). Conclusions: Our descriptive data illustrate that many Swedish CH patients are undertreated, lack functional therapies, and experience side effects. Further studies are warranted to search for new treatment strategies as well as a revision of current treatment guidelines with the aim of reducing patient disease burden to the greatest extent possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 454 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders in Syndromic Autism

by Ann C. Genovese and Merlin G. Butler

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040343 - 30 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5635

Abstract

Syndromic autism refers to autism spectrum disorder diagnosed in the context of a known genetic syndrome. The specific manifestations of any one of these syndromic autisms are related to a clinically defined genetic syndrome that can be traced to certain genes and variants, [...] Read more.

Syndromic autism refers to autism spectrum disorder diagnosed in the context of a known genetic syndrome. The specific manifestations of any one of these syndromic autisms are related to a clinically defined genetic syndrome that can be traced to certain genes and variants, genetic deletions, or duplications at the chromosome level. The genetic mutations or defects in single genes associated with these genetic disorders result in a significant elevation of risk for developing autism relative to the general population and are related to recurrence with inheritance patterns. Additionally, these syndromes are associated with typical behavioral characteristics or phenotypes as well as an increased risk for specific behavioral or psychiatric disorders and clinical findings. Knowledge of these associations helps guide clinicians in identifying potentially treatable conditions that can help to improve the lives of affected patients and their families. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropsychiatry)

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Editor’s Choice Articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI