Buildings

29 pages, 6425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Explicit FE Studies on Flexural Behavior of Superposed Slabs

by Qi Ye, Ping Zhang, Ke Ye, Wei Wang, Zeshen Li, Yueqing Gao, Tianyu Xie and Chaofeng Liang

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1758; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101758 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 126

Abstract

This study explores the use of recycled brick powder (P_RB), derived from waste bricks, and calcined recycled slurry powder (P_CRS), sourced from waste cement blocks, as partial replacements for cement and fly ash in concrete. These materials can be [...] Read more.

This study explores the use of recycled brick powder (P_RB), derived from waste bricks, and calcined recycled slurry powder (P_CRS), sourced from waste cement blocks, as partial replacements for cement and fly ash in concrete. These materials can be utilized to produce concrete with favorable engineering properties. Five concrete mixtures with varying P_RB/P_CRS proportions were prepared. Uniaxial monotonic compression tests were conducted to generate stress-strain curves for each mixture. Corresponding physical superposed slabs were fabricated, and finite element (FE) models were developed for each slab. Both physical testing and explicit FE simulations were performed to evaluate the flexural performance of the slabs. The results demonstrated that the flexural performance of the P_RB/P_CRS recycled micro-powder concrete slabs was comparable to that of conventional concrete slabs. Notably, the slab incorporating a 1:1 mixture of P_RB and P_CRS instead of fly ash exhibited the highest yield and ultimate bearing capacities, reaching 99.3% and 98.4% of those of the conventional concrete slab, respectively. The FE simulations accurately predicted the flexural performance, with maximum deviations of 8.9% for the yield load and 6.5% for the ultimate load. Additionally, the simulation-based energy time-history curve provides valuable insights into the progression of slab cracking. This study contributes to the advancement of research on the engineering and mechanical performance of concrete members incorporated with P_RB/P_CRS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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18 pages, 2805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Thermal Mass, Window Performance, and Window–Wall Ratio on Indoor Thermal Dynamics in Public Buildings

by Ran Cheng, Nan Zhang, Wengan Zhang, Yinan Sun, Bing Yin and Weijun Gao

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1757; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101757 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 170

Abstract

Thermal comfort in public buildings is crucial for occupant well-being and energy efficiency. This study employs TRNSYS software to simulate the effects of thermal mass, window performance, and window–wall ratio (WWR) on summer thermal comfort. The results indicate that without energy-saving measures, increased [...] Read more.

Thermal comfort in public buildings is crucial for occupant well-being and energy efficiency. This study employs TRNSYS software to simulate the effects of thermal mass, window performance, and window–wall ratio (WWR) on summer thermal comfort. The results indicate that without energy-saving measures, increased thermal mass raises daily average maximum and minimum temperatures by 0.33–0.96 °C and 0.14–0.94 °C, respectively. Enhanced WWRs lead to higher daily average maximum and minimum temperatures for double-glazed windows (0.18–0.61 °C and 0.07–0.62 °C, respectively), while single-glazed windows show increased maximum temperatures (0.18–1.86 °C) but decreased minimum temperatures (−0.01 to −0.72 °C). Thermal mass has a modest effect on indoor overheating during high outdoor temperatures. Double-glazed windows and lower WWRs effectively reduce indoor overheating, decreasing the attenuation coefficient by 2.13–28.94%. Conversely, single-glazed windows and higher WWRs enhance heat dissipation, increasing daily average temperature fluctuations by 2.33–44.18%. Notably, single-glazed windows with WWRs ≥ 50% improve thermal comfort by reducing extreme superheat temperature occurrence in heavy-thermal-mass buildings by 0.81 to 14.63%. Despite lower cooling loads with heavy thermal mass, double-glazed windows, and low WWRs, the study suggests that single-glazed windows and high WWRs can enhance summer thermal comfort. Therefore, reasonable shading measures and lighter thermal mass are recommended for such buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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15 pages, 4626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Characteristics and Safety Evaluation of Tunnel Lining Structures in Karst Areas Under Heavy Rainfall Conditions

by Wangping Qian, Xu Tang, Xiaoxin Ma and Xiaonan Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1756; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101756 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 97

Abstract

Karst tunnels accumulate localized high water pressure during heavy rainfall, which can potentially induce cracks and damage to tunnel structures. By fully analyzing the stress characteristics of the lining structure and the critical water pressure, this study aims to evaluate the safety status [...] Read more.

Karst tunnels accumulate localized high water pressure during heavy rainfall, which can potentially induce cracks and damage to tunnel structures. By fully analyzing the stress characteristics of the lining structure and the critical water pressure, this study aims to evaluate the safety status of karst tunnels under heavy rainfall conditions, and proposes detailed tunnel optimization solutions. The results indicate that the outward deformation of the structure is restricted when the water pressure within the cavity is low, thus enhancing structural stability. However, the internal forces of the structure gradually increase as water pressure increases. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the surrounding rock significantly influence the internal forces. The bending moment in the lining structure is highest in the grade III surrounding rock under the same water pressure. However, the critical water pressure of the lining structure differs by surrounding rock grade due to varying constraints, following the order IV > V > III. Moreover, karst cavities located at the arch spandrel exert the greatest detrimental effect on the structure. Furthermore, the critical water pressure and concrete failure modes of the lining structure under different conditions are determined. Lastly, the optimization of the construction and design of the actual tunnel is proposed to enhance the structural integrity of the tunnel lining. These findings provide valuable insights for structural safety assessments under various karst cavity conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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37 pages, 57870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inclusive Socio-Spatial Transformation: A Study on the Incremental Renovation Mode and Strategy of Residential Space in Beijing’s Urban Villages

by Wei Duan, Liuchao Wei, Yuexu Huang and Ziqing Cui

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1755; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101755 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 169

Abstract

This study investigates the incremental renovation of urban villages in Beijing, with a focus on the socio-spatial transformation of rental spaces. By integrating field surveys, building mapping, questionnaire research, and Kano model analysis, we identify key patterns and strategies for improving living conditions, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the incremental renovation of urban villages in Beijing, with a focus on the socio-spatial transformation of rental spaces. By integrating field surveys, building mapping, questionnaire research, and Kano model analysis, we identify key patterns and strategies for improving living conditions, preserving community culture, and promoting social integration. The main contributions of this study include (1) revealing the architectural characteristics and stages of incremental renovation of different rental spaces in urban villages and their diverse tenant needs, (2) applying the Kano model to prioritize tenant needs and guide targeted renovations, and (3) advocating an inclusive socio-spatial transformation strategy that balances development with the protection of vulnerable groups. This approach offers a sustainable alternative to radical urban renewal, ensuring dignified living conditions and opportunities for all residents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Dimensional Organic Conservation of Historical Neighborhood Buildings in the Context of Sustainable Urban Renewal—2nd Edition)

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28 pages, 7014 KiB

Open AccessReview

AI-Driven Green Building Technology Innovation: Knowledge Structure, Evolution Trends, Research Paradigms and Future Prospects

by Jie Wu, Qinge Wang, Zhenxu Guo and Chunyan Peng

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1754; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101754 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 135

Abstract

The rapidly evolving domain of artificial intelligence (AI) is significantly influencing the green building (GB) sector, acting as a catalyst for green building technology innovation (GBTI). Notably, unlike AI applications in green buildings (AI-in-GB), AI-driven GBTI positions AI as the central force, promoting [...] Read more.

The rapidly evolving domain of artificial intelligence (AI) is significantly influencing the green building (GB) sector, acting as a catalyst for green building technology innovation (GBTI). Notably, unlike AI applications in green buildings (AI-in-GB), AI-driven GBTI positions AI as the central force, promoting and leading novel technological breakthroughs. Although research has been conducted in AI-in-GB, there remains a lack of in-depth analysis on AI-driven GBTI advancements. To address this gap, this study comprehensively reviews the existing research in AI-driven GBTI, systematically organizing and analyzing the knowledge structure, thematic evolution, research paradigms, and potential future research directions. This study conducts bibliometric analyses on 151 research publications sourced from Scopus using VOSviewer and CiteSpace, capturing the temporal characteristics, research hotspots, and frontiers of research in this area. Additionally, based on dynamic topic modeling, this study analyzes 86 representative articles, identifying three key research themes and their evolution trends, systematically elucidating the knowledge framework within the field. Through further discussion, this study reveals four core research paradigms and proposes three potential future research directions, providing theoretical support and guidance for its continued development. This study is the first to focus on AI-driven GBTI, contributing to a comprehensive understanding and expanding the knowledge domain of GBTI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Building Design and Construction for a Sustainable Future—2nd Edition)

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36 pages, 22818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Index-Based Neural Network Framework for Truss Structural Analysis via a Mechanics-Informed Augmented Lagrangian Approach

by Hyeonju Ha, Sudeok Shon and Seungjae Lee

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1753; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101753 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 101

Abstract

This study proposes an Index-Based Neural Network (IBNN) framework for the static analysis of truss structures, employing a Lagrangian dual optimization technique grounded in the force method. A truss is a discrete structural system composed of linear members connected to nodes. Despite their [...] Read more.

This study proposes an Index-Based Neural Network (IBNN) framework for the static analysis of truss structures, employing a Lagrangian dual optimization technique grounded in the force method. A truss is a discrete structural system composed of linear members connected to nodes. Despite their geometric simplicity, analysis of large-scale truss systems requires significant computational resources. The proposed model simplifies the input structure and enhances the scalability of the model using member and node indices as inputs instead of spatial coordinates. The IBNN framework approximates member forces and nodal displacements using separate neural networks and incorporates structural equations derived from the force method as mechanics-informed constraints within the loss function. Training was conducted using the Augmented Lagrangian Method (ALM), which improves the convergence stability and learning efficiency through a combination of penalty terms and Lagrange multipliers. The efficiency and accuracy of the framework were numerically validated using various examples, including spatial trusses, square grid-type space frames, lattice domes, and domes exhibiting radial flow characteristics. Multi-index mapping and domain decomposition techniques contribute to enhanced analysis performance, yielding superior prediction accuracy and numerical stability compared to conventional methods. Furthermore, by reflecting the structured and discrete nature of structural problems, the proposed framework demonstrates high potential for integration with next-generation neural network models such as Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Techniques for Seismic and Wind Resilience: Innovations in Safety and Performance)

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23 pages, 4270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics Study of a Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP)-Modified Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) Gel’s Mechanical Properties

by Shengbo Zhou, Jinlin Cai, Ke Lai, Gengfei Li, Shengjie Liu, Jian Wang and Xiaohu Sun

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1752; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101752 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 151

Abstract

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are widely employed as an internal curing agent to enhance the durability and shrinkage–cracking resistance of concrete. However, while its macroscopic effects on concrete properties (e.g., strength reduction) have been documented, the nanoscale mechanisms governing the mechanical behavior of calcium [...] Read more.

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are widely employed as an internal curing agent to enhance the durability and shrinkage–cracking resistance of concrete. However, while its macroscopic effects on concrete properties (e.g., strength reduction) have been documented, the nanoscale mechanisms governing the mechanical behavior of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel in SAP-modified concrete remain poorly understood. This knowledge gap limits the optimization of SAP content for balancing durability and strength, a critical challenge in high-performance concrete design. In this paper, we address this scientific problem by combining experimental characterization and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to systematically investigate how SAP-induced pore structure modifications dictate the mechanical performance of C-S-H gel. First, we analyzed the effects of SAP on concrete pore structure and compressive strength, revealing its role in refining capillary pores into gel pores. Next, MD simulations were employed to construct C-S-H gel models with controlled pore size distributions at three SAP contents (0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.5%), to establish a quantitative relationship between pore characteristics and material performance. The results reveal that pores of ~0.74 nm diameter, predominantly located in weak interfacial regions, critically govern the mechanical behavior of C-S-H gel. At 0.2% SAP content, the C-S-H gel exhibits the highest bulk modulus (10.61 GPa) and optimal mechanical properties, whereas 0.3% SAP leads to a dominant pore cluster at 1.12 nm, resulting in significant reductions in bulk modulus (30.8%), shear modulus (29%), and Young’s modulus (22.3%). These findings establish a quantitative pore-property relationship, providing a mechanistic basis for tailoring SAP content to enhance both durability and mechanical performance in concrete, ultimately advancing the design of longer-lasting infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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22 pages, 2530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Signal to Safety: A Data-Driven Dual Denoising Model for Reliable Assessment of Blasting Vibration Impacts

by Miao Sun, Jing Wu, Junkai Yang, Li Wu, Yani Lu and Hang Zhou

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1751; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101751 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 74

Abstract

With the acceleration of urban renewal, directional blasting has become a common method for building demolition. Analyzing the time–frequency characteristics of blast-induced seismic waves allows for the assessment of risks to surrounding structures. However, the signals monitored are frequently tainted with noise, which [...] Read more.

With the acceleration of urban renewal, directional blasting has become a common method for building demolition. Analyzing the time–frequency characteristics of blast-induced seismic waves allows for the assessment of risks to surrounding structures. However, the signals monitored are frequently tainted with noise, which undermines the precision of time–frequency analysis. To counteract the dangers posed by blast vibrations, effective signal denoising is crucial for accurate evaluation and safety management. To tackle this challenge, a dual denoising model is proposed. This model consists of two stages. Firstly, it applies endpoint processing (EP) to the signal, followed by complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) to suppress low-frequency clutter. High-frequency noise is then handled by controlling the multi-scale permutation entropy (MPE) of the intrinsic mode functions (IMF) obtained from EP-CEEMDAN. The EP-CEEMDAN-MPE framework achieves the first stage of denoising while mitigating the influence of endpoint effects on the denoising performance. The second stage of denoising involves combining the IMF obtained from EP-CEEMDAN-MPE to generate multiple denoising models. An objective function is established considering both the smoothness of the denoising models and the standard deviation of the error between the denoised signal and the measured signal. The denoising model corresponding to the optimal solution of the objective function is identified as the dual denoising model for blasting seismic wave signals. To validate the denoising effectiveness of the denoising model, simulated blasting vibration signals with a given signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are constructed. Finally, the model is applied to real engineering blasting seismic wave signals for denoising. The results demonstrate that the model successfully reduces noise interference in the signals, highlighting its practical significance for the prevention and control of blasting seismic wave hazards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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20 pages, 669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Key Competencies of Built Environment Professionals for Achieving Net-Zero Carbon Emissions in the Ghanaian Construction Industry

by Kofi Agyekum, Kezia Nana Yaa Serwaa Sackey, Felix Esahe Addoh, Hayford Pittri, John Sosu and Frederick Owusu Danso

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1750; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101750 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 129

Abstract

The deficiency in competencies among built environment professionals (BEPs) in achieving sustainability goals presents a significant challenge, contributing substantially to the escalation of carbon emissions globally, with pronounced implications in Ghana. Addressing this issue is critical to bridging the existing knowledge gap concerning [...] Read more.

The deficiency in competencies among built environment professionals (BEPs) in achieving sustainability goals presents a significant challenge, contributing substantially to the escalation of carbon emissions globally, with pronounced implications in Ghana. Addressing this issue is critical to bridging the existing knowledge gap concerning the role of key professional competencies in mitigating carbon emissions. This study, therefore, seeks to examine and synthesize the essential competencies required by BEPs to support the attainment of net-zero carbon emissions within the Ghanaian construction industry (GCI). A quantitative research approach was employed, utilizing a structured questionnaire survey to examine the opinions of 125 professionals, including architects, engineers, and construction managers. The questions were developed based on a review of the related literature. The data collected was analyzed using one-sample t-tests, multiple linear regression, and ANOVA to assess the significance and impact of the identified competencies on sustainability outcomes. The key competencies identified included “value engineering”, “stakeholder engagement for low-carbon development”, “circular impact assessment”, and “reverse logistics for sustainable material use”. This research also revealed the key competencies’ contributions to attaining environmental sustainability in the Ghanaian construction industry. Some key outcomes are “proper planning and provision of detailed net-zero carbon building specifications for contractors” and “promotion and implementation of net-zero carbon buildings”. It was identified that actions towards net-zero carbon emissions are the leading contributor to environmental sustainability, whereas the essential competencies have a greater impact on sustainable resource use. The findings highlight gaps in the current practices and underscore the need for improved professional training and development to meet sustainability goals. This study concludes that while professionals in the GCI are aware of sustainability objectives, significant improvements are needed in the application of sustainable practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Carbon Neutrality in Buildings)

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25 pages, 6216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Airport Planning Using a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach with Fuzzy Logic and GIS Integration

by Abderrahim Lakhouit, Ghassan M. T. Abdalla, Eltayeb H. Onsa Elsadig, Wael S. Al-Rashed, Isam Abdel-Magid, Anis Ben Messaoud, Ahmed H. A. Yassin, Omer A. Sayed, Mohamed B. Elsawy and Gasim Hayder

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1749; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101749 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 80

Abstract

Sustainable design in large-scale infrastructure projects, such as airports, is crucial for minimizing environmental impacts while ensuring long-term financial feasibility. This study focuses on selecting the most sustainable pavement solution for airport construction, using Tabuk Airport in Saudi Arabia as a case study. [...] Read more.

Sustainable design in large-scale infrastructure projects, such as airports, is crucial for minimizing environmental impacts while ensuring long-term financial feasibility. This study focuses on selecting the most sustainable pavement solution for airport construction, using Tabuk Airport in Saudi Arabia as a case study. The purpose of this study is to evaluate four pavement alternatives using a multi-criteria decision-making approach to identify the optimal solution in terms of sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility. The alternatives were assessed based on nine key criteria, including environmental impact, durability, cost, and maintenance. The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method ranks the alternatives, while the Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP) calculates the criteria weights, addressing uncertainties and interdependencies. Geographic Information System (GIS) is integrated to incorporate spatial factors affecting pavement sustainability. The results show that the alternative using recycled materials (A4) is the most suitable, offering the best balance of sustainability and cost. A4 achieved the highest ranking in the evaluation, making it the recommended choice for the upcoming Tabuk Airport project. This study demonstrates the effective application of decision-making tools, such as TOPSIS, FANP, and GIS, in guiding sustainable infrastructure development and providing a replicable framework for similar projects worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Building Materials: 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 14276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameter Optimization Analysis of Buttressed Pile Foundation Beam Retaining Wall Under Seismic Action

by Yonggui Lin, Chunshan Yang, Aoyu Xu, Hui Ma, Yadong Li and Chuanzhi Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1748; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101748 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 67

Abstract

To enhance the seismic performance of the pile foundation beam retaining wall-anti-slide pile system in slope engineering, this study adopts an innovative approach combining shaking-table tests and three-dimensional numerical modeling to systematically investigate the dynamic coupling effects between the geometric parameters of the [...] Read more.

To enhance the seismic performance of the pile foundation beam retaining wall-anti-slide pile system in slope engineering, this study adopts an innovative approach combining shaking-table tests and three-dimensional numerical modeling to systematically investigate the dynamic coupling effects between the geometric parameters of the beam-slab and the height of the retaining wall. The results demonstrate that the numerical model effectively reproduces the time–frequency characteristics of pile-top acceleration observed in the shaking-table tests, revealing a U-shaped displacement distribution pattern along the slope crest under seismic loading, with larger displacements in the middle and smaller ones on both sides. Parameter sensitivity analysis of the pile foundation beam retaining wall-anti-slide pile system indicates that while increasing the width of the beam-slab improves the overall stability of anti-slide piles, it also exacerbates the stress concentration at the base of the retaining wall. Conversely, an increase in retaining wall height leads to the nonlinear amplification of the acceleration response in the pile–soil system. The study confirms that optimizing the synergistic design of the beam-slab length and width while controlling the retaining wall height can significantly enhance the seismic performance of the structure. These findings provide a numerical model-based analysis method with both theoretical depth and engineering applicability for the parametric design of pile foundation beam retaining wall anti-slide pile systems in slope engineering located in high-seismic regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Foundation Engineering and Underground Structures)

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18 pages, 7526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Design Research of Architectural Layout and Morphology in Multi-Story Dormitory Areas Based on Wind Environment Analysis

by Xiangru Chen, Haoran Kang, Juanru Zhao and Qibo Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1747; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101747 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 67

Abstract

Optimizing the wind environment within university dormitory areas is essential for ensuring student safety, enhancing living comfort, and improving building energy efficiency. In this study, the wind environment of multi-story university dormitories in cold regions is comprehensively investigated through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) [...] Read more.

