Buildings

19 pages, 5981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Influence Factors of Surrounding Tunnel Longitudinal Deformation Caused by Pit Excavation Based on Nonlinear Pasternak Modeling

by Honghua Zhao and Yutao Song

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1504; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091504 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

In practical engineering, it is often necessary to constructed deep pits next to tunnels. So it is crucial to evaluate surrounding tunnels deformation and stress to ensure their safe operation. Pasternak soil model that considers soil nonlinear is adopted to solve tunnel beam’s [...] Read more.

In practical engineering, it is often necessary to constructed deep pits next to tunnels. So it is crucial to evaluate surrounding tunnels deformation and stress to ensure their safe operation. Pasternak soil model that considers soil nonlinear is adopted to solve tunnel beam’s differential equation to obtain longitudinal tunnel deformation and stress. The rationality of considering soil nonlinear methods was verified by contrasting measured with calculated results. On this basis, a comparative study was conducted on the calculation and analysis of various influencing factors based on engineering examples. It shows that the longitudinal tunnel deformation reduces with increase of soil modulus, tunnel axis and pit long side angle, tunnel stiffness reduction coefficient, tunnel axis and pit center horizontal distance. When discrete length of tunnel is less than 5 m, calculated value of longitudinal tunnel deformation changes little with discrete length. When pit depth increases, maximum longitudinal tunnel deformation also increases gradually. When tunnel buried depth gradually increases in the range of 1.5~3.9 times pit depth, maximum longitudinal tunnel deformation reduction rate becomes small. Similar pro-jects construction methods can refer to the results, and it have certain practical application value of engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Building Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 6476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Worker Fatigue During Exoskeleton-Assisted Tasks with Varying Intensities

by Daehwi Jo, Gu Young Cho, Kyung-In Kang and Hyunsoo Kim

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091503 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Worker fatigue is a significant concern in construction environments, particularly for high-intensity repetitive tasks that contribute to physical strain and increase the risk of accidents. This study evaluates the impact of exoskeleton-assisted work on fatigue reduction across different construction tasks and intensity levels. [...] Read more.

Worker fatigue is a significant concern in construction environments, particularly for high-intensity repetitive tasks that contribute to physical strain and increase the risk of accidents. This study evaluates the impact of exoskeleton-assisted work on fatigue reduction across different construction tasks and intensity levels. Using inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors and the dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm, we quantitatively analyzed movement patterns and fatigue accumulation in workers performing carrying, scaffold installation, and masonry tasks under both low-intensity and high-intensity conditions. The results demonstrate that exoskeleton support effectively reduces DTW values, indicating improved movement consistency and lower fatigue levels. Specifically, DTW values were reduced by approximately 15–25% with exoskeleton use, with the most significant reductions observed in scaffold installation (25%) and carrying tasks (22%). Time-series analysis further revealed that exoskeletons not only decrease overall fatigue accumulation but also slow the rate of fatigue increase, extending the period in which workers can maintain safe and efficient movement patterns. The findings highlight the potential of exoskeleton technology to enhance worker safety and reduce fatigue-related risks in physically demanding construction tasks. This study contributes to the advancement of objective fatigue assessment methodologies and provides insights into the practical implementation of exoskeletons in construction environments. However, this study is limited by its short-term design, task scope, and the absence of long-term fatigue tracking, which will be addressed in future work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automation and Robotics in Building Design and Construction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 5198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Urban Wood Construction Trends, Global Tall Timber Building Development, and the Role of Wood Promotion Policies

by Felipe Victorero and Waldo Bustamante

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091502 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

This work studies the presence and evolution of wood construction in urban environments, using Santiago province in Chile as a relevant comparative case. The first part of the study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution of wood-based structures in Santiago, showing that although [...] Read more.

This work studies the presence and evolution of wood construction in urban environments, using Santiago province in Chile as a relevant comparative case. The first part of the study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution of wood-based structures in Santiago, showing that although wood has historically been used in low-rise housing, its presence has declined significantly due to increasing urban densification and the widespread adoption of materials like concrete for taller buildings. Currently, only 5.4% of Santiago’s buildings use wood structures, with their presence notably decreasing in the high-density municipalities of the city. Recent construction trends in Santiago show that the average building height is 12 stories, with timber buildings not exceeding 6 stories, despite the absence of specific restrictions in the building code for tall timber structures. The second part of this study contrasts these trends with the global development of tall timber buildings (six stories or more), which total approximately 300 worldwide as of 2024. The leading cities include Paris (with over 35 buildings) and London (over 17), followed by Zürich, Vancouver, and Portland. This study highlights the pivotal role of wood promotion policies in enabling this global expansion. Finally, a five-phase classification is proposed to evaluate the evolution of tall timber construction in a given city, emphasizing the role of public policy in enabling large-scale adoption, especially for cities such as Santiago. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Timber and Timber–Concrete Buildings)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Retrofit of Dutch Social Housing: The Role and Future of Multi-Year Programs and Strategic Partnerships

by Ad Straub and Frits Meijer

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091501 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Dutch housing associations, being semi-public construction clients, have been assigned an important role in helping to realize the national goal of a CO₂-neutral housing stock by 2050. To achieve this goal, a growing number of housing associations have added sustainable retrofit [...] Read more.

Dutch housing associations, being semi-public construction clients, have been assigned an important role in helping to realize the national goal of a CO₂-neutral housing stock by 2050. To achieve this goal, a growing number of housing associations have added sustainable retrofit projects into multi-year programs. Those programs are being implemented by entering into strategic partnerships with retrofit contractors. The aim of this paper is to explore the rationale behind this asset and property management approach, the process, and the organizational conditions and consequences for the partners involved. To do so, a cumulative case study for research, including seven cases, was conducted. The findings show that the rationale is primarily about improving and accelerating the retrofit process by using the knowledge, competencies, and resources of the supply-side partners as effectively and efficiently as possible. This novel approach increases the retrofit rates and tenant satisfaction with the process. Trust is key in the collaboration between housing associations and contractors. For this, partner selection is an intensive and careful process. The factor hindering the upscaling of the approach is the cultural and organizational changes needed on both the demand and supply side. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

20 pages, 7672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis of the Surrounding Rock of Deep Underground Engineering Under the Action of Thermal-Solid Coupling

by Xiaoyu Dou, Hongbin Shi, Yanbo Qing, Jiaqi Guo and Lipan Cheng

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091500 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

When developing deep subsurface infrastructure in areas with intense geothermal activity, the significant temperature gradient inevitably leads to low-temperature contraction and high-temperature expansion of the rock body, resulting in changes in the rock’s mechanical properties. These thermodynamic effects can easily lead to the [...] Read more.

