Optimization Design Research of Architectural Layout and Morphology in Multi-Story Dormitory Areas Based on Wind Environment Analysis
Abstract
1. Introduction and Literature Review
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Literature Review
Research Factors | Building Types | Specific Factors | Literature | Research Methods |
---|---|---|---|---|
Layout forms | High-rise residential building | Influence factors of layout pattern on wind environment | [4,11,12,23] | Numerical simulation |
Influence of greening and building layout patterns on the wind and Thermal environment of residential quarters | [10,20,21] | Numerical simulation | ||
Influence factors of layout pattern on wind environment | [21] | Wind tunnel test | ||
Influence factors of layout pattern on wind environment | [4,11,14] | Numerical simulation + Wind tunnel test | ||
Influence factors of layout pattern on wind environment | [12,22] | Numerical simulation + On-site measurement | ||
Multistory residential building | Influence of layout patterns on outdoor wind environment | [4,12] | Numerical simulation | |
Block buildings | Influence of layout mode on wind environment | [23,24] | Numerical simulation | |
Block buildings | Influence of layout mode on wind environment | [19] | Numerical simulation + Wind tunnel test | |
/ | Influence of layout mode on wind environment | [25,26] | Numerical simulation | |
Influence of layout patterns and plant arrangements on wind environment and thermal comfort | [27] | Numerical simulation | ||
Building dimensions | Block buildings | Influence of building height and width on wind environment | [27,28,29] | Numerical simulation |
/ | Influence of building height and width on wind environment | [13,30] | Numerical simulation | |
Building shapes | High-rise residential building | Influencing factors of building form on wind environment for surrounding pedestrians | [14] | Numerical simulation + Wind tunnel test |
Office building | The relationship between architectural form and wind environment | [18] | Numerical simulation | |
/ | The influence of high-rise building forms on the surrounding environment | [15,16,17] | Numerical simulation |
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Research Cases
2.2. Numerical Simulation and Orthogonal Test Method
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Outdoor Wind Environment Simulation Analysis
- Wind Speed Issue
- 2.
- Wind Pressure Issue
- 3.
- Poor Ventilation
3.2. Measured Data Analysis and Simulation Verification
3.3. Orthogonal Experimental Design
3.4. Influencing Factor Analysis
3.5. Optimal Scheme Verification
- Uniform Wind Speed Distribution.
- 2.
- Improvement in Human Comfort.
- 3.
- Good Ventilation Effect.
3.6. Strategy Analysis Summary
- Staggered Layout Design.
- 2.
- Optimization of Building Dimensions.
- 3.
- Avoidance of Wind Speed Dead Zones and High Wind Speed Obstacles.
- 4.
- Improved Ventilation Effect.
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison with the Existing Literature
4.2. Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Du, Y.X.; Mak, C.M. Improving Pedestrian Level Low Wind Velocity Environment in High-Density Cities. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2018, 42, 314–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alnusairat, S.; Al-Shatnawi, Z.; Ayyad, Y.; Alwaked, A.; Abuanzeh, N. Rethinking Outdoor Courtyard Spaces on University Campuses to Enhance Health and Wellbeing: The Anti-Virus Built Environment. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Q.; Ren, J. Research on the building energy efficiency design strategy of Chinese universities based on green performance analysis. Energy Build. 2020, 224, 110242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shui, T.T.; Liu, J.; Yuan, Q.; Qu, Y.; Jin, H.; Cao, J.L.; Liu, L.; Chen, X. Assessment of pedestrian-level wind conditions in severe cold regions of China. Build. Environ. 2018, 135, 53–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Myroniuk, K.; Furdas, Y.; Zhelykh, V.; Yurkevych, Y. Examining Wind Flow’s Impact on Multi-Storey Buildings: A Quest for Quality Improvement. Prod. Eng. Arch. 2024, 30, 57–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tie, W.; Wang, W.; Lin, D. Enhancing the winter wind conditions in the dormitory vicinity of Hohhot University through a biomechanical perspective. Mol. Cell. Biomech. 2025, 22, 1076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, J.Y.; Xia, Y.; Lao, H.; Ye, Y.K.; Wang, Z.J.; Jiang, H.Y. Natural ventilation potential of teaching building complexes with different block shapes and layout patterns. J. Build. Eng. 2024, 96, 110420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mei, S.J.; Hu, J.T.; Liu, D.; Zhao, F.Y.; Li, Y.G.; Wang, Y.; Wang, H.Q. Wind driven natural ventilation in the idealized building block arrays with multiple urban morphologies and unique package building density. Energy Build. 2017, 155, 324–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Z.G.; Li, B.L.; Shi, F.; Xiao, Z.H.; Hong, X.C. Analysis of the Impact of Layout Mode on the Wind Environment of Dormitories in Coastal Universities in Southern Fujian Province. Buildings 2023, 13, 3030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poddaeva, O.; Churin, P. Improving the comfort of pedestrian and recreational areas of the stylobate part of the residential complex. Energy Rep. 2021, 7, 395–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, S.; Wang, Y.; Zhai, Z.Q.; Xue, Y.; Lin, D.M. Characteristics of wind flow around a target building with different surrounding building layers predicted by CFD simulation. Build. Environ. 2021, 201, 107962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, T.; Chen, T. Classification and pedestrian-level wind environment assessment among Tianjin’s residential area based on numerical simulation. Urban Clim. 2020, 34, 100702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mou, B.; He, B.J.; Zhao, D.X.; Chau, K.W. Numerical simulation of the effects of building dimensional variation on wind pressure distribution. Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech. 2017, 119, 293–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zahid Iqbal, Q.M.; Chan, A.L.S. Pedestrian level wind environment assessment around group of high-rise cross-shaped buildings: Effect of building shape, separation and orientation. Build. Environ. 2016, 101, 45–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.H.; Li, W.F.; Zeng, N.Y.; Bai, X.X. Analyzing the Impact of Tall Building Geometries on Wind Environment in a Hypothetical Urban Context: A Typological and Parametric Study. Lect. Notes Civ. Eng. 2023, 559, 565–577. [Google Scholar]
- Dai, Y.W.; Mak, C.M.; Ai, Z.T. Computational fluid dynamics simulation of wind-driven inter-unit dispersion around multi-storey buildings: Upstream building effect. Indoor Built Environ. 2017, 28, 217–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Druenen, V.T.; Hooff, T.V.; Montazeri, H.; Blocken, B. CFD evaluation of building geometry modifications to reduce pedestrian level wind speed. Build. Environ. 2019, 163, 106293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, Z.Y.; Yang, N. Optimization Design Strategy of High-Rise Building Form for Improving Outdoor Wind Environment. Archit. J. 2013, 2. [Google Scholar]
- Adamek, K.; Vasan, N.; Elshaer, A.; English, E.; Bitsuamlak, G. Pedestrian level wind assessment through city development: A study of the financial district in Toronto. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2017, 35, 179–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, B.; Lin, B.R. Numerical studies of the outdoor wind environment and thermal comfort at pedestrian level in housing blocks with different building layout patterns and trees arrangement. Renew. Energy 2015, 73, 18–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shirzadi, M.; Tominaga, Y. CFD evaluation of mean and turbulent wind characteristics around a high-rise building affected by its surroundings University campus. Build. Environ. 2022, 225, 109637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le, D.; Li, N.P.; Su, L. Study on wind environment characteristic of different height high-rise residential buildings in Changsha, China. Nat. Environ. Pollut. Technol. 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Taseiko, O.V.; Mikhailuta, O.V.; Pitt, A.; Lezhenin, A.A.; Zakharov, Y.V. Air pollution dispersion within urban street canyons. Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 245–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poddaeva, O.; Churin, P. Numerical simulation of the pedestrian comfort of the micro district. Sci. Direct. 2022, 8, 1491–1500. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, X.; Zhu, Y.Y.; Duan, J.; Shao, R.Q.; Wang, J.G. Assessment of pedestrian wind environment in urban planning design. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2015, 140, 17–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaseb, Z.; Hafezi, M.; Tahbaz, M.; Delfani, D. A framework for pedestrian-level wind conditions improvement in urban areas: CFD simulation and optimization. Build. Environ. 2020, 184, 107191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsichritzis, L.; Nikolopoulou, M. The effect of building height and façade area ratio on pedestrian wind comfort of London. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 2019, 191, 63–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tse, K.T.; Weerasuriya, A.U.; Zhang, X.L.; Li, S.W.; Kwok, K.C.S. Effects of twisted wind flows on wind conditions in passages between buildings. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 2017, 167, 87–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramponi, R.; Blocken, B.; Laura Bde, C.; Janssen, W.D. CFD simulation of outdoor ventilation of generic urban configurations with different urban densities and equal and unequal street widths. Build. Environ. 2015, 92, 152–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, L.; Hang, J.; Sandberg, M.T.; Claesson, L.; Sabatino, S.D.; Wigo, H. The impacts of building height variations and building packing densities on flow adjustment and city breathability in idealized urban models. Build. Environ. 2017, 118, 334–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- GB 50352-2019; Unified Design Standards for Civil Buildings. Architecture & Building Press: Beijing, China, 2019.