Optimizing the wind environment within university dormitory areas is essential for ensuring student safety, enhancing living comfort, and improving building energy efficiency. In this study, the wind environment of multi-story university dormitories in cold regions is comprehensively investigated through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations conducted with the PHONECIS software (version 2019), combined with orthogonal experimental design methods for systematic analysis and optimization. Through orthogonal experimental design, the effects of key morphological parameters—including building layout, length, width, and height—on the near-ground wind environment were evaluated. Among these, building width exerted the greatest influence, followed by building length, layout form, and finally building height. Based on the analysis, the optimal design scheme features a staggered building layout, with individual dormitory buildings measuring 60 m in length, 16 m in width, and 11.4 m in height. This optimized design was implemented in the multi-story dormitory area of the eastern section of Chang’an University’s New Campus. A comparative analysis of wind speed distribution before and after optimization, conducted specifically for the outdoor spaces during the winter season, revealed that the average near-ground wind speed was reduced from 3.3 m/s to 2.7 m/s, achieving an 18% reduction. The staggered arrangement and adjusted building proportions effectively dispersed airflow, mitigated high-velocity zones, and significantly enhanced outdoor wind comfort and pedestrian safety. This study introduces a morphology–wind environment coupling strategy from an architectural perspective to guide the design of dormitory buildings in cold regions. Rather than focusing on mathematical modeling, the research emphasizes design-oriented outcomes aimed at informing and optimizing practical architectural solutions for safer, more comfortable, and energy-efficient campus living environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Buildings' Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency for a Sustainable Construction)

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21 pages, 5822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Walkability Evaluation and Optimization Strategies of Metro Station Areas Taking Shanghai as an Example

by Xiaoyan Chen, Zhengyan Shi and Yanzhe Hu

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1746; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101746 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 76

Abstract

Improving the pedestrian environment around metro stations and enhancing walkability are important for the daily travel and life quality of passengers. By reviewing existing studies, we summarized nine walkability elements and eventually refined them into 18 quantifiable research indicators. Walkability elements such as [...] Read more.

Improving the pedestrian environment around metro stations and enhancing walkability are important for the daily travel and life quality of passengers. By reviewing existing studies, we summarized nine walkability elements and eventually refined them into 18 quantifiable research indicators. Walkability elements such as street enclosure, number of lanes, and tree canopy coverage were quantified through field surveys and passenger perception data. A stepwise regression analysis identified key influencing factors for nine walkability dimensions. Based on the correlation coefficients, factor assignments, and constants, a composite walkability index formula was established to evaluate pedestrian routes near four Shanghai metro stations. The results show that the proportion of sidewalks covered by a tree canopy, the number of lanes, street enclosures, and the transparency of the ground-floor building facade are the most important factors affecting the walkability of the pedestrian environment. In this study, we calculated the scores of each road section, compared the walking facilities and walking distance of different stations, and finally proposed relevant strategies for improving the walking environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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19 pages, 8223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model Test of Mechanical Response of Negative Poisson’s Ratio Anchor Cable in Rainfall-Induced Landslides

by Guangcheng Shi, Zhigang Tao, Feifei Zhao, Jie Dong, Xiaojie Yang, Zhouchao Xu and Xiaochuan Hu

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1745; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101745 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 138

Abstract

Rainfall-induced landslide mitigation remains a critical research focus in geotechnical engineering, particularly for safeguarding buildings and infrastructure in unstable terrain. This study investigates the stabilizing performance of slopes reinforced with negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) anchor cables under rainfall conditions through physical model tests. [...] Read more.

Rainfall-induced landslide mitigation remains a critical research focus in geotechnical engineering, particularly for safeguarding buildings and infrastructure in unstable terrain. This study investigates the stabilizing performance of slopes reinforced with negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) anchor cables under rainfall conditions through physical model tests. A scaled geological model of a heavily weathered rock slope is constructed using similarity-based materials, building a comprehensive experimental setup that integrates an artificial rainfall simulation system, a model-scale NPR anchor cable reinforcement system, and a multi-parameter data monitoring system. Real-time measurements of NPR anchor cable axial forces and slope internal stresses were obtained during simulated rainfall events. The experimental results reveal distinct response times and force distributions between upper and lower NPR anchor cables in reaction to rainfall-induced slope deformation, reflecting the temporal and spatial evolution of the slope’s internal sliding surface—including its generation, expansion, and full penetration. Monitoring data on volumetric water content, earth pressure, and pore water pressure within the slope further elucidate the evolution of effective stress in the rock–soil mass under saturation. Comparative analysis of NPR cable forces and effective stress trends demonstrates that NPR anchor cables provide adaptive stress compensation, dynamically counteracting internal stress redistribution in the slope. In addition, the structural characteristics of NPR anchor cables can effectively absorb the energy released by landslides, mitigating large deformations that could endanger adjacent buildings. These findings highlight the potential of NPR anchor cables as an innovative reinforcement strategy for rainfall-triggered landslide prevention, offering practical solutions for slope stabilization near buildings and enhancing the resilience of building-related infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Development of Underground Space for Engineering Application)

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26 pages, 2192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Joint Influence of Built Environment Factors on Urban Rail Transit Peak-Hour Ridership Using DeepSeek

by Zhuorui Wang, Xiaoyu Zheng, Fanyun Meng, Kang Wang, Xincheng Wu and Dexin Yu

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101744 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 85

Abstract

Modern cities are facing increasing challenges such as traffic congestion, high energy consumption, and poor air quality, making rail transit systems, known for their high capacity and low emissions, essential components of sustainable urban infrastructure. While numerous studies have examined how the built [...] Read more.

Modern cities are facing increasing challenges such as traffic congestion, high energy consumption, and poor air quality, making rail transit systems, known for their high capacity and low emissions, essential components of sustainable urban infrastructure. While numerous studies have examined how the built environment impacts transit ridership, the complex interactions among these factors warrant further investigation. Recent advancements in the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) offer a robust methodological foundation for analyzing the complex joint influence of multiple built environment factors. LLMs not only can comprehend the physical meaning of variables but also exhibit strong non-linear modeling and logical reasoning capabilities. This study introduces an LLM-based framework to examine how built environment factors and station characteristics shape the transit ridership dynamics by utilizing DeepSeek-R1. We develop a 4D + N variable system for a more nuanced description of the built environment of the station area which includes density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and station characteristics, leveraging multi-source data such as points of interest (POIs), road network data, housing prices, and population data. Then, the proposed approach is validated using data from Qingdao, China, examining both single-factor and multi-factor effects on transit peak-hour ridership at the macro level (across all stations) and the meso level (specific station types). First, the variables that have a substantial effect on peak-hour transit ridership at both the macro and meso levels are discussed. Second, key and latent factor combinations are identified. Notably, some factors may appear to have limited importance at the macro level, yet they can substantially influence the peak-hour ridership when interacting with other factors. Our findings enable policymakers to formulate a balanced mix of soft and hard policies, such as integrating a flexitime policy with enhancements in active travel infrastructure to increase the attractiveness of public transit. The proposed analytical framework is adaptable across regions and applicable to various transportation modes. These insights can guide transportation managers and policymakers while optimizing Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) strategies to enhance the sustainability of the entire transportation system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Urban and Regional Planning—2nd Edition)

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29 pages, 4244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation into the Distribution Features and Determinants of Underground Commercial Spaces in Qingdao City

by Jingwei Zhao, Heqing Wang, Yu Sun, Haoqi Li and Yinge Zhu

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1743; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101743 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 100

Abstract

With the gradual increase in the total volume of underground commerce in cities, underground commercial spaces are increasingly becoming a key carrier for breaking the constraints of land resources and reconfiguring the relationship between people and land. This paper quantifies and visualizes the [...] Read more.

With the gradual increase in the total volume of underground commerce in cities, underground commercial spaces are increasingly becoming a key carrier for breaking the constraints of land resources and reconfiguring the relationship between people and land. This paper quantifies and visualizes the layout and scale of underground commercial spaces in the central urban area of Qingdao by using kernel density, multi-distance spatial clustering, and spatial autocorrelation analysis and analyzes the influencing factors by using the geographical detector and MGWR model. The research results show that the underground commercial spaces in the central urban area present a “multi-core–multi-level” layout pattern, and high-density areas are more likely to cluster, with the most significant clustering scale being 3.39 km. Commercial supporting facilities, development of underground space, and population heat value are the core driving factors. The impact of rail transit, centrality, commercial supporting facilities, and development of underground space on the east coast urban area is much greater than that on the west and north urban areas. Finally, corresponding strategies are proposed from the perspectives of business districts, station areas, supply and demand, and planning and management to optimize the development and layout of underground commercial spaces, so as to promote the organic integration of underground commercial spaces and urban spaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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17 pages, 6586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effects of Alkali Activator Dosage on Carbonation Resistance and Microstructural Evolution of Recycled Concrete: Insights from Fractal Analysis and Optimal Threshold Identification

by Yier Huang, Aimin Gong, Zhuo Jin, Yulin Peng, Shanqing Shao and Kang Yong

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1742; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101742 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 74

Abstract

The synergistic mechanism between alkali activation and carbonation in fly ash recycled aggregate concrete (FRAC) remains a critical challenge for enhancing durability and promoting solid waste utilization. This study systematically investigates the effects of CaO-based alkali activator dosages (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%) on [...] Read more.

The synergistic mechanism between alkali activation and carbonation in fly ash recycled aggregate concrete (FRAC) remains a critical challenge for enhancing durability and promoting solid waste utilization. This study systematically investigates the effects of CaO-based alkali activator dosages (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%) on carbonation resistance, compressive strength, and pore structure evolution. The results demonstrated 8% CaO maximized compressive strength (48.6 MPa, 10.76% higher than the control group) and minimized porosity (22.87% vs. 39.33% in untreated samples), with enhanced carbonation resistance (35% depth reduction after 28 days). Fractal dimension (FD) analysis revealed that 8% dosage optimized pore complexity (FD > 1.9), forming a dense C–S–H/AFt network that suppressed CO₂ diffusion. CaO addition introduces embodied carbon (9.84 kg CO₂/m³), and the synergy between fly ash’s cement replacement (120 kg CO₂/m³ reduction) and extended service life (theoretically, 15–20 years) ensures a net carbon benefit. These findings establish 8% as a critical threshold for optimizing alkali activation efficiency and durability in low-carbon concrete design. These findings offer theoretical and technical foundations for low-carbon concrete design and sustainable solid waste recycling in construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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16 pages, 4660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Erosion Resistance of Iron Ore Tailings as Aggregate for Manufacturing of Cement-Based Materials

by Shuang Liu, Kangning Liu, Jing Wu and Sheliang Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101741 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 82

Abstract

Cement-based materials used in China’s coastal and salt lake areas in the northwest are exposed to long-term chloride corrosion, which deteriorates the materials and substantially reduces the durability of the structures. This study investigates the chlorine ion erosion resistance in salt spray environments [...] Read more.

Cement-based materials used in China’s coastal and salt lake areas in the northwest are exposed to long-term chloride corrosion, which deteriorates the materials and substantially reduces the durability of the structures. This study investigates the chlorine ion erosion resistance in salt spray environments of cement-based materials made with iron ore tailings (IOTs) as an aggregate (namely, IOTCs). The compressive strength, mass loss, and relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDEM) macroscopic performance of IOTC undergoing different chloride diffusion times (0–180 d) were explored in detail. Chloride ion profiles at 0–180 d were analyzed via chemical titration, while X-ray computed tomography (CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize microstructural evolution. The results demonstrate that IOTC exhibited superior chloride resistance compared to conventional concrete (GC). While both materials showed early strength gain (<60 d) due to hydration and pore-filling effects, IOTC experienced only a 23.9% strength loss after long-term exposure (180 d) significantly less than the 37.2% reduction in GC. Chloride profiling revealed that IOTC had 43.5% lower free chloride ions (C_f) and 32% lower total chloride ions (C_t) at 1 mm depth after 180 d, alongside reduced chloride diffusion coefficients (D_a). The CT analysis revealed that IOTC exhibited a significantly denser and more uniformly distributed pore structure than GC, with a porosity of only 0.67% under chloride-free conditions. SEM confirmed IOTC’s more intact matrix and fewer microcracks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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30 pages, 7559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deciphering Socio-Spatial Integration Governance of Community Regeneration: A Multi-Dimensional Evaluation Using GBDT and MGWR to Address Non-Linear Dynamics and Spatial Heterogeneity in Life Satisfaction and Spatial Quality

by Hong Ni, Jiana Liu, Haoran Li, Jinliu Chen, Pengcheng Li and Nan Li

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101740 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 229

Abstract

Urban regeneration is pivotal to sustainable development, requiring innovative strategies that align social dynamics with spatial configurations. Traditional paradigms increasingly fail to tackle systemic challenges—neighborhood alienation, social fragmentation, and resource inequality—due to their inability to integrate human-centered spatial governance. This study addresses these [...] Read more.

