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Insects, Volume 16, Issue 9 (September 2025) – 72 articles

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18 pages, 6695 KB  
Article
Cerophytum lii Qiu & Ruan, sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Cerophytidae): First Record of the Family in China with Study on Its Thoracic Functional Morphology Through 3D Reconstruction
by Lu Qiu, Lei Liu, Yongying Ruan, Yang Liu, Liya Ma and Bo Feng
Insects 2025, 16(9), 941; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090941 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2025
Abstract
The beetle family Cerophytidae is reported from China for the first time, based on the discovery of Cerophytum lii Qiu & Ruan, sp. nov. and Cerophytum sp., both from Daweishan Mountain in Southeast Yunnan Province. Detailed descriptions and diagnostic illustrations of Cerophytum lii [...] Read more.
The beetle family Cerophytidae is reported from China for the first time, based on the discovery of Cerophytum lii Qiu & Ruan, sp. nov. and Cerophytum sp., both from Daweishan Mountain in Southeast Yunnan Province. Detailed descriptions and diagnostic illustrations of Cerophytum liisp. nov. are provided, along with an identification key to extant Cerophytum species worldwide. A representative specimen of the new species (a male paratype) underwent micro-computed tomography scanning, enabling three-dimensional reconstruction and virtual dissection of its thoracic morphology. Internal muscular architecture and exoskeletal structures of its thorax are illustrated and described. Comparative morphological analyses revealed convergent evolution in the clicking structures of Cerophytum lii sp. nov. and Campsosternus auratus (Drury), with the latter exhibiting more specialized structural modifications that enhance its jumping performance to a greater degree. In contrast, Cerophytum liisp. nov. exhibits morphological adaptations primarily suited for rapid walking and flight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revival of a Prominent Taxonomy of Insects)
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15 pages, 2450 KB  
Article
Modeling the Wildlife–Livestock Interface of Cattle Fever Ticks in the Southern United States
by Vera W. Pfeiffer, José-María García-Carrasco, David W. Crowder, Massaro W. Ueti, Karen C. Poh and Javier Gutierrez Illán
Insects 2025, 16(9), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090940 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025
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Abstract
Cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus annulatus, transmit Babesia pathogens, the causative agents of cattle fever worldwide. Although eradicated from the United States, increasing incursions of cattle fever ticks in Texas have put considerable strain on the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication [...] Read more.
Cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus annulatus, transmit Babesia pathogens, the causative agents of cattle fever worldwide. Although eradicated from the United States, increasing incursions of cattle fever ticks in Texas have put considerable strain on the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program (CFTEP). The movement of ticks between wildlife and cattle along the Texas–Mexico border complicates control efforts. Here, we used habitat suitability models, the literature, and quantitative survey data to project the distributions of native and introduced ungulates in Texas. Specifically, we used habitat suitability models and downscaling to estimate potential overlap between cattle and free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) that may carry cattle fever ticks and generate maps of estimated tick exposure risk. Our findings suggest that the introduction and spread of exotic ungulates, such as the nilgai antelope, may facilitate the expansion of cattle fever ticks within and beyond the historical quarantine zone established in 1943. The increasing range of nilgai populations could enhance landscape connectivity for cattle fever ticks in sensitive areas along the Texas–Mexico border. By combining these models with cattle inventory data, we provide tools to help the CFTEP better allocate resources, monitor tick populations, prevent incursions, and implement early interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Pest Management in Agricultural Systems)
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18 pages, 3467 KB  
Article
Effect of Seasonal Grazing on Ground-Dwelling Insect Communities in the Desert Steppe of Ningxia
by Chun Shi, Changyu Xiong, Ziyu Cao, Haixiang Zhang, Ying Wang, Wei Sun, Yifan Cui, Rong Zhang and Shuhua Wei
Insects 2025, 16(9), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090939 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025
Viewed by 60
Abstract
To investigate the effects of seasonal grazing on ground-dwelling insect communities in desert steppe, this study conducted a controlled experiment in the desert steppe of Yanchi County, Ningxia, during 2022–2023. Five grazing regimes were established: spring-summer grazing (Sp+Su), spring-autumn grazing (Sp+Au), summer-autumn grazing [...] Read more.
To investigate the effects of seasonal grazing on ground-dwelling insect communities in desert steppe, this study conducted a controlled experiment in the desert steppe of Yanchi County, Ningxia, during 2022–2023. Five grazing regimes were established: spring-summer grazing (Sp+Su), spring-autumn grazing (Sp+Au), summer-autumn grazing (Su+Au), year-round continuous grazing (Annual), and no grazing (Control, CK). Insects were collected using pitfall traps and categorized into herbivorous and predatory functional groups. Combined with monitoring of vegetation community structure, we analyzed the regulatory mechanisms of grazing on insect diversity. The results showed that different grazing regimes had significantly divergent effects on herbivorous and predatory insects. Herbivorous insect diversity was significantly highest under the Annual grazing regime, while Sp+Au grazing effectively controlled herbivorous insect occurrence, resulting in the lowest abundance. Predatory insects exhibited the highest abundance but the lowest diversity under Su+Au grazing, whereas the CK regime increased their species richness. Beta diversity analysis indicated that total replacement diversity (Repl) was dominant, suggesting that grazing primarily influenced community structure by altering species composition rather than changing species number. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) results revealed clustering characteristics of insect community structures under different grazing regimes. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and generalized additive models (GAMs) identified vegetation height and predatory insect abundance as key factors driving changes in herbivorous insects. Vegetation density and biomass exhibited nonlinear regulatory effects on herbivorous insects. Based on these findings, we recommend adopting either a hybrid strategy of “year-round continuous grazing combined with seasonal rest” or specifically the “spring + autumn” (Sp+Au) grazing regime. These approaches aim to synergistically achieve the goals of pest control and biodiversity conservation in desert steppe ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)
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17 pages, 5194 KB  
Article
Transcriptome and Functional Analyses Revealed the Carboxylesterase Genes Involved in Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae)
by Yiyun Wei, Xinyao Gu, Fengling Si, Xiaojie Chen, Liang Qiao, Hongxing Yan and Bin Chen
Insects 2025, 16(9), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090938 - 5 Sep 2025
Viewed by 214
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CCEs) have been demonstrated to be involved in pyrethroid resistance in insect species. This study aims to investigate CCE-mediated resistance mechanisms in Anopheles sinensis, a major malaria vector. Through comparative transcriptomics of a deltamethrin-resistant strain (CQ-LR) versus susceptible strain (WX-LS) of [...] Read more.
Carboxylesterases (CCEs) have been demonstrated to be involved in pyrethroid resistance in insect species. This study aims to investigate CCE-mediated resistance mechanisms in Anopheles sinensis, a major malaria vector. Through comparative transcriptomics of a deltamethrin-resistant strain (CQ-LR) versus susceptible strain (WX-LS) of An. sinensis, we identified differentially expressed CCE genes across five developmental stages, five tissues, and three time points post-blood-meal. Four candidate genes (AsAe9, AsAe10, AsAce2, AsUn5) showed significantly upregulated expression. Subsequent qRT-PCR validation across four field-derived resistant strains (WX-LR, AH-LR, YH-LR, CQ-LR) and the susceptible strain confirmed significant upregulation of AsAe9, AsAe10, AsAce1, AsAce2, and AsBe4 in more than two resistant populations. RNAi-based functional validation showed that silencing AsAe10 or AsBe4 in the WX-LR strain significantly decreased knockdown time and raised 24 h mortality upon diagnostic deltamethrin exposure, with AsAe10 silencing having the strongest effect. This study identifies CCE genes involved in deltamethrin resistance in An. sinensis, providing valuable insights into the resistance mechanisms of pyrethroid and a theoretical basis for mosquito resistance management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue RNAi in Insect Physiology)
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13 pages, 3206 KB  
Article
Preliminary Assessment of Bespoke (‘X-tec’) Silica Particles for IRS Applications
by Stephania Herodotou, Natalie Lissenden, Kevin Skinley, Derric Nimmo, Janneke Snetselaar, Amy Guy, Peter Myers and Svetlana Ryazanskaya
Insects 2025, 16(9), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090937 - 5 Sep 2025
Viewed by 163
Abstract
The efficacy of indoor residual spray (IRS) products is affected by various factors, such as the substrate on which they are sprayed and the surface concentration and bioavailability of the insecticide. This study investigated the potential of bespoke silica particles (hereafter referred to [...] Read more.
The efficacy of indoor residual spray (IRS) products is affected by various factors, such as the substrate on which they are sprayed and the surface concentration and bioavailability of the insecticide. This study investigated the potential of bespoke silica particles (hereafter referred to as ‘X-tec silica’) as a unique carrier for insecticides to reduce the insecticide content in an IRS formulation by improving pickup by mosquitoes and optimising the physical state of the insecticide while maintaining its residual biological activity on a surface. Molecular computer modelling was used to define the critical crystallisation size of clothianidin, and silica particles were manufactured with pore diameters smaller than this length to maintain the insecticide in an amorphous state. Silica carriers were then formulated to incorporate clothianidin inside their pores, and a full material characterisation was conducted to assess the clothianidin coating position on/in the silica particles, their concentration, and their physical form. The clothianidin-formulated silica (10%) was sprayed at three different application rates (30, 60, and 90 mg active ingredient (a.i.)/m2) onto two surfaces: glazed and unglazed tiles. The tiles were tested for bioefficacy against the insecticide-susceptible Anopheles gambiae s.s. Kisumu mosquito strain at 1 week and 8 months post-spray application. At 1 week post-spray application, at 60 and 90 mg a.i./m2 application rates, 100% mortality was observed on both surfaces within 48 h. For the lowest concentration (30 mg a.i./m2), 100% mortality was reached within 72 h on glazed tiles; however, for unglazed tiles, due to the surface irregularity and porosity, it remained below 60%. At 8 months post-spray application, on glazed tiles, 100% mortality was reached within 24 h at 60 and 90 mg a.i./m2 application rates and within 48 h at 30 mg a.i./m2. On unglazed tiles, 96 h mortality was not measured; however, 100% mortality was reached within 72 h (90 mg a.i./m2) and 120 h (60 mg a.i./m2) at higher concentrations. At the lowest concentration (30 mg a.i./m2) at 120 h, mortality only reached 25%. The lowest application rate tested (30 mg a.i./m2) is ten times lower than that of current products on the market and demonstrates the potential of this approach. Preliminary findings from this study suggest that X-tec silica particles may enhance the effectiveness of IRS using clothianidin. However, further extensive research is needed to confirm this. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance in Mosquitoes)
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15 pages, 2322 KB  
Article
Systemic Assessment of Chronic Toxicity of Thiamethoxam on Honeybees (Apis mellifera)
by Meng-Jia Li, Qi-Bao He, Yi-Fan Wu, Quan Gao, A-Long Wang, Jin-Jing Xiao, Min Liao, Yong Huang, Yao-Hui Wang and Hai-Qun Cao
Insects 2025, 16(9), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090936 - 5 Sep 2025
Viewed by 119
Abstract
Honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica Spin.) are the most significant pollinating insects, playing a vital role in maintaining biodiversity. In healthy colonies, the reproductive success of the queen and the genetic contribution of drones are essential for long-term survival, directly affecting brood production, genetic [...] Read more.
Honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica Spin.) are the most significant pollinating insects, playing a vital role in maintaining biodiversity. In healthy colonies, the reproductive success of the queen and the genetic contribution of drones are essential for long-term survival, directly affecting brood production, genetic diversity, and environmental adaptability. While the physiological and behavioral impacts of chemical pesticides on worker bees are relatively well documented, the risks to reproductive bees (queens and drones) remain poorly understood. In this study, we comprehensively assessed the effects of the widely used neonicotinoid thiamethoxam on the key developmental and physiological parameters in reproductive bees, including survival, pupation rate, eclosion rate, hormone titers, and detoxification enzyme activities. Our finding reveals that thiamethoxam exerts sublethal effects on larvae, significantly impairing the fitness of reproductive bees. Specifically, exposure altered juvenile hormone III, ecdysone titer, and acetylcholinesterase activity in reproductive larvae, with these effects showing a negative correlation with pesticide concentration. Notably, CYP450 activity exhibits a biphasic dose–response, with an initial elevation followed by a decline after reaching peak levels. These results demonstrate that thiamethoxam adversely affects the growth and development of reproductive bees, potentially compromising colony stability. By elucidating these sublethal effects, our study provides critical insights for mitigating pesticide-related threats to honeybee health. Our findings may help to scientifically and rationally avoid the potential risks of chemical pesticides to honeybees. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Insects and Apiculture)
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11 pages, 6387 KB  
Article
Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794) in Southwestern Poland: Changes in Range and Local Scale Updates
by Dorota Kiewra, Hanna Ojrzyńska, Aleksandra Czułowska, Dagmara Dyczko, Piotr Jawień and Kinga Plewa-Tutaj
Insects 2025, 16(9), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090935 (registering DOI) - 5 Sep 2025
Viewed by 115
Abstract
The ornate dog tick Dermacentor reticulatus is a key vector of several pathogens and has been expanding its range across Europe, raising concerns about the associated veterinary and public health risks. This study aimed to assess the current distribution and local-scale expansion of [...] Read more.
The ornate dog tick Dermacentor reticulatus is a key vector of several pathogens and has been expanding its range across Europe, raising concerns about the associated veterinary and public health risks. This study aimed to assess the current distribution and local-scale expansion of D. reticulatus in southwestern Poland, particularly in and around the city of Wrocław. In 2024, host-seeking ticks were collected using the flagging method at 80 sites, including 30 previously monitored locations and 50 newly designated ones, selected based on land cover analysis and field verification. Spatial statistics and kriging method were applied to evaluate changes in the tick’s range compared to data from 2014–2019. The presence of D. reticulatus was confirmed at 68 sites, including 13 located beyond the previously estimated range. A shift in the mean center of tick occurrence toward the southeast was observed, along with an increase in the compact area of occurrence. The results indicate a continued expansion of D. reticulatus in the region, with urbanization and landscape structure likely influencing its spread. These findings underscore the importance of local-scale surveillance and spatial modeling in assessing the risk of tick-borne diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Special Issue Series: Insects)
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16 pages, 2861 KB  
Article
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Pathway and Secreted C-Type Lectins as Essential Drivers of Leg Regeneration in Periplaneta americana
by Xiaoxuan Liu, Nan Sun, Xiaojuan Wu, Jiajia Wu, Shuqi Xian, Dayong Wang and Yechun Pei
Insects 2025, 16(9), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090934 - 5 Sep 2025
Viewed by 216
Abstract
The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) serves as an exemplary model for regeneration research due to its exceptional regenerative capabilities, particularly in appendage regeneration. In this study, regenerated coxa tissue underwent histological analysis through H & E straining. Microscopic examination revealed the [...] Read more.
The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) serves as an exemplary model for regeneration research due to its exceptional regenerative capabilities, particularly in appendage regeneration. In this study, regenerated coxa tissue underwent histological analysis through H & E straining. Microscopic examination revealed the progression of regeneration. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was conducted between regenerating legs and non-amputated control legs. This analysis identified 2343 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 0 days post-amputation (0 dpa) and 7 dpa, 2963 DEGs between 14 dpa and 0 dpa, and 3135 DEGs between 14 dpa and 7 dpa. Significantly, several DEGs are associated with growth- or regeneration-related processes, including extracellular matrix (different collagen, Pro-resilin isoforms, integrin beta (itgb) and matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)), immune-related genes (Toll-like receptor 13 (tlr13), defensin (def), drosomycin-like defensin (dld), Polyphenoloxidases2 (ppo2), cytochrome P450 (p450), peptidoglycan recognition protein (pgrp) and secreted C-type lectin (sClec)), insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Functional validation through RNA interference (RNAi) further suggested that EGFR and a specific C-type lectin (Regenectin) regulate leg regeneration in Periplaneta americana. These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing regeneration in this species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Transcriptomics)
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23 pages, 5646 KB  
Article
Changes in Gut Microbiota, Midgut Structure, and Gene Expression of Spodoptera frugiperda Infected by Serratia marcescens
by Yibo Guo, Yue Zou, Youyang Chen, Jiaxin Liu, Yingying Ye, Xinglong Huang and Zhengwei Wu
Insects 2025, 16(9), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090933 - 4 Sep 2025
Viewed by 276
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is a microorganism that exhibits insecticidal activity against various insects, including the migratory fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda. This article investigates the insecticidal mechanism of S. marcescens through gastric toxicity. The study involved midgut tissue sectioning, hemolymph observation, and microbiome [...] Read more.
Serratia marcescens is a microorganism that exhibits insecticidal activity against various insects, including the migratory fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda. This article investigates the insecticidal mechanism of S. marcescens through gastric toxicity. The study involved midgut tissue sectioning, hemolymph observation, and microbiome and transcriptome analysis of both infected and uninfected FAW. The findings revealed that S. marcescens effectively disrupted the structure of the midgut, causing midgut shrinkage and rupture, as well as inducing pseudopodia formation in granulocytes. Moreover, it increased the diversity of gut microbiota. Transcriptome analysis indicated an upregulation of metabolic-related genes and tissue repair genes, while there was a downregulation of fat synthesis genes, some immune genes, hormone synthesis genes, etc. The disruption of the midgut structure negatively affects the metabolism and immune function of the FAW, potentially resulting in midgut rupture, systemic sepsis, and ultimately mortality. In conclusion, our study has elucidated the insecticidal mechanism of S. marcescens against the FAW and demonstrated its potential as a biological control agent for managing this pest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spodoptera frugiperda: Current Situation and Future Prospects)
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13 pages, 7293 KB  
Article
Distribution of Larval Habitats and Efficiency of Various Trap Settings to Monitor Sympatric Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in La Reunion
by Caroline Vitry, Ronan Brouazin, Anthony Herbin, Mathieu Whiteside, Cécile Brengues, Thierry Baldet, Renaud Lancelot and Jérémy Bouyer
Insects 2025, 16(9), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090932 - 4 Sep 2025
Viewed by 277
Abstract
To prepare for a boosted sterile insect technique (SIT) field trial in Saint-Joseph, Reunion island, we compared the attractiveness of two adult mosquito traps for Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. In addition, we explored the co-occurrence of these species in their usual [...] Read more.
To prepare for a boosted sterile insect technique (SIT) field trial in Saint-Joseph, Reunion island, we compared the attractiveness of two adult mosquito traps for Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. In addition, we explored the co-occurrence of these species in their usual larval habitats. Two traps were compared with two conditions each using a Latin square design: BG Sentinel trap baited with carbon dioxide (CO2) with/without addition of BG Lure and ovi-sticky trap with/without hay. The ovi-sticky traps proved ineffective. For both Aedes species, CO2-baited traps were equally effective at catching females when baited with the lure or not. In contrast, they were more attractive to males than for females with the lure. Aedes aegypti larvae were found in four of six vacoas (Pandanus utilis), and one of four anthropogenic breeding sites. In vacoas, the densities of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti larvae were negatively correlated, whereas the correlation was positive between chironomids and Aedes aegypti. The abundance of adults and larvae varied according to weather conditions. Finally, CO2-baited traps were used without lure for the entomological monitoring to assess the effectiveness of the area-wide boosted SIT intervention to reduce costs and logistics. Full article
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13 pages, 2797 KB  
Article
Occurrence, Biological Characteristics, and Annual Dynamics of Atherigona orientalis (Schiner 1968) (Diptera: Muscidae) in China
by Zihao Zhou, Yujie Luo, Jiawei Qin, Xintong Wang, Shuaijun Ning, Jing He and Qiong Zhou
Insects 2025, 16(9), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090931 - 4 Sep 2025
Viewed by 238
Abstract
Atherigona orientalis (Diptera: Muscidae) may be a neglected agricultural pest worldwide since the public generally regards it as a saprophytic and sanitary insect. In fact, A. orientalis can infest over 50 varieties of fruits and vegetables in 26 families listed as quarantine pests [...] Read more.
