Insects

16 pages, 4006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nesting and Foraging Preferences of Four Sympatric Species of Cavity-Nesting Leafcutting Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

by Qianlei Dai, Junjie Hu, Xuan Liu, Jia Wan, Jiabao Wei, Dongshuo Yang and Chunling He

Insects 2025, 16(8), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080831 - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

Megachilidae are crucial pollinators of cultivated and wild vegetation, playing a vital role in ecosystem pollination services, however, there is still a lack of information regarding the ecology and behavior of these species. This study aims to analyze the nesting ecology strategies of [...] Read more.

Megachilidae are crucial pollinators of cultivated and wild vegetation, playing a vital role in ecosystem pollination services, however, there is still a lack of information regarding the ecology and behavior of these species. This study aims to analyze the nesting ecology strategies of four sympatric species of leafcutting bees and their interactions with pollen source plants. Data were collected from April to October from 2019 to 2022 in the Jiyuan section of the Taihang Mountain National Nature Reserve (approximately 35°10′–35°25′ N, 111°55′–112°10′ E) using trap nest methods. Through the dissection of nesting tubes, their structural characteristics were revealed, and the pollen sources collected by the bees were identified. Our results showed that nesting activity of leafcutting bees lasted from May to October, with a preference for nesting tubes of 6 to 10 mm in diameter and 131 to 170 mm in length. We documented 48 plant species used as foraging sources, belonging to 17 orders, 24 families, and 33 genera, with the Fagaceae family (9 species) being predominant. The results indicate that the distinctive traits of these species—such as the asynchronous nesting periods, the types of nesting materials, the dimensions of cavities, and differential utilization of floral resources—likely play a critical role in niche differentiation among sympatric species, thereby ensuring the maintenance and persistence of Megachilidae populations in this region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Insects and Apiculture)

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20 pages, 1111 KiB

Open AccessReview

Black Soldier Fly Larvae as a Novel Protein Feed Resource Promoting Circular Economy in Agriculture

by Hongren Su, Bin Zhang, Jingyi Shi, Shichun He, Sifan Dai, Zhiyong Zhao, Dongwang Wu and Jun Li

Insects 2025, 16(8), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080830 - 10 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study is a systematic critical review aimed at rigorously evaluating the potential of Hermetia illucens larvae (black soldier fly larvae, BSFL) as a sustainable protein source for animal feed through a standardized methodological framework. To address the significant challenge posed by the [...] Read more.

This study is a systematic critical review aimed at rigorously evaluating the potential of Hermetia illucens larvae (black soldier fly larvae, BSFL) as a sustainable protein source for animal feed through a standardized methodological framework. To address the significant challenge posed by the increasing global demand for protein feed to agricultural sustainability, we retrieved relevant studies published between October 2008 and June 2025 from three core databases—PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science—and conducted study screening and data extraction in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. BSFL represent a viable alternative, with a high protein content of 40–60% and efficient organic waste conversion capabilities. This systematic review explores the potential of BSFL to replace traditional protein sources such as fishmeal and soybean meal in animal feed, highlighting their advantages in enhancing growth performance, improving gut health, and reducing methane emissions in ruminants. However, there are still critical research gaps, including the need for standardized safety assessments regarding heavy metal accumulation and chitin digestibility. Addressing these challenges through optimized rearing techniques and rigorous safety evaluations will be crucial for scaling up BSFL production and advancing the development of circular agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects as the Nutrition Source in Animal Feed)

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25 pages, 5748 KiB

Open AccessArticle

YOLO-PTHD: A UAV-Based Deep Learning Model for Detecting Visible Phenotypic Signs of Pine Decline Induced by the Invasive Woodwasp Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera, Siricidae)

by Wenshuo Yang, Jiaqiang Zhao, Dexu Zhu, Zhengtong Wang, Min Song, Tao Chen, Te Liang and Juan Shi

Insects 2025, 16(8), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080829 - 9 Aug 2025

Viewed by 30

Abstract

Sirex noctilio is an invasive pest that contributes to pine tree decline, leading to visual symptoms such as needle discoloration, crown thinning, and eventual tree death. Detecting these visible phenotypic signs from drone imagery is challenging due to elongated or irregular crown shapes, [...] Read more.

Sirex noctilio is an invasive pest that contributes to pine tree decline, leading to visual symptoms such as needle discoloration, crown thinning, and eventual tree death. Detecting these visible phenotypic signs from drone imagery is challenging due to elongated or irregular crown shapes, weak color differences, and occlusion within dense forests. This study introduces YOLO-PTHD, a lightweight deep learning model designed for detecting visible signs of pine decline in UAV images. The model integrates three customized components: Strip-based convolution to capture elongated tree structures, Channel-Aware Attention to enhance weak visual cues, and a scale-sensitive dynamic loss function to improve detection of minority classes and small targets. A UAV-based dataset, the Sirex Woodwasp dataset, was constructed with annotated images of weakened, and dead pine trees. YOLO-PTHD achieved an mAP of 0.923 and an F1-score of 0.866 on this dataset. To evaluate the model’s generalization capability, it was further tested on the Real Pine Wilt Disease dataset from South Korea. Despite differences in tree symptoms and imaging conditions, the model maintained strong performance, demonstrating its robustness across different forest health scenarios. Field investigations targeting Sirex woodwasp in outbreak areas confirmed that the model could reliably detect damaged trees in real-world forest environments. This work demonstrates the potential of UAV-based visual analysis for large-scale phenotypic surveillance of pine health in forest management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance and Management of Invasive Insects)

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23 pages, 12937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wings as Part of the Sensory System in the Aphid Subfamily Eriosomatinae s. lat. (Insecta, Hemiptera)

by Barbara Franielczyk-Pietyra, Moshe Inbar, Paulina Hutyra and Łukasz Depa

Insects 2025, 16(8), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080828 - 9 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Wings are a crucial evolutionary trait of insects and constitute an important part of their sensory system. Phloem-feeding aphids specialising in particular host plant species require an efficient sensory system and locomotive abilities to find an appropriate plant to complete the life cycle. [...] Read more.

Wings are a crucial evolutionary trait of insects and constitute an important part of their sensory system. Phloem-feeding aphids specialising in particular host plant species require an efficient sensory system and locomotive abilities to find an appropriate plant to complete the life cycle. Wings (in winged morphs) play a crucial role in this dispersal, but the sensory part of their structure is neglected. Here, we review campaniform sensilla, responsible for sensing the mechanical deformations of wings, in the aphid subfamily Eriosomatinae, where many species are host-alternating, which requires distant flights. Based on light and scanning electron microscopy, we illustrate sensilla and their arrangement on wings in 10 species. We also provide a broader sensory background by correlating their number with other important olfactory and campaniform sensilla of the antennae and legs. We find a strong relation of forewing sensilla with olfactory receptors on antennae, but their number is specific for particular morphs, depending on the required flight effort, led by the abundance of the host plant. Morphs migrating to less abundant host have 1.15 to 1.77 more campaniform sensilla per 1 mm of forewing length than morphs migrating to more abundant host. Aphids reveal a relatively high number of sensilla on the distal part of the forewings, showing their importance for effective sensing the deformation of wing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)

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20 pages, 1897 KiB

Open AccessReview

Edible Insect Production in Thailand: Sustainable Supply Chain Management

by Sasiprapa Krongdang, Karthikeyan Venkatachalam, Thararat Chitov, Sutee Wangtueai, Jittimon Wongsa, Thanya Parametthanuwat and Narin Charoenphun

Insects 2025, 16(8), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080827 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 123

Abstract

This study aims to foster a guideline for sustainable supply chain management for edible insect production through a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the current situation, focusing especially on Thailand’s perspective. It addresses the traditional culture and modern practice of insect consumption [...] Read more.

This study aims to foster a guideline for sustainable supply chain management for edible insect production through a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the current situation, focusing especially on Thailand’s perspective. It addresses the traditional culture and modern practice of insect consumption and how these factors affect current production for commercial purposes. The advantages of nutritional values and farming with edible insects over traditional livestock farming are highlighted. A threats, opportunities, weaknesses, and strengths (TOWS) matrix analysis, producing action-oriented strategies, was based on an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of Thailand’s edible insect industry. The strategies include enhancement of production and product quality, innovation of intelligent production techniques and agriculture, fortification of branding and product development, encouragement of research and development investment, and the promotion of local product identity. The analysis emphasizes the value of sustainable supply chain management and advocates for the advancement of the bio-circular green (BCG) economy strategy for the edible insect industry. It also emphasizes the importance of stakeholder collaboration and implementing regulations to ensure food safety and sustainable production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects: A Unique Bioresource for Agriculture and Humanity)

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14 pages, 2919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Spatial Distribution of Pulse Blue Butterfly (Lampides boeticus), Pest of Legume Crops, in Response to Climate Change

by Jeong Ho Hwang, Sunhee Yoon and Wang-Hee Lee

Insects 2025, 16(8), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080826 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 111

Abstract

The potential distribution of the pulse blue butterfly, Lampides boeticus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), was determined using MaxEnt, random forest, and ensemble models. The results indicate that most tropical, subtropical, and some temperate regions are suitable habitats. Climate change is projected to expand the species’ [...] Read more.

The potential distribution of the pulse blue butterfly, Lampides boeticus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), was determined using MaxEnt, random forest, and ensemble models. The results indicate that most tropical, subtropical, and some temperate regions are suitable habitats. Climate change is projected to expand the species’ habitat northward in the Northern Hemisphere. Predicted distributions aligned well with the known occurrence records for the species. The minimum temperature of the coldest month was the climatic variable that most strongly influenced the distribution of L. boeticus. As a tropical and subtropical species, it is assumed that cold temperatures are the main factor limiting its habitat range. Because the potential distribution of this pest covers major pulse cultivation areas under both current and future climate scenarios, these findings highlight the urgent need for developing a sustainable pest management strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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14 pages, 996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Biological Evidence of Radioprotective Effects and Critical Oxygen Thresholds in Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae)

by Qing-Ying Zhao, YongLin Ren, Yun-Long Ma, Ju-Peng Zhao, Xin Du, Simon J. McKirdy and Guo-Ping Zhan

Insects 2025, 16(8), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080825 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 159

Abstract

Irradiation combined with Modified Atmosphere (MA) Packaging (MAP) is increasingly applied to disinfest fresh harvested produce while maintaining quality. However, anoxia and hypoxic conditions created by MA can reduce the effectiveness of ionizing radiation by inducing radioprotective effects in insects. This study investigated [...] Read more.

Irradiation combined with Modified Atmosphere (MA) Packaging (MAP) is increasingly applied to disinfest fresh harvested produce while maintaining quality. However, anoxia and hypoxic conditions created by MA can reduce the effectiveness of ionizing radiation by inducing radioprotective effects in insects. This study investigated the relationship between oxygen levels and radiation efficacy in late third-instar larvae of Zeugodacus cucurbitae. Larvae were sealed in MAP bags filled with various low-oxygen atmospheres (0% to 5%, nitrogen balance) or ambient air (21%) and irradiated with X-rays at doses from 16 to 88 Gy. Mortality was assessed based on adult emergence. Results showed that mortality significantly decreased as oxygen level increased from 0% to 3%, and statistic data-analysis including probit analysis showed a critical oxygen threshold at 4% O₂. At oxygen levels below this threshold, significantly higher radiation doses were required to achieve 99.9968% mortality at a 95% confidence level (probit-9 level). The additional dose needed under 0% O₂ was estimated at 13–18 Gy compared to ambient air. These findings further demonstrate that phytosanitary irradiation under MA conditions can effectively control tephritid insects while preserving product quality. Identifying 4% O₂ as the radioprotective threshold may have implications for understanding dose–response mechanisms under MA conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Controlling Insect Pests in Postharvest Agricultural Products Using Non-Chemical Methods)

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24 pages, 5539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Four New Species of Haplocauda, with Notes on the Evolutionary Convergence of Copulation Clamps in Lucidotini (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Lampyrinae)

by Leandro Zeballos, Luiz Felipe Lima da Silveira and Cláudio Ruy Vasconcelos da Fonseca

Insects 2025, 16(8), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080824 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 171

Abstract

Lampyrinae Lucidotini contains nearly a third of the world’s Lampyridae. The lack of revisions and the overlap of diagnostic features across taxonomic levels have hindered identification and, therefore, further studies of Lucidotini taxa. The use of terminalia and genital traits in Lucidotini phylogenies [...] Read more.

Lampyrinae Lucidotini contains nearly a third of the world’s Lampyridae. The lack of revisions and the overlap of diagnostic features across taxonomic levels have hindered identification and, therefore, further studies of Lucidotini taxa. The use of terminalia and genital traits in Lucidotini phylogenies has been fundamental to inform and update the genus-level delimitations in this group. One important open question is whether the presence of increased-length abdominal segment VIII (in relation to segment VII) in the closely related genera Scissicauda and Haplocauda is synapomorphic or homoplastic. In recent collecting efforts combined with studies of specimens deposited in different scientific collections, we found specimens hypothesized as four new firefly species from the Amazon basin that share the unique characteristics of the male abdomen of Haplocauda species. To test the hypothesis that these new species are monophyletic and sisters to Haplocauda species, and that the augmented segment VIII is synapomorphic to Scissicauda + Haplocauda, we ran phylogenetic analyses building upon a pre-existing character matrix, including a wide sample of Lucidotini and neighboring branches. Our results support the placement of the four new species described here (H. lata sp. nov., H. amazonensis sp. nov., H. aculeata sp. nov. and H. antimary sp. nov.) in Haplocauda. Importantly, one species with regular-sized segment VIII sclerites was recovered as the earliest diverging lineages of Haplocauda, suggesting that segment VIII was augmented at least twice in the Lucidotini—the other one being within Scissicauda. We also report, for the first time, a sympatry between Haplocauda species. We revised the definition of Haplocauda and updated the distribution of H. mendesi and the existing key to species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beetles in Integrative Entomology: Biology, Taxonomy, and Conservation)

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22 pages, 17346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comments on Two Controversial Oriental Assassin Bug Species of the Genus Rhynocoris (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), with the Description of R. minutus sp. nov. from China

by Huaiyu Liu, Zhuo Chen, Haoyang Xiong, Zhaoyang Chen, Hu Li, Ping Zhao and Wanzhi Cai

Insects 2025, 16(8), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080823 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 153

Abstract

The two closely related Oriental species of the genus Rhynocoris, R. costalis (Stål, 1867) and R. fuscipes (Fabricius, 1787), exhibit remarkable morphological similarity, particularly in their overall red and black body coloration, including the head, thorax, and abdomen. Based on the examination [...] Read more.

The two closely related Oriental species of the genus Rhynocoris, R. costalis (Stål, 1867) and R. fuscipes (Fabricius, 1787), exhibit remarkable morphological similarity, particularly in their overall red and black body coloration, including the head, thorax, and abdomen. Based on the examination of type specimens and non-type material collected from various localities of southern China, we found these two congeners were misidentified in many previous publications. Due to the restricted distribution and limited population size of R. fuscipes in China, most taxonomic, biological, and biocontrol studies conducted under the name Harpactor fuscipes or Rhynocoris fuscipes should be instead attributed to R. costalis. To address this confusion regarding these two species, the present study clarifies the taxonomic status of the two controversial species—R. costalis and R. fuscipes. Additionally, a new species, Rhynocoris minutus Liu, Zhao & Cai sp. nov., collected from southwestern China, is described and illustrated. A key to the 13 species in Rhynocoris currently recorded in China is provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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13 pages, 3002 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Lack of Genetic Differentiation of Five Triatomine Species Belonging to the Triatoma rubrovaria Subcomplex (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

by Amanda R. Caetano, Lucas B. Mosmann, Thaiane Verly, Stephanie Costa, Jader Oliveira, Constança Britto and Márcio G. Pavan

Insects 2025, 16(8), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080822 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 243

Abstract

The Triatoma rubrovaria subcomplex, comprising several triatomine species, plays a significant role in the transmission of Chagas disease in southern Brazil. Despite morphological distinctions among these species, their genetic differentiation remains poorly understood, particularly in sympatric regions. This study investigates the genetic diversity [...] Read more.

The Triatoma rubrovaria subcomplex, comprising several triatomine species, plays a significant role in the transmission of Chagas disease in southern Brazil. Despite morphological distinctions among these species, their genetic differentiation remains poorly understood, particularly in sympatric regions. This study investigates the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships through DNA sequencing analysis of five sympatric species within the T. rubrovaria subcomplex (T. rubrovaria, T. carcavalloi, T. klugi, T. circummaculata, and T. pintodiasi), using a 542-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtCytb) gene. A total of 84 specimens were collected from six municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and analyzed alongside laboratory-reared specimens and sequences from the GenBank. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions, haplotype networks, and population structure analyses revealed a lack of clear genetic differentiation among the five species, with overlapping intra- and interspecific divergences and shared haplotypes. These findings suggest either a single species exhibiting phenotypic plasticity or a group of incipient species with ongoing gene flow. This study highlights the need for a taxonomic revision and suggests that this group could serve as a valuable model for further genomic research to elucidate potential aspects of phenotypic plasticity and/or sympatric speciation in triatomines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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24 pages, 642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Toxicological Effects of Insecticides and Their Mixtures on Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

by Marwa A. El-Saleh, Ali A. Aioub, El-Sayed A. El-Sheikh, Wahied M. H. Desuky, Lamya Ahmed Alkeridis, Laila A. Al-Shuraym, Marwa M. A. Farag, Samy Sayed, Ahmed A. A. Aioub and Ibrahim A. Hamed

Insects 2025, 16(8), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080821 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 266

Abstract

Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major insect pest that severely affects various crops. Our study provides new insights by combining field efficacy trials with enzymatic analysis to evaluate the effects of emamectin benzoate mixtures with other insecticides (lufenuron, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and [...] Read more.

Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major insect pest that severely affects various crops. Our study provides new insights by combining field efficacy trials with enzymatic analysis to evaluate the effects of emamectin benzoate mixtures with other insecticides (lufenuron, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and spinosad) against S. littoralis. The aim of our work was to investigate the effectiveness of five insecticides, i.e., emamectin benzoate, lufenuron, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and spinosad, for controlling this pest under field conditions during two consecutive seasons (2023–2024). Each insecticide was applied individually at the recommended rate, while some were mixed with emamectin benzoate at half its recommended rate. The results indicated that emamectin benzoate was the most effective insecticide, followed by lufenuron. The joint action of emamectin benzoate (LC₂₅) and its mixtures with other insecticides (chlorpyrifos, spinosad, cypermethrin, and lufenuron) at various concentrations (LC₅₀) against second- and fourth-instar S. littoralis larvae was evaluated. Results showed additive effects with chlorpyrifos, lufenuron, and cypermethrin, while potentiation occurred with cypermethrin (LC₅₀) and chlorpyrifos (LC₅₀). Antagonistic effects were observed in the combination of emamectin benzoate with spinosad (LC₂₅ and LC₅₀). This study concluded that applying insecticides individually is more cost-effective for managing cotton leafworm infestations in cotton crops. Additionally, enzyme activity analysis showed significant changes in alpha-esterase, beta-esterase, carboxylesterase, acetylcholinesterase, and glutathione S-transferase levels in larvae treated with different insecticide combinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pesticide Chemistry, Toxicology and Insect Pest Resistance)

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15 pages, 2602 KiB

Open AccessReview

Resistance to Vip3Aa: A Growing Threat with Unclear Mechanisms and Management Implications

by Rajeev Roy, Dawson Kerns and Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes

Insects 2025, 16(8), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080820 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 305

Abstract

The vegetative insecticidal protein Vip3Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has become a key plant-incorporated protectant (PIP) in transgenic crops targeting lepidopteran pests, particularly as resistance increasingly compromises the efficacy of Cry protein PIPs. More than a decade after its commercial deployment, Vip3Aa performance [...] Read more.

The vegetative insecticidal protein Vip3Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has become a key plant-incorporated protectant (PIP) in transgenic crops targeting lepidopteran pests, particularly as resistance increasingly compromises the efficacy of Cry protein PIPs. More than a decade after its commercial deployment, Vip3Aa performance remains efficacious but increasingly vulnerable. Field screens have detected unexpectedly high baseline frequencies of Vip3Aa-resistant alleles and have produced highly resistant strains in several major pests, including Helicoverpa spp., Spodoptera spp., and Mythimna separata. Although structure–function experiments and studies on resistance to Vip3Aa have identified altered midgut processing and impaired receptor binding as candidate resistance mechanisms, the underlying genetic determinants remain poorly understood. Moreover, resistance to Vip3Aa appears to diverge from canonical Cry protein resistance pathways, underscoring the need for dedicated mechanistic studies. This review critically examines the available experimental evidence on Vip3Aa resistance mechanisms, highlighting major knowledge gaps and proposing research priorities to inform resistance monitoring and extend the durability of Vip3Aa-based pest control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Understanding of Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance in Lepidopteran Pests: 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Checklist of the Tribe Eucosmini Obraztsov, 1946 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) from Taiwan

by Yinghui Sun, John W. Brown, Ming Liu, Qiangcheng Zeng and Houhun Li

Insects 2025, 16(8), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080819 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 322

Abstract

This study presents an updated and detailed inventory of the tortricid tribe Eucosmini found in Taiwan Province, China, highlighting 26 genera and 53 species. Several taxonomic novelties were revealed: The genus Coenobiodes is newly recorded for Taiwan Province, Hermenias semicurva is newly reported [...] Read more.

This study presents an updated and detailed inventory of the tortricid tribe Eucosmini found in Taiwan Province, China, highlighting 26 genera and 53 species. Several taxonomic novelties were revealed: The genus Coenobiodes is newly recorded for Taiwan Province, Hermenias semicurva is newly reported for China, and six species are newly recorded for Taiwan. Most Eucosmini species in Taiwan are widespread in eastern Asia and/or the Palearctic, but 12 (23%) are endemic to Taiwan. Biogeographical distributions are provided for each species, and a list of the specimens examined is provided where applicable. These findings underscore Taiwan’s status as a biodiversity hotspot and offer crucial data for understanding regional and global biodiversity patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

17 pages, 3010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Species-Specific Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid Identification of Zeugodacus cucurbitae Coquillet (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Other Closely Related Fruit Fly Species

by Rebijith Kayattukandy Balan, Sherly George, Gur Pines, Dongmei Li, Disna Gunawardana and Sathish Puthigae

Insects 2025, 16(8), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080818 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 162

Abstract

Fruit flies that belong to the genus Zeugodacus (Diptera: Tephritidae) pose significant threats as invasive pests of agricultural crops in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The intensification of transboundary trade in fresh horticultural produce has increased the risk of introducing invasive species such as [...] Read more.

Fruit flies that belong to the genus Zeugodacus (Diptera: Tephritidae) pose significant threats as invasive pests of agricultural crops in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The intensification of transboundary trade in fresh horticultural produce has increased the risk of introducing invasive species such as fruit flies, more so through the inadvertent transport of their immature developmental stages. Such immature stages of fruit flies belonging to the Tephritidae family are frequently intercepted at the international borders worldwide and are unable to be identified to the species level using morphological characteristics. Molecular identification using mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene has proven to be quite useful, as they are not constrained by developmental stages, sex, or colour morphs of the pest species in question. Also, real-time PCR-based species-specific assays offer quicker turnaround time since they do not require any post-PCR procedures. This study evaluated the utility of a real-time PCR assay based on the COI gene region to identify Zeugodacus cucurbitae from other Tephritid species. The developed real-time PCR assay provides a swift and precise way of discriminating between these highly invasive pest species during an interception event for rapid decision making. High specificity, having no cross-reactions with closely related Tephritids, and sensitivity of the developed assay will be extremely useful in discriminating Z. cucurbitae from other closely related fruit fly species. Z. cucurbitae-specific real-time PCR developed in this study is appropriate for organizations that carry out routine diagnostics to facilitate fresh produce imports and exports. Our assay is fully optimized for rapid deployment at international borders, offering reliable detection of the target species regardless of developmental stage, sex, or geographic origins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Behavior, Ecology and Integrated Management)

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13 pages, 1560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of the Early Sensitive Stage and Natural Resistance of Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.) Against Black Bean and Cowpea Aphids

by Fouad Meradsi, Adel Lekbir, Oussama A. Bensaci, Abdelkader Tifferent, Asim Abbasi, Assia Djemoui, Nazih Y. Rebouh, Abeer Hashem, Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada, Khalid F. Almutairi and Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah

Insects 2025, 16(8), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080817 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 233

Abstract

Broad bean is one of the most important leguminous crops worldwide. However, its productivity is greatly affected by the infestation of Aphis fabae and Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The main objective of the current study was to identify the most susceptible phenological stages [...] Read more.

Broad bean is one of the most important leguminous crops worldwide. However, its productivity is greatly affected by the infestation of Aphis fabae and Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The main objective of the current study was to identify the most susceptible phenological stages of the broad bean variety (Histal) against black aphids’ herbivory. This had been achieved through an evaluation of plant resistance mechanisms such as antixenosis and antibiosis. The results regarding an antixenosis test revealed that the four tested phenological stages of V. faba did not have a significant effect on the preference of A. craccivora and A. fabae towards the crop plant. Overall, a slightly higher number of adults settled on the three and four unfolded leaves’ stage of the crop plant. Similarly, the highest number of developed embryos were found in the four leaves’ stage of the crop, and the lowest in the second leaf stage. The adult body size of A. craccivora was slightly larger in the case of the three unfolded leaves. Furthermore, the maximum body size of A. fabae adults was recorded in the case of the first unfolded leaf stage crop. Linear correlations between the biological parameters for both species revealed only one significant relationship between developed and total embryos for A. craccivora. The results of the current study highlight the need to protect broad bean crops against infestations of black aphids, i.e., A. craccivora and A. fabae. This is essential for reducing direct damage and preventing the transmission of phytoviruses. However, future studies should aim to evaluate the susceptibility of all developmental phenological stages of the crop against black aphids to mitigate potential crop losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)

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10 pages, 1284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ibisia marginata (Fabricius, 1781) (Diptera, Athericidae): Distribution and Perennial Emergence Patterns in Croatia

by Marija Ivković, Jelena Fajdetić and Viktorija Ergović

Insects 2025, 16(8), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080816 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 186

Abstract

Ibisia marginata (Diptera, Athericidae) is an important species in macrozoobenthic communities in freshwater streams and rivers of Europe. It is a merolimnic insect whose larvae live in aquatic habitats and are predators. Pupation takes place out of water, mainly in moss, and adults [...] Read more.

Ibisia marginata (Diptera, Athericidae) is an important species in macrozoobenthic communities in freshwater streams and rivers of Europe. It is a merolimnic insect whose larvae live in aquatic habitats and are predators. Pupation takes place out of water, mainly in moss, and adults live in terrestrial habitats in close proximity to water. The goals of this study were to determine the distributional patterns of I. marginata in Croatia, both as larvae and adults. Additionally, a goal was to recognize emergence patterns through the 16 years of research at Plitvice Lakes NP. The preference of larvae towards the different substrates represented at Plitvice Lakes NP was also analyzed. Samples of larvae and adults were collected at 50 sampling sites. Adults of I. marginata were collected monthly using pyramid-type emergence traps at four sampling sites in Plitvice Lakes National Park. At two of these sites, samples were collected from 2007 to 2008, while at the other two sites, sampling was conducted from 2007 to 2022. A total of 374 adult specimens were collected during the 16 years of the emergence study. Ibisia marginata is a univoltine species with a peak emergence in July and a flight period lasting from June to August, depending on the year. Preferred larval substrates were moss and gravel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Special Issue Series: Insects)

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12 pages, 1122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Context-Dependent Anti-Predator Behavior in Nymphs of the Invasive Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula): Effects of Development, Microhabitat, and Social Environment

by Ellen van Wilgenburg, Crystal Aung and Julia N. Caputo

Insects 2025, 16(8), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080815 - 6 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Antipredator behaviors in animals often vary with developmental stage, microhabitat, and social context, yet few studies examine how these factors interact in species that undergo ontogenetic shifts in chemical defense. The spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is an invasive planthopper whose nymphs [...] Read more.

Antipredator behaviors in animals often vary with developmental stage, microhabitat, and social context, yet few studies examine how these factors interact in species that undergo ontogenetic shifts in chemical defense. The spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is an invasive planthopper whose nymphs transition from cryptically colored early instars to aposematically colored fourth instars that feed primarily on chemically defended host plants. We conducted 1460 simulated predator attacks on nymphs across four developmental stages to examine how antipredator behavior varies with instar, plant location (leaf vs. stem), host plant species, and local conspecific density. Nymphs exhibited three primary responses: hiding, sidestepping, or jumping. We found that location on the plant had the strongest effect, with nymphs on stems more likely to hide than those on leaves. Older instars were significantly less likely to hide and more likely to sidestep, particularly on stems, suggesting reduced reliance on energetically costly escape behaviors as chemical defenses accumulate. First instars were less likely to jump from their preferred host plant (tree of heaven) compared to other plant species. Higher local conspecific density reduced hiding probability, likely due to the dilution effect. These results demonstrate that antipredator strategies in L. delicatula are flexibly deployed based on developmental stage, microhabitat structure, and social context, with implications for understanding evolution of antipredator behavior in chemically protected species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)

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16 pages, 931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effects of Drying Techniques on the Physical and Nutritional Characteristics of Cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) Powder for Use as Animal Feedstuff

by Warin Puangsap, Padsakorn Pootthachaya, Mutyarsih Oryza, Anusorn Cherdthong, Vibuntita Chankitisakul, Bundit Tengjaroensakul, Pheeraphong Phaengphairee and Sawitree Wongtangtintharn

Insects 2025, 16(8), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080814 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 329

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three drying methods, namely sun drying, microwave–vacuum drying, and hot-air-oven drying, on the physical and nutritional properties of cricket powder for use in poultry feed. The results showed that the drying method significantly affected color [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three drying methods, namely sun drying, microwave–vacuum drying, and hot-air-oven drying, on the physical and nutritional properties of cricket powder for use in poultry feed. The results showed that the drying method significantly affected color parameters (L*, a*, and b*; p < 0.05), and particle size distribution at 850 µm and 250 µm (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively). Microwave–vacuum drying produced the lightest powder with a higher proportion of coarse particles, while sun drying resulted in a darker color and greater particle retention at 850 µm. Hot-air-oven drying yielded the lowest moisture content (1.99%) and the highest gross energy (6126.43 kcal/kg), with no significant differences observed in crude protein (p = 0.61), ether extract (p = 0.08), crude fiber (p = 0.14), ash (p = 0.22), or amino acid profiles (p > 0.05). These findings indicate that all drying methods preserved the nutritional value of cricket powder, and based on the overall results, hot-air-oven drying is the most suitable method for producing high-quality cricket meal with optimal physical properties and feed value, while also providing a practical balance between drying efficiency and cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Role of Insects in Human Society)

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16 pages, 2750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Object Detection, Super-Resolution GANs and Transformers to Facilitate Tick Identification Workflow from Crowdsourced Images on the eTick Platform

by Étienne Clabaut, Jérémie Bouffard and Jade Savage

Insects 2025, 16(8), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080813 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 268

Abstract

Ongoing changes in the distribution and abundance of several tick species of medical relevance in Canada have prompted the development of the eTick platform—an image-based crowd-sourcing public surveillance tool for Canada enabling rapid tick species identification by trained personnel, and public health guidance [...] Read more.

Ongoing changes in the distribution and abundance of several tick species of medical relevance in Canada have prompted the development of the eTick platform—an image-based crowd-sourcing public surveillance tool for Canada enabling rapid tick species identification by trained personnel, and public health guidance based on tick species and province of residence of the submitter. Considering that more than 100,000 images from over 73,500 identified records representing 25 tick species have been submitted to eTick since the public launch in 2018, a partial automation of the image processing workflow could save substantial human resources, especially as submission numbers have been steadily increasing since 2021. In this study, we evaluate an end-to-end artificial intelligence (AI) pipeline to support tick identification from eTick user-submitted images, characterized by heterogeneous quality and uncontrolled acquisition conditions. Our framework integrates (i) tick localization using a fine-tuned YOLOv7 object detection model, (ii) resolution enhancement of cropped images via super-resolution Generative Adversarial Networks (RealESRGAN and SwinIR), and (iii) image classification using deep convolutional (ResNet-50) and transformer-based (ViT) architectures across three datasets (12, 6, and 3 classes) of decreasing granularities in terms of taxonomic resolution, tick life stage, and specimen viewing angle. ViT consistently outperformed ResNet-50, especially in complex classification settings. The configuration yielding the best performance—relying on object detection without incorporating super-resolution—achieved a macro-averaged F1-score exceeding 86% in the 3-class model (Dermacentor sp., other species, bad images), with minimal critical misclassifications (0.7% of “other species” misclassified as Dermacentor). Given that Dermacentor ticks represent more than 60% of tick volume submitted on the eTick platform, the integration of a low granularity model in the processing workflow could save significant time while maintaining very high standards of identification accuracy. Our findings highlight the potential of combining modern AI methods to facilitate efficient and accurate tick image processing in community science platforms, while emphasizing the need to adapt model complexity and class resolution to task-specific constraints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical and Livestock Entomology)

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14 pages, 7789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Sampling Approaches Enhance Assessment of Saproxylic Beetle Biodiversity in a Mediterranean Forest Ecosystem (Sila National Park, Italy)

by Federica Mendicino, Francesco Carlomagno, Domenico Bonelli, Erica Di Biase, Federica Fumo and Teresa Bonacci

Insects 2025, 16(8), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080812 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 293

Abstract

Saproxylic beetles are key bioindicators of forest ecosystem quality and play essential roles in deadwood decomposition and nutrient cycling. However, their populations are increasingly threatened by habitat fragmentation, deadwood removal, and climate-driven environmental changes. For this reason, an integrated sampling method can increase [...] Read more.

Saproxylic beetles are key bioindicators of forest ecosystem quality and play essential roles in deadwood decomposition and nutrient cycling. However, their populations are increasingly threatened by habitat fragmentation, deadwood removal, and climate-driven environmental changes. For this reason, an integrated sampling method can increase the detection of species with varying ecological traits. We evaluated the effectiveness of integrative sampling methodologies to assess saproxylic beetle diversity within Sila National Park, a Mediterranean forest ecosystem of high conservation value, specifically in two beech forests and four pine forests. The sampling methods tested included Pan Traps (PaTs), Malaise Traps (MTs), Pitfall Traps (PTs), Bait Bottle Traps (BBTs), and Visual Census (VC). All specimens were identified to the species level whenever possible, using specialized dichotomous keys and preserved in the Entomological Collection TB, Unical. Various trap types captured a different number of species: the PaT collected 32 species, followed by the PT with 24, the MT with 16, the VC with 7, and the BBT with 5 species. Interestingly, biodiversity analyses conducted using PAST software version 4.17 revealed that PaTs and MTs recorded the highest biodiversity indices. The GLMM analysis, performed using SPSS software 29.0.1.0, demonstrated that various traps attracted different species with different abundances. By combining multiple trapping techniques, we documented a more comprehensive community composition compared to single-method approaches. Moreover, PaTs, MTs, and PTs recorded 20%, 40%, and 33% of the Near Threatened species, respectively. We report new records for Sila National Park, including the LC species Pteryngium crenulatum (Curculionidae) and the NT species Grynocharis oblonga (Trogossitidae). For the first time in Calabria, the LC species Triplax rufipes (Erotylidae) and the NT species Oxypleurus nodieri (Cerambycidae) and Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Nitidulidae) were collected. Our results emphasize the importance of method diversity in capturing species with distinct ecological requirements and highlight the relevance of saproxylic beetles as indicators of forest health. These findings support the adoption of multi-method sampling protocols in forest biodiversity monitoring and management programs, especially in biodiversity-rich and structurally heterogeneous landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Conservation of Biodiversity, Monitoring Programs and Trend Assessment)

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15 pages, 920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toxicity and Detoxification Enzyme Inhibition in the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) by Artemisia annua L. Essential Oil and Its Major Monoterpenoids

by Fatemeh Nasr Azadani, Jalal Jalali Sendi, Asgar Ebadollahi, Roya Azizi and William N. Setzer

Insects 2025, 16(8), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080811 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 438

Abstract

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is one of the polyphagous pests of several crops and forestry, resistant to numerous conventional chemicals. Due to the negative side effects of harmful chemical pesticides, such as environmental pollution, and risks to human health, the [...] Read more.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is one of the polyphagous pests of several crops and forestry, resistant to numerous conventional chemicals. Due to the negative side effects of harmful chemical pesticides, such as environmental pollution, and risks to human health, the introduction of effective and low-risk alternatives is essential. The promising pesticidal effects of essential oils (EOs) isolated from Artemisia annua have been documented in recent studies. In the present study, the acaricidal effects of an A. annua EO, along with its two dominant monoterpenoids, 1,8-cineole and camphor, were investigated against adults of T. urticae. Artemisia annua EO, 1,8-cineole, and camphor, with 24 h-LC₅₀ values of 0.289, 0.533, and 0.64 µL/L air, respectively, had significant toxicity by fumigation against T. urticae adults. Along with lethality, A. annua EO and monoterpenoids had significant inhibitory effects on the activity of detoxifying enzymes, including α- and β-esterases, glutathione S-transferases, and cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase. According to the findings of the present study, A. annua EO and its two dominant monoterpenoids, 1,8-cineole and camphor, with significant toxicity and inhibitory effects on detoxifying enzymes, can be introduced as available, effective, and eco-friendly acaricides in the management of T. urticae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Essential Oils for the Control of Insects and Mites)

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11 pages, 972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid and Accurate Detection of the Most Common Bee Pathogens; Nosema ceranae, Aspergillus flavus, Paenibacillus larvae and Black Queen Cell Virus

by Simona Marianna Sanzani, Raied Abou Kubaa, Badr-Eddine Jabri, Sabri Ala Eddine Zaidat, Rocco Addante, Naouel Admane and Khaled Djelouah

Insects 2025, 16(8), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080810 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 297

Abstract

Honey bees are essential pollinators for the ecosystem and food crops. However, their health and survival face threats from both biotic and abiotic stresses. Fungi, microsporidia, and bacteria might significantly contribute to colony losses. Therefore, rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools are crucial for [...] Read more.

Honey bees are essential pollinators for the ecosystem and food crops. However, their health and survival face threats from both biotic and abiotic stresses. Fungi, microsporidia, and bacteria might significantly contribute to colony losses. Therefore, rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools are crucial for effective disease management. In this study, molecular assays were developed to quickly and efficiently detect the main honey bee pathogens: Nosema ceranae, Aspergillus flavus, Paenibacillus larvae, and Black queen cell virus. In this context, new primer pairs were designed for use in quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR) reactions. Various protocols for extracting total nucleic acids from bee tissues were tested, indicating a CTAB-based protocol as the most efficient and cost-effective. Furthermore, excluding the head of the bee from the extraction, better results were obtained in terms of quantity and purity of extracted nucleic acids. These assays showed high specificity and sensitivity, detecting up to 250 fg of N. ceranae, 25 fg of P. larvae, and 2.5 pg of A. flavus DNA, and 5 pg of BQCV cDNA, without interference from bee DNA. These qPCR assays allowed pathogen detection within 3 h and at early stages of infection, supporting timely and efficient management interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)

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17 pages, 4695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Living Root-Mediated Soil Temperature Amplifies the Effects of Experimental Warming on Soil Microarthropod Communities in a Quercus mongolica Forest in Northeast China

by Chenglin Chi, Jiannan Wang, Rong Cui, Qianxue Wang and Jili Zhang

Insects 2025, 16(8), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080809 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 246

Abstract

The living roots of woody plants in forests play a crucial role in sustaining the soil temperature equilibrium. However, there is limited research investigating the effects of soil temperature balance disruption, influenced by living roots, on soil microarthropods, especially in the context of [...] Read more.

The living roots of woody plants in forests play a crucial role in sustaining the soil temperature equilibrium. However, there is limited research investigating the effects of soil temperature balance disruption, influenced by living roots, on soil microarthropods, especially in the context of global climate change. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a three-year in situ simulation experiment involving either experimental warming or root trenching treatments to mimic environmental changes and their impacts on soil microarthropod communities in a temperate forest ecosystem in Northeast China. Statistical analysis focused on assessing the abundance and family richness of Collembola and Acari. Warming increased soil temperature, while root trenching had contrasting effects. In the absence of root trenching, warming positively influenced Collembola but negatively affected Acari. Conversely, when combined with root trenching, warming had a diminished impact on both Collembola and Acari. Our findings demonstrate that the interactive effects of warming on soil microarthropod communities vary depending on the presence or absence of root trenching. Specifically, within the context of root trenching treatment compared to no-root trenching treatment, warming exhibited a comparatively attenuated influence on soil microarthropod communities. Overall, living roots play a pivotal role in mediating soil temperature conditions, which significantly impact soil microarthropod communities in the context of global climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)

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18 pages, 2082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insect Assemblage and Insect–Plant Relationships in a Cultivated Guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray) Plot in Spain

by Eduardo Jarillo, Guayente Latorre, Enrique Fernández-Carrillo, Sara Rodrigo-Gómez, José Luis Yela and Manuel Carmona

Insects 2025, 16(8), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080808 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 317

Abstract

This study aims to characterize for the first time the insect assemblage associated with sown, introduced guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray, Asteraceae) in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, and identify potential relationships with the crop. Insect sampling was conducted using nets and pan traps [...] Read more.

This study aims to characterize for the first time the insect assemblage associated with sown, introduced guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray, Asteraceae) in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, and identify potential relationships with the crop. Insect sampling was conducted using nets and pan traps during spring and early summer, coinciding with the flowering period of the plant. A total of 352 insect species/morphospecies across 12 orders were identified. Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera were the most species-rich and abundant orders. Within these orders, Muscidae, Syrphidae, Tenebrionidae, Dermestidae, Miridae, Halictidae, and Apidae were the most numerous families. Guayule flowering intensity increased gradually until mid-June, aligning with the peak activity of pollinating Diptera. The majority of the identified insects (74.4%) were potential pollinators, while nearly 50% were detritivores and approximately 30% were herbivorous. The similarity in insect families and functional roles observed in this study to previous studies in the USA and Mexico suggest that guayule may serve as a similar trophic resource for insects in Spain, despite being a non-native species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)

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19 pages, 5639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nesting and Hibernation Host Preference of Bamboo Carpenter Bee, Xylocopa (Biluna) tranquebarorum tranquebarorum, and Arthropods Co-Habiting and Re-Using the Bee Nest

by Natsumi Kanzaki, Keito Kobayashi, Keiko Hamaguchi and Yuta Fujimori

Insects 2025, 16(8), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080807 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 501

Abstract

The bamboo carpenter bee, Xylocopa (Biluna) tranquebarorum tranquebarorum, is native to continental China and Taiwan, and the species invaded Japan around 2006. The bee utilizes bamboo culm for its nesting and hibernation, thereby causing structural damage to bamboo fencing and [...] Read more.

The bamboo carpenter bee, Xylocopa (Biluna) tranquebarorum tranquebarorum, is native to continental China and Taiwan, and the species invaded Japan around 2006. The bee utilizes bamboo culm for its nesting and hibernation, thereby causing structural damage to bamboo fencing and sting injuries to humans. Serious economic and ecological impacts were not expected in the early stage of its invasion. However, its distribution is rapidly expanding in Japan, and thus, its potential impacts need to be evaluated. Since the basic biology of the bee has not been examined in detail, even in its natural range, we examined the basic biology of X. t. tranquebarorum in its invasive range by evaluating its nesting preference and hibernation in several bamboo species collections in Kyoto, Japan. The field survey revealed that the bee prefers dead bamboo internodes with approximately16–28 mm of external diameter, which is well-congruent with previous studies, and does not have strict preference concerning the bamboo species, though the bee prefers Bambusa multiplex and Phyllostachys spp. in its native range. The hibernating bees in the culm sometimes share their nests with other invertebrates, including Anterhynchium gibbifrons, Dinoderus japonicus, Crematogaster matsumurai, unidentified spiders, shield bugs, and lepidopteran larvae. Within these co-habitants, the former two possibly negatively affect nesting and hibernation of the bees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Conservation of Biodiversity, Monitoring Programs and Trend Assessment)

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20 pages, 19017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Hotspot of Cave Leptodirini (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) from the Romanian Carpathians

by Cristian Sitar, Marius Kenesz, Lucian Barbu-Tudoran and Oana Teodora Moldovan

Insects 2025, 16(8), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080806 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 692

Abstract

Romania’s subterranean habitats (including caves and other superficial subterranean environments) have more than 300 troglobionts according to Dryad, https://doi [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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30 pages, 9116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Habitat Loss and Other Threats to the Survival of Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) in Serbia

by Dejan V. Stojanović, Vladimir Višacki, Dragana Ranđelović, Jelena Ivetić and Saša Orlović

Insects 2025, 16(8), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080805 - 4 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The cessation of traditional mountain grazing has emerged as a principal driver of habitat degradation and the local extinction of Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) in Serbia. While previous studies have cited multiple contributing factors, our research provides evidence that the abandonment of extensive [...] Read more.

The cessation of traditional mountain grazing has emerged as a principal driver of habitat degradation and the local extinction of Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) in Serbia. While previous studies have cited multiple contributing factors, our research provides evidence that the abandonment of extensive livestock grazing has triggered vegetation succession, the disappearance of the larval host plant (Sedum album), and a reduction in microhabitat heterogeneity—conditions essential for the persistence of this stenophagous butterfly species. Through satellite-based analysis of vegetation dynamics (2015–2024), we identified clear structural differences between habitats that currently support populations and those where the species is no longer present. Occupied sites were characterized by low levels of exposed soil, moderate grass coverage, and consistently high shrub and tree density, whereas unoccupied sites exhibited dense encroachment of grasses and woody vegetation, leading to structural instability. Furthermore, MODIS-derived indices (2010–2024) revealed a consistent decline in vegetation productivity (GPP, FPAR, LAI) in succession-affected areas, alongside significant correlations between elevated land surface temperatures (LST), thermal stress (TCI), and reduced photosynthetic capacity. A wildfire event on Mount Stol in 2024 further exacerbated habitat degradation, as confirmed by remote sensing indices (BAI, NBR, NBR2), which documented extensive burn scars and post-fire vegetation loss. Collectively, these findings indicate that the decline of P. apollo is driven not only by ecological succession and climatic stressors, but also by the abandonment of land-use practices that historically maintained suitable habitat conditions. Our results underscore the necessity of restoring traditional grazing regimes and integrating ecological, climatic, and landscape management approaches to prevent further biodiversity loss in montane environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)

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16 pages, 1994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fall Webworm Host Plant Preferences Generate a Reduced Predation Enemy-Free Space in Its Interaction with Parasitoids

by Lina Pan, Wenfang Gao, Zhiqin Song, Xiaoyu Li, Yipeng Wei, Guangyan Qin, Yiping Hu, Zeyang Sun, Cuiqing Gao, Penghua Bai, Gengping Zhu, Wenjie Wang and Min Li

Insects 2025, 16(8), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080804 - 4 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Plants and insects are developing strategies to avoid each other’s defense systems. Host plants may release volatile compounds to attract the natural enemies of herbivores; insect pests may also select host plants that are deterrent to natural enemies to avoid such predation. Here [...] Read more.

Plants and insects are developing strategies to avoid each other’s defense systems. Host plants may release volatile compounds to attract the natural enemies of herbivores; insect pests may also select host plants that are deterrent to natural enemies to avoid such predation. Here we investigated whether the host plant preference of Hyphantria cunea correlates with the attractiveness of these plants to Chouioia cunea, a parasitoid wasp that serves as the primary natural enemy of H. cunea. We found Morus alba was the preferred host plant for female H. cunea. Although M. alba provided suboptimal nutritional value for H. cunea growth and development compared to other plants, it attracted fewer C. cunea relative to alternative host plants. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) coupled with gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis identified six distinct compounds among the herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) produced following H. cunea feeding. Notably, M. alba was the sole plant species that did not emit tridecane. These results suggest that H. cunea utilizes M. alba as a reduced predation enemy-free space, thereby minimizing parasitization by C. cunea. Our research emphasizes the importance of considering adaptive responses of herbivores within the context of multi-trophic relationships, rather than solely focusing on optimizing herbivore growth on the most nutritionally suitable plant host. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Chemical Ecology of Plant–Insect Interactions)

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24 pages, 9190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Historical and Future Potential Global Distribution of the Pepper Weevil Anthonomus eugenii Using the Ensemble Approach

by Kaitong Xiao, Lei Ling, Ruixiong Deng, Beibei Huang, Qiang Wu, Yu Cao, Hang Ning and Hui Chen

Insects 2025, 16(8), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080803 - 3 Aug 2025

Viewed by 473

Abstract

The pepper weevil Anthonomus eugenii is a devastating pest native to Central America that can cause severe damage to over 35 pepper varieties. Global trade in peppers has significantly increased the risk of its spread and expansion. Moreover, future climate change may add [...] Read more.

The pepper weevil Anthonomus eugenii is a devastating pest native to Central America that can cause severe damage to over 35 pepper varieties. Global trade in peppers has significantly increased the risk of its spread and expansion. Moreover, future climate change may add more uncertainty to its distribution, resulting in considerable ecological and economic damage globally. Therefore, we employed an ensemble model combining Random Forests and CLIMEX to predict the potential global distribution of A. eugenii in historical and future climate scenarios. The results indicated that the maximum temperature of the warmest month is an important variable affecting global A. eugenii distribution. Under the historical climate scenario, the potential global distribution of A. eugenii is concentrated in the Midwestern and Southern United States, Central America, the La Plata Plain, parts of the Brazilian Plateau, the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts, sub-Saharan Africa, Northern and Southern China, Southern India, Indochina Peninsula, and coastal area in Eastern Australia. Under future climate scenarios, suitable areas in the Northern Hemisphere, including North America, Europe, and China, are projected to expand toward higher latitudes. In China, the number of highly suitable areas is expected to increase significantly, mainly in the south and north. Contrastingly, suitable areas in Central America, northern South America, the Brazilian Plateau, India, and the Indochina Peninsula will become less suitable. The total land area suitable for A. eugenii under historical and future low- and high-emission climate scenarios accounted for 73.12, 66.82, and 75.97% of the global land area (except for Antarctica), respectively. The high-suitability areas identified by both models decreased by 19.05 and 35.02% under low- and high-emission scenarios, respectively. Building on these findings, we inferred the future expansion trends of A. eugenii globally. Furthermore, we provide early warning of A. eugenii invasion and a scientific basis for its spread and outbreak, facilitating the development of effective quarantine and control measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)

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14 pages, 9090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Climate Change on the Global Distribution of Trachypteris picta (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

by Huafeng Liu, Shuangyi Wang, Yunchun Li, Shuangmei Ding, Aimin Shi, Ding Yang and Zhonghua Wei

Insects 2025, 16(8), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080802 - 2 Aug 2025

Viewed by 417

Abstract

Trachypteris picta (Pallas, 1773) is a significant pest that can cause serious damage to poplars and willows. To assess the impact of climate change on the suitable habitats of T. picta, this study conducted a comparative analysis of its global suitable habitats [...] Read more.

Trachypteris picta (Pallas, 1773) is a significant pest that can cause serious damage to poplars and willows. To assess the impact of climate change on the suitable habitats of T. picta, this study conducted a comparative analysis of its global suitable habitats using climatic factors, global land use type, and global vegetation from different periods, in combination with the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. The results indicate that the annual mean temperature (Bio01), mean temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11), precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19), and isothermality (Bio03) are the four most important climate variables determining the distribution of T. picta. Under the current climate conditions, the highly suitable areas are primarily located in southern Europe, covering an area of 2.22 × 10⁶ km². Under future climate scenarios, the suitable habitat for T. picta is expected to expand and shift towards higher latitudes. In the 2050s, the SSP5-8.5 scenario has the largest suitable area compared to other scenarios, while the SSP2-4.5 scenario has the largest suitable area in the 2090s. In addition, the centroids of the total suitable areas are expected to shift toward higher latitudes under future climate conditions. The results of this study provide valuable data for the monitoring, control, and management of this pest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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