Urban regeneration is pivotal to sustainable development, requiring innovative strategies that align social dynamics with spatial configurations. Traditional paradigms increasingly fail to tackle systemic challenges—neighborhood alienation, social fragmentation, and resource inequality—due to their inability to integrate human-centered spatial governance. This study addresses these shortcomings with a novel multidimensional framework that merges social perception (life satisfaction) analytics with spatial quality (GIS-based) assessment. At its core, we utilize geospatial and machine learning models, deploying an ensemble of Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (GBDT), Random Forest (RF), and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to decode nonlinear socio-spatial interactions within Suzhou’s community environmental matrix. Our findings reveal critical intersections where residential density thresholds interact with commercial accessibility patterns and transport network configurations. Notably, we highlight the scale-dependent influence of educational proximity and healthcare distribution on community satisfaction, challenging conventional planning doctrines that rely on static buffer-zone models. Through rigorous spatial econometric modeling, this research uncovers three transformative insights: (1) Urban environment exerts a dominant influence on life satisfaction, accounting for 52.61% of the variance. Air quality emerges as a critical determinant, while factors such as proximity to educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and public landmarks exhibit nonlinear effects across spatial scales. (2) Housing price growth in Suzhou displays significant spatial clustering, with a Moran’s I of 0.130. Green space coverage positively correlates with price appreciation (β = 21.6919 ***), whereas floor area ratio exerts a negative impact (β = −4.1197 ***), highlighting the trade-offs between density and property value. (3) The MGWR model outperforms OLS in explaining housing price dynamics, achieving an R² of 0.5564 and an AICc of 11,601.1674. This suggests that MGWR captures 55.64% of pre- and post-pandemic price variations while better reflecting spatial heterogeneity. By merging community-expressed sentiment mapping with morphometric urban analysis, this interdisciplinary research pioneers a protocol for socio-spatial integrated urban transitions—one where algorithmic urbanism meets human-scale needs, not technological determinism. These findings recalibrate urban regeneration paradigms, demonstrating that data-driven socio-spatial integration is not a theoretical aspiration but an achievable governance reality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensing the Built Environment: Measurements, Correlations, and Implications)

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25 pages, 6306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Outdoor Atmospheric Environment on the Airflow Pattern in a Multi-Layer Plant with Vertically Connected Space and Heat Sources

by Yingxue Cao, Keke Li, Yi Wang, Yihan Xu, Yang Yang, Honggang Yang and Chaowei Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101739 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 98

Abstract

The airflow within industrial buildings under natural ventilation is influenced by both internal conditions and external environments. Multi-layer vertically connected plants include a vertically connected space and multiple heat sources distributed on different floors. Due to its complex internal conditions, airflow patterns under [...] Read more.

The airflow within industrial buildings under natural ventilation is influenced by both internal conditions and external environments. Multi-layer vertically connected plants include a vertically connected space and multiple heat sources distributed on different floors. Due to its complex internal conditions, airflow patterns under natural ventilation in this type of plant are not clear. In this work, we numerically investigate the influence of outdoor wind and thermal pressure on the airflow patterns within this type of plant. The findings indicate that with no outdoor thermal and wind pressure, the airflow crosses the layers from the bottom to the top, while intermediate layers tend to present independent airflows. As the ratio of the Grashof numbers of outdoor thermal pressure and indoor heat source (Gr_i−o/Gr_s) increases from 0 to 0.2, the airflow in the plant changes pattern from a middle layer alone type to the pattern of each layer mixed. Furthermore, when the ratio of the natural ventilation Reynolds number to the indoor heat source Grashof number (Re_o/Gr_s) rises from 0 to 9.7 × 10⁻⁸, the airflow pattern in the plant radically changes from a middle layer alone type to straight through flow. This study provides an important reference for optimizing the natural ventilation environment in such plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Existing Environment, Equipment, Materials and Technical Means for Buildings)

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22 pages, 4032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Impact of Lighting Illuminance and Color on Creative Performance and Mood

by Bo Zhou, Yangxiaoxiao Zhou, Qixuan Ren, Li Peng, Yang Guan and Haiyin He

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101738 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 186

Abstract

With the development of the knowledge economy, the significance of the creative industry has become increasingly prominent. Individual creativity can be stimulated by optimal lighting. This research consists of two parts: Part I examines the effects of illuminance and color temperature on creativity [...] Read more.

With the development of the knowledge economy, the significance of the creative industry has become increasingly prominent. Individual creativity can be stimulated by optimal lighting. This research consists of two parts: Part I examines the effects of illuminance and color temperature on creativity through three experiments, while Part II employs a two-factor repeated-measures design to investigate their interaction effects. The participants completed creativity tests during light exposure, including TTCT tasks in Part I of the experiment, and AUT and RAT tasks in Part II. They also completed questionnaires to assess their mood, and HRV data were collected for physiological analysis. The results showed that the subjects performed worse on a creativity test at an extremely low illuminance of 150 lx. Within a comfortable neutral lighting range, the participants’ creativity at 300 lx was superior to that at 1500 lx. In exploring light color, the conventional correlated color temperature (CCT) variable was replaced with colored lighting. The results indicated that both blue and orange light enhanced creative performance compared to white light. Additionally, an interactive effect of illuminance and colored lighting was observed. Fluency on the Alternative Uses Task (AUT) test was greater under 5000 K and 300 lx lighting, while originality on the AUT test was enhanced under 1500 lx, colored lighting. Emotional experience was found to be significantly correlated with creative performance. These findings contribute to the development of a design guideline that utilizes lighting intensity, color, and other elements to foster a relaxing indoor atmosphere that enhances positive mood and creativity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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25 pages, 6817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Research on the Shear Mechanical Properties and Size Effect of Recycled Concrete Beams Without Stirrups

by Chunyang Liu, Guangkai Zhou, Hao Wang and Yilin Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101737 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 135

Abstract

As a new type of building material with great potential, recycled concrete is playing a vital role in the context of the current construction industry’s pursuit of sustainable development. At present, the analysis method of recycled concrete structures is mainly based on the [...] Read more.

As a new type of building material with great potential, recycled concrete is playing a vital role in the context of the current construction industry’s pursuit of sustainable development. At present, the analysis method of recycled concrete structures is mainly based on the test results of small-scale specimens, but the reports relevant to the size effect of large components are not enough. Therefore, in this paper, the three-dimensional mesoscale numerical simulation is employed to conduct the static shear failure analysis of recycled concrete beams without web reinforcement. Based on existing experiments and verification of the rationality and accuracy of such numerical simulation, the influence of cross-sectional height, shear-span ratio, and the replacement rate of recycled aggregate on the shear mechanical properties and consequential size effect of recycled concrete beams are investigated. The research results reveal the dimension effect of nominal shear strength (NSS) and indicate that the shear strength of recycled concrete beams without stirrups shows a notable size-dependent effect, and the shear-bearing ability of recycled concrete beams reduces as the shear-span ratio and replacement rate of recycled aggregate rises. For every 20% increase in replacement rate, the shear-bearing capacity decreases by approximately 5%. The NSS shows a significant size effect, and it diminishes as beam height elevates. In addition, building on the material hierarchy of the Bažant size-effect law, a theoretical formula for the dimension effect on the shear strength of recycled concrete beams is proposed, considering the impact of shear-span ratio and replacement rate. The shear strength obtained from the supplied formula is subsequently compared with the standards of various countries, the results from existing calculation methods, and experiments. The accuracy and rationality of the supplied formula are verified. The research conclusion of this paper can provide a reference for engineering design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Sustainable Cement-Based and Recycled Materials: Pathways to Eco-Friendly Materials for Buildings)

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28 pages, 4507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Reliability of Tall Buildings Under Wind Loads with Tuned Mass Damper Fluid Inerters

by Cáelán McEvoy and Breiffni Fitzgerald

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101736 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 153

Abstract

This study investigates the reliability of tall buildings subjected to dynamic across-wind loading, focusing on the Tuned Mass Damper Fluid Inerter (TMDFI). While existing literature emphasises the effectiveness of TMDFI in mitigating seismic hazards, research on its reliability regarding wind hazards remains limited. [...] Read more.

