Life History Plasticity and Gregarious Cocooning Behavior of the Wild Silkmoth Cricula trifenestrata Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) on a Novel Host Plant, Cinnamon, in Thailand
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites and Host Plant Species
2.2. Insect Material and Rearing Conditions
2.2.1. Field Population Monitoring
2.2.2. Semi-Natural Rearing on Cinnamon
2.2.3. Laboratory Rearing
2.2.4. Opportunistic Collection from Hog Plum Trees
2.3. Data Collection Protocols
2.3.1. Life History and Behavioral Documentation
2.3.2. Oviposition Pattern Analysis
2.3.3. Gregarious Cocooning Behavior Assessment
2.3.4. Morphometric Cocoon Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Life Cycle Duration Under Different Rearing Conditions
3.2. Stage-Specific Analysis
3.3. Morphological Characteristics and Developmental Stages
3.4. Behavioral Observations
3.4.1. Density-Dependent Oviposition Plasticity
3.4.2. Larval Aggregation and Gregarious Cocooning Behavior
3.4.3. Quantitative Analysis of Gregarious Cocooning Behavior
3.5. Cocoon Quality and Commercial Potential
3.5.1. Rearing Environment Effects on Cocoon Characteristics
3.5.2. Mass Production Potential from Opportunistic Hog Plum Collection
4. Discussion
4.1. Developmental Plasticity and Environmental Adaptation
4.2. Novel Host Adaptation and Dual-Host Strategy
4.3. Social Behavior and Collective Decision-Making
4.3.1. Implications of Density-Dependent Oviposition Plasticity
4.3.2. Active Gregarious Behavior Throughout Development
4.3.3. Ontogenetic Social Shifts and Cooperative Mechanisms
4.3.4. Gregarious Cocooning Behavior
4.4. Commercial Silk Production and Integrated Pest Management
4.4.1. Silk Quality and Host-Mediated Effects
4.4.2. Pest-to-Product Transformation Strategy
4.5. Evolutionary Significance and Ecological Implications
4.6. Study Limitations and Future Research Directions
4.6.1. Methodological Constraints
4.6.2. Priority Research Areas
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Developmental Stage | Field | Semi-Natural | Laboratory | F-Statistic | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Egg | 9.50 ± 0.53 a | 9.40 ± 0.52 a | 11.00 ± 0.67 b | 24.371 | <0.001 |
1st-Instar Larva | 3.30 ± 0.48 | 3.60 ± 0.52 | 3.60 ± 0.52 | 1.174 | 0.324 |
2nd-Instar Larva | 4.50 ± 0.53 | 4.60 ± 0.52 | 4.60 ± 0.52 | 0.123 | 0.885 |
3rd-Instar Larva | 5.80 ± 0.79 | 6.20 ± 0.63 | 6.50 ± 0.71 | 2.431 | 0.107 |
4th-Instar Larva | 6.90 ± 0.88 | 6.90 ± 0.88 | 7.00 ± 0.82 | 0.045 | 0.956 |
5th-Instar Larva | 9.50 ± 0.53 | 9.40 ± 0.52 | 9.70 ± 0.48 | 0.9 | 0.418 |
Pupa | 11.10 ± 0.88 a | 11.20 ± 1.03 a | 13.70 ± 1.42 b | 16.934 | <0.001 |
Adult | 4.70 ± 0.48 ab | 4.60 ± 0.52 a | 5.20 ± 0.42 b | 4.574 | 0.019 |
Total Duration | 56.30 ± 1.83 a | 56.90 ± 1.60 a | 62.30 ± 3.68 b | 16.838 | <0.001 |
Life Stage | Approx. Length/Wingspan (cm) | Distinguishing Features |
---|---|---|
Egg | 0.12 ± 0.02 | Ivory-white; oval and dorsoventrally flattened, resembling beads on a garland; laid in 1–3 neat parallel rows on the leaf edge. |
1st-Instar Larva | 0.58 ± 0.12 | Cream-yellow body, later turning yellowish-red with dark transverse bands; prominent glossy dark head and dark-margined prothoracic plate; body covered in sparse, fine setae arising from light-brown scoli. |
2nd-Instar Larva | 0.65 ± 0.10 | Body color a combination of red, yellow, and black; glossy brown head; golden-brown legs; clothed in a tuft of long white and short black hairs arising from brown scoli bearing golden spines. |
3rd-Instar Larva | 2.5 ± 0.11 | Reddish-yellow body with yellow-black stripes; deep-red head capsule and prothoracic shield; legs are brick red; dense growth of long white setae arising from scoli that are encircled by a yellow band. |
4th-Instar Larva | 5.5 ± 0.1 | Black body with vivid red-orange transverse bands; red head and anal claspers; prominent, long white setae become more conspicuous; body dots turn yellow. |
5th-Instar Larva | 7.5 ± 0.10 | Black body with crimson-red transverse bands and glowing yellow dots; crimson-red head; covered with long whitish hairs projecting from pink tubercles (scoli); the yellow dots are luminescent under normal light and exhibit fluorescence under UV light. |
