Assessment and Decomposition of Total Factor Energy Efficiency: An Evidence Based on Energy Shadow Price in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
3.1. Energy Efficiency and Directional Distance Function
3.2. Energy Shadow price Evaluation
3.3. Parametric Forms of Directional Input Distance Function
- (1)
- Energy-input based directional distance function
- (2)
- Monotonicity in inputs
- (3)
- Monotonicity in outputs
- (4)
- Homogeneous linear restriction
- (5)
- Symmetry of quadratic form
3.4. Establishment and Decomposition of Overall Energy Efficiency
4. Data
5. Results and Discussions
5.1. Estimated Results ANALYSIS
5.2. Results Analysis of Shadow Prices
5.3. Results Analysis of Energy Efficiency
6. Conclusions
- By extending the work of prior research, we break down the shadow price into four sources of energy, and find that the shadow prices of different kinds of energy are quite different, and the same kind of energy also has different shadow prices in different regions. The situation indicates the existence of energy trade barriers among regions and the different contribution of the several types of energy to economy.
- Among the kinds of energy mentioned, the shadow price of oil has climbed dramatically, which means the efficiency of oil consumption has greatly improved. The increasingly rigid vehicle emissions standards and increasing tax allowance on smaller vehicles, may lead to the increase of marginal oil output.
- In areas with rich energy resources, energy marginal output is low in most areas due to the lack of an integrated energy market, resulting in the reduction of total factor energy efficiency. Besides, misallocation of factor market owing to administrative interference remarkably brings about the inefficiency of energy.
- Both the structure of energy input and inter-provincial allocation of energy impact on energy efficiency. Increasing values of the two indices in recent years imply the effect of China’s adjusted energy policy. Inter-provincial energy barrier will be broken for the marketization of energy factor and better negotiability of energy among areas. Specifically, it is of great necessity to realize marketing disposition of energy, energy structure adjustment and energy efficiency improvement for achieving reduction goal of carbon emission.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix
Appendix A1. Efficiency Decompositon Framework
Appendix A2. Depreciation Rate of Different Areas
Province | Beijing | Tianjin | Hebei | Shanxi | Neimenggu | liaoning | Jilin | Heilongjiang | Shanghai | Jiangsu |