This study investigates the reliability of tall buildings subjected to dynamic across-wind loading, focusing on the Tuned Mass Damper Fluid Inerter (TMDFI). While existing literature emphasises the effectiveness of TMDFI in mitigating seismic hazards, research on its reliability regarding wind hazards remains limited. A wind-sensitive benchmark 76-storey building is modeled to compare the performance of the TMDFI against a traditional tuned mass damper (TMD) and an uncontrolled structure. A Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) approach comprising 31,500 simulations is employed to assess reliability under uncertain damping ratios and varying turbulence intensities at reference wind speeds of 20 to 40 m/s. Key performance metrics, including peak acceleration and root mean squared (RMS) displacement responses, are derived through spectral analysis in the frequency domain. Results indicate that the TMDFI offers superior reliability, allowing an additional 6–7 m/s in reference velocity before reaching significant failure at the ISO limit state. Peak acceleration and RMS displacement are reduced by up to 64% to the uncontrolled structure. The TMDFI consistently outperforms both the TMD and uncontrolled configurations across all turbulent cases and wind velocities examined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Design of Tall Building Structures Based on Modern Resilience and Sustainability Performance Criteria)

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35 pages, 21941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Explore the Ultra-High Density Urban Waterfront Space Form: An Investigation of Macau Peninsula Pier District via Point of Interest (POI) and Space Syntax

by Yue Huang, Yile Chen, Junxin Song, Liang Zheng, Shuai Yang, Yike Gao, Rongyao Li and Lu Huang

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101735 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 164

Abstract

High-density cities have obvious characteristics of compact urban spatial form and intensive land use in terms of spatial environment, and have always been a topic of academic focus. As a typical coastal historical district, the Macau Peninsula pier district (mainly the Macau Inner [...] Read more.

High-density cities have obvious characteristics of compact urban spatial form and intensive land use in terms of spatial environment, and have always been a topic of academic focus. As a typical coastal historical district, the Macau Peninsula pier district (mainly the Macau Inner Harbour) has a high building density and a low average street width, forming a vertical coastline development model that directly converses with the ocean. This area is adjacent to Macau’s World Heritage Site and directly related to the Marine trade functions. The distribution pattern of cultural heritage linked by the ocean has strengthened Macau’s unique positioning as a node city on the Maritime Silk Road. This text is based on the theory of urban development, integrates spatial syntax and POI analysis techniques, and combines the theories of waterfront regeneration, high-density urban form and post-industrial urbanism to integrate and deepen the theoretical framework, and conduct a systematic study on the urban spatial characteristics of the coastal area of the Macau Peninsula. This study found that (1) Catering and shopping facilities present a dual agglomeration mechanism of “tourism-driven + commercial core”, with Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro as the main axis and radiating to the Ruins of St. Paul’s and Praça de Ponte e Horta, respectively. Historical blocks and tourist hotspots clearly guide the spatial center of gravity. (2) Residential and life service facilities are highly coupled, reflecting the spatial logic of “work-residence integration-service coordination”. The distribution of life service facilities basically overlaps with the high-density residential area, forming an obvious “living circle + community unit” structure with clear spatial boundaries. (3) Commercial and transportation facilities form a “functional axis belt” organizational structure along the main road, with the Rua das Lorchas—Rua do Almirante Sérgio axis as the skeleton, constructing a “functional transmission chain”. (4) The spatial system of the Macau Peninsula pier district has transformed from a single center to a multi-node, network-linked structure. Its internal spatial differentiation is not only constrained by traditional land use functions but is also driven by complex factors such as tourism economy, residential migration, historical protection, and infrastructure accessibility. (5) Through the analysis of space syntax, it is found that the core integration of the Macau Peninsula pier district is concentrated near Pier 16 and the northern area. The two main roads have good accessibility for motor vehicle travel, and the northern area of the Macau Peninsula pier district has good accessibility for long and short-distance walking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Management in Architectural Projects and Urban Environment)

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21 pages, 5212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Study on Stability of Air-Supported Membrane Coal Storage Bin Under Fire Scenario

by Yiwen Xia, Yuanda Cheng and Na Li

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1734; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101734 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 149

Abstract

Air-supported membrane structures (ASMS) are widely applied in warehouses and large-span venues due to their lightweight and cost-effective nature. However, as a storage building with a lot of combustible material and significant fire hazards, it imposes stringent demands on structural stability and safety. [...] Read more.

Air-supported membrane structures (ASMS) are widely applied in warehouses and large-span venues due to their lightweight and cost-effective nature. However, as a storage building with a lot of combustible material and significant fire hazards, it imposes stringent demands on structural stability and safety. This paper investigates the impact of fire-induced effects on stability using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software, with a case study focusing on an ASMS coal storage bin. The study comprises two key components: (1) internal pressure stability and (2) thermal stability. Results show that ambient temperature, leakage area and air supply govern non-fire pressure stability, with a 10 K increase reducing pressure by 9.4 Pa. During fires, HRR, location and growth type effect the stability of ASMS buildings. Thermal stability analysis reveals 6 m horizontal spacing can prevent coal ignition (<12.5 kW/m², <100 °C), while 10 m vertical spacing can avoid PVC membrane pyrolysis. These findings provide critical design guidelines for ASMS fire protection, highlighting the necessity of asymmetric safety margins due to vertical–horizontal radiation anisotropy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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25 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Capability Maturity Model for Integrated Project Delivery

by Ahmad J. Arar, Erik Poirier and Sheryl Staub-French

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1733; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101733 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 201

Abstract

As the adoption of integrated project delivery (IPD) progresses, increasing evidence has highlighted its potential to improve project outcomes. However, as an emerging practice, there remains a lack of structured mechanisms to evaluate the maturity of its implementation, which can limit opportunities for [...] Read more.