Pupa | 4.5 ± 0.13 | Dark-brown in color; obtect, with a hard cuticle; female distinguished by a fine longitudinal line on the ventral side of the 8th abdominal segment, which is absent in the male. |
Adult Male | Wingspan 6.5 ± 0.2 | ♂: Quadripectinate antennae; light golden-brown scales; forewing with one transparent fenestra and one small dark spot. |
Adult Female | Wingspan 7.0 ± 0.02 | ♀: Bipectinate antennae (less feathery than male); dark brown and orange scales; forewing with three transparent fenestrae. |
Environment | Pattern Type | Sample Size | Frequency (%) | Examples (Eggs) | Substrate Types |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Field | Linear (1–3 rows) | 5 batches | 100 | 34, 135, 169, 180, 260 | Host leaves only |
Laboratory | Small clusters | 7/15 clusters | 46.7 | 1, 2, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 | Mixed substrates * |
Laboratory | Medium clusters | 6/15 clusters | 40 | 11, 14, 16, 25, 26, 30 | Mixed substrates * |
Laboratory | Large clusters | 2/15 clusters | 13.3 | 60, 98 | Mixed substrates * |
Cluster Size | Field | Semi-Field | Laboratory | Total (n) | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solitary (1) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 14.9 |
Small (2–10) | 12 | 5 | 6 | 23 | 48.9 |
Medium (11–30) | 7 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 19.1 |
Large (31–100+) | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 17 |
Total | 30 | 7 | 10 | 47 | 100 |
Cocoon Trait | Field | Semi-Natural | Lab | Hog Plum | F-Statistic (Welch’s) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | ||||||
Fresh cocoon weight (g) | 1.724 ± 0.151 | 1.618 ± 0.178 | 1.604 ± 0.167 | 1.564 ± 0.103 | 1.102 | 0.399 |
Weight of pupa (g) | 1.637 ± 0.139 | 1.522 ± 0.151 | 1.525 ± 0.131 | 1.466 ± 0.099 | 1.462 | 0.29 |
Cocoon shell weight (g) | 0.066 ± 0.009 ab | 0.058 ± 0.018 a | 0.081 ± 0.017 b | 0.083 ± 0.006 b | 5.23 | 0.027 |
Cocoon shell ratio (%) | 3.92 ± 0.51 a | 3.56 ± 0.67 a | 5.02 ± 0.72 b | 5.30 ± 0.30 b | 13.17 | 0.002 |
Male | ||||||
Fresh cocoon weight (g) | 0.963 ± 0.227 | 0.941 ± 0.305 | 1.028 ± 0.192 | 1.009 ± 0.081 | 0.136 | 0.935 |
Weight of pupa (g) | 0.917 ± 0.225 | 0.883 ± 0.297 | 0.944 ± 0.185 | 0.922 ± 0.078 | 0.045 | 0.986 |
Cocoon shell weight (g) | 0.045 ± 0.017 | 0.046 ± 0.024 | 0.070 ± 0.011 | 0.059 ± 0.019 | 2.828 | 0.102 |
Cocoon shell ratio (%) | 4.59 ± 1.03 | 4.96 ± 2.59 | 6.82 ± 0.78 | 5.85 ± 1.97 | 4.495 | 0.038 |
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Magnussen, K.; Sumida, M.; Promma, S.; Kangrang, A.; Vollrath, F.; Thunchailertthakul, T.; Butiman, C. Life History Plasticity and Gregarious Cocooning Behavior of the Wild Silkmoth Cricula trifenestrata Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) on a Novel Host Plant, Cinnamon, in Thailand. Insects 2025, 16, 914. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090914
Magnussen K, Sumida M, Promma S, Kangrang A, Vollrath F, Thunchailertthakul T, Butiman C. Life History Plasticity and Gregarious Cocooning Behavior of the Wild Silkmoth Cricula trifenestrata Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) on a Novel Host Plant, Cinnamon, in Thailand. Insects. 2025; 16(9):914. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090914
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagnussen, Kanitsara, Motoyuki Sumida, Suwat Promma, Anongrit Kangrang, Fritz Vollrath, Thanupong Thunchailertthakul, and Chirapha Butiman. 2025. "Life History Plasticity and Gregarious Cocooning Behavior of the Wild Silkmoth Cricula trifenestrata Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) on a Novel Host Plant, Cinnamon, in Thailand" Insects 16, no. 9: 914. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090914
APA StyleMagnussen, K., Sumida, M., Promma, S., Kangrang, A., Vollrath, F., Thunchailertthakul, T., & Butiman, C. (2025). Life History Plasticity and Gregarious Cocooning Behavior of the Wild Silkmoth Cricula trifenestrata Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) on a Novel Host Plant, Cinnamon, in Thailand. Insects, 16(9), 914. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090914