Depreciation rate (%) | 3.4 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 4 | 4.3 | 5.8 | 5.1 | 6 | 3.4 | 4.2 |
Province | Zhejiang | Anhui | Fujian | Jiangxi | Shandong | Henan | Hubei | Hunan | Guangdong | Guangxi |
Depreciation rate (%) | 4 | 5 | 4.5 | 3.7 | 5 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 6.9 | 3.3 |
Province | Hainan | Chongqing | Sichuan | Guizhou | Yunnan | Shaanxi | Gansu | Qinghai | Ningxia | Xinjiang |
Depreciation rate (%) | 2.2 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.6 |
Appendix A3. The Shadow Price of Each Energy from 1998 to 2012 are as Follow
1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 0.437 | 0.442 | 0.451 | 0.442 | 0.463 | 0.461 | 0.486 | 0.511 | 0.541 | 0.569 | 0.628 | 0.678 | 0.721 | 0.763 | 0.876 |
Tianjin | 0.405 | 0.406 | 0.412 | 0.408 | 0.396 | 0.395 | 0.384 | 0.378 | 0.381 | 0.384 | 0.386 | 0.382 | 0.403 | 0.400 | 0.421 |
Hebei | 0.326 | 0.316 | 0.307 | 0.290 | 0.265 | 0.233 | 0.204 | 0.173 | 0.135 | 0.111 | 0.094 | 0.080 | 0.103 | 0.056 | 0.070 |
Shanxi | 0.321 | 0.324 | 0.313 | 0.209 | 0.250 | 0.226 | 0.196 | 0.182 | 0.161 | 0.000 | 0.147 | 0.149 | 0.166 | 0.126 | 0.108 |
Neimenggu | 0.358 | 0.351 | 0.344 | 0.336 | 0.322 | 0.305 | 0.271 | 0.239 | 0.220 | 0.208 | 0.158 | 0.153 | 0.136 | 0.034 | 0.000 |
Liaoning | 0.380 | 0.418 | 0.407 | 0.398 | 0.361 | 0.338 | 0.296 | 0.330 | 0.311 | 0.276 | 0.269 | 0.247 | 0.317 | 0.351 | 0.432 |
Jilin | 0.391 | 0.384 | 0.382 | 0.375 | 0.369 | 0.363 | 0.351 | 0.343 | 0.332 | 0.346 | 0.331 | 0.329 | 0.325 | 0.291 | 0.312 |
Heilongjiang | 0.426 | 0.430 | 0.426 | 0.424 | 0.416 | 0.402 | 0.379 | 0.379 | 0.382 | 0.374 | 0.344 | 0.374 | 0.362 | 0.335 | 0.306 |
Shanghai | 0.383 | 0.376 | 0.384 | 0.379 | 0.384 | 0.386 | 0.410 | 0.432 | 0.471 | 0.481 | 0.478 | 0.496 | 0.505 | 0.507 | 0.559 |
Jiangsu | 0.361 | 0.351 | 0.352 | 0.346 | 0.337 | 0.330 | 0.298 | 0.246 | 0.231 | 0.241 | 0.265 | 0.271 | 0.276 | 0.219 | 0.277 |
Zhejiang | 0.408 | 0.404 | 0.401 | 0.396 | 0.403 | 0.405 | 0.390 | 0.390 | 0.375 | 0.355 | 0.363 | 0.380 | 0.440 | 0.465 | 0.491 |
Anhui | 0.386 | 0.380 | 0.373 | 0.363 | 0.356 | 0.343 | 0.335 | 0.324 | 0.314 | 0.297 | 0.283 | 0.264 | 0.249 | 0.238 | 0.239 |
Fujian | 0.422 | 0.416 | 0.413 | 0.414 | 0.402 | 0.388 | 0.381 | 0.378 | 0.371 | 0.354 | 0.360 | 0.349 | 0.432 | 0.394 | 0.436 |
Jiangxi | 0.413 | 0.412 | 0.409 | 0.411 | 0.407 | 0.392 | 0.381 | 0.385 | 0.373 | 0.355 | 0.359 | 0.349 | 0.361 | 0.334 | 0.352 |
Shandong | 0.381 | 0.370 | 0.388 | 0.354 | 0.322 | 0.302 | 0.270 | 0.246 | 0.201 | 0.179 | 0.162 | 0.172 | 0.181 | 0.183 | 0.200 |
Henan | 0.392 | 0.393 | 0.388 | 0.383 | 0.369 | 0.354 | 0.325 | 0.277 | 0.252 | 0.222 | 0.229 | 0.237 | 0.268 | 0.258 | 0.423 |
Hubei | 0.411 | 0.409 | 0.411 | 0.403 | 0.399 | 0.393 | 0.388 | 0.415 | 0.415 | 0.400 | 0.480 | 0.472 | 0.373 | 0.338 | 0.398 |
Hunan | 0.418 | 0.430 | 0.436 | 0.420 | 0.426 | 0.405 | 0.401 | 0.376 | 0.377 | 0.370 | 0.431 | 0.458 | 0.557 | 0.561 | 0.716 |
Guangdong | 0.450 | 0.443 | 0.438 | 0.440 | 0.445 | 0.449 | 0.449 | 0.469 | 0.488 | 0.527 | 0.563 | 0.732 | 0.560 | 0.514 | 0.615 |
Guangxi | 0.449 | 0.448 | 0.451 | 0.453 | 0.461 | 0.461 | 0.449 | 0.432 | 0.442 | 0.441 | 0.465 | 0.455 | 0.476 | 0.516 | 0.555 |
Hainan | 0.428 | 0.413 | 0.424 | 0.425 | 0.435 | 0.446 | 0.456 | 0.448 | 0.460 | 0.451 | 0.465 | 0.459 | 0.473 | 0.526 | 0.523 |
Chongqing | 0.459 | 0.465 | 0.480 | 0.446 | 0.447 | 0.458 | 0.465 | 0.509 | 0.526 | 0.536 | 0.548 | 0.545 | 0.578 | 0.557 | 0.615 |
Sichuan | 0.533 | 0.565 | 0.572 | 0.594 | 0.603 | 0.594 | 0.612 | 0.658 | 0.711 | 0.745 | 0.741 | 0.798 | 1.099 | 1.802 | 1.707 |
Guizhou | 0.391 | 0.392 | 0.394 | 0.408 | 0.400 | 0.371 | 0.347 | 0.321 | 0.299 | 0.287 | 0.296 | 0.274 | 0.265 | 0.245 | 0.221 |
Yunnan | 0.428 | 0.431 | 0.437 | 0.434 | 0.431 | 0.423 | 0.436 | 0.421 | 0.392 | 0.393 | 0.399 | 0.378 | 0.397 | 0.432 | 0.484 |
Shaanxi | 0.408 | 0.414 | 0.427 | 0.435 | 0.439 | 0.430 | 0.453 | 0.390 | 0.405 | 0.429 | 0.448 | 0.426 | 0.435 | 0.431 | 0.421 |
Gansu | 0.426 | 0.425 | 0.425 | 0.417 | 0.414 | 0.416 | 0.416 | 0.421 | 0.424 | 0.420 | 0.415 | 0.434 | 0.395 | 0.377 | 0.391 |
Qinghai | 0.419 | 0.421 | 0.423 | 0.420 | 0.432 | 0.441 | 0.453 | 0.464 | 0.465 | 0.461 | 0.466 | 0.474 | 0.502 | 0.551 | 0.590 |
Ningxia | 0.402 | 0.402 | 0.400 | 0.397 | 0.395 | 0.392 | 0.393 | 0.374 | 0.373 | 0.382 | 0.358 | 0.356 | 0.345 | 0.314 | 0.324 |
Xinjiang | 0.445 | 0.448 | 0.447 | 0.516 | 0.467 | 0.481 | 0.506 | 0.523 | 0.544 | 0.555 | 0.541 | 0.509 | 0.567 | 0.591 | 0.596 |
eastern | 0.398 | 0.396 | 0.398 | 0.390 | 0.383 | 0.376 | 0.366 | 0.364 | 0.360 | 0.357 | 0.367 | 0.386 | 0.401 | 0.398 | 0.446 |
central | 0.396 | 0.393 | 0.391 | 0.374 | 0.375 | 0.365 | 0.351 | 0.344 | 0.336 | 0.306 | 0.330 | 0.329 | 0.322 | 0.306 | 0.333 |
western | 0.429 | 0.433 | 0.436 | 0.441 | 0.437 | 0.434 | 0.436 | 0.432 | 0.436 | 0.442 | 0.440 | 0.436 | 0.472 | 0.532 | 0.537 |
Total | 0.408 | 0.408 | 0.409 | 0.402 | 0.398 | 0.389 | 0.381 | 0.374 | 0.369 | 0.359 | 0.369 | 0.375 | 0.389 | 0.380 | 0.408 |
1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 0.005 | 0.022 | 0.042 | 0.061 | 0.078 | 0.106 | 0.122 | 0.142 | 0.157 | 0.175 | 0.187 | 0.211 | 0.240 | 0.283 | 0.303 |
Tianjin | 0.014 | 0.035 | 0.051 | 0.079 | 0.106 | 0.131 | 0.160 | 0.189 | 0.222 | 0.253 | 0.281 | 0.313 | 0.318 | 0.337 | 0.371 |
Hebei | 0.091 | 0.113 | 0.137 | 0.164 | 0.194 | 0.226 | 0.261 | 0.309 | 0.345 | 0.376 | 0.405 | 0.448 | 0.475 | 0.505 | 0.532 |
Shanxi | 0.075 | 0.096 | 0.123 | 0.188 | 0.195 | 0.229 | 0.263 | 0.292 | 0.325 | 0.403 | 0.377 | 0.406 | 0.431 | 0.476 | 0.515 |
Neimenggu | 0.054 | 0.080 | 0.105 | 0.133 | 0.163 | 0.190 | 0.223 | 0.254 | 0.280 | 0.303 | 0.339 | 0.360 | 0.387 | 0.442 | 0.481 |
Liaoning | 0.042 | 0.042 | 0.061 | 0.093 | 0.125 | 0.154 | 0.210 | 0.193 | 0.214 | 0.246 | 0.260 | 0.288 | 0.253 | 0.239 | 0.209 |
Jilin | 0.035 | 0.061 | 0.087 | 0.114 | 0.141 | 0.169 | 0.202 | 0.224 | 0.251 | 0.282 | 0.323 | 0.353 | 0.376 | 0.416 | 0.473 |
Heilongjiang | 0.015 | 0.033 | 0.051 | 0.076 | 0.101 | 0.129 | 0.161 | 0.183 | 0.216 | 0.231 | 0.281 | 0.304 | 0.326 | 0.345 | 0.364 |
Shanghai | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.034 | 0.051 | 0.066 | 0.082 | 0.090 | 0.102 | 0.101 | 0.113 | 0.135 | 0.149 | 0.160 | 0.172 | 0.184 |
Jiangsu | 0.069 | 0.088 | 0.100 | 0.120 | 0.139 | 0.154 | 0.173 | 0.184 | 0.185 | 0.189 | 0.188 | 0.194 | 0.174 | 0.171 | 0.128 |
Zhejiang | 0.039 | 0.057 | 0.076 | 0.097 | 0.122 | 0.141 | 0.164 | 0.184 | 0.201 | 0.222 | 0.247 | 0.263 | 0.239 | 0.243 | 0.273 |
Anhui | 0.089 | 0.114 | 0.141 | 0.169 | 0.197 | 0.227 | 0.256 | 0.286 | 0.316 | 0.347 | 0.380 | 0.413 | 0.441 | 0.467 | 0.486 |
Fujian | 0.030 | 0.053 | 0.077 | 0.103 | 0.127 | 0.153 | 0.177 | 0.213 | 0.245 | 0.271 | 0.313 | 0.334 | 0.323 | 0.336 | 0.383 |
Jiangxi | 0.057 | 0.081 | 0.106 | 0.129 | 0.158 | 0.186 | 0.225 | 0.252 | 0.288 | 0.327 | 0.365 | 0.409 | 0.441 | 0.468 | 0.523 |
Shandong | 0.084 | 0.105 | 0.115 | 0.143 | 0.173 | 0.186 | 0.202 | 0.211 | 0.223 | 0.238 | 0.259 | 0.251 | 0.221 | 0.218 | 0.190 |
Henan | 0.108 | 0.133 | 0.164 | 0.188 | 0.217 | 0.245 | 0.277 | 0.305 | 0.332 | 0.360 | 0.394 | 0.437 | 0.469 | 0.489 | 0.526 |
Hubei | 0.078 | 0.101 | 0.127 | 0.155 | 0.180 | 0.207 | 0.240 | 0.267 | 0.303 | 0.321 | 0.366 | 0.401 | 0.421 | 0.450 | 0.516 |
Hunan | 0.089 | 0.106 | 0.128 | 0.161 | 0.184 | 0.219 | 0.258 | 0.296 | 0.331 | 0.364 | 0.452 | 0.509 | 0.624 | 0.693 | 0.845 |
Guangdong | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.035 | 0.049 | 0.062 | 0.077 | 0.085 | 0.082 | 0.081 | 0.060 | 0.067 | 0.000 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.071 |
Guangxi | 0.066 | 0.092 | 0.120 | 0.147 | 0.175 | 0.211 | 0.247 | 0.273 | 0.318 | 0.360 | 0.417 | 0.459 | 0.508 | 0.596 | 0.650 |
Hainan | 0.012 | 0.044 | 0.065 | 0.090 | 0.114 | 0.138 | 0.165 | 0.202 | 0.234 | 0.268 | 0.304 | 0.347 | 0.386 | 0.415 | 0.468 |