When developing deep subsurface infrastructure in areas with intense geothermal activity, the significant temperature gradient inevitably leads to low-temperature contraction and high-temperature expansion of the rock body, resulting in changes in the rock’s mechanical properties. These thermodynamic effects can easily lead to the destabilization and subsequent collapse of the rock. There exists a pressing necessity to methodically evaluate the surrounding rock stability encountered in deep underground engineering under the action of thermal-solid coupling. This study constructed a multi-physical field coupling nonlinear calculation model based on a high-precision three-dimensional finite difference method, systematically analyzed the interdependent effects between the original rock temperature and excavation-induced disturbance, and then analyzed the dynamic changes in temperature, stress, and displacement fields along with plastic zone of surrounding rock of the deep underground engineering under thermal-solid coupling. The results indicate that the closer to the excavation contour surface, the lower the surrounding rock temperature, while the temperature gradient increased correspondingly. The farther away from the excavation contour face, the closer the temperature was to the original rock temperature. As the original rock temperature climbed from 30 °C to 90 °C, the increment of vault displacement was 2.45 times that of arch bottom displacement, and the influence of temperature change on vault deformation was more significant. The horizontal displacement magnitudes at the different original temperatures followed the following order: sidewall > spandrel > skewback, and at an original rock temperature of 90 °C, the sidewall horizontal displacement reached 15.31 cm. With the elevation of the original rock temperature, the distribution range and concentration degree of the maximum and minimum principal stresses increased obviously, and both were compression-dominated. The types of plastic zones in the surrounding rock were mainly characterized by shear stress-induced yielding and tensile stress-induced damage failure. When the original rock temperature increased to 90 °C, the rock mass extending up to 1.5 m from the excavation contour surface formed a large area of damage zone. The closer the working face was to the monitoring section, the faster the temperature dropped, and the displacement changed in the monitoring section. The findings offer a theoretical basis for engineering practice, and it is of great significance to ensure the safety of the project. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Problems in the Design and Construction of Underground Buildings—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Impact of Cement Mortar Adhesion Strength in the Durability of Facade Systems

by Jéssica Souza, Laís Pires, Ana Silva and Matheus Nascimento

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091499 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The durability of facade coatings is often compromised by incorrect specifications and a lack of technical knowledge, leading to reduced service lives of buildings and their components. This study analyzes how key construction characteristics affect the adhesion of mortars used in facade coatings. [...] Read more.

The durability of facade coatings is often compromised by incorrect specifications and a lack of technical knowledge, leading to reduced service lives of buildings and their components. This study analyzes how key construction characteristics affect the adhesion of mortars used in facade coatings. Tensile adhesive strength tests were conducted on in-use buildings to assess the quality of mechanical resistance and overall construction performance. The analysis highlights critical factors influencing adhesion strength, including finish type, building age, and solar orientation. Cohesive failures—particularly types E and F, as defined by Brazilian standards—were prevalent, emphasizing the importance of analyzing the types of rupture when discussing the results of adhesion tests. The results highlight that, among the various factors influencing adhesion strength, the type of finish and solar orientation play a significant role. Notably, north-facing external facades are more susceptible to adhesion failures, regardless of the type of finish. However, when considering only adhesive failures (Types B, C, or D), ground orientation tends to exhibit adhesion strength values below the normative limits. These findings provide actionable insights into improving facade performance and optimizing construction processes. By identifying the variables that significantly affect bond strength, this study offers a valuable reference for better decision-making in construction and the long-term durability of building coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Concrete Materials in Construction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 23275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of a Structure Isolated by a Coupled System Consisting of a QZS and FPS Under Horizontal Ground Excitation

by Richie Kevin Wouako Wouako, Sandra Céleste Tchato, Euloge Felix Kayo Pokam, Blaise Pascal Gounou Pokam, André Michel Pouth Nkoma, Eliezer Manguelle Dicoum and Philippe Njandjock Nouck

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091498 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

The study of vibration isolation devices has become an emerging area of research in view of the extensive damage to buildings caused by earthquakes. The ability to effectively isolate seismic vibrations and maintain the stability of a building is thus addressed in this [...] Read more.

The study of vibration isolation devices has become an emerging area of research in view of the extensive damage to buildings caused by earthquakes. The ability to effectively isolate seismic vibrations and maintain the stability of a building is thus addressed in this paper, which evaluates the effect of horizontal ground excitation on the response of a structure isolated by a coupled isolation system consisting of a non-linear damper (QZS) and a friction pendulum system (FPS). A single-degree-of-freedom system was used to model structures whose bases are subjected to seismic excitation in order to assess the effectiveness of the QZS–FPS coupling in reducing the structural response. The results obtained revealed significant improvements in structural performance when the QZS–FPS system uses a damper of optimum stiffness. A 30% reduction in displacement was recorded compared with QZS alone for two signals, one harmonic and the other stochastic. The response of the QZS–FPS system with soft stiffness to a harmonic pulse reveals amplitudes reaching around eight times those of the pulse at low frequencies and approaching zero at high frequencies. In comparison, the rigid QZS–FPS coupling has amplitudes 0.9 and 3.5 times higher than those of the harmonic signal. Thus, the resonance amplitudes observed for the QZS–FPS system are lower than those reported in other studies. This analysis highlights the performance differences between the two types of stiffness in the face of harmonic pulses, underlining the importance of the choice of stiffness in vibration management applications. The stochastic results show that on both hard and soft soils, the new QZS–FPS system causes structures to vibrate horizontally with maximum amplitudes of the order of 0.003 m and 0.007 m respectively. So, QZS–FPS coupling can be more effective than all other isolators for horizontal ground excitation. In addition, the study demonstrated that the QZS–FPS combination can offer better control of building vibration in terms of horizontal displacements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Efficient Thermal Rehabilitation of Residential Buildings in Northeast Brazil Through Thermal Modeling Considering Future Climate Needs

by Guilherme B. A. Coelho, Paulina Faria and Nada Mowafy

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1497; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091497 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

The outdoor climate is expected to undergo significant and extreme changes. These changes may lead to increased building requirements depending on their location. This is critical, as human beings tend to spend a large part of their time inside buildings. Accordingly, it is [...] Read more.