- CBA Clima Tool. Available online: https://clima.cbe.berkeley.edu/ (accessed on 10 January 2025).
- GB/T 19201-2006; Grade of Tropical Cyclones. China National Standardization Management Committee: Beijing, China, 2006.
- Lei, Z.; Liu, C.; Wang, L.; Li, N. Effect of natural ventilation on indoor air quality and thermal comfort in dormitory during winter. Build. Environ. 2017, 125, 240–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Meteorological Organization. Available online: https://public.wmo.int/en (accessed on 10 January 2025).
- Jiru, T.E.; Bitsuamlak, G.T. Application of CFD in Modelling Wind-Induced Natural Ventilation of Buildings—A Review. Int. J. Vent. 2010, 9, 131–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, J.J.; Chew, D.A.; Lv, S.; Wu, W.W. Optimization method for building envelope design to minimize carbon emissions of building operational energy consumption using orthogonal experimental design (OED). Habitat Int. 2013, 37, 148–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Y.; Wang, T.; Zhao, C.; Zhu, Y.; Jia, X.; Zhang, L.; Shi, F.; Jiang, C. An efficient design method of indoor ventilation parameters for high-speed trains using improved proper orthogonal decomposition reconstruction. J. Build. Eng. 2023, 71, 106600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, C.; Wang, J.; Feng, Z.; Kim, M.K.; Haghighat, F.; Cao, S.-J. Refined design of ventilation systems to mitigate infection risk in hospital wards: Perspective from ventilation openings setting. Environ. Pollut. 2023, 333, 122025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, T.; Clements-Croome, D.J. Natural Ventilation in Built Environment. Sustain. Built Environ. 2018, 23, 434–464. [Google Scholar]
- GB/T 51356-2019; Assessment Standard for Green Campus. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China: Beijing, China, 2019.
- Abdollahzadeh, N.; Biloria, N. Outdoor thermal comfort: Analyzing the impact of urban configurations on the thermal performance of street canyons in the humid subtropical climate of Sydney. Front. Archit. Res. 2021, 10, 394–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weather Spark. Available online: https://zh.weatherspark.com/ (accessed on 10 January 2025).
- JGJ36-2016; Code for Design of Dormitory Building. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development: Beijing, China, 2017.
- GB-50016-2014; Fire Protection Code for Building Design. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development: Beijing, China, 2015.
- Yang, S.; Zhou, D.; Wang, Y. Comparing impact of multi-factor planning layouts in residential areas on summer thermal comfort based on orthogonal design of experiment (ODOE). Build. Environ. 2020, 182, 107145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rahman, A.; Muktadir, M.G. SPSS: An Imperative Quantitative Data Analysis Tool for Social Science Research. Int. J. Res. Innov. Soc. Sci. 2021, 5, 300–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- GB/T 50378-2019; Green Building Evaluation Standard. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development: Beijing, China, 2024.
- Mittal, H.; Sharma, A.; Gairola, A. A review on the study of urban wind at the pedestrian level around buildings. J. Build. Eng. 2018, 18, 154–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janssen, W.D.; Blocken, B.; Hooff, T.V. Pedestrian wind comfort around buildings: Comparison of wind comfort criteria based on whole-flow field data for a complex case study. Build. Environ. 2013, 59, 547–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- You, W.; Shen, J.L.; Ding, W.W. Improving residential building arrangement design by assessing outdoor ventilation efficiency in different regional spaces. Archit. Sci. Rev. 2018, 61, 202–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheung, J.O.P.; Liu, C.H. CFD simulations of natural ventilation behaviour in high-rise buildings in regular and staggered arrangements at various spacings. Energy Build. 2011, 43, 1149–1158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, L.Q.; Ren, S.W.; Ma, Y.; Liu, Q.B. The Coupling Relationship between Building Morphology and Outdoor Wind Environment in the High-Rise Dormitory Area in China. Energies 2023, 16, 3655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.L.; Tse, K.T.; Weerasuriya, A.U.; Li, S.W.; Kwok, K.C.S.; Mak, C.M.; Niu, J.L.; Lin, Z. Evaluation of pedestrian wind comfort near ‘lift-up’ buildings with different aspect ratios and central core modifications. Build. Environ. 2017, 124, 245–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, Y.X.; Mak, C.M.; Liu, J.L.; Xia, Q.; Niu, J.L.; Kwok, K.C.S. Effects of lift-up design on pedestrian level wind comfort in different building configurations under three wind directions. Build. Environ. 2017, 117, 84–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Season | Months | Prevailing Wind Direction | Average Wind Speed | Wind Frequency | Subdominant Wind Direction | Average Wind Speed | Wind Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | June, July, August | Northeast by east | 2.5 m/s | 42.2% | Southwest | 2.3 m/s | 18.1% |
Winter | December, January, February | Northeast by east | 2.2 m/s | 37.5% | Southwest | 2.0 m/s | 25.1% |
Case 1. Multistory Dormitories in the East Area of the New Campus of CHD | ||
---|---|---|
Orientation | 15 degrees east of south | (a) General layout and measured scheme (b) Facade real scene |
Number of floors and height | Middle part: 6 floors. Both sides: 5 floors. 21.2 m. | |
Architectural form | Plate multi-layer | |
Layout form | Determinant type | |
Case 2. Multi-story dormitories in the west area of XD’s new campus | ||
Orientation | 30 degrees west of south | (c) General layout and measured scheme (d) Facade real scene |
Number of floors and height | 6 layers, 22.5 m | |
Architectural form | Plate-type multi-story | |
Layout form | Enclosed type | |
Case 3. Multi-story dormitory in the east area of XD’s new campus | ||
Orientation | 30 degrees south by west. | (e) General layout and measured scheme (f) Facade real scene |
Number of floors and height | 3 layers, 13.8 m | |
Architectural form | Plate-type multi-story | |
Layout form | Staggered type |
Parameter | Specific Setting | Parameter | Specific Setting |
Model creation | RHINO modeling into PHOENICS | Selection governing equations | Standard k-ε turbulence model |
Computational domain | Length × width × height: 5X × 5Y × 3Z | Meteorological parameters | Wind direction: East–Northeast Wind speed: 1.9 m/s in summer, 1.4 m/s in winter |
Number of iterations | 1000 | Grid division | Building local encryption |
Constraint Name | Constraint Conditions | Basis |
---|---|---|
Dormitory design requirements | The spacing between dormitory buildings should meet the fire prevention, sunlight, and other relevant requirements, as well as comply with local urban planning regulations. | Code for design of dormitory building (JGJ36-2016) [44] |
Fire prevention requirements | The minimum distance between multi-story civil buildings should be 9 m. | Code for fire protection design of buildings (GB-50016-2014) [45] |
Sunshine requirements | Ensure that shaded buildings meet the sunlight requirement of ≥2 h on the winter solstice. The calculation starts from the bottom window sill, which is set at 0.9 m. | Building sunshine standard |
Spacing requirements for gable walls | The minimum spacing between multi-story civil buildings on the gable side is 9 m. | Provisions on Urban Planning Administration of Xi’an City |
A. Building Layout | B. Building Length (m) | C. Building Width (m) | D. Building Height (m) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A1 (Aligned layout) | B1 (40) | C1 (14) | D1 (11.4) |
2 | A2 (Staggered layout) | B2 (50) | C2 (16) | D2 (18.6) |
3 | A3 (Enclosed layout) | B3 (60) | C3 (18) | D3 (22.2) |
Simulation Schemes | Factor A: Building Layout | Factor B: Building Length (m) | Factor C: Building Width (m) | Factor D: Building Height (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. A1B1C1D1 | A1 (Aligned layout) | B1 (40) | C1 (14) | D1 (11.4) |
2. A1B2C3D2 | A1 | B2 (50) | C2 (16) | D2 (18.6) |
3. A1B3C2D3 | A1 | B3 (60) | C3 (18) | D3 (22.2) |
4. A2B1C3D3 | A2 (Staggered layout) | B1 | C3 | D3 |
5. A2B2C2D1 | A2 | B2 | C2 | D1 |
6. A2B3C1D2 | A2 | B3 | C1 | D2 |
7. A3B1C2D2 | A3 (Enclosed layout) | B1 | C2 | D2 |
8. A3B2C1D3 | A3 | B2 | C1 | D3 |
9. A3B3C3D1 | A3 | B3 | C3 | D1 |
Simulation Schemes | A: Building Layout | B: Building Length (m) | C: Building Width (m) | D: Building Height (m) | (V) Average Wind Speed (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. A1B1C1D1 | A1 (Aligned layout) | B1 (40) | C1 (14) | D1 (11.4) | 0.71 |
2. A1B2C3D2 | A1 | B2 (50) | C2 (16) | D2 (18.6) | 0.76 |
3. A1B3C2D3 | A1 | B3 (60) | C3 (18) | D3 (22.2) | 1.03 |
4. A2B1C3D3 | A2 (Staggered layout) | B1 | C3 | D3 | 0.81 |
5. A2B2C2D1 | A2 | B2 | C2 | D1 | 0.98 |
6. A2B3C1D2 | A2 | B3 | C1 | D2 | 1.02 |
7. A3B1C2D2 | A3 (Enclosed layout) | B1 | C2 | D2 | 0.56 |
8. A3B2C1D3 | A3 | B2 | C1 | D3 | 0.76 |
9. A3B3C3D1 | A3 | B3 | C3 | D1 | 0.93 |
Levels | A. Building Layout | B. Building Length (m) | C. Building Width (m) | D. Building Height (m) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K | 1 | 2.5 | 2.08 | 2.49 | 2.62 |
2 | 2.81 | 2.5 | 2.57 | 2.34 | |
3 | 2.25 | 2.98 | 2.5 | 2.6 | |
Kavg | 1 | 0.833 | 0.693 | 0.415 | 0.873 |
2 | 0.934 | 0.833 | 0.857 | 0.780 | |
3 | 0.750 | 0.993 | 0.833 | 0.867 | |
Optimal Level | A2 | B2 | C2 | D1 | |
R | 0.184 | 0.300 | 0.442 | 0.093 | |
Optimization percentage | A3 (Enclosed layout) | B3 (60) | C3 (18) | D3 (22.2) |
Research Factors | Building Types | Specific Factors | Literature | Research Methods |
---|---|---|---|---|
Layout form | Campus architecture | Influence of layout mode on wind environment | [6,7,8,9,53] | Numerical simulation |
Building dimensions | Campus architecture | Influence of building height and width on wind environment | [54] | Wind tunnel test |
Building forms | Campus architecture | Influence of building shape on wind environment | [55] | Numerical simulation |
Influence of building shape on wind environment | [50] | Numerical simulation + On-site measurement |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chen, X.; Kang, H.; Zhao, J.; Liu, Q. Optimization Design Research of Architectural Layout and Morphology in Multi-Story Dormitory Areas Based on Wind Environment Analysis. Buildings 2025, 15, 1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101747
Chen X, Kang H, Zhao J, Liu Q. Optimization Design Research of Architectural Layout and Morphology in Multi-Story Dormitory Areas Based on Wind Environment Analysis. Buildings. 2025; 15(10):1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101747
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Xiangru, Haoran Kang, Juanru Zhao, and Qibo Liu. 2025. "Optimization Design Research of Architectural Layout and Morphology in Multi-Story Dormitory Areas Based on Wind Environment Analysis" Buildings 15, no. 10: 1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101747
APA StyleChen, X., Kang, H., Zhao, J., & Liu, Q. (2025). Optimization Design Research of Architectural Layout and Morphology in Multi-Story Dormitory Areas Based on Wind Environment Analysis. Buildings, 15(10), 1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101747