Atherigona orientalis (Diptera: Muscidae) may be a neglected agricultural pest worldwide since the public generally regards it as a saprophytic and sanitary insect. In fact, A. orientalis can infest over 50 varieties of fruits and vegetables in 26 families listed as quarantine pests in several countries. Regrettably, there are few reports of this pest despite its prevalence in the pantropical regions of many countries. In this study, we reported the distributions, morphological, and biological characteristics, including the host ranges, developmental durations, color selections, and population dynamics changes of A. orientalis in Hunan Province. Currently, A. orientalis has been found in each prefectural and municipal city of Hunan Province, China. Additionally, 15 out of 20 host plants we collected were infested. The developmental durations of the egg, larva, and pupa of A. orientalis ranged from 2 to 3, 5 to 7, and 6 to 8 days, respectively. The results of color selections showed that A. orientalis adults tend to prefer green and yellow colors. Moreover, the population dynamics of A. orientalis in Changsha City showed that July and August were the population peaks throughout the year. Our research supplements valuable data of A. orientalis for pest management and subsequent studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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16 pages, 2835 KB  
Article
Improving Traps for Spotted Lanternflies, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), by Leveraging Their Own Signals
by Miriam F. Cooperband and Kelly M. Murman
Insects 2025, 16(9), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090930 - 4 Sep 2025
Viewed by 268
Abstract
The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) (SLF), is a damaging invasive pest and generalist phloem feeder that has been found in 18 states in the United States. It has a complex multimodal communication system involving semiochemicals, emitted both from their honeydew and [...] Read more.
The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) (SLF), is a damaging invasive pest and generalist phloem feeder that has been found in 18 states in the United States. It has a complex multimodal communication system involving semiochemicals, emitted both from their honeydew and their bodies, and substrate-borne vibrations. Sensitive and effective traps for detection and survey are essential management tools, but no potent lures for SLF exist yet. We sought to test an alternative that relies on live-trapped SLF acting as lures to improve trap efficacy after the first SLF is captured. SLF circle traps were modified by replacing the commonly used plastic collection bag with a mesh bag pinned to the tree trunk. These allowed the trapped SLF to remain alive and generate signals through the mesh bag, thus leveraging their natural modes of communication to draw additional SLF into the traps. We compared mesh and plastic bags over three years targeting fourth instars and adults and found that prior to oviposition, circle traps with mesh bags captured significantly more fourth instar (70% mesh: 30% plastic) and adult SLF (59% mesh: 41% plastic) compared to plastic bags, but during oviposition time, the results were mixed. Full article
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13 pages, 2265 KB  
Article
Overcoming Biases in Opportunistic Citizen Science for Studying Life History Traits of an Invasive Leaf-Mining Tree Insect Pest
by Natalia I. Kirichenko, Maria A. Ryazanova, Oksana V. Kosheleva, Stanislav Gomboc, Barbara Piškur and Maarten de Groot
Insects 2025, 16(9), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090929 - 4 Sep 2025
Viewed by 294
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether opportunistic citizen science can support the detection of life history traits in invasive insects. Using the invasive leaf-mining micromoth Macrosaccus robiniella (Clemens 1859) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) as a model species, we analyzed data from iNaturalist [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to determine whether opportunistic citizen science can support the detection of life history traits in invasive insects. Using the invasive leaf-mining micromoth Macrosaccus robiniella (Clemens 1859) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) as a model species, we analyzed data from iNaturalist submitted by citizen scientists to assess the variability in its leaf mines on its native host, Robinia pseudoacacia L., 1753 (Fabaceae), across both the moth’s invaded (Europe, North America–Eastern United States) and native range (North America–Southern and Western Unites States, Eastern Canada). We examined 86,489 photographs collected over the past 20 years to compare the occurrence and proportions of different M. robiniella leaf mine types between invaded and native ranges using three search variants: (I) M. robiniella, (II) all endophagous invasive insects associated with R. pseudoacacia, and (III) the host plant itself. The first two datasets revealed differences in the ratio of leaf mine types between Europe and North America (when analyzed separately for native and invaded areas), whereas the third dataset showed no significant differences in either the presence or proportion of mine types between invaded and native ranges. Leaf mine types atypical of M. robiniella, which resemble damage caused by other invasive insects such as Parectopa robiniella Clemens, 1863 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman, 1847) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)—also associated with R. pseudoacacia—have been observed in Europe for at least a decade. Our main conclusion is that, when investigating the life history traits of invasive herbivorous insects, focusing data collection on the host plant rather than on the insect species alone can reduce biases associated with opportunistic citizen science and help reveal true ecological patterns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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13 pages, 1455 KB  
Article
Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on Oviposition Site Preference and Egg Hatching of the Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) Mosquito
by Luka Ndungu, Donald Roberts, Lewis Long, Emilie Goguet, Alex Stubner, Sean Beeman, Stephen Lewandowski and Bernard Okech
Insects 2025, 16(9), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090928 - 4 Sep 2025
Viewed by 280
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) occurs in the environment, including in aquatic environments where mosquitoes might lay eggs. However, little is known about the compound’s impact on mosquitoes. We conducted an experiment to determine the effect of H2O2 [...] Read more.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) occurs in the environment, including in aquatic environments where mosquitoes might lay eggs. However, little is known about the compound’s impact on mosquitoes. We conducted an experiment to determine the effect of H2O2 on Ae. aegypti oviposition behavior and egg hatching using H2O2 concentrations similar to those in natural aquatic environments. Oviposition behavior was evaluated by dual-choice and multi-choice bioassays. Gravid Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were placed in cages with containers with different H2O2 concentrations (5, 25, 50, and 100 μM). After 72 h, the number of eggs laid was compared between oviposition sites with and without H2O2. Additionally, egg hatching was assessed under long-period exposure (48 h) and short-period exposure (2, 4, and 6 h and then in deionized water for up to 48 h). Results showed no significant difference in oviposition preference scores in the multi-choice assay (OAI = −0.135 ± 0.06) (p = 0.138), but a significant difference in the dual-choice assay (0.195 ± 0.01) (p = 0.001). Long-period exposure to H2O2 did not significantly affect hatch rates (11.34%) (p = 0.363), but short-period exposure significantly impacted hatch rates (17%) (p = 0.0001), with period of exposure alone playing a significant role (p < 0.0044). Eggs exposed to 100 μM H2O2 for 2 h (p = 0.0070) and 4 h (p = 0.0036) had significantly higher hatch rates compared to the control. This study demonstrates that low concentrations of H2O2 can influence oviposition site characteristics and egg hatch rates. Combined with other environmental factors, H2O2 can shape the reproductive success of Ae. aegypti, offering potential strategies for mosquito control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Mosquito Surveillance and Control)
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13 pages, 2999 KB  
Article
The Effects of Cold Acclimation on Cold Tolerance and Growth and Reproduction of Plodia interpunctella
by Zhuoke Shi, Huiyuan Zhang, Shaohua Lu and Mingshun Chen
Insects 2025, 16(9), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090927 - 3 Sep 2025
Viewed by 363
Abstract
Plodia interpunctella is a globally significant pest of stored grains, posing a major threat to food safety. To explore its cold-adaptation mechanisms, this study evaluated the physiological and developmental responses of different life stages following short-term cold acclimation at 4 °C. Results showed [...] Read more.
Plodia interpunctella is a globally significant pest of stored grains, posing a major threat to food safety. To explore its cold-adaptation mechanisms, this study evaluated the physiological and developmental responses of different life stages following short-term cold acclimation at 4 °C. Results showed that cold acclimation significantly reduced the supercooling points (SCPs) of larvae and pupae, with the greatest reduction observed in the second instar larvae. Antioxidant enzyme assays revealed marked increases in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), indicating enhanced oxidative stress resistance. Developmental durations were significantly shortened at lower temperatures in acclimated individuals, and fecundity was notably increased at 24 °C, although no significant changes were observed at higher temperatures. These findings suggest that cold acclimation improves the cold tolerance and reproductive performance of P. interpunctella under low-temperature conditions, offering insights into insect adaptability and providing theoretical support for the development of low-temperature-based pest management strategies in stored grain systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology, Behaviour, and Monitoring of Stored Product Insects)
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13 pages, 1098 KB  
Article
Egg Allocation on Anastrepha ludens Larvae by Mass-Reared Diachasmimorpha longicaudata Females
by Jorge Cancino, Amanda Ayala, Erick Flores-Sarmiento, Flor de María Moreno, Lorena del Carmen Suárez, Sergio Marcelo Ovruski and Pablo Montoya
Insects 2025, 16(9), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090926 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 395
Abstract
The age-dependent reproductive behavior of parasitoid females under mass-rearing conditions may influence the quality of the biocontrol agents produced. Therefore, this study assessed the egg allocation behavior of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) females at different ages under mass-rearing conditions. This parasitoid native to Southeast [...] Read more.
The age-dependent reproductive behavior of parasitoid females under mass-rearing conditions may influence the quality of the biocontrol agents produced. Therefore, this study assessed the egg allocation behavior of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) females at different ages under mass-rearing conditions. This parasitoid native to Southeast Asia is mass-reared on irradiated Anastrepha ludens (Loew) larvae at the Moscafrut Program facility in Mexico and is released in crop areas to suppress fruit fly pest species. Parasitoid females aged 5–10 days were used to assess quality control parameters, such as parasitized host mortality, parasitoid emergence, offspring sex ratio, and superparasitism. Anastrepha ludens puparia were checked and dissected 72 h after being exposed to female parasitoids to determine the number of scars on the puparium of first-instar parasitoids, respectively. Parasitized puparia were kept under lab conditions to assess adult emergence and offspring sex ratio. Host mortality, superparasitism, and parasitoid offspring sex ratio were affected by female age. The highest host mortality and superparasitism were caused by 5–7-day-old females, which also produced a significantly higher female-to-male offspring ratio with improved fitness-related parameters. The use of cages with females of these ages may improve the quality parameters of parasitoids and result in higher female-to-male offspring sex ratios. Furthermore, production costs could be lowered by reducing the quantity of hosts and rearing commodities. These findings are a useful contribution to improving the current method used for the mass rearing of D. longicaudata at the Moscafrut Program facility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)
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11 pages, 3121 KB  
Article
Apoptosis and Relevant Genes Are Engaged in the Response of Apis mellifera Larvae to Ascosphaera apis Invasion
by Tianze Zhang, Jingxian Li, Jiarun Yang, Xiaoxue Fan, Shiyu Mi, Xi Guo, Mengyuan Dai, Xihan Luo, Peiyuan Zou, Qingwei Tan, Dafu Chen, Jianfeng Qiu and Rui Guo
Insects 2025, 16(9), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090925 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 324
Abstract
Apoptosis is a genetically controlled process vital for homeostasis. This study examined the apoptotic response in the gut of Apis mellifera (A. mellifera) larvae to infection by Ascosphaera apis (A. apis) and its impact on host resistance and pathogen [...] Read more.
Apoptosis is a genetically controlled process vital for homeostasis. This study examined the apoptotic response in the gut of Apis mellifera (A. mellifera) larvae to infection by Ascosphaera apis (A. apis) and its impact on host resistance and pathogen virulence. Here, Worker larvae of A. mellifera were inoculated with purified A. apis spores. We then quantified the expression of key apoptosis-related genes (AmCaspase-3, AmBax, and AmBcl-2) in the host gut and detected apoptotic cells via TUNEL assay. To functionally assess the role of apoptosis, larvae were treated with either the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK or the activator PAC-1, after which host survival, expression of apoptosis-associated genes, and the fungal virulence factor gene Ste11-like were analyzed. Our results showed that infection with A. apis significantly upregulated the expression of AmCaspase-3 and AmBax (p < 0.05) at 1–3 days post-inoculation (dpi), while the expression of AmBcl-2 was significantly reduced at 1 and 3 dpi (p < 0.05). Consistent with this, TUNEL assays revealed a markedly stronger green fluorescence signal in the guts of inoculated larvae at 3 dpi compared to uninfected controls, with clear co-localization of TUNEL and nuclear signals, confirming increased apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of apoptosis significantly enhanced the survival rate of A. apis-infected larvae, whereas apoptosis activation decreased larval survival. Accordingly, inhibiting apoptosis significantly suppressed the expression of AmCaspase-3 and AmBax (p < 0.001) and upregulated AmBcl-2 (p < 0.001). Conversely, apoptosis activation upregulated AmCaspase-3 (p > 0.05) and AmBax (p < 0.001), while significantly down-regulating AmBcl-2. Furthermore, apoptosis inhibition significantly down-regulated the fungal virulence gene Ste11-like, while its activation had the opposite effect. In summary, A. apis infection induces apoptosis in the larval gut by activating AmCaspase-3 and AmBax and suppressing AmBcl-2. Inhibiting this apoptotic response enhanced host survival by modulating the expression of host apoptosis-related genes and the fungal Ste11-like virulence factor. These findings provide new insights into the host response to A. apis and suggest a potential strategy for controlling chalkbrood disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Insects and Apiculture)
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18 pages, 1440 KB  
Article
Chitin Assessment in Insect-Based Products from Reference Methods to Near-Infrared Models
by Audrey Pissard, Sébastien Gofflot, Vincent Baeten, Bernard Lecler, Bénédicte Lorrette, Jean-François Morin and Frederic Debode
Insects 2025, 16(9), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090924 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 292
Abstract
The global insect farming sector is rapidly expanding, driven by rising demand for sustainable protein sources and its potential to contribute to food security solutions. This study focuses on the quantification of chitin by comparing two gravimetric methods (ADF-ADL and crude fiber estimation) [...] Read more.
The global insect farming sector is rapidly expanding, driven by rising demand for sustainable protein sources and its potential to contribute to food security solutions. This study focuses on the quantification of chitin by comparing two gravimetric methods (ADF-ADL and crude fiber estimation) with a purification method considered as a reference method. It also aims to use the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to rapidly assess the quality of insect meals, in particular the macronutrients (moisture, protein, fat) and chitin content in a large data set of insect samples. Both alternative methods overestimated chitin content compared to the enzymatic purification method, which is the most reliable but more complex and expensive. Given their advantages (fairly simple, no significant investment, higher sample throughput, relatively short time execution), they can serve for rapid screening when precise chitin determination is not required. Calibration models showed good performance, particularly for protein and fat determination, and satisfactory results for chitin prediction. The NIRS models show promises for rapid and reliable prediction of insect products, although the chitin assessment remains to be further validated. Its implementation could streamline chemical quality control in insect-based food and feed production, offering speed and flexibility for industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects as the Nutrition Source in Animal Feed)
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8 pages, 1220 KB  
Article
Galleria mellonella and the Bac-to-Bac Expression System: A Convenient Model for Testing Molecules Intended to Genetically Enhance Baculovirus Pathogenicity
by Sergey A. Timofeev, Anastasia G. Shukhalova, Alsu M. Utkuzova, Ruslan R. Fadeev, Viacheslav V. Dolgikh and Igor V. Senderskiy
Insects 2025, 16(9), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090923 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 269
Abstract
The use of viruses as natural pathogens of pest insects is a promising approach in biocontrol. The main drawback of this approach is its relatively slow mode of action, which could be addressed through genetic modifications of the strains used. In this article, [...] Read more.
The use of viruses as natural pathogens of pest insects is a promising approach in biocontrol. The main drawback of this approach is its relatively slow mode of action, which could be addressed through genetic modifications of the strains used. In this article, we propose the use of the commercially available Bac-to-Bac system for infecting pest insects with a recombinant virus and assessing the impact of various molecules on their viability. Using the laboratory-friendly model organism Galleria mellonella and baculovirus carrying the eGFP gene, we demonstrated a 100% infection rate, with a consistent and stable spread of the viruses throughout insect bodies and a gradual increase in recombinant protein expression. Notably, at day 5 post-infection the insects remained viable and active. This approach enables the identification of pathogenic effects caused by the virus-induced expression of other molecules, such as toxins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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14 pages, 571 KB  
Article
Phytochemical and Insecticidal Activity of Some Thyme Plants’ Essential Oils Against Cryptoblabes gnidiella and Scirtothrips mangiferae on Mango Inflorescences
by Mohammad M. Aljameeli, Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid, Ahmed Ramadan El-Rokh, Samira A. El-Salam, May A. Elhefni, Amira S. El-Rahman, Esraa M. Hussein, Jazem A. Mahyoub, Hayam Elshazly, Hanan S. Alyahya, Shatha I. Alqurashi, Mohamed A. Abdein, EL-Sayed M. Qaoud and Marwa M. Mosallam
Insects 2025, 16(9), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090922 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 410
Abstract
Mango fruits are one of the strategic fruit crops in different countries that are attacked by several serious pests such as Cryptoblabes gnidiella and Scirtothrips mangiferae. Natural extracts, especially essential oils, provide several promising insecticide agents to control different insects as an [...] Read more.
Mango fruits are one of the strategic fruit crops in different countries that are attacked by several serious pests such as Cryptoblabes gnidiella and Scirtothrips mangiferae. Natural extracts, especially essential oils, provide several promising insecticide agents to control different insects as an alternative to synthetic insecticides. Using Clevenger-type hydrodistillation, the essential oils of five thyme plants—Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Thymus argenteus, Thymus citriodorus, and Origanum syriacum—from Saudi Arabia and Egypt were extracted, and GC/MS analysis was performed. In addition, some chemical parameters of the five species were determined, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, β-carotene, total antioxidant capacity, total phenols, and total flavonoids. Two compounds, thymol and carvacrol, were identified in T. vulgaris and O. vulgare at ratios of 69.45 and 64.82%, respectively. These major compounds were isolated and identified using 1H NMR analysis. The insecticidal potentials of the five essential oils and their pure isolated compounds were evaluated on C. gnidiella and S. mangiferae on mango inflorescences. The results showed that T. vulgaris and O. vulgare oils were the most potent against C. gnidiella (LC50, 183.33 and 164.68 ppm, respectively) and S. mangiferae (18.93 and 16.93 ppm, respectively). Thymol and carvacrol had the highest effect on both insects. Furthermore, the effect of thymol and carvacrol at LC50 values on some biochemical parameters of C. gnidiella was determined. Therefore, thymol and carvacrol from Thymus species are promising compounds that could be used as insecticides against the harmful insects C. gnidiella and S. mangiferae on mango inflorescences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Pest Control Strategies of Fruit Crops)
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23 pages, 4296 KB  
Article
Warmer Temperature Accelerates the Aging-Dependent Decrease in Female Ovary Size, Delays Male Accessory Gland Development, and Accelerates Aging-Dependent Changes in Reproductive Gene Expression in Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes
by Lindsay E. Martin, Tania Y. Estévez-Lao, Megan I. Grant, Norbu Y. Shastri and Julián F. Hillyer
Insects 2025, 16(9), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090921 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 458
Abstract
In most mosquito species, reproduction requires mating between the female and the male, followed by the female blood-feeding, completing oogenesis, and laying eggs. Warmer environmental temperature and aging both reduce mosquito fecundity and fertility, and warmer temperature accelerates the aging-dependent decline in reproduction [...] Read more.
In most mosquito species, reproduction requires mating between the female and the male, followed by the female blood-feeding, completing oogenesis, and laying eggs. Warmer environmental temperature and aging both reduce mosquito fecundity and fertility, and warmer temperature accelerates the aging-dependent decline in reproduction such that reproductive impairment manifests earlier in life. To shed light on how this warming-based acceleration of reproductive senescence occurs, we investigated how temperature (27 °C, 30 °C, and 32 °C) and aging interactively shape female and male reproductive tissue size in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. In blood-fed females, we discovered that warmer temperature accelerates the aging-dependent decrease in the size of the ovaries but not the spermatheca. In males, we discovered that warmer temperature lessens and delays the aging-dependent increase in the size of the male accessory glands but not the testes. Next, we measured the expression of reproductive genes in females and males. In female reproductive tissues, warmer temperature accelerates the aging-dependent decrease in the expression of vitellogenin and the aging-dependent increase in the expression of MISO and HPX15. In male reproductive tissues, warmer temperature accelerates an aging-dependent decrease in the expression of Plugin, TGase3, phLP, and CYP315A1. Altogether, these data shed light on how physical and transcriptional changes underpin the warming-based acceleration of an aging-dependent decline in mosquito fecundity and fertility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Vector Physiology and Competence: Interactions and Adaptations)
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2 pages, 176 KB  
Correction
Correction: Jiang et al. A Review of the Genus Ambulyx Westwood, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from China Based on Morphological and Phylogenetic Analyses, with the Description of a New Species. Insects 2025, 16, 223
by Zhuo-Heng Jiang, Ian J. Kitching, Xiao-Dong Xu, Zhen-Bang Xu, Ming Yan, Wen-Bo Yu, Chang-Qiu Liu and Shao-Ji Hu
Insects 2025, 16(9), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090920 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 207
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)
14 pages, 1468 KB  
Article
Insights into the Functional Responses of Four Neotropical-Native Parasitoids to Enhance Their Role as Biocontrol Agents Against Anastrepha fraterculus Pest Populations
by Segundo Ricardo Núñez-Campero, Lorena del Carmen Suárez, Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia, Jorge Cancino, Pablo Montoya and Sergio Marcelo Ovruski
Insects 2025, 16(9), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090919 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 296
Abstract
Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a significant fruit pest of economic and quarantine importance in South America. Biological control using augmentative releases of parasitoids or conservation strategies for these natural enemies are handy tools in integrated fruit fly management programs. The functional [...] Read more.
Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a significant fruit pest of economic and quarantine importance in South America. Biological control using augmentative releases of parasitoids or conservation strategies for these natural enemies are handy tools in integrated fruit fly management programs. The functional response describes the natural enemy consumption rate with increasing resource density. Such information may be relevant for selecting the parasitoid species that is potentially most suitable to serve as a biocontrol agent of A. fraterculus. Furthermore, the number of discarded hosts determined from functional response analysis might be used to estimate suitable host densities, avoiding wastage of larvae/puparia associated with host overproduction. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the functional response of four Neotropical-native parasitoid species commonly associated with species of the Anastrepha genus in the Americas, such as the pupal parasitoid Coptera haywardi (Ogloblin) (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) and the larval parasitoids Ganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), Doryctobracon crawfordi (Viereck), and Opius bellus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The package “frair” from R software was used to determine the functional response type and parameter estimation, enabling selection, fitting, and comparison among standard functional response models and integral parameters. Four relevant conclusions can be highlighted: (a) G. pelleranoi showed a flexible functional response, with a statistically significant deviation to a Type III rather than a Type II response found among the three other parasitoid species; (b) G. pelleranoi had a handling time significantly lower than the other tested parasitoid species; (c) the number of attacked hosts varied among all four parasitoid species, with C. haywardi and G. pelleranoi exhibiting the highest proportion of attacks at low and high host densities, respectively; and (d) the percentage of discarded hosts was significantly low at 1–5 and 1–20 hosts per parasitoid in C. haywardi and G. pelleranoi, respectively, whereas in both D. crawfordi and O. bellus, it was high at any offered host density. Results provide helpful comparative information about the possible performance of these species as biocontrol agents against A. fraterculus populations within augmentative and/or conservative biological control programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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16 pages, 1174 KB  
Article
The Response of Monoecious and Dioecious Cultivars of Agricultural Hemp to an Organic Fertiliser Derived from Black Soldier Fly Frass
by Gordon Kavanagh, Susanne Schilling, Rainer Melzer and Simon Hodge
Insects 2025, 16(9), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090918 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 375
Abstract
The development of sustainable food systems requires the appraisal of novel methods of maintaining soil nutrients and the evaluation of alternative crops and sward systems. Accordingly, this study examined how agricultural hemp responded to an organic fertiliser produced from black soldier fly (BSF; [...] Read more.
The development of sustainable food systems requires the appraisal of novel methods of maintaining soil nutrients and the evaluation of alternative crops and sward systems. Accordingly, this study examined how agricultural hemp responded to an organic fertiliser produced from black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) frass. The results indicate that at equivalent N-rates (approx. 0.16 g N per pot), a commercial BSF frass fertiliser (“HexaFrass”) produced similar increases in shoot growth of monoecious and dioecious hemp seedlings as was achieved with established organic fertilisers (chicken manure; Miracle-gro). In one cultivar, CFX-2, it was shown that positive effects on shoot growth could be achieved at low fertiliser rates (≤4 g per pot), and additional fertiliser dd not induce additional shoot growth. Application of HexaFrass increased the shoot content of P, K, and Mg but not N, an important consideration if hemp straw and foliage are to be used as livestock feed. Insect frass fertilisers can supply hemp seedlings with the nutrients required for accelerated shoot growth, but further work is needed to evaluate different fertiliser regimes (e.g., split application; liquid extracts) and to assess how frass fertilisers affect yield and chemical profiles of hemp seeds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects and Their Derivatives for Human Practical Uses 3rd Edition)
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10 pages, 633 KB  
Article
Hermetic Storage as a Chemical-Free Alternative for Millet Preservation in Niger
by Habibou Yahaya Dan Bawa, Ibrahim Boukary Baoua, Mahamane Moctar Rabé and Dieudonne Baributsa
Insects 2025, 16(9), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090917 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 346
Abstract
Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is the most widely consumed cereal in Niger. Although its production lasts six months, consumption is year-round, requiring effective and safe storage solutions. Post-harvest losses of millet can reach up to 17% after several months of [...] Read more.
Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is the most widely consumed cereal in Niger. Although its production lasts six months, consumption is year-round, requiring effective and safe storage solutions. Post-harvest losses of millet can reach up to 17% after several months of storage. Chemical pesticides are commonly used in large warehouses, but concerns over misuse and health risks have driven interest in safer alternatives. This study assessed the effectiveness of traditional and improved storage methods in controlling Trogoderma granarium Everts, an emerging pest of millet in large warehouse facilities. Three storage methods were tested: (i) a hermetic Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bag; (ii) chemical pesticide Phostoxin; and (iii) an untreated ordinary polypropylene bag as a control. Naturally infested millet obtained from a large warehouse was assessed for each treatment at the start and end of a six-month storage period. Two insect pests were identified, T. granarium and Tribolium sp. Initial infestation levels were 60 larvae and 0.47 adults per 500 g. After six months, the control showed a 1.7-fold increase in T. granarium larvae, a 2.96-fold increase in its adults, and a 3.19-fold increase in Tribolium sp. adults, resulting in 19.15% weight loss. In contrast, PICS and Phostoxin treatments maintained initial pest levels with no weight loss. These results suggest that hermetic storage is a safe, effective, and chemical-free alternative for preserving millet in large warehouses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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45 pages, 17210 KB  
Article
Six New Species of Genus Pedetontus Silvestri, 1911 (Microcoryphia: Machilidae), from Southern China
by Chen-Yang Shen, Ting Yang, Jie-Hong Ji and Jia-Yong Zhang
Insects 2025, 16(9), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090916 - 1 Sep 2025
Viewed by 352
Abstract
Bristletails (Microcoryphia) represent a relatively understudied group of class Insecta. These wingless hexapods, which retain numerous plesiomorphic structures, remain less well understood compared to most other insect lineages. Through detailed morphological examination of specimens collected from southern China, we describe six new species [...] Read more.
Bristletails (Microcoryphia) represent a relatively understudied group of class Insecta. These wingless hexapods, which retain numerous plesiomorphic structures, remain less well understood compared to most other insect lineages. Through detailed morphological examination of specimens collected from southern China, we describe six new species (Pedetontus (Verhoeffilis) elegans sp. n. from Zhejiang; P. (V.) hezhouensis sp. n., P. (V.) jinxiuensis sp. n., and P. (V.) nanningensis sp. n. from Guangxi; and P. (V.) shenzhenensis sp. n. and P. (V.) xanthospilus sp. n. from Guangdong) of subgenus Verhoeffilis Paclt, 1972. This subgenus is distinguished from other members of the Petrobiinae by several diagnostic features: paired ocelli shoe-shaped (fusiform-shaped) and submedian; two pairs of retractile vesicles on abdominal segments II–V; parameres restricted to coxite IX; penis opening small and apical; male genitalia not exceeding coxite IX; and ovipositor of primary type. The new species can be distinguished from known species and each other by the morphology of the compound eyes, maxilla, labial palps, legs, and genitalia; here, we provide detailed illustrations, tables, and descriptions. Furthermore, we sequence the COX1 gene to construct a phylogenetic tree of Microcoryphia. This contribution increases the total number of reported Pedetontus species in China to seventeen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)
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15 pages, 424 KB  
Review
Nutritional Plasticity, Waste Bioconversion, and Insect Detoxification in the Anthropocene
by Anelise Christ-Ribeiro, Janaína Barreto Alves Zacheski, Andressa Jantzen da Silva Lucas and Larine Kupski
Insects 2025, 16(9), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090915 - 1 Sep 2025
Viewed by 371
Abstract
The Anthropocene, marked by rapid and extensive environmental changes, poses distinct evolutionary pressures and opportunities for species adaptation. Insects, among the most diverse and resilient taxa, exhibit notable dietary plasticity and the ability to convert low-value biomass—such as agro-industrial and urban waste—into usable [...] Read more.
The Anthropocene, marked by rapid and extensive environmental changes, poses distinct evolutionary pressures and opportunities for species adaptation. Insects, among the most diverse and resilient taxa, exhibit notable dietary plasticity and the ability to convert low-value biomass—such as agro-industrial and urban waste—into usable nutrients. This review explores how these traits serve as adaptive strategies, enabling insects to thrive and expand into novel, human-altered habitats. We examine the evolution of insect nutritional requirements and how alternative diets influence physiological, behavioral, and reproductive traits, ultimately enhancing resilience to anthropogenic stressors. The capacity of insects to metabolize diverse substrates not only supports their role in food security and circular economy initiatives but also provides valuable insights into detoxification pathways and metabolic flexibility in environments rich in xenobiotics. By synthesizing key studies, we highlight the pivotal role insects play in redefining ecosystem functions under human influence. This review underscores the intersection of nutritional and evolutionary biology in understanding insect success in the Anthropocene, emphasizing the importance of nutritional knowledge for both ecological research and applied insect farming systems. Full article
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23 pages, 26090 KB  
Article
Life History Plasticity and Gregarious Cocooning Behavior of the Wild Silkmoth Cricula trifenestrata Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) on a Novel Host Plant, Cinnamon, in Thailand
by Kanitsara Magnussen, Motoyuki Sumida, Suwat Promma, Anongrit Kangrang, Fritz Vollrath, Thanupong Thunchailertthakul and Chirapha Butiman
Insects 2025, 16(9), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090914 - 1 Sep 2025
Viewed by 423
Abstract
Cricula trifenestrata Helfer was recently documented on cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.), a novel host plant in Thailand. We compared life history and behavior under natural field, semi-natural caged, and laboratory conditions on cinnamon, plus opportunistic collection from hog plum (Spondias pinnata). [...] Read more.
Cricula trifenestrata Helfer was recently documented on cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.), a novel host plant in Thailand. We compared life history and behavior under natural field, semi-natural caged, and laboratory conditions on cinnamon, plus opportunistic collection from hog plum (Spondias pinnata). Laboratory rearing significantly extended development (62.30 ± 3.68 days) versus field conditions (56.30 ± 1.83 days, p < 0.001) through delayed egg and pupal stages, indicating life history plasticity. We discovered density-dependent oviposition plasticity (linear arrangements in field: 155.6 ± 84.9 eggs/batch; clustered in laboratory) and novel gregarious cocooning behavior, where 85.1% of individuals (n = 47 sites) aggregated to form communal clusters with unique reticulated architecture. Female cocoon shell ratio (CSR) was significantly higher in laboratory (5.02 ± 0.72%) and hog plum cohorts (5.30 ± 0.30%) than field conditions (3.92 ± 0.51%, p = 0.002). Opportunistic rearing yielded >2 kg fresh cocoons, with clusters reaching 0.220 kg. These findings establish biological baselines for C. trifenestrata Helfer on cinnamon, reveal sophisticated social behaviors expanding lepidopteran sociality concepts, and demonstrate commercial potential for sustainable sericulture integrated with pest management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Science of Insect Rearing Systems)
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26 pages, 1188 KB  
Systematic Review
Exploring the Intersection of Microplastics and Black Soldier Fly Larvae: A Comprehensive Review
by Claudiu-Nicusor Ionica, Romelia Pop, Raluca Paula Popa, Alexandru-Flaviu Tabaran, Dragos Hodor, Sergiu Condor, Sorana Daina, Andrei-Radu Szakacs and Adrian Macri
Insects 2025, 16(9), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090913 - 1 Sep 2025
Viewed by 412
Abstract
Microplastic pollution has become a critical environmental issue, affecting terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. These pollutants, originating from plastic degradation and primary sources, can act as carriers for harmful substances such as heavy metals and organic contaminants. While mitigation efforts are still in [...] Read more.
Microplastic pollution has become a critical environmental issue, affecting terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. These pollutants, originating from plastic degradation and primary sources, can act as carriers for harmful substances such as heavy metals and organic contaminants. While mitigation efforts are still in development, biological systems, particularly Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL), have shown promise in organic waste management and pollutant bioaccumulation. Recent research explores the potential of BSFL to interact with and degrade microplastic particles, although the mechanisms remain underexplored. The role of microbial communities in facilitating microplastic degradation is of growing interest, as well as the impact of microplastic ingestion on the larvae’s efficiency in organic waste breakdown. However, experimental inconsistencies and environmental variations continue to delay progress, underscoring the need for further study to optimize bioremediation strategies and assess long-term ecological effects. This systematic review aims to explore the interactions between microplastics and BSFL, focusing on their potential as a bioremediation agent. It investigates the larvae’s ability to reduce microplastic pollution through bioaccumulation and degradation processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Role of Insects in Human Society)
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1 pages, 126 KB  
Correction
Correction: Xu et al. Four New Species of Larval Charletonia and Leptus (Acari: Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae), with a Checklist of the Two Genera and Their Hosts from China. Insects 2022, 13, 1154
by Si-Yuan Xu, Tian-Ci Yi, Jian-Jun Guo and Dao-Chao Jin
Insects 2025, 16(9), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090912 - 1 Sep 2025
Viewed by 186
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mite Nature: Taxonomy, Behavior and Dispersion)
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