The outdoor climate is expected to undergo significant and extreme changes. These changes may lead to increased building requirements depending on their location. This is critical, as human beings tend to spend a large part of their time inside buildings. Accordingly, it is crucial to take future conditions into account to ensure an adequate indoor climate, simultaneously meeting the current drive for decarbonization of the built environment. One avenue is opting for thermally efficient building products and technologies with a lower carbon footprint to guarantee a comfortable indoor climate while minimizing energy consumption. This study focuses on the Northeast region of Brazil, specifically its nine states, given the usage of specific passive thermal strategies in new buildings that have high compensatory energy consumption. This is achieved through developing computational thermal models of a housing unit in a multi-family building, commonly constructed in several cities in this region. This thermal model was employed to analyze indoor thermal comfort, energy consumption, and carbon footprint. To account for future climate projections, the analysis includes scenarios based on Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5. The efficiency of certain sustainable passive rehabilitation is demonstrated in this region, highlighting the importance of adopting passive and efficient thermal measures appropriate to the region’s climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Housing Congress in the Lusophone Space–5CIHEL2024”)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 15805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method for Studying Building Color Harmony in Coastal Historic and Cultural Districts: A Case Study of Mojiko, Japan

by Mei Lyu, Ge Qu, Jiaxuan Shi, Dong Sun and Yi Tian

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091496 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

Coastal historic and cultural districts are distinctive urban public spaces which reflect the urban cultural and historical narratives. As an important symbol, coastal historic and cultural districts’ building colors play a crucial role in enhancing the historic and cultural districts’ visual quality and [...] Read more.

Coastal historic and cultural districts are distinctive urban public spaces which reflect the urban cultural and historical narratives. As an important symbol, coastal historic and cultural districts’ building colors play a crucial role in enhancing the historic and cultural districts’ visual quality and shaping the urban coastal landscape. Japan was one of the earliest countries to research urban color and building color regulation. This study selected Mojiko in Japan as the study site using street-view images, semantic segmentation technology, and ColorImpact4 software to collect information about the street building color. Based on the Moon–Spencer (M–S) color coordination theory and applied psychology methods, this study evaluated the building color quality and street color harmony from objective and subjective perspectives. It explored the impact of the building color on the coastal historic and cultural districts’ landscape quality. The results indicated that the building color of Mojiko generally presented a harmonious and unified characteristic. Most street buildings were soft, warm color tones, with higher color harmony and continuity. However, there were some problems, such as colors disrupting the overall street color environment, or color combinations were overly uniform. This study proposed a comprehensive method for building color analysis and evaluation, which is a reference value for guiding the color planning and construction for coastal historic and cultural districts’ landscape control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

26 pages, 3399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Experiential Value of Public Spaces in Resettlement Communities from the Perspective of Older Adults: A Case Study of Fuzhou, China

by Yafeng Lai and Pohsun Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1495; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091495 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

The experiential value derived from public spaces significantly influences social interaction, emotional belonging, and subjective well-being among older adults. As urbanization accelerates in China, resettlement communities have emerged rapidly, highlighting the importance of understanding how the experiential value of public spaces affects older [...] Read more.

The experiential value derived from public spaces significantly influences social interaction, emotional belonging, and subjective well-being among older adults. As urbanization accelerates in China, resettlement communities have emerged rapidly, highlighting the importance of understanding how the experiential value of public spaces affects older populations, particularly regarding the reconstruction of social networks. Guided by experiential value theory, this study developed a comprehensive evaluation framework. Survey data obtained from selected resettlement communities were analyzed accordingly. The results indicate that experts perceive functional value (A) as the primary factor influencing older adults’ experiences. However, older residents themselves place greater emphasis on contextual value (B), which scored 89.146. This finding underscores the significant role that environmental quality and social interaction play in relation to older adults’ quality of life. Furthermore, although contextual value scored the highest overall, infrastructure (A2) received the highest score (91.034) among secondary indicators; this highlights that older residents still heavily rely on well-developed infrastructure in their daily lives. Consequently, optimizing public spaces within resettlement communities requires not only enhancing environmental quality and social interaction experiences but also improving infrastructure to ensure safety and convenience. The findings of this study provide theoretical support for age-friendly design in community public spaces, thereby contributing to improved life quality and strengthened social cohesion among older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

20 pages, 8552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of the Confinement of Concrete Columns with Welded Wire Reinforcement

by Abdelaziz Younes and Sami W. Tabsh

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1494; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091494 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 28

Abstract

Traditional methods of construction for reinforced concrete columns utilize longitudinal steel bars and transverse ties. Field experience has shown that such a transverse reinforcement method is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to inconsistencies in quality. Welded wire reinforcement (WWR) offers a prefabricated alternative, forming [...] Read more.

Traditional methods of construction for reinforced concrete columns utilize longitudinal steel bars and transverse ties. Field experience has shown that such a transverse reinforcement method is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to inconsistencies in quality. Welded wire reinforcement (WWR) offers a prefabricated alternative, forming a closed cage that simplifies installation and speeds up the fabrication process. This study investigates the potential of using WWR as a replacement for conventional ties in reinforced concrete columns in pure compression. To achieve this objective, eight one-third-scale columns (1000 mm height, 200 × 200 mm cross-section) were tested under concentric axial loading inside a Universal Testing Machine. Four of the specimens contained WWR, while the other four had conventional ties. The variables that were considered in this study include the concrete compressive strength (34.3 and 43.5 MPa) and the grid size of the WWR (25 and 50 mm). This study investigated the influence of the type of transverse reinforcement on the strength, modulus of elasticity, and ductility of the confined concrete within the core. The findings of the study showed that lateral reinforcement in the form of WWR can increase the concrete core strength by 2.7% relative to corresponding columns employing ties when f′_c = 34.3 MPa was used. Conversely, the utilization of ties proved to be more effective than WWR in improving concrete core strength by an average of 28.8% when f′_c = 43.5 MPa was used. Additionally, WWR reinforced columns demonstrated a marginal 2.0% rise in the modulus of elasticity and a remarkable 21.0% increase in the ductility of the confined concrete core compared with corresponding tied columns. Theoretical predictions of the axial compressive capacity of WWR reinforced columns subjected to concentric loading based on the ACI-318 code provisions underestimated the experimental results by 20%. These findings demonstrate that WWR can serve as an effective substitute for conventional ties, particularly in cases where rapid installation and reduced labor costs are prioritized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Steel and Concrete Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safety Risk Assessment of Jacking Renovation Construction for Aging Bridges Based on DBN and Fuzzy Set Theory

by Yanhui Ge and Yang You

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091493 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 51

Abstract

The jacking renovation construction of aging bridges faces significant safety risks due to the complexity and uncertainty of their structures. Addressing the limitations of traditional risk assessment methods in handling dynamic changes and data scarcity, this study proposes a safety risk assessment approach [...] Read more.

