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2,220 Results Found

  • Review
  • Open Access
65 Citations
8,037 Views
39 Pages

Fault Tolerance Structures in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs): Survey, Classification, and Future Directions

  • Ghaihab Hassan Adday,
  • Shamala K. Subramaniam,
  • Zuriati Ahmad Zukarnain and
  • Normalia Samian

12 August 2022

The Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) has drastically impacted how the world operates. The Internet of Things (IoT), encompassed significantly by the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), is an important subsection component of the IR 4.0. WSNs are a goo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,945 Views
15 Pages

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), users can use broadcast authentication mechanisms to connect to the target network and disseminate their messages within the network. Since data transfer for sensor networks is wireless, as a result, attackers can...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
986 Views
20 Pages

QSEER-Quantum-Enhanced Secure and Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

  • Chindiyababy Uthayakumar,
  • Ramkumar Jayaraman,
  • Hadi A. Raja and
  • Noman Shabbir

22 September 2025

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a major role in various applications, but the main challenge is to maintain security and balanced energy efficiency. Classical routing protocols struggle to achieve both energy efficiency and security because they...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,113 Views
37 Pages

Federated Reinforcement Learning with Hybrid Optimization for Secure and Reliable Data Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

  • Seyed Salar Sefati,
  • Seyedeh Tina Sefati,
  • Saqib Nazir,
  • Roya Zareh Farkhady and
  • Serban Georgica Obreja

6 October 2025

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of numerous battery-powered sensor nodes that operate with limited energy, computation, and communication capabilities. Designing routing strategies that are both energy-efficient and attack-resilient is essent...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
4,175 Views
22 Pages

30 July 2021

Recent years have witnessed the huge popularity of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) and its realization as Named Data Networking (NDN) in the context of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The participating nodes in WSNs are usually equipped with a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
3,927 Views
22 Pages

24 January 2023

Wireless Sensor Networks—WSNs, an important part of IoT—consist of sensor nodes with limited processing, memory capacities, and energy. Wireless Sensor Networks face many dangers as they are often distributed into untrusted regions. The a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,051 Views
17 Pages

29 September 2025

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are an advanced solution for data collection in Internet of Things (IoT) applications and remote and harsh environments. These networks rely on a collection of distributed sensors equipped with wireless communication c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
3,380 Views
11 Pages

27 February 2021

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology, for services that are difficult to access or which need to be continuously monitored regardless of location, needs further research and development due to an expansion of fields where it can be applied and du...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
9,721 Views
17 Pages

Air pollution has become a severe environmental problem due to urbanization and heavy traffic. Monitoring street-level air quality is an important issue, but most official monitoring stations are installed to monitor large-scale air quality condition...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,360 Views
26 Pages

12 February 2025

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has facilitated the deployment of autonomous sensors in remote and challenging environments, enabling substantial advancements in environmental monitoring and data collection. IoT sensors continuously gather data,...

  • Review
  • Open Access
27 Citations
4,043 Views
20 Pages

8 September 2022

There are a variety of applications for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), such as military, health monitoring systems, natural disasters, smartphones, and other surveillance systems. While the primary purpose of sensor nodes is to collect unattended d...

  • Review
  • Open Access
172 Citations
18,045 Views
22 Pages

A Comprehensive Survey on Real-Time Applications of WSN

  • Ahmad Ali,
  • Yu Ming,
  • Sagnik Chakraborty and
  • Saima Iram

7 November 2017

Nowadays, the investigation of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has materialized its functional area ubiquitously such as environmental engineering, industrial and business applications, military, feedstock and habitat, agriculture sector, seismic d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,064 Views
18 Pages

4 December 2018

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become a significant part of surveillance techniques. With unequal clustering approaches and multi-hop communication, WSNs can balance energy among the clusters and serve a wide monitoring area. Recent research ha...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,491 Views
21 Pages

16 May 2021

The restriction on the battery life of sensors is a bottleneck for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper proposes a new feed-forward multi-clustering protocol (FFMCP) to boost the network lifetime. The utilization of fuzzy logic helps to overco...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,612 Views
17 Pages

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of many wireless sensor nodes for collecting and sensing information. Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) such as Blockchain allow organizations to store and share data in a decentralized, immutable, and sec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
6,744 Views
21 Pages

Energy-Aware Adaptive Weighted Grid Clustering Algorithm for Renewable Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Nelofar Aslam,
  • Kewen Xia,
  • Muhammad Tafseer Haider and
  • Muhammad Usman Hadi

23 September 2017

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), built from many battery-operated sensor nodes are distributed in the environment for monitoring and data acquisition. Subsequent to the deployment of sensor nodes, the most challenging and daunting task is to enhance...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,808 Views
18 Pages

Disjoint Spanning Tree Based Reliability Evaluation of Wireless Sensor Network

  • Sonam Lata,
  • Shabana Mehfuz,
  • Shabana Urooj,
  • Asmaa Ali and
  • Nidal Nasser

29 May 2020

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming very common in numerous manufacturing industries; especially where it is difficult to connect a sensor to a sink. This is an evolving issue for researchers attempting to contribute to the proliferation of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,701 Views
21 Pages

K-Means Based Bee Colony Optimization for Clustering in Heterogeneous Sensor Network

  • Prince Modey,
  • Gaddafi Abdul-Salaam,
  • Emmanuel Freeman,
  • Patrick Acheampong,
  • William Leslie Brown-Acquaye,
  • Israel Edem Agbehadji and
  • Richard C. Millham

28 November 2024

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), an efficient clustering technique is critical in optimizing the energy level of networked sensors and prolonging the network lifetime. While the traditional bee colony optimization technique has been widely used as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
13,869 Views
17 Pages

18 December 2009

Frequently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are designed focusing on applications and omitting transmission problems in these wireless networks. In this paper, we present a measurement campaign that has been carried out using one of the most commonly...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,551 Views
31 Pages

A Survey on Energy Drainage Attacks and Countermeasures in Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Joon-Ku Lee,
  • You-Rak Choi,
  • Beom-Kyu Suh,
  • Sang-Woo Jung and
  • Ki-Il Kim

19 February 2025

Owing to limited resources, implementing conventional security components in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) rather than wireless networks is difficult. Because most sensor nodes are typically powered by batteries, the battery power should be suffici...

  • Article
  • Open Access
49 Citations
5,400 Views
21 Pages

25 July 2017

Fault tolerance has long been a major concern for sensor communications in fault-tolerant cyber physical systems (CPSs). Network failure problems often occur in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) due to various factors such as the insufficient power of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
3,048 Views
17 Pages

Wireless sensor networks (W.S.N.s) are a critical research area with numerous practical applications. W.S.N.s are utilized in real-life scenarios, including environmental monitoring, healthcare, industrial automation, smart homes, and agriculture. As...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
3,993 Views
28 Pages

21 June 2018

In today’s internet-of-things (IoT) environment, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have many advantages, with broad applications in different areas including environmental monitoring, maintaining security, etc. However, high energy depletion may...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
7,000 Views
19 Pages

11 August 2014

Monitoring thousands of objects which are deployed over large-hard-to-reach areas, is an important application of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Such an application requires disseminating a large amount of data within the WSN. This data include...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,324 Views
24 Pages

FCS-MBFLEACH: Designing an Energy-Aware Fault Detection System for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Shahaboddin Shamshirband,
  • Javad Hassannataj Joloudari,
  • Mohammad GhasemiGol,
  • Hamid Saadatfar,
  • Amir Mosavi and
  • Narjes Nabipour

23 December 2019

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) include large-scale sensor nodes that are densely distributed over a geographical region that is completely randomized for monitoring, identifying, and analyzing physical events. The crucial challenge in wireless senso...

  • Review
  • Open Access
24 Citations
6,264 Views
23 Pages

A Survey on Layer-Wise Security Attacks in IoT: Attacks, Countermeasures, and Open-Issues

  • Gaurav Sharma,
  • Stilianos Vidalis,
  • Niharika Anand,
  • Catherine Menon and
  • Somesh Kumar

28 September 2021

Security is a mandatory issue in any network, where sensitive data are transferred safely in the required direction. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are the networks formed in hostile areas for different applications. Whatever the application, the WS...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,253 Views
25 Pages

Intragroup and Intergroup Pairwise Key Predistribution for Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Ching-Nung Yang,
  • Ting-Song Gu,
  • Jhou-Cian You and
  • Chang-Ji Wang

26 December 2024

The major task of a wireless sensor network (WSN) is data collection. Key predistribution (KP) is to establish pairwise keys for secure communication in a WSN, such that all collected data could be securely sent to a backend database. Most research o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
55 Citations
7,276 Views
17 Pages

29 March 2018

Low cost, high reliability and easy maintenance are key criteria in the design of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper investigates the existing ant colony optimization (ACO)-based WSN routing algorithms and the minimum h...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
6,972 Views
23 Pages

Analysis of Wireless Sensor Network Topology and Estimation of Optimal Network Deployment by Deterministic Radio Channel Characterization

  • Erik Aguirre,
  • Peio Lopez-Iturri,
  • Leire Azpilicueta,
  • José Javier Astrain,
  • Jesús Villadangos and
  • Francisco Falcone

5 February 2015

One of the main challenges in the implementation and design of context-aware scenarios is the adequate deployment strategy for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), mainly due to the strong dependence of the radiofrequency physical layer with the surround...

  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
10,395 Views
17 Pages

Real-Time Obstacle Detection with YOLOv8 in a WSN Using UAV Aerial Photography

  • Shakila Rahman,
  • Jahid Hasan Rony,
  • Jia Uddin and
  • Md Abdus Samad

10 October 2023

Nowadays, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a significant and long-lasting impact on numerous fields that affect all facets of our lives, including governmental, civil, and military applications. WSNs contain sensor nodes linked together via wirel...

  • Article
  • Open Access
47 Citations
5,252 Views
15 Pages

20 May 2020

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) may be incorporated with thousands of small nodes. This gives them the capability to effectively sense, communicate, and compute parameters. However, the security and life span of a WSN node is a primary concern. This...

  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,596 Views
23 Pages

Wireless Sensor Network Deployment: Architecture, Objectives, and Methodologies

  • Frantz Tossa,
  • Yves Faga,
  • Wahabou Abdou,
  • Eugène C. Ezin and
  • Pierre Gouton

30 May 2025

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become a critical technology in the Internet of Things (IoT) era, enabling the seamless integration of sensing, communication, and computational capabilities. WSNs have emerged as a transformative technology with...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,737 Views
21 Pages

6 December 2024

This paper presents a unified performance metric for evaluating the chronological wild geese optimization (CWGO) algorithm in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The metric combines key performance factors—energy consumption, delay, distance, and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,818 Views
34 Pages

A Lightweight Authentication MAC Protocol for CR-WSNs

  • Bashayer Othman Aloufi and
  • Wajdi Alhakami

10 February 2023

Cognitive radio (CR) has emerged as one of the most investigated techniques in wireless networks. Research is ongoing in terms of this technology and its potential use. This technology relies on making full use of the unused spectrum to solve the pro...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
7,572 Views
24 Pages

30 April 2014

Information technology (IT) is pushing ahead with drastic reforms of modern life for improvement of human welfare. Objects constitute “Information Networks” through smart, self-regulated information gathering that also recognizes and controls current...

  • Article
  • Open Access
66 Citations
6,826 Views
23 Pages

An Intelligent Opportunistic Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks and Its Application Towards e-Healthcare

  • Deep Kumar Bangotra,
  • Yashwant Singh,
  • Arvind Selwal,
  • Nagesh Kumar,
  • Pradeep Kumar Singh and
  • Wei-Chiang Hong

13 July 2020

The lifetime of a node in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is directly responsible for the longevity of the wireless network. The routing of packets is the most energy-consuming activity for a sensor node. Thus, finding an energy-efficient routing stra...

  • Article
  • Open Access
34 Citations
5,081 Views
15 Pages

Dynamic Hierarchical Energy-Efficient Method Based on Combinatorial Optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Yuchao Chang,
  • Hongying Tang,
  • Yongbo Cheng,
  • Qin Zhao and
  • Baoqing Li andXiaobing Yuan

19 July 2017

Routing protocols based on topology control are significantly important for improving network longevity in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Traditionally, some WSN routing protocols distribute uneven network traffic load to sensor nodes, which is not...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
745 Views
23 Pages

Implementation and Performance Evaluation of Quantum-Inspired Clustering Scheme for Energy-Efficient WSNs

  • Chindiyababy Uthayakumar,
  • Ramkumar Jayaraman,
  • Hadi A. Raja and
  • Kamran Daniel

19 September 2025

Advancements in communication technologies and the proliferation of smart devices have significantly increased the demand for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). These networks play an important role in the IoT environment. The wireless sensor network h...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
9,876 Views
17 Pages

An Integrated Simulation Module for Cyber-Physical Automation Systems

  • Francesco Ferracuti,
  • Alessandro Freddi,
  • Andrea Monteriù and
  • Mariorosario Prist

5 May 2016

The integration of Wireless Sensors Networks (WSNs) into Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) is an important research problem to solve in order to increase the performances, safety, reliability and usability of wireless automation systems. Due to the compl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
78 Citations
15,967 Views
23 Pages

1 February 2011

IP based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSNs) are gaining importance for their broad range of applications in health-care, home automation, environmental monitoring, industrial control, vehicle telematics and agricultural monitoring. In all these appli...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
4,435 Views
25 Pages

20 February 2023

We examine a general wireless sensor network (WSN) model which incorporates a large number of sensors distributed over a large and complex geographical area. The study proposes solutions for a flexible deployment, low cost and high reliability in a w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
75 Citations
6,805 Views
24 Pages

6 March 2023

Extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and minimizing energy costs are the two most significant concerns for data transmission. Sensor nodes are powered by their own battery capacity, allowing them to perform critical tasks and int...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
13,288 Views
14 Pages

A New Wireless Biosensor for Intra-Vaginal Temperature Monitoring

  • João M. L. P. Caldeira,
  • Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues,
  • João F. R. Garcia and
  • Isabel de la Torre

17 November 2010

Wireless Body Sensors for medical purposes offer valuable contributions to improve patients’ healthcare, including diagnosis and/or therapeutics monitoring. Body temperature is a crucial parameter in healthcare diagnosis. In gynecology and obstetrics...

  • Article
  • Open Access
59 Citations
4,033 Views
21 Pages

25 January 2021

Nowadays due to smart environment creation there is a rapid growth in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology real time applications. The most critical resource in in WSN is battery power. One of the familiar methods which mainly concentrate in incr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
39 Citations
5,138 Views
13 Pages

22 April 2019

The propagation model is an essential component in the design and deployment of a wireless sensor network (WSN). Although much attention has been given to near-ground propagation models, few studies place the transceiver directly on the ground with t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
41 Citations
17,058 Views
16 Pages

27 April 2012

Nowadays wireless sensor netwoks (WSN) technology, wireless communications and digital electronics have made it realistic to produce a large scale miniaturized devices integrating sensing, processing and communication capabilities. The focus of this...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
5,941 Views
23 Pages

A Passive Testing Approach for Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Xiaoping Che,
  • Stephane Maag,
  • Hwee-Xian Tan,
  • Hwee-Pink Tan and
  • Zhangbing Zhou

19 November 2015

Smart systems are today increasingly developed with the number of wireless sensor devices drastically increasing. They are implemented within several contexts throughout our environment. Thus, sensed data transported in ubiquitous systems are importa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
130 Citations
31,871 Views
31 Pages

31 May 2011

This paper presents a survey on the current state-of-the-art in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Operating Systems (OSs). In recent years, WSNs have received tremendous attention in the research community, with applications in battlefields, industrial p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,668 Views
31 Pages

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Vital Signs for the Elderly Using Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Networks: Exploring the Impact on Sleep and Home Security

  • Carolina Del-Valle-Soto,
  • Ramon A. Briseño,
  • Leonardo J. Valdivia,
  • Ramiro Velázquez and
  • Juan Arturo Nolazco-Flores

24 August 2023

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are useful in medicine for monitoring the vital signs of elderly patients. These sensors allow for remote monitoring of a patient’s state of health, making it easier for elderly patients, and allowing to avoid or...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
5,063 Views
18 Pages

23 August 2016

In recent years, wireless charging technology has provided an alternative to charging equipment. Wireless charging technology has already proved to be useful in our daily lives in phones, buses, restaurants, etc. Wireless charging technology can also...

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