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Land, Volume 14, Issue 12

2025 December - 151 articles

Cover Story: Deep learning is increasingly shaping how landscapes are observed, classified, and interpreted, yet its application in wilderness remains conceptually and methodologically underexamined. This paper provides critical insights into the practical use of deep learning for wilderness analysis using Copernicus Sentinel-2 data. Focusing on realistic computational constraints, the study evaluates widely adopted architectures, batch sizes, and spectral configurations through image classification and semantic segmentation experiments on the AnthroProtect dataset in Fennoscandia. The findings challenge common assumptions about model complexity and transfer learning in Earth observation, and highlight the need for more context-aware and efficiency-driven design choices. The work provides a grounded perspective on how deep learning can be applied more effectively in wilderness monitoring practices. View this paper
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Articles (151)

  • Article
  • Open Access
495 Views
18 Pages

18 December 2025

Recognizable and distinctive streets are essential not only for navigation but also for fostering place identity and therefore socio-environmental sustainability in cities. The recognition depends on both high-level visual features (e.g., buildings,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
511 Views
22 Pages

Integrating Microtopographic Engineering with Native Plant Functional Diversity to Support Restoration of Degraded Arid Ecosystems

  • Yassine Fendane,
  • Mohamed Djamel Miara,
  • Hassan Boukcim,
  • Sami D. Almalki,
  • Shauna K. Rees,
  • Abdalsamad Aldabaa,
  • Ayman Abdulkareem and
  • Ahmed H. Mohamed

18 December 2025

Active restoration structures such as microtopographic water-harvesting designs are widely implemented in dryland ecosystems to improve soil moisture, reduce erosion, and promote vegetation recovery. We assessed the combined effects of planted specie...

  • Article
  • Open Access
611 Views
16 Pages

18 December 2025

The 2025 large-scale forest fire in North Gyeongsang Province (Gyeongbuk) caused habitat fragmentation and disrupted ecological networks. This study quantitatively assessed both structural and functional connectivity loss and derived scientifically g...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1,851 Views
27 Pages

How Has South Africa’s Land Reform Policy Performed from 1994 to 2024? Insights from a Review of Literature

  • Walter Shiba,
  • Mamakie Lungwana,
  • Khaled Abutaleb,
  • Manana Mamabolo,
  • Tribute Jabulile Mboweni,
  • Siphe Zantsi,
  • Mankaba Whitney Matli,
  • Portia Mdwebi,
  • Sipho Madyo and
  • Papi Kubeka

18 December 2025

South Africa’s land reform program is a cornerstone of efforts to redress historical injustices, guided by the 1997 White Paper on Land Reform Policy and structured around restitution, redistribution, and tenure reform. Three decades into imple...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
564 Views
24 Pages

17 December 2025

Many cities worldwide face decline due to mineral-resource exhaustion, with mining-induced subsidence and land degradation posing urgent land use challenges. At the same time, carbon neutrality has become a global agenda, promoting ecological restora...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
554 Views
16 Pages

17 December 2025

Landscape fragmentation as a process of landscape transformation affects the structure and composition of plant communities; however, relationships between fragmentation metrics and vegetation characteristics often remain weakly expressed and difficu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
566 Views
25 Pages

17 December 2025

Against the backdrop of accelerating population aging, urban green spaces have become primary venues for elderly daily activities, with their winter thermal comfort emerging as a critical determinant of senior wellbeing. However, existing studies lac...

  • Article
  • Open Access
549 Views
23 Pages

17 December 2025

The SDG 15.3.1 framework provides a standardized approach using land use/land cover (LULC) change, land productivity, and soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics to assess land degradation. However, SDG 15.3.1. faces limitations like coarse resolutions of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
470 Views
23 Pages

17 December 2025

Enhancing the carbon sequestration (CS) capacity of urban green spaces is crucial for mitigating global warming, environmental degradation, and urbanisation-induced issues. This study focuses on the urban community unit to establish a system of deter...

  • Article
  • Open Access
759 Views
19 Pages

Geomorphological Characterization of the Colombian Orinoquia

  • Larry Niño,
  • Alexis Jaramillo-Justinico,
  • Víctor Villamizar,
  • Orlando Rangel,
  • Vladimir Minorta-Cely and
  • Daniel Sánchez-Mata

17 December 2025

The Colombian Orinoquia was shaped within a tectonic and sedimentary framework linked to the uplift of the Andean cordilleras during the Oligocene–Miocene. This orogenic event generated two tectonic fronts and facilitated extensive fluvial sedi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
478 Views
25 Pages

17 December 2025

Optimizing resource allocation is crucial for enhancing Total Factor Productivity (TFP). This study investigates the impact of differentiated industrial land supply (DILS) on industrial Total Factor Productivity (ITFP), a topic essential for optimizi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
761 Views
31 Pages

17 December 2025

The environmental crisis precipitated by climate change has accelerated the urgency of urban green and low-carbon transformation. In 2024, China’s Action Plan for the National Standardization Development Outline (2024–2025) stipulated req...

  • Article
  • Open Access
715 Views
17 Pages

17 December 2025

Public health emergencies (PHEs) test the crisis response capacity of grassroots organizations like China’s Residential Committees (RCs). While existing research attributes this capacity to factors like resource mobilization or state-society re...

  • Article
  • Open Access
705 Views
20 Pages

16 December 2025

Agricultural regions in humid tropical climates are often assumed to be water secure due to high annual rainfall, yet periodic drought remains a major constraint on production. This study demonstrates the application of the Normalized Difference Drou...

  • Article
  • Open Access
615 Views
24 Pages

Assessing the Quality of Public Spaces in Traditional Villages in Chongqing, Southwest China

  • Wei Wang,
  • Yiping Chen,
  • Yun Gao,
  • Lili Dong,
  • Jieying Zeng and
  • Lingfei Zhou

16 December 2025

In many traditional villages in China, substantial government investment has been directed toward reconstructing public spaces for tourism development. Yet, many of these newly built spaces remain underused, revealing a persistent mismatch between to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
619 Views
25 Pages

16 December 2025

To achieve effective coordination among planning, operation, and service in urban management, and based on the fundamental characteristic of urban spatial development expanding from points to areas, this paper proposes an approach for identifying hig...

  • Article
  • Open Access
509 Views
18 Pages

16 December 2025

Reducing farmland abandonment and improving land resource utilization efficiency are critical pathways for safeguarding national food security. This study aims to identify the mechanism through which Land Consolidation (LC) affects farmers’ aba...

  • Article
  • Open Access
625 Views
28 Pages

16 December 2025

Urban vitality is an important evaluation indicator for enhancing urban spatial efficiency and promoting sustainable development. However, few studies have systematically integrated steady-state and dynamic vitality perspectives. To address this gap,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
589 Views
24 Pages

16 December 2025

Innovation is the core driving force behind the high-quality development and global competitiveness of cities. The spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of innovation are of significant value in optimizing the allocation of inn...

  • Article
  • Open Access
480 Views
21 Pages

Exploring Landscape Suitability of Land-Use Change—A Geospatial Approach to Assess Benefits for Society and Nature

  • Mette Vestergaard Odgaard,
  • Troels Kristensen,
  • Tommy Dalgaard and
  • Sara Vangerschov Iversen

16 December 2025

Agricultural intensification is increasingly putting pressure on biodiversity, aquatic environments, and the climate, with impacts varying by landscape vulnerability. Integrated approaches that account for spatial variation and optimize multifunction...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
613 Views
16 Pages

Modeling Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics Across Land Uses in Tropical Andean Ecosystems

  • Víctor Alfonso Mondragón Valencia,
  • Apolinar Figueroa Casas,
  • Diego Jesús Macias Pinto and
  • Rigoberto Rosas-Luis

16 December 2025

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a crucial role in climate change mitigation by regulating atmospheric CO2 and maintaining ecosystem balance; however, its stability is influenced by land use in anthropized areas such as the tropical Andes. This study...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
567 Views
28 Pages

15 December 2025

Urban waterfront spaces are key venues for residents’ physical activity, and their spatial environment significantly impacts usage efficiency. Existing studies predominantly employ linear models and focus on single waterfront types, making it d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
569 Views
20 Pages

15 December 2025

Edible green infrastructure provides a pathway to enhancing food security and advancing sustainability in underprivileged Sub-Saharan communities. This study explores the potential of modular living wall systems (LWSs) with African Vegetables (AVs) t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,276 Views
23 Pages

15 December 2025

Tourism, although a key driving force for the flourishing of local/regional and national economies, is also a source of distinct negative repercussions, e.g., the intense use of scarce resources, environmental deterioration, social marginalization, a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
603 Views
32 Pages

15 December 2025

Historical irrigation districts (HIDs) are integrated systems of natural and cultural assets, with cultivated land providing critical functions such as food security, environmental conservation, and cultural inheritance. This study presents a researc...

  • Editorial
  • Open Access
531 Views
5 Pages

15 December 2025

Land use and land cover (LULC) changes are among the most significant alterations of the Earth’s surface, particularly following the acceleration of human-driven land transformations after the Second World War [...]

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
511 Views
25 Pages

14 December 2025

Rapid urbanization has brought severe threats to regional ecological security. Most research regards ecological security pattern (ESP) focuses on the current situation and ignores future land use and land cover (LULC) impacts. Therefore, this study p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
570 Views
15 Pages

14 December 2025

China’s urban development model has shifted from incremental expansion to inventory quality improvement. The demand for planning and allocation of spatial resources has moved from “having or not having” to “being good or not&r...

  • Article
  • Open Access
530 Views
23 Pages

13 December 2025

In the context of new-type urbanization and high-quality development, this study aims to construct a multi-objective synergistic land-use mechanism to tackle the “growth-equity-ecology” trilemma in the Chengdu–Chongqing Urban Agglom...

  • Article
  • Open Access
711 Views
22 Pages

13 December 2025

Rural areas are complex multi-level regional systems comprising multiple elements such as natural resources, human resources, social systems, and economic elements. Drawing on the socio-ecological system framework, we develop a new evaluation system...

  • Article
  • Open Access
727 Views
19 Pages

12 December 2025

Comprehending the spatial–temporal transformation of urban resilience (UR) is fundamental for promoting sustainable urban growth in the Chinese context. In this study, a multi-dimensional index framework is developed to cover economic, social,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
492 Views
20 Pages

12 December 2025

National parks are the core carriers for implementing the concept of “ecological protection first, public welfare for all”. This study used the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate the ecological experience resource quality o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,535 Views
25 Pages

12 December 2025

Suzhou’s historic city center serves as a significant repository of Jiangnan cultural memory. However, ongoing urban modernization and large-scale population inflows have introduced notable challenges to heritage preservation, particularly defi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
451 Views
19 Pages

12 December 2025

Rapid urban growth in South Indian coastal cities such as Chennai has intensified the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, with paved parking lots, walkways, and open spaces acting as major heat reservoirs. This study specifically compares conventional co...

  • Article
  • Open Access
424 Views
26 Pages

12 December 2025

Urban inefficient land redevelopment (UILR) is crucial for sustainable urban development, yet its progress is driven by the interplay of multiple factors. To systematically uncover the driving mechanisms and dynamic patterns of these factors, an inte...

  • Article
  • Open Access
553 Views
19 Pages

12 December 2025

This study assessed the effectiveness of vegetation index change metrics (ΔVI = Post − Pre) derived from Sentinel-2 imagery for detecting landslide-affected areas and evaluating their relationship with rainfall intensity, thereby enhancin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
734 Views
25 Pages

12 December 2025

Spatial inequalities and land abandonment remain key obstacles to balanced territorial development in Cyprus. This study analyzes how digital agriculture can act as an instrument of territorial restructuring and spatial integration in rural areas. Us...

  • Article
  • Open Access
463 Views
15 Pages

12 December 2025

Addressing land use carbon emissions (LUCE) is critical for mitigating climate change. Using multi-source heterogeneous data from 2010 to 2020, with Land use transition matrix and Kaya-LMDI model, this paper analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
501 Views
29 Pages

Climate Change Indicators and Impacts on Mastic Tree Cultivation in Chios, Greece

  • Konstantinos Theodosiou,
  • Konstantinos Papageorgiou,
  • Athanasios Argiriou and
  • Spyridon Κ. Golfinopoulos

11 December 2025

Climate change, a natural phenomenon driven by anthropogenic interventions, represents a global challenge that requires immediate and effective action. Significant alterations in atmospheric parameters and the occurrence of extreme climatic events ha...

  • Article
  • Open Access
485 Views
17 Pages

11 December 2025

Ethiopia achieved a remarkable episode of agricultural intensification from the mid-1990s to the late 2010s, yet the political mechanisms that enabled this transformation—and the distributional and environmental consequences that followed&mdash...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
464 Views
26 Pages

Which Soil Type Is Optimal for Festuca wagneri, a Species of the Pannonian Region Adapted to Drought?

  • Károly Penksza,
  • Tünde Szabó-Szöllösi,
  • László Sipos,
  • Szilárd Szentes,
  • Eszter Saláta-Falusi,
  • Anita Takács,
  • Norbert Boros,
  • András Sebők,
  • Boglárka Anna Dálnoki and
  • József Zsembeli
  • + 9 authors

11 December 2025

According to climate projections, the Pannonian region is expected to experience an increasing frequency of drought events. This trend affects not only agricultural areas but also natural grasslands. The Festuca wagneri species, selected for this stu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
504 Views
45 Pages

11 December 2025

Promoting the coupled and coordinated development of new-type urbanization and rural revitalization is important for achieving high-quality and sustainable growth in China. This study follows a people-centered and coordinated development approach and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
860 Views
61 Pages

11 December 2025

With the acceleration of global urbanisation, the pace of evolution in urban waterfront areas has intensified, consequently hastening the renewal rate of their constituent public spaces. Compared to the macro-level planning and regulation of traditio...

  • Article
  • Open Access
424 Views
25 Pages

11 December 2025

As the foundational carrier of socio-economic development and ecological security, territorial space reflects the degree of coordination between functional structure and efficiency output. However, most existing evaluation methods overlook the hetero...

  • Article
  • Open Access
526 Views
25 Pages

Assessment and Optimization of Wetland Ecosystem Services in the Jianghan Lake Cluster

  • Yanpeng Ma,
  • Yuting Wang,
  • Lefan Jia,
  • Wenjie Zhang and
  • Danzi Wu

11 December 2025

Anthropogenic disturbances and morphological constraints pose significant threats to lake–wetland functions. However, conventional assessments often overlook the influence of wetland morphology on the spatial realization of ecosystem services,...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
450 Views
14 Pages

Use of Alternative Soil Amendments to Enhance the Phytoremediation Capacity of Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulator Plants

  • Nikolaos Kiatikidis,
  • Evangelia E. Golia,
  • Dimitrios Alexiadis,
  • Rafaella Vogia,
  • Sotiria G. Papadimou,
  • Eleni Tsaliki,
  • Niki Paraskevaidou,
  • Ana Pérez-Gimeno and
  • Jose Navarro-Pedreño

10 December 2025

The current investigation involved preliminary laboratory research regarding the accumulation capacity of three types of hyperaccumulator plants when specific soil factors are altered during their cultivation. Three different plants participated in t...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
591 Views
19 Pages

Setting the Field: An Analytical Framework to Assess the Potential of Urban Agriculture

  • Valentina Manente,
  • Silvio Caputo,
  • Flavio Lupia,
  • Giuseppe Pulighe and
  • Jaime Hernández-Garcia

10 December 2025

Urban agriculture’s potential for food production and other social benefits is widely documented. However, the diversity of organisational structures and contextual factors that shape and drive the practice leads to a range of productivity levels. Ye...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
371 Views
27 Pages

10 December 2025

Oasis regions in arid northwestern China represent critical interfaces for watershed ecological security and rural sustainable development. However, under escalating resource constraints and intensifying human–land conflicts, the disorderly exp...

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Land - ISSN 2073-445X