As the adoption of integrated project delivery (IPD) progresses, increasing evidence has highlighted its potential to improve project outcomes. However, as an emerging practice, there remains a lack of structured mechanisms to evaluate the maturity of its implementation, which can limit opportunities for learning and improvement. Therefore, this study introduces an IPD Capability Maturity Model (IPDCMM) to evaluate the maturity of IPD implementation at the project level. This model enables organizations to benchmark their IPD capabilities against established best practices, facilitating structured development and continuous improvement. This model is designed as a post-project assessment tool that evaluates the maturity of IPD practice upon project completion, providing critical insights for learning and future project enhancements. The methodology, underpinned by a pragmatic philosophy and guided by the principles of design science research (DSR), prioritizes achieving practical outcomes (artifact). It combines insights from IPD frameworks, maturity models from other fields, and three case studies. The IPDCMM was developed alongside the IPD Maturity Assessment Tool (IPD-MAT), an artifact validated via evaluation sessions and feedback interviews with key stakeholders of IPD case studies. This model provides a structured framework for assessing IPD implementation maturity and facilitates a pathway for enhancing IPD practices and achieving efficiency in project delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation in Construction and Project Management: Digital Technologies, Intelligent Systems, and Sustainable Solutions)

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25 pages, 12002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Method for Evaluating the Stability of Retaining Walls

by Shiqi Zhang, Yingfa Lu and Lier Lu

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101732 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 120

Abstract

The existing stability analysis of Coulomb retaining walls is derived on the basis of four assumptions, and there is no clear description of the interaction mechanism among wedge-shaped bodies, retaining walls, and the two. This article proposes a new method for calculating the [...] Read more.

The existing stability analysis of Coulomb retaining walls is derived on the basis of four assumptions, and there is no clear description of the interaction mechanism among wedge-shaped bodies, retaining walls, and the two. This article proposes a new method for calculating the stability of Coulomb retaining walls. For soil wedges and retaining walls, numerical theoretical solutions for the stress distribution in soil wedges and retaining walls were obtained on the basis of stress balance differential equations, coordination equations, force boundary conditions, and macroscopic equilibrium. The boundary condition between the soil wedge and the retaining wall is that the resultant force and moment between the two are continuous. Assuming that the soil wedge and retaining wall satisfy the Duncan–Zhang model and the linear elastic Hooke constitutive model, respectively, the strain solutions of the soil wedge and retaining wall are obtained. Assuming that both the peak strength criteria for the soil wedges and the concrete retaining walls satisfy the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, the location of the first point of failure for the soil wedges and retaining walls is determined. Taking the garbage transfer station in Lvcongpo Town, Badong County, as an example, the analysis of the force and displacement of the retaining wall and years of operation show that the proposed method for calculating the stress and strain of the retaining wall and the new method for evaluating the stability of the retaining wall based on the point strength criterion are feasible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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27 pages, 4560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing an Artificial Neural Network-Based Grading Model for Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings

by Yaser Shahbazi, Sahar Hosseinpour, Mohsen Mokhtari Kashavar, Mohammad Fotouhi and Siamak Pedrammehr

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1731; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101731 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 244

Abstract

High energy consumption in residential buildings poses significant challenges, prompting governments to regulate this sector through comprehensive energy assessments and classification strategies. This study introduces a multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network (ANN) model to grade and predict energy consumption levels in residential buildings [...] Read more.

High energy consumption in residential buildings poses significant challenges, prompting governments to regulate this sector through comprehensive energy assessments and classification strategies. This study introduces a multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network (ANN) model to grade and predict energy consumption levels in residential buildings in Tabriz, Iran, based on their geometric and functional characteristics. This study uses the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm to classify energy consumption grades based on energy ratio (R-value). Six sample buildings were modeled using Rhinoceros 3D version 7 and Grasshopper version 1.0.0007 software to extract key energy-influencing factors. A parametric geometric model was developed for rapid data generation and validated against reference buildings to ensure reliability. Building classifications spanned areas of 40 to 300 square meters and heights of up to six stories, with energy evaluations conducted using EnergyPlus. The collected data informed the ANN model, enabling accurate predictions for existing and future constructions. The results demonstrate that the model achieves a remarkable prediction error of just 0.001, facilitating efficient energy assessments without requiring extensive modeling expertise. This research emphasizes the role of geometric features and natural lighting in energy consumption prediction, highlighting the model’s practicality for early design evaluations and architectural validations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Advanced Technologies Applied in Green Buildings)

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19 pages, 5790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fire Resistance of Prefabricated Steel Tubular Columns with Membrane Protections

by Xinxin Zhang, Xiang Yuan Zheng and Wentao Li

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1730; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101730 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 183

Abstract

With the acceleration of construction industrialization and carbon reduction goals, prefabricated steel structures are widely used for their efficiency and strength. However, steel’s poor fire resistance limits its use. At high temperatures, steel weakens, leading to collapse risks. Common fire protection methods like [...] Read more.

With the acceleration of construction industrialization and carbon reduction goals, prefabricated steel structures are widely used for their efficiency and strength. However, steel’s poor fire resistance limits its use. At high temperatures, steel weakens, leading to collapse risks. Common fire protection methods like rock wool, fire-resistant boards, and coatings focus on single materials, leaving composite systems for modular steel columns understudied. This study systematically examines the fire resistance of modular steel columns with composite protective layers through tests and simulations. It finds that rock wool shrinks under heat, reducing its effectiveness by approximately 66.7%, and suggests construction improvements to mitigate this issue. A simplified fire resistance formula is proposed, showing that the total fire resistance of multi-layer systems approximates the sum of each layer’s resistance. These insights offer practical design guidance and fill a key research gap in composite fire protection for modular steel structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Static and Dynamic Performance of Steel and Composite Structures)

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29 pages, 2140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Housing Market Trends and Affordability in Central Europe: Insights from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, and Poland

by Jitka Matějková and Alena Tichá

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1729; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101729 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 218

Abstract

This study examines housing affordability trends in Central Europe, focusing on the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, and Poland, in the wake of recent global disruptions including the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021–2022 energy crisis, and the war in Ukraine. These events have intensified housing [...] Read more.

This study examines housing affordability trends in Central Europe, focusing on the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, and Poland, in the wake of recent global disruptions including the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021–2022 energy crisis, and the war in Ukraine. These events have intensified housing affordability challenges by driving up property prices, rental costs, and energy expenses. Using data from December 2022 to March 2023, the paper analyzes wage levels relative to housing costs in major cities—Prague, Brno, Bratislava, Vienna, Graz, Warsaw, and Kraków—through price-to-income and rent-to-income ratios. The findings reveal that affordability is most strained in Czech cities, particularly Prague, where property prices outpace wages, while Vienna demonstrates better affordability due to higher average incomes. The study integrates real estate platform data with official statistics and employs spatial mapping and exploratory econometric testing to identify affordability patterns and disparities. It concludes that affordability outcomes are shaped by wage dynamics, housing supply constraints, migration pressures, and policy responses. The study underscores the importance of targeted housing policies and wage interventions to address these challenges and highlights the need for cross-country policy learning and regional coordination to improve housing affordability and market resilience across Central Europe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainable Construction: New Trends in Building Renovation, Energy Efficiency and Innovative Materials)

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Buildings, Volume 15, Issue 10 (May-2 2025) – 178 articles

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