The jacking renovation construction of aging bridges faces significant safety risks due to the complexity and uncertainty of their structures. Addressing the limitations of traditional risk assessment methods in handling dynamic changes and data scarcity, this study proposes a safety risk assessment approach based on dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN) and fuzzy set theory (FST). By using DBN to model the temporal evolution of risks, combined with the Leaky Noisy-OR Gate extension model and FST to quantify expert knowledge, this method overcomes the constraints of insufficient data. Taking an elevated bridge jacking renovation project in Qingdao, China, as a case study, a risk indicator system was established, incorporating factors such as personnel, equipment, and the environment. The results show that risks are higher in the early stages of construction and stabilize later on, with poor foundation conditions, instability of the substructure, and improper operations identified as key risk sources requiring focused control. Through forward reasoning, the study predicts risk trends, while backward reasoning identifies sensitive factors, providing a scientific basis for construction safety management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Safety Evaluation and Health Monitoring)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 9306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Digital Twin System for Rotation Construction Monitoring of Cable-Stayed Bridge Based on MBSE

by Yuhan Zhang, Yimeng Zhao, Zhiyi Li, Wei He and Yi Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091492 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 82

Abstract

Digital twin is a virtual replica of a physical system that updates in real time using sensor data to enable simulations and predictions. For bridges constructed using rotation construction methods, the rotation phase demands continuous monitoring of structural behavior and coordination with surrounding [...] Read more.

Digital twin is a virtual replica of a physical system that updates in real time using sensor data to enable simulations and predictions. For bridges constructed using rotation construction methods, the rotation phase demands continuous monitoring of structural behavior and coordination with surrounding traffic infrastructure. Therefore, a digital twin system for monitoring rotation construction is vital to ensure safety and schedule compliance. This paper explores the application of model-based systems engineering (MBSE), a modern approach that replaces text-based documentation with visual system models, to design a digital twin system for monitoring the rotation construction of a 90 m + 90 m single-tower cable-stayed bridge. A V-model architecture for the digital twin system, based on requirements analysis, functional analysis, logical design, and physical design analysis (RFLP), is proposed. Based on SysML language, the system’s requirements, functions, behaviors, and other aspects are modeled and analyzed using the MBSE approach, converting all textual specifications into the unified visual models. Compared to the traditional document-driven method, MBSE improves design efficiency by reducing ambiguities in system specifications and enabling early detection of design flaws through simulations. The digital twin system allows engineers to predict potential risks during bridge rotation and optimize construction plans before implementation. These advancements demonstrate how MBSE supports proactive problem-solving (forward design) and provides a robust foundation for future model validation and engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 3060 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Impact of Industry 5.0 on the Construction Industry (Construction 5.0): Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis

by Mahdi Akhavan, Mahsa Alivirdi, Amirhossein Jamalpour, Mohammad Kheradranjbar, Abolfazl Mafi, Reza Jamalpour and Mehdi Ravanshadnia

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091491 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 183

Abstract

The construction industry is undergoing a paradigm shift with the advent of Construction 5.0 (C5.0), which integrates artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), digital twins, blockchain, and robotics to enhance productivity, sustainability, and resilience. This study conducts a systematic literature review [...] Read more.

The construction industry is undergoing a paradigm shift with the advent of Construction 5.0 (C5.0), which integrates artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), digital twins, blockchain, and robotics to enhance productivity, sustainability, and resilience. This study conducts a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of 78 scholarly sources published between 2022 and 2025, using data from Scopus and following the PRISMA method. Keyword co-occurrence mapping, citation analysis, and content review are utilized to identify key advancements, emerging trends, and adoption challenges in C5.0. Seven core technologies are examined through the lenses of sustainability, human–robot collaboration (HRC), and resilience, revealing a rapidly expanding yet still nascent research domain. While C5.0 presents transformative potential, its widespread implementation faces significant barriers. A critical evaluation of these challenges is conducted, alongside strategic pathways to facilitate adoption and maximize impact. Furthermore, the leading countries and seminal contributions in the field are highlighted to guide future research efforts. By addressing knowledge gaps and industry trends, this study provides practical insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry professionals, contributing to the development of innovative frameworks that enhance efficiency, sustainability, and resilience in the era of Industry 5.0. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Industry 5.0 in the Construction Industry: Techniques, Requirements, Energy, Maintenance Engineering, Challenges and Opportunities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment and Inspection Method for Watertightness Performance of Building Facades in Shanghai Under Wind-Driven Rain

by Libo Long, Fengrui Rao, Yueqiang Ma, Jinhu Xi, Shun Xiao, Qingfeng Xu and Qiushi Fu

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091490 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 42

Abstract

The present work addresses the critical challenge of assessing building facade watertightness against wind-driven rain, a major threat to structural integrity and durability. The current evaluation methods rely heavily on standardized test outcomes, neglecting a disconnect between test conditions and real-world exposure, leading [...] Read more.

The present work addresses the critical challenge of assessing building facade watertightness against wind-driven rain, a major threat to structural integrity and durability. The current evaluation methods rely heavily on standardized test outcomes, neglecting a disconnect between test conditions and real-world exposure, leading to subjective judgments. To bridge this gap, this paper developed a quantitative method linking key inspection parameters (pump pressure, water spray distance) to wind-driven rain characteristics (wind speed, rainfall intensity) in the Shanghai area using statistical return periods. The calculation process encompasses regression models that correlate extreme rainfall and wind velocity values over sub-daily intervals, as well as a method for extrapolating maximum wind velocities using wind data coinciding with rainfall events. This approach enables specification-compliant performance assessment and tailored inspection protocols, such as JGJ/T 299, EN 12155, and ASTM E547. Applied to two Shanghai buildings, the method demonstrated a robust framework for translating environmental data into actionable inspection criteria. The results show a direct correlation between test parameters and extreme weather statistics. For instance, the watertightness performance of an old building is quantitively assessed as a return period of 1.02 years, while a new office building aiming for 50-year waterproofing could be inspected at a pump pressure of 900 kPa and a spraying distance of 0.15 m using the proposed method. This paper offers a data-driven alternative to empirical assessments, enhancing reliability in facade design and regulatory compliance, and provides a scientific basis for decision-making in building maintenance and renovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Assessment and Structural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining Average Available Workdays for Roadway Construction Projects Using Long-Term Weather Data—A Case Study for Alabama

by Esthefany Marien Mejia Reyes, Xing Fang and Michael A. Perez

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091489 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 115

Abstract

Construction project durations specified on contracts are influenced by adverse weather conditions such as rainfall and low temperatures. This study aimed to develop an efficient method for determining monthly Average Available Workdays (AAWDs) for roadway construction projects using historical long-term (ten years or [...] Read more.

Construction project durations specified on contracts are influenced by adverse weather conditions such as rainfall and low temperatures. This study aimed to develop an efficient method for determining monthly Average Available Workdays (AAWDs) for roadway construction projects using historical long-term (ten years or more) local weather data. A survey was conducted to understand the status of current practices using weather information for contract time determination by transportation agencies. Excel spreadsheet tools with Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) programs were developed to process the downloaded long-term weather data with two different formats. Instead of manually processing the short-term (e.g., one–three years) weather data, VBA programs efficiently count for weekends, legal holidays, and adverse weather days as non-workdays each month over the years with weather data (>10 years) and then determine the monthly available workdays (AWDs) and AAWDs. This method was verified using daily records from five completed roadway construction projects. Many contractor-claimed non-workdays due to other factors, not weather-related, that contributed to substantially longer project duration affect the comparison of AWDs determined from nearby weather stations using the developed VBA tools. The method and VBA tools developed were applied to 88 weather stations (10–122 years, average 42 years of data) to determine AAWDs in Alabama, USA, as a case study. Monthly AAWDs in Alabama were grouped into three climate zones: North Region, Central Regions, and South Regions with 185, 193, and 200 AAWDs per year, respectively, with more workdays (17–19 days) in warmer months and fewer (9–11 days) in colder months. The determined AAWDs help both DOTs and construction contractors determine/propose reasonable construction project durations and resolve the construction delay issues. The method and VBA tools can be revised/updated by other DOTs and construction companies for different definitions and thresholds on non-workdays and then efficiently determine AWDs and AAWDs using long-term local weather data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation in Construction and Project Management: Digital Technologies, Intelligent Systems, and Sustainable Solutions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 9042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Living Behavior and Space Usage Preference of Residents in Traditional Huizhou Dwellings

by Xiang Gao, Zao Li, Qiang Wang, Geng Cheng, Mingfei Gao and Maosheng Ye

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091488 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 154

Abstract

This study explores the challenges faced by traditional dwellings amid modernization and urbanization, with a particular focus on Huizhou dwellings, which struggle with issues such as inefficient space use and suboptimal spatial quality. This study employs UWB (ultra-wideband) indoor positioning technology to examine [...] Read more.

This study explores the challenges faced by traditional dwellings amid modernization and urbanization, with a particular focus on Huizhou dwellings, which struggle with issues such as inefficient space use and suboptimal spatial quality. This study employs UWB (ultra-wideband) indoor positioning technology to examine differences in residents’ production/living behaviors and their spatial usage preferences between two Huizhou traditional dwellings with distinct preservation statuses during both the summer and winter seasons. The study reveals the following findings: (1) The hall, courtyard, and kitchen spaces are the most frequently used living areas, followed by wing rooms and patio spaces. Differences in spatial organization patterns significantly influence residents’ preferences for alternating between various functional spaces. Residents tend to favor functional spaces centered around or adjacent to key circulation areas; (2) In summer, the patio space provides shade and ventilation, creating a cool and comfortable environment that supports a variety of living activities, resulting in high utilization rates. In winter, however, the patio space hinders heat retention for the inner facade, leading to lower temperatures and reduced usage; (3) The utilization rate of wing room spaces has significantly improved after simple renovations, whereas unrenovated wing rooms and side rooms exhibit relatively low utilization rates; (4) During fine weather in winter, the courtyard space maintains a relatively comfortable temperature, making it highly utilized. In contrast, the courtyard becomes excessively hot in summer, leading to significantly lower utilization rates compared with winter. By analyzing residents’ behavioral trajectories, the study explores the differences in living behaviors and their correlation with residential spaces across the different seasons and preservation states of traditional dwellings. These results offer important perspectives for the sustainable development of residential conservation and renewal efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewal Design and Challenge of Urban and Rural Livable Environments in the Age of Population Shrinkage)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 28765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Spatial Renewal of Atypical Traditional Villages Based on Modular Intelligent Grouping—Yuguang Village in China as an Example

by Zao Li, Xiao Guo, Qiang Wang, Geng Cheng and Hanyue Tong

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091487 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 179

Abstract

There are a large number of atypical traditional villages in Huizhou, China. These villages are facing a huge increase in spatial renewal and construction due to the problems of fragmented historical space and unbalanced spatial structure. Therefore, taking Yuguang Village as an example, [...] Read more.

There are a large number of atypical traditional villages in Huizhou, China. These villages are facing a huge increase in spatial renewal and construction due to the problems of fragmented historical space and unbalanced spatial structure. Therefore, taking Yuguang Village as an example, this paper proposes an efficient spatial renewal method: by analyzing the space of traditional villages, simulated villages, and modern villages, three modules of traditional “continuation”, transitional “integration”, and modern “reconstruction” are constructed, and the “discrete aggregation” algorithm is used to combine and simulate these modules in various ways. Finally, the generated results are reasonably analyzed by the fractal theory. The application results of the methods above show that, based on the regional setting of spatial combination and the differential analysis of spatial distribution, intelligent organization technology can weaken the dual separation status of traditional and modern, and realize the targeted and reasonable evaluation of spatial transition and synergistic effect. The technical route can provide innovative and efficient design reference for the renewal of a large number of atypical traditional villages and other types of villages, which has universal and extensible applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewal Design and Challenge of Urban and Rural Livable Environments in the Age of Population Shrinkage)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Modified Method for Calculating the Uplift Capacity of Micropiles Considering the Correction of the Critical Embedment Depth

by Linli Bao, Yuesong Zheng, Yi Zhou, Dongya Wu, Wenhao Wang, Zhaoxiang Guo and Zhijun Xu

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091486 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 132

Abstract

As environmentally friendly pile foundations with small diameters and higher slenderness ratios, micropiles are widely used in fields such as transmission line engineering and building reinforcement. However, the available research has primarily focused on their bearing performance under compressive and horizontal loads, and [...] Read more.

As environmentally friendly pile foundations with small diameters and higher slenderness ratios, micropiles are widely used in fields such as transmission line engineering and building reinforcement. However, the available research has primarily focused on their bearing performance under compressive and horizontal loads, and there is insufficient research on predicting the uplift capacity of micropiles. This study investigated the load transfer mechanism and the behavior of the surrounding soil using model tests and finite element simulations. The ultimate uplift capacities and load distributions of micropiles with different slenderness ratios were analyzed. The results show that as the slenderness ratio increases, the ultimate uplift capacity of a pile gradually increases. However, this rate of increase diminishes gradually. Additionally, the restraining effect and range of the surrounding soil at the lower part of the pile are enhanced. The critical embedment depth of the micropiles shifts further away from the pile tip as the slenderness ratio increases. Finally, this study proposed a novel modification to Shanker’s model of incorporating variations in the critical embedment depth based on the slenderness ratios. Subsequently, a modified model for the ultimate uplift capacity of micropiles was proposed and validated using a model test. The proposed model effectively predicts the uplift bearing capacity of micropiles with high slenderness ratios, which is practical for engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Reinforcement Technologies Applied in Slope and Foundation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 10442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Mix Proportion Optimization and Anti-Scouring Performance of Pervious Concrete Base

by Xiaoxuan Du, Xinghai Peng and Hongfu Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1485; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091485 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 139

Abstract

Internal drainage is crucial for preventing water damage in pavement structures. Pervious concrete is widely used in road projects due to its excellent drainage capacity, scour resistance, and durability. This study optimizes the mix design of pervious concrete by considering gradation (three levels), [...] Read more.

Internal drainage is crucial for preventing water damage in pavement structures. Pervious concrete is widely used in road projects due to its excellent drainage capacity, scour resistance, and durability. This study optimizes the mix design of pervious concrete by considering gradation (three levels), water-cement ratio (0.3, 0.35, 0.4), and target porosity (15%, 18%, 21%). The 7-day unconfined compressive strength, permeability coefficient, and elastic modulus were selected as evaluation indices. Response Surface Analysis (RSA) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were applied to determine the optimal mix proportion. Scour resistance tests were conducted based on the optimal mix design to analyze the effects of scour time, frequency, and impact force on strength and modulus variation. The results indicate that the optimal mix ratio is Grade I, with a water-cement ratio of 0.35 and a target porosity of 18%. This yielded a 7-day compressive strength of 5.1 MPa, a rebound modulus of 2170.7 MPa, a permeability coefficient of 49 mL/s, and a hydraulic conductivity of 0.0027–0.0054 m²/s. Under standard scour conditions, compressive strength, splitting strength, dynamic rebound modulus, and splitting rebound modulus decreased by 16%, 33%, 40%, and 16%, respectively. Compared to cement-stabilized gravel (53% strength loss), pervious concrete exhibited lower strength loss (16%) due to its interconnected porosity, which mitigates internal water pressure during scouring. Overall, pervious concrete outperforms cement-stabilized gravel in mechanical properties and scour resistance, providing theoretical guidance for engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Techniques in Smart Road Construction and Maintenance: Multi-Scale Characterization and Real-Time Performance Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Displacement Calculation of a Multi-Stage Homogeneous Loess Slope Under Seismic Action

by Jingbang Li, Shuaihua Ye, Xinzhuang Cui, Biao Liu and Nianxiang Li

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091484 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 104

Abstract

Slope instability often brings serious threats to human production and life, which causes huge economic losses. The slope displacement calculation under seismic action is very important to ensure the safety and stability of a slope. At present, there are few studies on the [...] Read more.

Slope instability often brings serious threats to human production and life, which causes huge economic losses. The slope displacement calculation under seismic action is very important to ensure the safety and stability of a slope. At present, there are few studies on the displacement calculation of multi-stage loess slopes under seismic action. Based on the basic theory of soil dynamics and the introduction of the comprehensive slope ratio, this paper proposes a new displacement calculating method of multi-stage homogeneous loess slopes under seismic action and provides the calculation formula. The rationality of the theoretical calculation is verified using the numerical simulation software Geo Studio (V2022). The study shows that it is feasible to simplify the geometric characteristics of multi-stage loess slopes by adopting the comprehensive slope ratio, which can also reasonably reflect the displacement characteristics of multi-stage loess slopes under seismic action. The example verification shows that the deviation of the peak horizontal displacement between the calculating method of this paper and the numerical simulation result is 5.5%, which shows that the calculation method of this paper is reasonable and has a certain application value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil–Structure Interactions for Civil Infrastructure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 6620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Recycled Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)-Excavated Materials as Aggregates in Shotcrete Mix Design

by Wei Zhang, Rusheng Hao, Zhijun Men, Jingjing He, Yong Zhang and Wei Hu

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091483 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 50

Abstract

Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) excavation materials were recycled by sieving and separating particles into sizes 5–10 mm (coarse aggregates) and below 5 mm (manufactured sand) to explore their potential as aggregates in shotcrete production, with the aim of reducing environmental harm from waste [...] Read more.

Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) excavation materials were recycled by sieving and separating particles into sizes 5–10 mm (coarse aggregates) and below 5 mm (manufactured sand) to explore their potential as aggregates in shotcrete production, with the aim of reducing environmental harm from waste disposal. Mix proportion experiments were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties—including failure patterns, compressive strength, flexural strength, and deflection—of the shotcrete specimens through cubic axial compression and four-point bending tests; furthermore, rebound tests were conducted on shotcrete mixed with the recycled TBM aggregates in foundation pit engineering. These tests assessed the effects of key parameters (water–binder ratio, sand ratio, fly ash content, synthetic fibers, and liquid alkali-free accelerator) on shotcrete composed of recycled TBM sand and gravel. The results indicated that crushing and grading flaky TBM-excavated rock fragments, and subsequently blending them with pre-screened fine aggregates in a 4:1 ratio, yielded manufactured sand with an optimized particle gradation and controlled stone powder content (18%). Adjusting the water–binder ratio (0.4–0.5), fly ash dosage (mixed with 0–20%), and sand ratio (0.5–0.6) are feasible steps in preparing shotcrete with a compressive strength of 29.1 MPa to 50.4 MPa and slump of 9 cm to 20 cm. Moreover, the rebound rate of the shotcrete reached 11.3% by applying polyoxymethylene (POM) fibers with a 0.15% volume fraction and a liquid-state alkali-free setting accelerator (8% dosage), demonstrating that the implemented approach enables a decrease in the rebound rate of shotcrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Concrete: Modification Methods, Sustainability, and Multifunctional Applications—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 7377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Shear Performance of Concrete Beams Strengthened with Lateral External Prestressing

by Zhenhua Ren, Yuzhu Wang, Wei Chen, Xiantao Zeng and Xuanming Ding

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091482 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 73

Abstract

Urban renewal and improving the structural resilience of infrastructure are the hotspots of attention in all walks of life. The structural resilience of existing infrastructure and engineering structures is deteriorating with the increase in service life. In order to quickly improve the structural [...] Read more.

Urban renewal and improving the structural resilience of infrastructure are the hotspots of attention in all walks of life. The structural resilience of existing infrastructure and engineering structures is deteriorating with the increase in service life. In order to quickly improve the structural resilience and service life of existing engineering structures, a new method of rapid reinforcement for in-service concrete beams is proposed in this paper, which is the external prestressed reinforcement method of the side façade. The specific procedure involves creating a penetration hole at each end of the side surface of the concrete beam, inserting a prestressed support rod into the hole and subsequently installing a prestressed long bolt within the support rod. External prestress is applied to the side façade of the concrete beam through prestressed bolts. A total of 21 reinforced concrete beams were designed and manufactured, including 3 contrast beams of ordinary concrete, 9 concrete beams reinforced with traditional external prestressing steel and 9 concrete beams reinforced with externally prestressed steel on side façades. Different initial prestressing forces were applied to the reinforced beams, and flexural shear tests and numerical analyses were carried out on the concrete beams. The failure modes and shear resistances were analyzed. This research demonstrates that, in comparison with the control beam, the ultimate bearing capacity of the traditionally externally prestressed concrete beams increased by 137.8% to 140.8%, depending on the initial prestress difference. For the externally prestressed concrete beams applied to the side façade, these increases range from 42.6% to 52.0%. Furthermore, the cracking load and yield load of the reinforced concrete beams are significantly enhanced, thereby improving their operational performance. Additionally, the numerical results confirm that the theoretical calculations align well with the experimental findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Concrete Structures in Civil Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Damage Assessment and Bayesian-Based Debris Prediction for Building Clusters Against Earthquakes

by Xiaowei Zheng, Yaozu Hou, Jie Cheng, Shuai Xu and Wenming Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1481; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091481 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 119

Abstract

In the whole service life of building clusters, they will encounter multiple hazards, including the disaster chain of earthquakes and building debris. The falling debris may block the post-earthquake roads and even severely affect the evacuation, emergency, and recovery operations. It is of [...] Read more.

In the whole service life of building clusters, they will encounter multiple hazards, including the disaster chain of earthquakes and building debris. The falling debris may block the post-earthquake roads and even severely affect the evacuation, emergency, and recovery operations. It is of great significance to develop a surrogate model for predicting seismic responses of building clusters as well as a prediction model of post-earthquake debris. This paper presents a general methodology for developing a surrogate model for rapid seismic responses calculation of building clusters and probabilistic prediction model of debris width. Firstly, the building cluster is divided into several types of representative buildings according to the building function. Secondly, the finite element (FE) method and discrete element (DE) method are, respectively, used to generate the data pool of structural floor responses and debris width. Finally, with the structural response data of maximum floor displacement, a surrogate model for rapidly calculating seismic responses of structures is developed based on the XGBoost algorithm, achieving R² > 0.99 for floor displacements and R² = 0.989 for maximum inter-story drift ratio (MIDR) predictions. In addition, an unbiased probabilistic prediction model for debris width of blockage is established with Bayesian updating rule, reducing the standard deviation of model error by 60% (from σ = 10.2 to σ = 4.1). The presented models are applied to evaluate the seismic damage of the campus building complex in China University of Mining and Technology, and then to estimate the range of post-earthquake falling debris. The results indicate that the surrogate model reduces computational time by over 90% compared to traditional nonlinear time-history analysis. The application in this paper is helpful for the development of disaster prevention and mitigation policies as well as the post-earthquake rescue and evacuation strategies for urban building complexes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Reliability, Resilience and Design of Buildings against Multi-hazards)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heritage Preservation Using Laser Scanning: Architectural Digital Twins Using Al-Mu’izz Street as a Case Study

by Marwa Abdelalim

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091480 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 143

Abstract

Historic Cairo, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979, is renowned for its rich Islamic architecture, including sabils, which have played a crucial role in the urban fabric of this arid region. This study focuses on the oldest surviving Ottoman sabil [...] Read more.

Historic Cairo, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979, is renowned for its rich Islamic architecture, including sabils, which have played a crucial role in the urban fabric of this arid region. This study focuses on the oldest surviving Ottoman sabil in Cairo—the Sabil and Kutab of Khusru Pasha—as a case study for digital heritage preservation using advanced documentation technologies. We propose a flexible, dynamic documentation workflow based on the heritage digital twin (HDT) framework, which integrates both physical and digital-native processes. Through a hybrid methodology that combines 3D laser scanning, photogrammetry, and building information modeling (BIM), this study aims to transition from static heritage record-keeping to an interactive, semantically structured digital representation. This approach enhances the efficiency and accuracy of documentation, supports long-term conservation, and facilitates immersive public engagement. Quantitative data, including scan resolution and processing time, are used to assess the effectiveness of the adopted workflow. The digital twin created from this case study offers a replicable model for safeguarding similar mid-scale heritage assets across Islamic Cairo. Furthermore, integrating HDTs into virtual tourism frameworks creates new possibilities for cultural accessibility, education, and sustainable tourism development. By illustrating how historical buildings like the Khusru Pasha Sabil can be virtually preserved, monitored, and promoted, this study highlights the transformative potential of digital twin technology in heritage conservation. It contributes to the evolving discourse on smart documentation and management strategies, aligning with global sustainability goals and digital heritage preservation initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 7092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Influence of Engineered Cementitious Composite’s Water–Cement Ratio and Fiber Content on the Mechanical Performance of Foam Lightweight Soil

by Qingguo Yang, Yu Zhou, Ya Li, Kelin Chen, Wujing Yin and Yunhao Li

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1479; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091479 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 83

Abstract

This study explores the influence of the water–cement ratio and fiber content in engineered cementitious composite (ECC) on the mechanical characteristics of foamed lightweight soil (FLS) through experimental analysis. Two types of cementitious materials—ECC and ordinary Portland cement (OPC)—were utilized to create FLS [...] Read more.

This study explores the influence of the water–cement ratio and fiber content in engineered cementitious composite (ECC) on the mechanical characteristics of foamed lightweight soil (FLS) through experimental analysis. Two types of cementitious materials—ECC and ordinary Portland cement (OPC)—were utilized to create FLS specimens under identical parameters to examine their mechanical performance. Results indicate that ECC-FLS exhibits superior toughness, plasticity, and ductility compared to OPC-FLS, validating the potential of ECC as a high-performance material for FLS. To assess the influence of the ECC water–cement ratio, specimens were constructed with varying ratios at 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3, while maintaining other parameters as constant. The experimental results indicate that as the water–cement ratio of ECC increases, the flexural strength, compressive strength, flexural toughness, and compressive elastic modulus of the lightweight ECC-FLS gradually increase, exhibiting a better mechanical performance. Moreover, this study investigates the effect of basalt fiber content in ECC on the mechanical properties of FLS. While keeping other parameters constant, the volume content of basalt fibers varied at 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that within the range of 0 to 0.5%, the mechanical properties of FLS improved with increasing fiber content. The fibers in ECC effectively enhanced the strength of FLS. In conclusion, the adoption of ECC and appropriate fiber content can significantly optimize the mechanical performance of FLS, endowing it with broader application prospects in engineering practices. ECC-FLS, characterized by excellent ductility and crack resistance, demonstrates versatile engineering applications. It is particularly suitable for soft soil foundations or regions prone to frequent geological activities, where it enhances the seismic resilience of subgrade structures. This material also serves as an ideal construction solution for underground utility tunnels, as well as for the repair and reconstruction of pavement and bridge decks. Notably, ECC-FLS enables the resource utilization of industrial solid wastes such as fly ash and slag, thereby contributing to carbon emission reduction and the realization of a circular economy. These attributes collectively position HDFLS as a sustainable and high-performance construction material with significant potential for promoting environmentally friendly infrastructure development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing Proactive Compliance Mechanisms for Chinese International Construction Contractors: A PLS-SEM Analysis

by Li Feng and Zhixiu Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1478; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091478 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 216

Abstract

The international construction contracting industry is facing increasingly stringent regulations and complex compliance risks, forcing contractors to reluctantly comply with regulations to cope with external pressure, intense competition, and turbulent markets. The existing research focuses on the passive compliance of contractors and sporadically [...] Read more.

The international construction contracting industry is facing increasingly stringent regulations and complex compliance risks, forcing contractors to reluctantly comply with regulations to cope with external pressure, intense competition, and turbulent markets. The existing research focuses on the passive compliance of contractors and sporadically identifies the driving factors, and lacks a detailed exploration of proactive compliance, which has created a research gap in regard to contractor compliance management, wherein changes to internal passive control and external environmental dynamics cannot be addressed. This study aims to promote proactive compliance by contractors by establishing a theoretical framework, containing factors related to stakeholder pressures, project complexity, and compliance values. This study involves 135 samples of international construction experience, utilizing the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) technique for data analysis. The findings demonstrate a significant positive impact of stakeholder pressures (β = 0.328, p < 0.01) and compliance values on the promotion of proactive compliance by contractors (β = 0.246, p < 0.01). Moreover, the study reveals that project complexity further strengthens the relationship between stakeholder pressures and proactive compliance (β = 0.203, p < 0.05). By deepening the understanding of the interactions between external pressures, internal control, and proactive compliance in regard to complex project attributes, this study offers a theoretical framework that integrates project level factors and organizational level factors. This study contributes guidance for contractors facing compliance challenges in the global context, enabling them to tackle increasing compliance pressures and risks, thereby facilitating the development of proactive compliance strategies in complex project environments and enhancing their competitiveness and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Successful and Sustainable Construction and Maintenance Projects—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 6747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Analysis of Advanced Glazing Technologies for Energy-Efficient Buildings in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia

by Mohammed M. Gomaa, Amr Sayed Hassan Abdallah, Mohammed A. Aloshan and Ayman Ragab

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1477; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091477 - 26 Apr 2025

Viewed by 107

Abstract

This study employs Design Builder software to evaluate advanced glazing technologies for enhancing the thermal performance of residential buildings in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Recognizing the energy inefficiencies caused by adopting Western architectural styles unsuited to local climatic conditions, and given that buildings consume [...] Read more.

This study employs Design Builder software to evaluate advanced glazing technologies for enhancing the thermal performance of residential buildings in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Recognizing the energy inefficiencies caused by adopting Western architectural styles unsuited to local climatic conditions, and given that buildings consume 44% of national energy, we conducted a systematic parametric analysis to isolate the effects of key glazing parameters. The study examines six polycarbonate (PC) configurations and three critical comparative cases: (1) a selective double-glazed unit representing a new baseline glazing; (2) a low-U configuration to isolate thermal insulation effects; and (3) a low-SHGC configuration to evaluate solar heat gain mitigation independently. These controlled comparisons address a critical research gap by decoupling the traditionally confounded impacts of U-value and SHGC in hot climates. The simulations reveal that the 36 mm aerogel glazing (U = 0.9 W/m²·K, SHGC = 0.3) reduces cooling demand by 48.6% annually compared to single-pane glazing while maintaining indoor temperatures at 30.09 °C versus 38.43 °C at baseline. Notably, the findings demonstrate that 87% of these savings derive from SHGC reduction, with only 3.02 percentage points attributable to U-value improvements. The selective DGU benchmark delivers 85% of aerogel’s benefits at 40% lower cost, establishing it as a practical solution for most applications. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for Saudi Vision 2030’s sustainability goals, emphasizing that while aerogel glazing excels in extreme solar exposures, strategic SHGC optimization in conventional glazing can achieve the most energy savings in hot climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 32909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microclimate of Outdoor Tree-Lined Boulevards in University Campuses in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Regions: A Case Study of a University in Guilin

by Yinong Liu, Lufang Bi, Rong Hu, Lingjiang Ye, Wenheng Zheng and Yuncheng Lan

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1476; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091476 - 26 Apr 2025

Viewed by 83

Abstract

Tree-lined spaces as informal communication areas and important pathways for pedestrians are the second largest zones on university campuses, and they have a large impact on the microclimate. At present, the effects of the spatial form for tree-lined boulevards on microclimates have not [...] Read more.

Tree-lined spaces as informal communication areas and important pathways for pedestrians are the second largest zones on university campuses, and they have a large impact on the microclimate. At present, the effects of the spatial form for tree-lined boulevards on microclimates have not been investigated. Thus, this study applied experimental and simulation methods to investigate the effects of tree-lined boulevards on microclimates in hot summer and cold winter regions. The main meteorological parameters including air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation of the boulevard were obtained by experiments. Furthermore, the experimental data as a boundary condition were input into ENVI-met software to investigate the effects of the aspect ratio and canopy diameter of double-row open-canopy boulevards on microclimate regulation. The results showed that when the aspect ratio was reduced from 1.5 to 0.9, the temperature and UTCI increased by 0.047 °C and 0.21 °C, while relative humidity decreased by 0.227%. Decreasing the aspect ratio can effectively improve the microenvironment. As the canopy diameter increased from 7 m to 11 m, the temperature and UTCI of the boulevard space decreased by 0.064 °C and 0.45 °C, while relative humidity increased by 0.245%. An increase in canopy diameter is unfavorable to the improvement of microclimates. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for the design and improvement of tree-lined boulevards on university campuses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Driving Construction Material Price Volatility in Qatar’s Construction Industry: An Investigation Using Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA)

by Murat Gunduz, Khalid K. Naji and Hadi Al-Marri

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1475; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091475 - 26 Apr 2025

Viewed by 83

Abstract

Although earlier studies had connected material scarcity and price fluctuation to cost overruns and delays in Qatar’s building projects, the root causes of this volatility had not been investigated. To close this crucial gap, this study looked into these drivers. The research analyzed [...] Read more.

Although earlier studies had connected material scarcity and price fluctuation to cost overruns and delays in Qatar’s building projects, the root causes of this volatility had not been investigated. To close this crucial gap, this study looked into these drivers. The research analyzed the factors affecting construction material prices by addressing three key objectives. First, it identified and categorized factors based on a comprehensive literature review. Second, it examined the influence of these factors and categories on material prices using Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA). Third, it proposed strategies for mitigating price volatility within the Qatari construction sector. Fourteen factors were identified and grouped into three constructs: Economic and Regulatory, Logistics, and Market. Data were collected through an online survey, producing 195 responses. The GSCA method was applied to assess the model, which met the goodness-of-fit, reliability, and validity criteria for component-based structural equation modeling. The findings showed that all three constructs positively affected material prices. The Economic and Regulatory construct exerted the most significant influence, with a t-value of 5.987, followed by the Logistics construct with a t-value of 2.292. The Market construct had the lowest impact, with a t-value of 0.099. The model’s R-square value of 0.41 indicated that the three constructs accounted for 41% of the variation in construction material prices in Qatar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Buildings, Volume 15, Issue 9 (May-1 2025) – 111 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI