Buildings

29 pages, 5214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Saving Performance and Optimization Study of Adaptive Shading System—A Case Study

by Feining Yang, Huangping Zhou, Jianxing Chen, Yu Sun, Dong Wang, Fengjun Sun and Lili Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1961; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111961 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 423

Abstract

In the context of global energy challenges, adaptive shading systems have emerged as pivotal components in building energy efficiency research. This study systematically evaluates critical performance factors influencing energy efficiency in adaptive shading systems for buildings located in hot summer and cold winter [...] Read more.

In the context of global energy challenges, adaptive shading systems have emerged as pivotal components in building energy efficiency research. This study systematically evaluates critical performance factors influencing energy efficiency in adaptive shading systems for buildings located in hot summer and cold winter climate zones, with a focus on parametric optimization of shading panel configurations. Through field measurements, orthogonal experimental design, and numerical simulations, this investigation centers on the adaptive shading system of a nearly zero energy building (NZEB). Four critical parameters—shading panel width, panel-to-window clearance, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), and surface reflectance—were rigorously analyzed through orthogonal experimental methodology and DesignBuilder^® simulations. This study identifies WWR and shading panel reflectance as the key factors for optimizing adaptive shading systems. Among the scenarios evaluated, the highest energy efficiency was achieved with horizontal shading devices on the south façade, featuring a panel width of 500 mm, a minimum clearance of 150 mm, a WWR of 55%, and a surface reflectance of 0.4. Under this configuration, the annual energy consumption was reduced to 8312.37 kWh, corresponding to a 2.1% decrease (8.31 MWh) in total site energy consumption (TSEC). This research provides valuable insights for energy-efficient building design in hot summer and cold winter regions, and supports the broader adoption of adaptive shading systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Buildings' Thermal Behaviour and Energy Efficiency for a Sustainable Construction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 11638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solar Heat Gain Simulations for Energy-Efficient Guest Allocation in a Large Hotel Tower in Madrid

by Iker Landa del Barrio, Markel Flores Iglesias, Juan Odriozola González, Víctor Fabregat and Jan L. Bruse

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1960; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111960 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 356

Abstract

The current climate and energy crises demand innovative approaches to operating buildings more sustainably. HVAC systems, which significantly contribute to a building’s energy consumption, have been a major focus of research aimed at improving operational efficiency. However, a critical factor often overlooked is [...] Read more.

The current climate and energy crises demand innovative approaches to operating buildings more sustainably. HVAC systems, which significantly contribute to a building’s energy consumption, have been a major focus of research aimed at improving operational efficiency. However, a critical factor often overlooked is the seasonal and hourly variation in solar radiation and the resulting solar heat gain, which heats specific rooms differently depending on their orientation, type, and location within the building. This study proposes a simulation-based strategy to reduce HVAC energy use in hotels by allocating guests to rooms with more favorable thermal characteristics depending on the season. A high-resolution building energy model (BEM) was developed to represent a real 17-floor hotel tower in Madrid, incorporating detailed geometry and surrounding shading context. The model includes 439 internal thermal zones and simulates solar radiation using EnergyPlus’ Radiance module. The simulation results revealed large room-by-room differences in thermal energy demand. When applying an energetically optimized guest allocation strategy based on these simulations and using real occupancy data, potential reductions in HVAC energy demand were estimated to reach around 6% during summer and up to 20% in winter. These findings demonstrate that data-driven guest allocation, informed by physics-based building simulations, can provide substantial energy savings without requiring physical renovations or equipment upgrades, offering a promising approach for more sustainable hotel operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Advanced Technologies Applied in Green Buildings)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 4743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grey-Box Model for Efficient Building Simulations: A Case Study of an Integrated Water-Based Heating and Cooling System

by Michael Mörth, Andreas Heinz, Richard Heimrath, Hermann Edtmayer, Thomas Mach, Valentin Kaisermayer, Markus Gölles and Christoph Hochenauer

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1959; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111959 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 319

Abstract

Efficient and accurate grey-box building models, including water-based heating and cooling systems, are crucial for simulating and optimizing the energy demand of building, neighborhood, and network scenarios. However, the numerical effort and the amount of input data required for existing models are still [...] Read more.

Efficient and accurate grey-box building models, including water-based heating and cooling systems, are crucial for simulating and optimizing the energy demand of building, neighborhood, and network scenarios. However, the numerical effort and the amount of input data required for existing models are still high, and the parameterization of these systems is very labor-intensive. This paper presents a grey-box model that addresses these limitations by requiring minimal input data and offering a highly efficient parameterization method. Using physical principles, the model was validated against a detailed physical building model and measurement data. Our results show that the grey-box model accurately predicts return temperatures (σ = 0.37 K, µ = 0.05 K) and room air temperatures (σ = 0.62 K, µ = 0.28 K). Compared to 8229 s for the detailed physical model, the model requires only 18 s for a one-year simulation. The model also shows robust behavior with alternative weather data and control strategies. The key contribution of this work is the development of a grey-box model that combines high accuracy and numerical efficiency with significantly reduced data and parameterization requirements, with possible applications in large-scale building simulations, demand-side management, short-term energy storage strategies, and model predictive control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Optimized Sulphoaluminate Cement to Enhance the Early Strength of Cement-Treated Aggregate Base for Rapid Traffic Opening

by Lingxiang Kong, Junquan Xu, Dongtao Wang, Hong Wang, Yinfei Du and Shungui Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1958; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111958 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 291

Abstract

In order to shorten the curing time of the cement-treated aggregate base, provide a stable paving base for an asphalt mixture, and finally, achieve rapid traffic reopening during the maintenance of the pavement (milling and resurfacing of the base layer), sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) [...] Read more.

In order to shorten the curing time of the cement-treated aggregate base, provide a stable paving base for an asphalt mixture, and finally, achieve rapid traffic reopening during the maintenance of the pavement (milling and resurfacing of the base layer), sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) was used to prepare cement-treated aggregate with high early strength. As a result, the SAC was first optimized by adding several cement admixtures (i.e., polycarboxylic water reducer, borax, lithium carbonate, and calcium formate) based on hydration kinetics, setting time, compressive strength, and morphology tests. Then, the optimized SAC was used to prepare the sulphoaluminate cement-treated aggregate (SACTA). The test results show that the addition of compound retarder and compound early strength agent in SAC could delay the hydration, reduce microcracks, and ensure required setting time and high early strength. Compared with ordinary Portland cement-treated aggregates (OPCTAs) with the same cement content, the 1 d unconfined compressive strength and indirect tension strength of SACTAs increased by 87.7–184.6% and 133.8–263.6% respectively. The SACTA had smaller total drying shrinkage strain and better anti-scouring performance than OPCTA when using the same cement content. Besides, the 1 d interfacial bonding strength between SACTA and OPCTA was 0.18 MPa, which was higher than the indirect tension strength of OPCTA. The findings in this study indicate that the prepared SACTA could be used for rapid traffic opening during road maintenance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Cementitious Composites for Construction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 189 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial on Future Civil Engineering: Low Carbon, High Performance, and Strong Durability

by Zhongya Zhang, Minqiang Meng, Xiujiang Shen and Abedulgader Baktheer

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1957; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111957 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 260

Abstract

The global transition towards a green and low-carbon economy has catalyzed an unprecedented transformation in civil engineering [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability)

23 pages, 2570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of BITCN-BIGRU Neural Network Based on ICPO Optimization in Pit Deformation Prediction

by Yong Liu, Cheng Liu, Xianguo Tuo and Xiang He

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1956; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111956 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 293

Abstract

Predicting pit deformation to prevent safety accidents is the primary objective of pit deformation forecasting. A reliable predictive model enhances the ability to accurately monitor future deformation trends in pits. To enhance the prediction of pit deformation and improve accuracy and precision, an [...] Read more.

Predicting pit deformation to prevent safety accidents is the primary objective of pit deformation forecasting. A reliable predictive model enhances the ability to accurately monitor future deformation trends in pits. To enhance the prediction of pit deformation and improve accuracy and precision, an Improved Crown Porcupine Optimization Algorithm (ICPO) based on a Bidirectional Time Convolution Network–Bidirectional Gated Recirculation Unit (BITCN-BIGRU) is developed. This model is utilized to forecast the future deformation trends of the pit. Utilizing site data from a metro station pit project in Chengdu, the accuracy of the predicted values from Historical Average (HA), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) models is evaluated against the six models developed in this study, including the ICPO-BITCN-BIGRU model. Comparison of the test results indicates that the ICPO-BITCN-BIGRU prediction model exhibits superior predictive performance. The predicted values from the ICPO-BITCN-BIGRU model demonstrate R² values of 0.9768, 0.9238, and 0.9943, respectively, indicating strong concordance with the actual values. Consequently, the ICPO-BITCN-BIGRU prediction model developed in this study exhibits high prediction accuracy and robust stability, making it suitable for practical engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Semi-Rigid Joint Performance and Stability Bearing Capacity of Disc-Type Steel Pipe Support

by Fankui Zeng, Guoxin Zou, Meng Ji and Jianhua Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1955; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111955 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 229

Abstract

The current lack of standardized calculation methods for disc-buckle-type steel pipe supports, coupled with unsafe calculation length coefficients, has resulted in frequent safety incidents leading to severe casualties and economic losses. In this paper, the semi-rigidity characteristics of joints were investigated through the [...] Read more.

The current lack of standardized calculation methods for disc-buckle-type steel pipe supports, coupled with unsafe calculation length coefficients, has resulted in frequent safety incidents leading to severe casualties and economic losses. In this paper, the semi-rigidity characteristics of joints were investigated through the field bending test of disc-buckle steel pipe supports. Through analysis of the bending moment–rotation curves obtained from these tests, accurate initial bending stiffness values and a calculation model for semi-rigid joints were established. Numerical simulation and analytical correction method were employed to determine the effective length correction coefficient

μ_{0}

under various erection parameters while accounting for joint semi-rigidity. The findings indicate that the slenderness ratio derived by the revised effective length coefficient is 8.13% greater than the standard value, primarily because current standards fail to adequately consider the constraint effect of the crossbar. The correction coefficient proposed in this paper provides a theoretical foundation for the safe construction of disc-type steel pipe supports, and holds significant value for engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Stress Characteristics and Earth Pressure Calculation Method for High-Fill Box Culverts

by Zengpan Jia, Baoguo Chen, Guoqing Ren, Ruiping Luo and Lan Ding

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1954; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111954 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 199

Abstract

Setting an expandable polystyrene (EPS) board on box culverts can reduce the vertical earth pressure (VEP) acting on the culvert roof. However, long-term backfill load will induce creep in both the EPS board and the surrounding soil, resulting in a change in the [...] Read more.

Setting an expandable polystyrene (EPS) board on box culverts can reduce the vertical earth pressure (VEP) acting on the culvert roof. However, long-term backfill load will induce creep in both the EPS board and the surrounding soil, resulting in a change in the stress state of the culvert–soil system. A mechanical model for the long-term interaction of “backfill–EPS board–box culvert” was established, and theoretical formulas were derived for calculating the earth pressure around the culvert. Numerical simulation was employed to validate the accuracy of the proposed theoretical approach. Research indicates that, with EPS board, the VEP decreases rapidly then slightly increases with time and eventually approaches an asymptotic value, ultimately decreasing by 33%. However, the horizontal earth pressure (HEP) shows the opposite pattern and ultimately increases by 15%. The foundation contact pressure (FCP) increases nonlinearly and reaches a stable value, ultimately increasing by 10.2%. Without the EPS board, the VEP and HEP are significantly different from those with the EPS board. Although EPS boards can reduce the VEP on the culvert, attention should be paid to the variation of HEP caused by the creep of the EPS board and backfill. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 34596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution Method of Built Environment Spatial Quality in Historic Districts Based on Spatiotemporal Street View: A Case Study of Tianjin Wudadao

by Lujin Hu, Yu Liu and Bing Yu

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1953; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111953 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 279

Abstract

With the accelerating pace of urbanization, historic districts are increasingly confronted with the dual challenge of coordinating heritage preservation and sustainable development. This study proposes an intelligent evaluation framework that integrates spatiotemporal street view imagery, affective perception modeling, and scene recognition to reveal [...] Read more.

With the accelerating pace of urbanization, historic districts are increasingly confronted with the dual challenge of coordinating heritage preservation and sustainable development. This study proposes an intelligent evaluation framework that integrates spatiotemporal street view imagery, affective perception modeling, and scene recognition to reveal the evolutionary dynamics of built environment spatial quality in historic districts. Empirical analysis based on multi-temporal data (2013–2020) from the Wudadao Historic District in Tianjin demonstrates that spatial quality is shaped by a complex interplay of factors, including planning and preservation policies, landscape greening, pedestrian-oriented design, infrastructure adequacy, and equitable resource allocation. These findings validate the framework’s effectiveness as a tool for monitoring urban sustainability. Moreover, it provides actionable insights for the development of resilient, equitable, and culturally vibrant built environments, effectively bridging the gap between technological innovation and sustainable governance in the context of historic districts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Intelligent Applications of Well-Being Spaces Design and Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 2456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Chronological Review of the Expansion of the Museum’s Role in Relation to Spatial Changes

by Jun-Young Heo and Jae Hong Lee

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1952; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111952 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 357

Abstract

This study aims to investigate a chronological review of the term museum, defined by the International Council of Museums (“ICOM”) and Korean laws, and explore how the museum definitions have been revised historically. Then, it argues how the museum architecture has been spatially [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate a chronological review of the term museum, defined by the International Council of Museums (“ICOM”) and Korean laws, and explore how the museum definitions have been revised historically. Then, it argues how the museum architecture has been spatially changed and explores whether the revised social roles and ethical responsibilities would impact the restructuring of the spatial changes. To this end, it scrutinized new ideas, significant issues, orders of words, and implicit intentions of the museum definitions over time. It analyzed the data of spatial change projects, which were collected through web crawling of the Korean National e-Procurement System. Then, the spatial changes were categorized regarding functions and characteristics. Through an in-depth investigation of a literature review and case studies, the findings suggest that museums had been understood as a place for collecting, exhibiting, and enjoying materials. However, they have been required to play diverse roles, such as collecting, conserving, exhibiting, researching, and communicating heritage for education, reflection, and sharing knowledge over time. However, the issue of cultural enjoyment has come into focus in Korean laws after 2007, and, as a result, spatial changes (e.g., creating immersive experience center, renovating exhibition spaces, and improving convenience spaces) have taken place exclusively in national museums. Thus, it is clear that national museums are aware of the need to actively think about their role with regard to the public and how architecture corresponds to this. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Vibration Analysis with Reference to Different Standards

by Michal Baca

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1951; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111951 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 204

Abstract

The necessity for appropriate control of the surrounding area of the construction site is especially imperative during geotechnical work, when a high amount of energy is transferred to the ground. To ensure the safety of structures in the vicinity of the works, vibration [...] Read more.

The necessity for appropriate control of the surrounding area of the construction site is especially imperative during geotechnical work, when a high amount of energy is transferred to the ground. To ensure the safety of structures in the vicinity of the works, vibration sensors are used to monitor the area. Moreover, increased vibration levels can be reduced by adjusting the applied technology, specifically Rapid Impact Compaction. This paper sets out a number of standards for the assessment of the impact of vibrations on structures near the construction site. Furthermore, this paper presents several case studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of vibration measurements in the appropriate adaptation of technology, with the objective of reducing the impact of vibrations on the surrounding area. During the conducted observations, vibration velocities ranging from 0 to 5 mm/s were recorded. As a result, a technological adjustment was recommended in a particular instance due to the occurrence of vibration velocities that surpassed the established limits as outlined in DIN standard specifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Foundations Engineering and Construction Materials—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 4446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Dual Nature of Olive Husk: Fiber/Aggregate in Lightweight Bio-Concrete for Enhanced Hygrothermal, Mechanical, and Microstructural Properties

by Halima Belhadad, Nadir Bellel and Ana Bras

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1950; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111950 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 276

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of thermally treated olive husk (OH)—a heterogeneous agro-industrial by-product comprising olive stones, pulp, and fibrous residues—as a multifunctional component in lightweight bio-concrete. Uniquely, this work harnesses the intrinsic dual nature of OH as both a fibrous reinforcement and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the potential of thermally treated olive husk (OH)—a heterogeneous agro-industrial by-product comprising olive stones, pulp, and fibrous residues—as a multifunctional component in lightweight bio-concrete. Uniquely, this work harnesses the intrinsic dual nature of OH as both a fibrous reinforcement and a porous aggregate, without further fractionation, to evaluate its influence on the hygrothermal and mechanical behavior of cementitious composites. While prior studies have often focused selectively on thermal conductivity, this work provides a comprehensive assessment of all major thermal parameters; including diffusivity, effusivity, and specific heat capacity; offering deeper insights into the full thermal behavior of bio-based concretes. OH was incorporated at 0%, 10%, and 20% by weight, and the resulting concretes were subjected to a comprehensive characterization of their thermal, hygric, mechanical, and microstructural properties. Thermal performance metrics included conductivity, specific heat capacity, diffusivity, effusivity, time lag, and predicted energy savings. Hygric behavior was assessed through the moisture buffering value (MBV), while density, porosity, and mechanical strengths were also evaluated. At 20% OH content, thermal conductivity decreased to 0.405 W/m·K (a 72% reduction), thermal diffusivity dropped by 87%, and thermal effusivity reached 554 W·s^0.5/m²·K, collectively enhancing thermal inertia and increasing the time lag by 77% (to 2.32 h). MBVs improved to 2.18 g/m²·%RH, rated as “Excellent” for indoor moisture regulation. Despite the higher porosity, the bio-concrete maintained adequate mechanical integrity, with compressive and flexural strengths of 11.68 MPa and 3.58 MPa, respectively, attributed to the crack-bridging action of the fibrous inclusions. Microstructural analysis (SEM/XRD) revealed improved paste continuity and denser C–S–H formation, attributed to enhanced matrix compatibility following oil removal via thermal pre-treatment. These findings demonstrate the viability of OH as a new bio-based, multifunctional additive for fabricating thermally efficient, hygroscopically active, and structurally sound concretes suitable for sustainable construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Concrete Materials in Construction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Softwood-Based Biochar in the Design of Cement-Blended Binders with Advanced Properties

by Jaroslav Pokorný, Radek Ševčík, Lucie Zárybnická, Jiří Šál and Luboš Podolka

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1949; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111949 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 287

Abstract

Biomass residues from the agricultural industry, logging and wood processing activities have become a valuable fuel source. If processed under pyrolysis combustion, several products are generated. Bio-oil and gases are essential alternatives to fossil coal-based fuels for energy and electricity production, whose need [...] Read more.

Biomass residues from the agricultural industry, logging and wood processing activities have become a valuable fuel source. If processed under pyrolysis combustion, several products are generated. Bio-oil and gases are essential alternatives to fossil coal-based fuels for energy and electricity production, whose need is constantly growing. Biochar, the porous carbon-based lightweight product, often ends up as a soil fertilizer. However, it can be applied in other industrial sectors, e.g., in plastics production or in modifying cementitious materials intended for construction needs. This work dealt with the application of small amounts of softwood-based biochar up to 2.0 wt.% on hydration kinetics and a wide range of physical and mechanical properties, such as water transport characteristics and flexural and compressive strengths of modified cement pastes. In the comparison with reference specimens, the biochar incorporation into cement pastes brought benefits like the reduction of open porosity, improvement of strength properties, and decreased capillary water absorption of 7-day and 28-day-cured cement pastes. Moreover, biochar-dosed cement pastes showed an increase in heat evolution during the hydration process, accompanied by higher consumption of clinker minerals. Considering all examined characteristics, the optimal dosage of softwood-derived biochar of 1.0 wt.% of Portland cement can be recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Developments in Cement-Based and Alternative Materials—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 14573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Response and Computational Modeling of Truss-Reinforced Phosphogypsum-Concrete Composite Slabs Subjected to Impact Loading: A Parametric Finite Element Analysis

by Lirong Sha, Yan Han and Lijie Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1948; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111948 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 273

Abstract

As a by-product of phosphate fertilizer production, phosphogypsum (PG) poses pressing environmental challenges that demand urgent resolution. To address the research gap in dynamic impact behavior of PG-modified concrete (PGC), this study developed truss-reinforced PGC slabs (PG volumetric fractions: 0% and 2%) and [...] Read more.

As a by-product of phosphate fertilizer production, phosphogypsum (PG) poses pressing environmental challenges that demand urgent resolution. To address the research gap in dynamic impact behavior of PG-modified concrete (PGC), this study developed truss-reinforced PGC slabs (PG volumetric fractions: 0% and 2%) and evaluated their impact resistance through drop-weight tests from a 3.75 m height. A systematic parametric investigation was conducted to quantify the effects of slab thickness (100–120 mm), steel plate reinforcement at the tension zone, PG content, and impact cycles. Experimental results revealed that increasing slab thickness to 120 mm reduced mid-span displacement by 13%, while incorporating steel plate reinforcement provided an additional 5.3% reduction. Notably, PG addition effectively suppressed crack propagation, transitioning failure modes from radial fracture patterns to localized mid-span damage. Finite element modeling ABAQUS (2022) validated experimental observations, demonstrating strong agreement. While optimized PG dosage (2%) exhibited limited influence on impact resistance, it enhanced PG utilization efficiency by 18%. Combined with increased slab thickness (displacement reduction: 13%), this study establishes a design framework balancing environmental sustainability and structural reliability for impact-resistant PGC applications. Within the framework of truss-reinforced concrete slabs with constant PG dosage, this study established a numerical model for geometric parameter modulation of impactors. Through systematic adjustment of the drop hammer’s contact width (a) and vertical geometric height (h), a dimensionless control parameter—aspect ratio c = h/a (0.2 ≤ c ≤ 1.8)—was proposed. Nonlinear dynamic analysis revealed that the peak impact load demonstrates an inverse proportional functional decay relationship with increasing c, yielding an empirical predictive model. These parametrized regularities provide theoretical foundations for contact interface optimization in impact-resistant structural design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Route Generation and Built Environment Behavioral Mechanisms of Generation Z Tourists: A Case Study of Macau

by Ying Zhao, Pohsun Wang and Yafeng Lai

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1947; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111947 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 241

Abstract

Personalized travel experiences have become a growing priority for tourists, while the built environment increasingly shapes tourists’ behavior. However, limited research has integrated behavioral drivers with algorithmic travel route optimization, particularly in the context of Generation Z tourists. To address this gap, this [...] Read more.

Personalized travel experiences have become a growing priority for tourists, while the built environment increasingly shapes tourists’ behavior. However, limited research has integrated behavioral drivers with algorithmic travel route optimization, particularly in the context of Generation Z tourists. To address this gap, this study proposes a hybrid framework that combines behavioral modeling with enhanced algorithmic techniques to generate customized travel itineraries for Generation Z. A behavioral influencing factors model is first constructed based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Social Influence Theory (SIT), identifying media influence (MI), subjective norms (SNs), and perceived built environment (PBE) as potential determinants of travel behavioral intention (BI). A Structural Equation Model (SEM) is then applied to empirically validate the hypothesized relationships. Results reveal that all three factors have a significant and positive impact on BI (p < 0.05). Building on this behavioral mechanism, an interest-based Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is implemented by incorporating point-of-interest (POI) preferences and distance matrices to improve personalized route generation. Comparative analysis using social media keyword data demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms conventional travel route planning approaches in terms of route relevance and overall path satisfaction. This study offers a novel integration of psychological theory and computational optimization, providing both theoretical insights and practical implications for urban tourism planning and the development of smart tourism services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Built Environment and Mobility)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Shear Failure of 30 m Pre-Tensioned Concrete T-Beams Under Small Shear Span Ratio

by Qianyi Zhang, Hai Yan, Chunlei Zhang, Ding-Hao Yu, Jiaolei Zhang, Gang Li, Mingguang Wei, Jinglin Tao and Huiteng Pei

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1946; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111946 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 228

Abstract

Pre-tensioned concrete T-beams with draped strands have been gradually promoted and used in bridge construction in recent years due to their advantages such as simple structure, efficient force distribution, and few defects. However, the current design codes exhibit conservative provisions for the calculation [...] Read more.

Pre-tensioned concrete T-beams with draped strands have been gradually promoted and used in bridge construction in recent years due to their advantages such as simple structure, efficient force distribution, and few defects. However, the current design codes exhibit conservative provisions for the calculation of the shear capacity of such beams under a small shear span ratio, which may lead to a large design value of beam web thickness. This is primarily due to insufficient experimental data. This paper details a full-scale experimental investigation on the shear failure mechanisms of two 30 m pre-tensioned concrete T-beams with draped strands, under a shear span ratio of 1, at which the shear capacity of the beams represents their upper limit. The specimens were tested to analyze their mechanical behavior, including load-deflection response, crack distribution, stirrup strain, and strand slip. The ultimate shear capacities of the test beams were 7107 kN and 6742 kN. To evaluate the applicability of current design codes, the experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions from five international design codes. The analysis revealed that the AASHTO code provided the highest upper limit of shear capacity for pre-tensioned concrete T-beams with draped strands, whereas the Chinese code (JTG 3362-2018) exhibited a significantly high safety factor of 4.09. These findings provide a basis for the optimized design of pre-tensioned concrete T-beams with draped strands and the determination of the upper limit of shear capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Vibration Analysis and Control in Civil Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 7158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Seismic Performance of Pre-Inserted Prefabricated Shear Walls

by Quanbiao Xu, Shenghang Yang, Benyue Li, Mingwei Xu and Mingshan Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1945; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111945 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 244

Abstract

The pre-inserted method for precast shear walls involves casting concealed beams at floor slabs between upper and lower structures, with precast concrete supports spaced at intervals. Vertical rebars at the base of upper walls are pre-inserted and anchored in the beams before slab [...] Read more.

The pre-inserted method for precast shear walls involves casting concealed beams at floor slabs between upper and lower structures, with precast concrete supports spaced at intervals. Vertical rebars at the base of upper walls are pre-inserted and anchored in the beams before slab casting. It offers advantages such as convenient construction without the need for grouting, demonstrating broad application prospects and significant promotional value. To evaluate seismic performance, quasi-static cyclic loading tests were conducted on five specimens: three full-scale pre-inserted precast walls and two cast-in-place counterparts. Under increasing lateral displacement, low axial-load specimens failed via tensile fracture of the outermost rebars, while high axial-load specimens failed by concrete crushing in compression. The test results showed that under identical axial-load ratios, the precast walls exhibited comparable bearing capacity, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation to cast-in-place walls, but superior deformation ductility. The ultimate drift ratios of pre-inserted walls exceeded those of cast-in-place walls by 16.7% (axial-load ratio 0.2) and 22.2% (axial-load ratio 0.4), demonstrating robust seismic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 1163 KiB

Open AccessReview

Application of Large Language Models in the AECO Industry: Core Technologies, Application Scenarios, and Research Challenges

by Guozong Zhang, Chenyuan Lu and Qianmai Luo

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1944; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111944 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 349

Abstract

As projects in the architecture, engineering, construction, and operations (AECO) industry grow in complexity and scale, there is an urgent need for more effective information management and intelligent decision-making. This study investigates the potential of large language models (LLMs) to address these challenges [...] Read more.

As projects in the architecture, engineering, construction, and operations (AECO) industry grow in complexity and scale, there is an urgent need for more effective information management and intelligent decision-making. This study investigates the potential of large language models (LLMs) to address these challenges by systematically reviewing their core technologies, application scenarios, and integration approaches in AECO. Using a literature-based review methodology, this paper examines how LLMs—built on Transformer architecture and powered by deep learning and natural language processing—can process complex unstructured data and support a wide range of tasks, including contract analysis, construction scheduling, risk assessment, and operations and maintenance. This study finds that while LLMs offer substantial promise for enhancing productivity and automation in AECO workflows, several obstacles remain, such as data quality issues, computational demands, limited adaptability, integration barriers, and ethical concerns. The paper concludes that future research should focus on improving model efficiency, enabling multimodal data fusion, and enhancing compatibility with existing industry tools to realize the full potential of LLMs and support the digital transformation of the AECO sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Large-Scale AI Models Across the Construction Lifecycle)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Upper Shallow Foundation Pit Engineering: Utilization and Evaluation of Portal Frame Anti-Heave Structures

by Jun He, Jinping Ou, Xiangsheng Chen, Shuya Liu, Kewen Huang and Xu Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1943; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111943 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 268

Abstract

The excavation of upper shallow foundation pits may cause the uneven deformation of existing tunnels buried below a shallow depth. Improper control measures may lead to a series of diseases, such as local cracking or breakage of the tunnel lining, which threaten the [...] Read more.

The excavation of upper shallow foundation pits may cause the uneven deformation of existing tunnels buried below a shallow depth. Improper control measures may lead to a series of diseases, such as local cracking or breakage of the tunnel lining, which threaten the safety of tunnel operations. Regarding the safety of the existing tunnel affected by the construction of the foundation pit, cases of the application of portal frame anti-heave structures in upper foundation pit projects of existing tunnels in Shenzhen have been documented, and the main influencing factors have been analyzed and summarized. Taking the Qianhai Ring Water Corridor Project as an example, numerical orthogonal experiments were conducted to analyze the deformation response patterns in the depth of existing tunnels and the effectiveness of control measures in the upper shallow of foundation pit engineering. The roles of portal frame anti-heave structures are analyzed in detail using measured data. Studies indicate that the deformation of the existing tunnels mainly occurs during the top and immediately adjacent block excavation stages, and stabilizes after the uplift-resisting piles and anti-floating slabs form an effective frame structure. The portal frame anti-heave structures, combined with measures such as block excavation, jet grouting interlocking reinforcement, backfilling, and surcharge loading, have extremely strong deformation control capabilities. However, the construction costs are relatively high, leaving room for optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Construction and Maintenance of Underground Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 4180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Ultra High-Performance Concrete with Artificial Aggregates from Sesame Ash and Waste Glass: A Study on Mechanical Strength and Durability

by Aïssa Rezzoug, Ali H. AlAteah, Muwaffaq Alqurashi and Sahar A. Mostafa

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1942; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111942 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 330

Abstract

This study demonstrates the conversion of agricultural and industrial waste into construction materials by developing ultra-high-performance concrete using cold-bonded sesame ash and waste glass aggregates. The primary focus of this study was sustainability and waste valorization in self-curing concrete systems. This study focuses [...] Read more.

This study demonstrates the conversion of agricultural and industrial waste into construction materials by developing ultra-high-performance concrete using cold-bonded sesame ash and waste glass aggregates. The primary focus of this study was sustainability and waste valorization in self-curing concrete systems. This study focuses on many aspects of producing cementless concrete with superior short- and long-term properties, incorporating an innovative artificial aggregate premanufactured using sesame ash and waste glass. Prepacking technology of casting was used. A self-curing additive is used to reduce the energy required for curing. In cold-bonded aggregates (CBAs), the aggregate content ranged from 10 to 50% of the total sand volume. Polyethylene glycol was used as an internal curing agent to evaluate the mechanical properties of the concrete, including the compressive strength and tensile strength at different ages. The durability characteristics of the concrete were also analyzed in terms of its resistance to sulfates, chloride ion penetration, and performance at elevated temperatures of 300 and 600 °C. Microscopic analyses were conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The results showed a significant improvement in the mechanical and durability performance, especially at 30%, which resulted in the highest compressive strength of 147.2 MPa at 90 days. This is an 11.93% increase compared with that of the reference mix. The tensile strength was also improved by 14.5% at the same replacement ratio. The mix containing 30% manufactured aggregate demonstrated the best thermal resistance, retaining the highest percentage of residual strength at both 300 °C and 600 °C, as well as superior sulfate impact resistance, with a strength reduction factor of 39.5%. When the replacement ratio was increased to 50%, the chloride penetration resistance improved significantly by 41% compared with that of the reference mix. FTIR, TGA, and DSC analyses also demonstrated enhanced silicate polymerization and increased carbonate formation, contributing to the improved chemical stability and density of the concrete matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Modern Methods of Construction: Innovations, Challenges, and Sustainable Building Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 1398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Material Tracking for Sustainable Construction: A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) Framework for Resource Efficiency

by Dema Munef Ahmad, László Gáspár, Hummam Mohammed Shaheen, Talal Ahmad Al-Shihabi, Rana Ahmad Maya and Francisco Silva Pinto

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1941; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111941 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 298

Abstract

Inefficient material tracking continues to be a major challenge in sustainable construction, often leading to unnecessary waste, budget overruns, and project delays. While many digital tools have been introduced in recent years, there is still a lack of practical, field-tested frameworks that combine [...] Read more.

Inefficient material tracking continues to be a major challenge in sustainable construction, often leading to unnecessary waste, budget overruns, and project delays. While many digital tools have been introduced in recent years, there is still a lack of practical, field-tested frameworks that combine these technologies with clear, structured procedures, especially in resource-constrained environments. This study introduces a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) framework designed to improve materials tracking systems (MTSs) by integrating QR codes, GPS tracking, and cloud-based dashboards. Together, these tools support more accurate planning, smoother coordination, and real-time monitoring from the early design stages to on-site implementation. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining surveys with construction professionals and focus group discussions with engineers, IT specialists, and logistics staff. The findings highlight procurement and implementation as the phases most prone to inefficiencies, particularly around material receiving, quality checks, and on-site placement. The validated SOP framework shows strong potential to improve tracking accuracy, reduce material waste, and streamline construction workflows. It offers a flexible, easy-to-use system for integrating sustainability into everyday project practices. Looking ahead, this study also points to future opportunities for applying AI-based tools—such as predictive tracking and automated quality checks—to further improve decision-making and resource efficiency in construction projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Macro–Micro Correlation Mechanism Between Structural Potential and Mechanical Strength in Collapsible Loess

by Yao Zhang, Minghang Shao, Gang Li and Chenghao Chen

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1940; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111940 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 302

Abstract

The collapsibility of loess in the northwest region poses a significant threat to infrastructure stability. Current research predominantly separates macroscopic mechanical behaviour from mesoscopic structural characteristics, lacking a systematic methodology to quantify their interdependence. This study integrates consolidation tests, laser particle size analysis, [...] Read more.

The collapsibility of loess in the northwest region poses a significant threat to infrastructure stability. Current research predominantly separates macroscopic mechanical behaviour from mesoscopic structural characteristics, lacking a systematic methodology to quantify their interdependence. This study integrates consolidation tests, laser particle size analysis, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests, and fractal theory to propose a multi-scale evaluation framework for assessing the structural potential of collapsible loess in strength, with on-site verification conducted. This framework quantitatively links grain size, pore potential, and connection potential to the collapsibility of loess. The experimental results indicate that loess’s high compressibility and collapsibility are primarily governed by grain size and pore potential. In contrast, the connection potential of soluble salts mitigates structural instability through ionic bonding. Field verification demonstrates a strong correlation between the three structural potentials and the subsidence coefficient (R² = 0.92, p < 0.01), validating the framework’s effectiveness in evaluating structural stability. A ternary evaluation system has been established based on fractal dimension, void ratio, and soluble salt content. These research findings provide predictive tools for managing collapse risks in loess-related projects, enabling fixed-point design of loess foundations and early warning of collapse risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering and Mining Sciences in Construction—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 15018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Hot and Humid Climate Data on Modern Architectural Façade Design: A Case Study of Educational Buildings in Adana, Türkiye

by Gökhan Uşma and Derya Sökmen Kök

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1939; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111939 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 358

Abstract

This study focuses on how modern architecture can be interpreted using regional data and how hot and humid climate data ultimately affect façade design. Despite modernism’s dominance in 20th-century architecture, research on its adaptation to climates remains limited. Five educational buildings of modern [...] Read more.

This study focuses on how modern architecture can be interpreted using regional data and how hot and humid climate data ultimately affect façade design. Despite modernism’s dominance in 20th-century architecture, research on its adaptation to climates remains limited. Five educational buildings of modern architectural style in Adana, Türkiye, a city with a hot–humid climate, were selected for detailed analysis. These buildings were evaluated based on key façade parameters such as opening configurations and solar shading elements. Additionally, thermal imaging, sun-path diagram simulation, and thermal comfort evaluations were conducted to assess façade performance. The findings suggest that contrary to criticisms of modern architecture’s disregard for local conditions, the studied buildings integrate climate-responsive design strategies. In contrast to contemporary architecture’s reliance on technical equipment for thermal comfort, this study also demonstrates that passive design strategies and structural decisions can offer effective alternatives in hot and humid climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Environment and Building Energy for Decarbonization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 10870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Configuration Optimization and Control Methods for Mid-Deep Geothermal Heat Pumps Coupled with Air-Source Heat Pump Systems for Space Heating in Residential Buildings

by Yanhui Wang, Jiewen Deng, Yangyang Su, Chenwei Peng, Minghui Ma, Yin Chen, Lei Fan, Min Chen, Qingpeng Wei and Hui Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111938 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 199

Abstract

Mid-deep geothermal heat pump systems (MD-GHPs) feature high energy efficiency and low energy consumption, yet their promotion is restricted by high initial investment. While the initial investment of air-source heat pumps (ASHPs) is obviously lower, it also has a larger energy consumption. To [...] Read more.

Mid-deep geothermal heat pump systems (MD-GHPs) feature high energy efficiency and low energy consumption, yet their promotion is restricted by high initial investment. While the initial investment of air-source heat pumps (ASHPs) is obviously lower, it also has a larger energy consumption. To address the complementary strengths and weaknesses of single-source heat pump systems, this paper puts forward an integrated system combining MD-GHPs and ASHPs, and the series mode was determined as the optimal integration approach for the hybrid system through comparative analysis. Simulation analysis was conducted to explore the adaptability of series mode, and numbers of mid-deep ground heat exchangers in nine cities across various climate regions were studied. The MD-GHP system is suitable for space heating in Xining and Xi’an, while ASHPs are suitable for space heating in Nanjing and Hangzhou. For intermediate resource areas like Urumqi and Tsingdao, the series mode achieves the best economic benefits during the 24th year of operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis and Design Optimization of Renewable Energy Heating Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydraulic Design Strategies for Resilient Slab Track Under Extreme Rainfall Events

by Wei Qi, Mengshi Liu, Yong Cao, Qiang Luo and Pengcheng Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1937; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111937 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 222

Abstract

Extreme rainfall events pose a growing threat to slab track subgrades by triggering mud pumping through fines migration and structural voids. This study introduces two innovations to enhance climate resilience in high-speed railway infrastructure: (i) the Rain Intensity Ponding (RIP) method, which links [...] Read more.

Extreme rainfall events pose a growing threat to slab track subgrades by triggering mud pumping through fines migration and structural voids. This study introduces two innovations to enhance climate resilience in high-speed railway infrastructure: (i) the Rain Intensity Ponding (RIP) method, which links regional rainfall statistics with axle-pass thresholds to predict mud pumping potential; (ii) an optimized drainage retrofit using permeable shoulders and blind ditches. Physical model tests reveal that mud pumping occurs only when structural gaps, ponding, and cyclic loading coincide. The RIP method correctly identified a 71% exceedance in the critical ponding duration (52 min) on a representative high-speed line in Eastern China, explaining recurrent failures. Parametric analyses show that the proposed drainage retrofit—using shoulder fill with ka > 23 mm/s and blind ditches with kg > 23 mm/s—reduces ponding time by up to 90% under 1-year recurrence storms. This study establishes a physics-based, region-specific strategy for mud pumping mitigation, offering guidance for climate-adaptive slab track design and operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil–Structure Interactions for Civil Infrastructure)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 9023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lateral Deformation Mechanisms of Piles in Coastal Regions Under Seawall Surcharge Loading and Mitigation Using Deep Cement Mixing (DCM) Piles

by Fei Huang, Zhiwei Chen, Huiyuan Deng and Wenbo Zhu

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1936; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111936 - 3 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 280

Abstract

In coastal regions with thick, soft soil deposits, bridge pile foundations are susceptible to lateral displacements induced by the construction of adjacent seawalls. This study employs a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element framework to investigate the lateral deformation mechanisms of rock-socketed bridge piles under [...] Read more.

In coastal regions with thick, soft soil deposits, bridge pile foundations are susceptible to lateral displacements induced by the construction of adjacent seawalls. This study employs a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element framework to investigate the lateral deformation mechanisms of rock-socketed bridge piles under seawall surcharge loading in soft soils, considering the effects of both immediate construction and long-term consolidation. A parametric analysis is performed to evaluate the effectiveness of deep cement mixing (DCM) piles in mitigating pile displacements, focusing on key design parameters, including DCM pile length, area replacement ratio, and elastic modulus. The results reveal that horizontal pile displacements peak at the pile head post-construction (25 days: 25 mm) and progressively decrease during consolidation, shifting the critical displacement zone to mid-pile depths (20 years: 12 mm). Bending moment analysis identifies persistent positive moments at the rock-socketed interface. Increasing pile stiffness marginally reduces displacements (a < 1 mm reduction for a 22% diameter increase), while expanding the seawall–pile distance to 110 m decreases displacements by 72–84%. DCM pile implementation significantly mitigates short-term (48% reduction) and long-term (54% reduction) displacements, with optimal thresholds at a 30% area replacement ratio and a 40.5 MPa elastic modulus. This study provides critical insights into time-dependent soil–pile interaction mechanisms and practical guidelines for optimizing coastal infrastructure design to minimize surcharge-induced impacts on adjacent pile foundations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 15831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation on Static Performance of Novel Precast Concrete Composite Slab–Composite Shear Wall Connections

by Xiaozhen Shang, Ming Zheng, Yutao Guo, Liangdong Zhuang and Huqing Liang

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1935; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111935 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 457

Abstract

The connection zones between precast concrete composite slabs and composite walls commonly experience severe reinforcement conflicts due to protruding rebars, significantly reducing construction efficiency. To address this, a novel slotted concrete composite slab–composite shear wall (SCS-CW) connection without protruding rebars is proposed in [...] Read more.

The connection zones between precast concrete composite slabs and composite walls commonly experience severe reinforcement conflicts due to protruding rebars, significantly reducing construction efficiency. To address this, a novel slotted concrete composite slab–composite shear wall (SCS-CW) connection without protruding rebars is proposed in this study. In this novel connection, rectangular slots are introduced at the ends of the precast slabs, and lap-spliced reinforcement is placed within the slots to enable force transfer across the joint region. To investigate the static performance of SCS-CW connections, four groups of connection specimens were designed and fabricated. Using the structural detailing of the connection zone as the variable parameter, the mechanical performance of each specimen group was analyzed. The results show that the specimens demonstrated bending failure behavior. The key failure modes were yielding of the longitudinal reinforcement in the post-cast layer, yielding of the lap-spliced reinforcement, and concrete crushing at the precast slab ends within the plastic hinge zone. Compared to composite slab–composite wall connections with protruding rebars, the SCS-CW connections demonstrated superior ductility and a higher load-carrying capacity, satisfying the design requirements. Additionally, it was revealed that the anchorage length of lap-spliced reinforcement significantly affected the ultimate load-carrying capacity and ductility of SCS-CW connections, thus highlighting anchorage length as a critical design parameter for these connections. This study also presents methods for calculating the flexural bearing capacity and flexural stiffness of SCS-CW connections. Finally, finite element modeling was conducted on the connections to further investigate the influences of the lap-spliced reinforcement quantity, diameter, and anchorage length on the mechanical performance of the connections, and corresponding design recommendations are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Importance of Campus Walkability for Academic Performance

by Haiming Wang, Zhehao Zhang, Jieli Sui and Wei Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1934; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111934 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 263

Abstract

While campus-built environments constitute critical determinants of educational outcomes, empirical research remains scarce regarding how campus pedestrian-oriented design influences academic performance through underlying psycho-behavioral pathways. To address this research gap, we collected research data through a questionnaire survey conducted at a university in [...] Read more.

While campus-built environments constitute critical determinants of educational outcomes, empirical research remains scarce regarding how campus pedestrian-oriented design influences academic performance through underlying psycho-behavioral pathways. To address this research gap, we collected research data through a questionnaire survey conducted at a university in Yantai, China, and applied path analysis within structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the linkage of perceived campus walkability with academic performance and untangle the mediating effects of walking activity, social capital, and mental health on this linkage. Key findings revealed that perceived campus walkability exerts a significant total effect on academic performance only through its indirect effect. Social capital and mental health significantly mediate the relationship between perceived campus walkability and academic performance, while walking activity has a marginal impact on this relationship. Moreover, grades significantly promote academic performance, while BMI significantly inhibits academic performance. Targeted interventions to enhance academic performance were proposed when translating findings into design protocols. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 2165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evolutionary Game Study on the Collaborative Mechanism for Construction Digitalization Among Governments, Contractors, and Service Providers

by Rongye Yuan and Boyun Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1933; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111933 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 363

Abstract

As technologies such as Building Information Modeling, the Internet of Things, and cloud computing spread, digital transformation in construction is widely seen as a path to greater efficiency and sustainability. Yet multiple stakeholders and persistent information asymmetry often hamper genuine cooperation, undermining digitalization’s [...] Read more.

As technologies such as Building Information Modeling, the Internet of Things, and cloud computing spread, digital transformation in construction is widely seen as a path to greater efficiency and sustainability. Yet multiple stakeholders and persistent information asymmetry often hamper genuine cooperation, undermining digitalization’s potential. This study constructs an evolutionary game model involving government, contractor, and service providers under incomplete information. A combined subsidies-and-penalties mechanism is introduced to derive replicator dynamics and identify conditions for an evolutionary stable strategy. Numerical simulations show that insufficient subsidies and weak penalties typically result in a “low-level equilibrium,” with superficial or absent cooperation. Strengthening government subsidies and imposing more stringent penalties triggers a threshold effect, significantly increasing contractors’ and service providers’ willingness to participate, thereby leading to a stable cooperative equilibrium. Service providers, in particular, influence success or failure through their cost–benefit structures, which affect contractors’ confidence in adopting digital solutions. This research extends evolutionary game theory to a three-party construction digitalization context, providing practical guidance for balanced subsidy–penalty strategies and incentive-compatible mechanisms. Overall, it underscores how coordinated policies and stakeholder alignment can overcome moral hazard and achieve sustainable digital transformation in the construction sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 4567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Models with Applicable Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the Compressive Performance of Quaternary Blended Plastic-Derived Sustainable Mortar

by Aïssa Rezzoug, Ahmed A. Abdou Elabbasy, Muwaffaq Alqurashi and Ali H. AlAteah

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1932; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111932 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 345

Abstract

Machine learning (ML) models in material science and construction engineering have significantly improved predictive accuracy and decision making. However, the practical implementation of these models often requires technical expertise, limiting their accessibility for engineers and practitioners. A user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) can [...] Read more.

Machine learning (ML) models in material science and construction engineering have significantly improved predictive accuracy and decision making. However, the practical implementation of these models often requires technical expertise, limiting their accessibility for engineers and practitioners. A user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) can be an essential tool to bridge this gap. In this study, a sustainable approach to improve the compressive strength (C.S) of plastic-based mortar mixes (PMMs) by replacing cement with industrial waste materials was investigated using ML models such as support vector machine, AdaBoost regressor, and extreme gradient boosting. The significance of key mix parameters was further analyzed using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAPs) to interpret the influence of input variables on model predictions. To enhance the usability and real-world application of these ML models, a GUI was developed to provide an accessible platform for predicting the C.S of PMMs based on input material proportions. The ML models demonstrated strong correlations with experimental results, and the insights from SHAP analysis further support data-driven mix design strategies. The developed GUI serves as a practical and scalable decision support system, encouraging the adoption of ML-based approaches in sustainable construction engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Modern Methods of Construction: Innovations, Challenges, and Sustainable Building Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Buildings, Volume 15, Issue 11 (June-1 2025) – 203 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI