- Article
Energy Efficiency of the Baltic Sea Countries: An Application of Stochastic Frontier Analysis
- Wen-Ling Hsiao,
- Jin-Li Hu,
- Chan Hsiao and
- Ming-Chung Chang
Using the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model, this research measures total-factor energy efficiency (TFEE) and disaggregate input efficiency for 10 countries across the Baltic Sea from 2004 to 2014. Real capital, labor, energy use, and carbon d...