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A Systems Approach to Urban Greenspace System and Climate Change

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Urban and Rural Development".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2025 | Viewed by 14374

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Planning, Public Policy and Management, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
Interests: healthy cities; cities for active living; sustainable cities and landscapes
Department of Management in the Built Environment, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Postbus 5043, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Interests: sustainable urban development; healthy cities; collaborative governance
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the face of climate change, cities must navigate its escalating impact on various aspects of urban life while addressing the root causes influencing its course and pace. Urban green spaces (UGS) offer cities opportunities to combat climate change in diverse ways, ranging from supporting urban livability and enhancing urban resilience to reducing cities’ environmental impact. An expanding scholarly inquiry is embracing a systems approach in the study of UGS, considering the synergies, trade-offs, and interdependencies inherent in the spatial scales, multiple functionalities, and the diverse spectrum of stakeholders essential to the ultimate realization of urban green space’s various outcomes. Such investigative endeavors yield critical insights imperative for guiding the planning, design, development, and management of the UGS system, with the specific aim of optimizing its efficacy in the context of climate change adaptation and mitigation.

This Special Issue seeks to present current UGS research with a specific focus on conceptualizing urban green spaces as interconnected elements within a system, rather than isolated entities. The objective is to underscore how UGS, when considered holistically, can yield both social and environmental benefits in supporting a community's initiatives against climate change.

Suggested themes:

Impact of Urban Greenspace Systems on Urban Livability:

  1. Examining the contribution of urban greenspace systems to urban livability, encompassing topics such as providing a healthy setting, offering thermal comfort, and mitigating the urban heat island effect. Another emerging focus to understand the use of green space is the inclusiveness in accessing the green space by different community groups;
  1. Enhancing Urban Resilience through Green Spaces: Investigating the role of green spaces in bolstering urban resilience, particularly in aiding cities in dealing with extreme meteorological events;
  1. Green Spaces for Environmental Impact Reduction: Assessing how green spaces contribute to cities' efforts in reducing environmental impact through adept stormwater management, energy conservation, the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, etc.;
  1. Developing green space: Examining how green spaces are planned, designed, developed, financed, and used as well as whether the state, market and communities can play different roles in forming green spaces.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. We invite scholarly contributions that provide a thorough examination of the role played by UGS in addressing climate change in urban settings. We particularly encourage empirical research that employs innovative, multidisciplinary analytical approaches, as well as case studies that illuminate the influence of institutional and cultural contexts on the performances of UGS.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Yizhao Yang
Dr. Yawei Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • urban green spaces (urban greenspaces)
  • urban greenspace system
  • climate change
  • climate change adaptation
  • climate change mitigation
  • livability
  • urban resilience

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 11587 KiB  
Article
Multi-Scale Analysis of Green Space Patterns in Thermal Regulation Using Boosted Regression Tree Model: A Case Study in Central Urban Area of Shijiazhuang, China
by Haotian Liu and Yun Qian
Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4874; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114874 - 26 May 2025
Viewed by 309
Abstract
Multi-scale thermal regulation of urban green spaces is critical for climate-adaptive planning. Addressing the limited research on key indicators and cross-scale synergies in high-density areas, this study developed an integrated framework combining multi-granularity grids and boosted regression tree (BRT) modeling to investigate nonlinear [...] Read more.
Multi-scale thermal regulation of urban green spaces is critical for climate-adaptive planning. Addressing the limited research on key indicators and cross-scale synergies in high-density areas, this study developed an integrated framework combining multi-granularity grids and boosted regression tree (BRT) modeling to investigate nonlinear scale-dependent relationships between landscape parameters and land surface temperature (LST) in the central urban area of Shijiazhuang. Key findings: (1) Spatial heterogeneity and scale divergence: Vegetation coverage (FVC) and green space area (AREA) showed decreasing contributions at larger scales, while configuration metrics (e.g., aggregation index (AI), edge density (ED)) exhibited positive scale responses, confirming a dual mechanism with micro-scale quality dominance and macro-scale pattern regulation. (2) Threshold effects quantification: The BRT model revealed peak marginal cooling efficiency (0.8–1.2 °C per 10% FVC increment) within 30–70% FVC ranges, with minimum effective green patch area thresholds increasing from 0.6 ha (micro-scale) to 3.5 ha (macro-scale). (3) Based on multi-scale cooling mechanism analysis, a three-tier matrix optimization framework for green space strategies is established, integrating “micro-level regulation, meso-level connectivity, and macro-level anchoring”. This study develops a green space optimization paradigm integrating machine learning-driven analysis, multi-scale coupling, and threshold-based management, providing methodological tools for mitigating urban heat islands and enhancing climate resilience in high-density cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Systems Approach to Urban Greenspace System and Climate Change)
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25 pages, 7110 KiB  
Article
Regenerative and Connective Green Cells to Address Fragmentation and Climate Change in Cities: The TALEA Project Integrated Solution
by Rossella Roversi and Danila Longo
Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3175; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073175 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 507
Abstract
Cities are facing the combined effects of multiple challenges, e.g., climate change, biodiversity, pollution, and lacking resources. Synergic innovative solutions are required to simultaneously address them while also considering their social impacts. In this context, the TALEA—Green Cells Leading the Green Transition project, [...] Read more.
Cities are facing the combined effects of multiple challenges, e.g., climate change, biodiversity, pollution, and lacking resources. Synergic innovative solutions are required to simultaneously address them while also considering their social impacts. In this context, the TALEA—Green Cells Leading the Green Transition project, funded by the European Urban Initiative, called Greening Cities (EUI02-064)—aims to tackle urban climate challenges in Bologna (Italy) by mitigating Urban Heat Islands (UHI) and Urban Heat Waves (UHW) through an innovative, nature-based, and data-driven approach. TALEA introduces the TALEA Green Cells (TGCs) concept, modular spatial units that integrate nature-based solutions, creative technological innovation, real-time environmental monitoring, and citizen-science-driven data collection within a broader green infrastructure strategy (Bologna Verde project). TGCs bridge the physical and digital dimensions of urban planning: at the macroscale, they contribute to restoring a continuous urban green corridor; at the microscale, they regenerate underused urban spaces, transforming them into climate shelters and hubs for community engagement. A key feature of TALEA is its digital innovation ecosystem, which integrates data from different sources, including remote sensing, sensors, and citizen-generated inputs, within the Systemic Urban Observation Atlas, the Smart Innovation Package and the Digital Twin that the city of Bologna is developing. These tools enable data-driven decision-making, supporting both urban planners and local communities in designing resilient, adaptive, and inclusive urban environments. The scalability and transferability potential of this integrated approach is tested through its real implementation in three Bologna urban pilots. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Systems Approach to Urban Greenspace System and Climate Change)
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20 pages, 10970 KiB  
Article
The Cooling Effect and Its Stability in Urban Green Space in the Context of Global Warming: A Case Study of Changchun, China
by Han Yu and Yulin Piao
Sustainability 2025, 17(6), 2590; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062590 - 15 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 917
Abstract
The urban heat island effect, triggered by global warming and rapid urbanization, has negatively impacted residents’ lives. It has been shown that urban green space (UGS) can improve the urban thermal environment. However, the stability and influencing factors of the urban green space [...] Read more.
The urban heat island effect, triggered by global warming and rapid urbanization, has negatively impacted residents’ lives. It has been shown that urban green space (UGS) can improve the urban thermal environment. However, the stability and influencing factors of the urban green space cooling effect (UGSCE) in the context of climate change remain unclear. In this paper, we study the area within the Fifth Ring Road of Changchun City, using multi-source remote sensing image data to quantify and analyze the influencing factors of the cooling effect of urban green space and its stability on both regional and patch scales. The results show that on the regional scale, urban green spaces in Changchun have a strong cooling effect on the surrounding environment, which increases with the surface temperature (LST). However, there is a large fluctuation in the cooling effect. On the patch scale, the cooling effect of 35 green spaces showed a small increasing trend from 2013 to 2024. The cooling extent (CE) was more stable across temperatures relative to the cooling intensity (CI). Factors such as the green space area (A), perimeter (P), landscape shape index (LSI), and mean enhanced vegetation index (MEVI) had different degrees of influence on the cooling effect of green space and its stability. Green spaces with a high MEVI had a stronger cooling effect and stability. Based on this, planning suggestions such as increasing vegetation amount, maintaining green space area, optimizing green space morphology, and focusing on blue–green space are proposed to enhance the cooling effect of urban green space and its stability, which would improve the thermal environment of the city and enhance the comfort of residents. This study provides a reference basis for the scientific planning of urban green space and provides a scientific basis and practical guidance for the sustainable development of the city. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Systems Approach to Urban Greenspace System and Climate Change)
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23 pages, 3740 KiB  
Article
Towards Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Cities: Mitigating Urban Heat Islands Through Green Infrastructure
by Pinar Mert Cuce, Erdem Cuce and Mattheos Santamouris
Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031303 - 6 Feb 2025
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4084
Abstract
Rapidly increasing construction and agglomeration in urban areas have made the urban heat island (UHI) problem a turning point for the world, as a result of notably rising earth temperature every year. UHI and its impacts on climate are somewhat linked to weather-related [...] Read more.
Rapidly increasing construction and agglomeration in urban areas have made the urban heat island (UHI) problem a turning point for the world, as a result of notably rising earth temperature every year. UHI and its impacts on climate are somewhat linked to weather-related matters, natural disasters and disease outbreaks. Given the challenges posed by urbanisation and industrialisation in achieving sustainability, it is crucial to adopt intelligent and decisive measures to mitigate the adverse outcomes of UHI. Greenery surfaces have long been a significant focus of scientific research and policy development, reflecting their pivotal role in combating urban heat islands and promoting sustainable urban environments. This study critically reviews the potential of green infrastructure, including green roofs, facades, shrubs, and trees, so as to minimise UHI impacts in severe urban contexts. By synthesising findings from a wide range of empirical studies, it highlights key outcomes such as reductions in surface temperatures by up to 2 °C and improvements in outdoor thermal comfort indices by over 10 °C under specific conditions. Additionally, the paper introduces a comprehensive framework for integrating greenery systems into urban planning, combining passive cooling, air quality enhancement, and energy efficiency strategies. The findings reveal that extensive green roofs, in particular, are highly effective in reducing indoor cooling demands, while strategically placed trees offer significant shading and evapotranspiration benefits. This work provides actionable insights for policymakers and urban planners to boost sustainable and climate-resilient cities whilst addressing gaps in current research related to the long-term performance and cost-effectiveness of green infrastructure solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Systems Approach to Urban Greenspace System and Climate Change)
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37 pages, 7433 KiB  
Article
Urban Green Infrastructures as Tools for Urban Interconnection: The Case of San Bartolomeo District in Cagliari, Italy
by Luigi Mundula, Clara Di Fazio, Francesca Leccis and Maria Paradiso
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11246; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411246 - 21 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1372
Abstract
Contemporary urban areas are often characterized by various forms of enclaves, isolated from their surrounding geographical context. Urban green infrastructures provide an opportunity to open these enclaves, establishing physical and functional connections with the broader city, while also contributing to climate change mitigation [...] Read more.
Contemporary urban areas are often characterized by various forms of enclaves, isolated from their surrounding geographical context. Urban green infrastructures provide an opportunity to open these enclaves, establishing physical and functional connections with the broader city, while also contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation. This study examines the district of San Bartolomeo in the Italian city of Cagliari as an example of an urban enclave, and employs a participatory planning process to design a project that transforms it into a hub open to the wider city community. The result is a neighborhood shaped by its community, where social, economic, and environmental needs are balanced, fostering constant interaction between residents and the city as a whole. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Systems Approach to Urban Greenspace System and Climate Change)
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36 pages, 50364 KiB  
Article
MITIGATING THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT: The Thermal Performance of Shade-Tree Planting in Downtown Los Angeles
by Yuzhou Zhu and Karen M. Kensek
Sustainability 2024, 16(20), 8768; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208768 - 11 Oct 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3501
Abstract
The intensifying urban heat island (UHI) effect presents a growing challenge for urban environments, yet there is a lack of comprehensive strategies that account for how multiple factors influence tree-cooling effectiveness throughout the year. While most studies focus on the effects of individual [...] Read more.
The intensifying urban heat island (UHI) effect presents a growing challenge for urban environments, yet there is a lack of comprehensive strategies that account for how multiple factors influence tree-cooling effectiveness throughout the year. While most studies focus on the effects of individual factors, such as tree shading or transpiration, over specific time periods, fewer studies address the combined impact of various factors—such as seasonal variations, building shading, transpiration rates, tree placement, and spacing—on tree cooling across different seasons. This study fills this gap by investigating the thermal environment in downtown Los Angeles through ENVI-met simulations. A novel tree-planting strategy was developed to enhance cooling performance by adjusting tree positions based on these key factors. The results show that the new strategy reduces Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) temperatures by 2.2 °C on the hottest day, 0.97 °C on the coldest day, and 1.52 °C annually. The study also evaluates the negative cooling effects in colder months, demonstrating that, in cities with climates similar to Los Angeles, the benefits of tree cooling in hot weather outweigh the drawbacks during winter. These findings provide a new method for optimizing tree placement in urban planning, contributing to more effective UHI mitigation strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Systems Approach to Urban Greenspace System and Climate Change)
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Review

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18 pages, 3264 KiB  
Review
Urban Green Spaces and Collective Housing: Spatial Patterns and Ecosystem Services for Sustainable Residential Development
by Zuzana Vinczeová and Attila Tóth
Sustainability 2025, 17(6), 2538; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062538 - 13 Mar 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2489
Abstract
The current state of knowledge in landscape architecture of urban green spaces in Slovakia significantly falls behind advancements in urban planning and architecture. This gap underscores the growing need for well-planned, designed, and integrated green spaces in creating sustainable and livable urban environments. [...] Read more.
The current state of knowledge in landscape architecture of urban green spaces in Slovakia significantly falls behind advancements in urban planning and architecture. This gap underscores the growing need for well-planned, designed, and integrated green spaces in creating sustainable and livable urban environments. Urban green spaces serve as an essential component of residential areas. They provide important ecosystem services and significant environmental benefits, such as reducing the urban heat island effect, enhancing air quality, promoting biodiversity, and managing stormwater. These natural processes are vital in mitigating the impacts of climate change and improving the resilience of urban areas. Through a review of the green space and housing estate relationship, this article emphasizes the need for integrated green spaces strategies in the planning and designing of housing estates. By analyzing the mutual relationship between green spaces and housing estates, the article highlights how green spaces enhance the physical environment and play a crucial role in the social and economic attributes of residential areas and the well-being of urban residents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Systems Approach to Urban Greenspace System and Climate Change)
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