Chongqing | 0.033 | 0.054 | 0.076 | 0.106 | 0.133 | 0.156 | 0.182 | 0.223 | 0.256 | 0.291 | 0.342 | 0.389 | 0.428 | 0.454 | 0.504 |
Sichuan | 0.059 | 0.076 | 0.102 | 0.123 | 0.148 | 0.181 | 0.209 | 0.229 | 0.241 | 0.270 | 0.316 | 0.329 | 0.294 | 0.554 | 0.570 |
Guizhou | 0.069 | 0.091 | 0.120 | 0.153 | 0.184 | 0.221 | 0.258 | 0.281 | 0.319 | 0.351 | 0.381 | 0.423 | 0.459 | 0.503 | 0.551 |
Yunnan | 0.060 | 0.084 | 0.111 | 0.137 | 0.168 | 0.203 | 0.237 | 0.291 | 0.322 | 0.364 | 0.413 | 0.460 | 0.500 | 0.578 | 0.681 |
Shaanxi | 0.049 | 0.070 | 0.087 | 0.109 | 0.134 | 0.159 | 0.174 | 0.231 | 0.250 | 0.271 | 0.284 | 0.322 | 0.344 | 0.373 | 0.410 |
Gansu | 0.046 | 0.072 | 0.095 | 0.126 | 0.158 | 0.180 | 0.220 | 0.250 | 0.287 | 0.326 | 0.370 | 0.420 | 0.450 | 0.491 | 0.546 |
Qinghai | 0.022 | 0.047 | 0.073 | 0.099 | 0.123 | 0.150 | 0.183 | 0.215 | 0.254 | 0.298 | 0.337 | 0.386 | 0.452 | 0.513 | 0.579 |
Ningxia | 0.025 | 0.050 | 0.076 | 0.103 | 0.131 | 0.160 | 0.191 | 0.232 | 0.270 | 0.315 | 0.344 | 0.389 | 0.431 | 0.487 | 0.533 |
Xinjiang | 0.000 | 0.024 | 0.047 | 0.026 | 0.091 | 0.112 | 0.128 | 0.147 | 0.172 | 0.202 | 0.247 | 0.304 | 0.318 | 0.344 | 0.393 |
eastern | 0.035 | 0.054 | 0.072 | 0.095 | 0.119 | 0.141 | 0.164 | 0.183 | 0.201 | 0.219 | 0.241 | 0.254 | 0.260 | 0.272 | 0.283 |
middle | 0.059 | 0.083 | 0.108 | 0.139 | 0.163 | 0.191 | 0.223 | 0.251 | 0.283 | 0.317 | 0.349 | 0.384 | 0.411 | 0.441 | 0.484 |
western | 0.044 | 0.067 | 0.092 | 0.115 | 0.146 | 0.175 | 0.205 | 0.239 | 0.270 | 0.305 | 0.345 | 0.385 | 0.416 | 0.485 | 0.536 |
Total | 0.048 | 0.069 | 0.091 | 0.117 | 0.143 | 0.170 | 0.198 | 0.225 | 0.251 | 0.280 | 0.311 | 0.341 | 0.361 | 0.393 | 0.428 |
1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 0.112 | 0.107 | 0.106 | 0.100 | 0.094 | 0.096 | 0.088 | 0.084 | 0.077 | 0.073 | 0.059 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.053 | 0.036 |
Tianjin | 0.100 | 0.096 | 0.089 | 0.089 | 0.088 | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.085 | 0.085 | 0.084 | 0.088 | 0.078 | 0.079 | 0.087 |
Hebei | 0.124 | 0.126 | 0.126 | 0.129 | 0.134 | 0.141 | 0.153 | 0.174 | 0.188 | 0.200 | 0.212 | 0.235 | 0.250 | 0.272 | 0.291 |
Shanxi | 0.122 | 0.119 | 0.119 | 0.141 | 0.128 | 0.131 | 0.135 | 0.136 | 0.139 | 0.178 | 0.136 | 0.135 | 0.132 | 0.145 | 0.152 |
Neimenggu | 0.113 | 0.111 | 0.109 | 0.108 | 0.108 | 0.109 | 0.112 | 0.117 | 0.119 | 0.121 | 0.132 | 0.135 | 0.144 | 0.176 | 0.195 |
Liaoning | 0.117 | 0.099 | 0.092 | 0.098 | 0.104 | 0.107 | 0.132 | 0.104 | 0.108 | 0.121 | 0.128 | 0.142 | 0.118 | 0.110 | 0.091 |
Jilin | 0.103 | 0.102 | 0.101 | 0.099 | 0.097 | 0.095 | 0.096 | 0.090 | 0.089 | 0.092 | 0.103 | 0.106 | 0.108 | 0.120 | 0.136 |
Heilongjiang | 0.089 | 0.085 | 0.079 | 0.079 | 0.077 | 0.076 | 0.078 | 0.072 | 0.075 | 0.067 | 0.082 | 0.078 | 0.077 | 0.077 | 0.078 |
Shanghai | 0.109 | 0.109 | 0.105 | 0.103 | 0.098 | 0.095 | 0.087 | 0.085 | 0.072 | 0.073 | 0.076 | 0.075 | 0.073 | 0.069 | 0.064 |
Jiangsu | 0.117 | 0.120 | 0.116 | 0.121 | 0.125 | 0.131 | 0.140 | 0.146 | 0.152 | 0.168 | 0.185 | 0.214 | 0.232 | 0.262 | 0.287 |
Zhejiang | 0.115 | 0.113 | 0.109 | 0.110 | 0.116 | 0.121 | 0.129 | 0.136 | 0.143 | 0.153 | 0.168 | 0.177 | 0.167 | 0.176 | 0.207 |
Anhui | 0.110 | 0.108 | 0.107 | 0.107 | 0.106 | 0.106 | 0.106 | 0.106 | 0.107 | 0.109 | 0.112 | 0.116 | 0.120 | 0.124 | 0.122 |
Fujian | 0.109 | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.106 | 0.103 | 0.102 | 0.100 | 0.107 | 0.112 | 0.116 | 0.130 | 0.132 | 0.112 | 0.112 | 0.132 |
Jiangxi | 0.105 | 0.102 | 0.100 | 0.096 | 0.094 | 0.091 | 0.097 | 0.094 | 0.096 | 0.100 | 0.102 | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.106 | 0.113 |
Shandong | 0.110 | 0.112 | 0.107 | 0.114 | 0.125 | 0.126 | 0.132 | 0.137 | 0.146 | 0.162 | 0.186 | 0.196 | 0.193 | 0.220 | 0.230 |
Henan | 0.113 | 0.111 | 0.110 | 0.111 | 0.114 | 0.117 | 0.124 | 0.131 | 0.141 | 0.155 | 0.172 | 0.198 | 0.223 | 0.245 | 0.280 |
Hubei | 0.112 | 0.110 | 0.111 | 0.111 | 0.109 | 0.108 | 0.111 | 0.110 | 0.117 | 0.113 | 0.121 | 0.129 | 0.140 | 0.154 | 0.181 |
Hunan | 0.115 | 0.109 | 0.106 | 0.109 | 0.104 | 0.108 | 0.114 | 0.120 | 0.124 | 0.128 | 0.160 | 0.177 | 0.222 | 0.249 | 0.308 |
Guangdong | 0.087 | 0.085 | 0.089 | 0.088 | 0.090 | 0.094 | 0.093 | 0.087 | 0.093 | 0.092 | 0.111 | 0.089 | 0.154 | 0.182 | 0.259 |
Guangxi | 0.110 | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.103 | 0.100 | 0.102 | 0.102 | 0.096 | 0.101 | 0.106 | 0.116 | 0.123 | 0.134 | 0.162 | 0.179 |
Hainan | 0.093 | 0.095 | 0.090 | 0.085 | 0.078 | 0.071 | 0.063 | 0.061 | 0.054 | 0.049 | 0.041 | 0.037 | 0.027 | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Chongqing | 0.098 | 0.094 | 0.091 | 0.088 | 0.087 | 0.082 | 0.078 | 0.083 | 0.080 | 0.077 | 0.083 | 0.087 | 0.083 | 0.079 | 0.075 |
Sichuan | 0.086 | 0.081 | 0.079 | 0.074 | 0.071 | 0.073 | 0.072 | 0.064 | 0.051 | 0.052 | 0.062 | 0.054 | 0.000 | 0.080 | 0.094 |
Guizhou | 0.111 | 0.107 | 0.106 | 0.105 | 0.103 | 0.104 | 0.105 | 0.102 | 0.104 | 0.102 | 0.096 | 0.099 | 0.098 | 0.101 | 0.107 |
Yunnan | 0.110 | 0.108 | 0.106 | 0.102 | 0.102 | 0.103 | 0.102 | 0.113 | 0.111 | 0.113 | 0.117 | 0.122 | 0.121 | 0.137 | 0.162 |
Shaanxi | 0.106 | 0.101 | 0.095 | 0.090 | 0.086 | 0.081 | 0.070 | 0.087 | 0.079 | 0.071 | 0.060 | 0.067 | 0.064 | 0.068 | 0.076 |
Gansu | 0.099 | 0.099 | 0.094 | 0.094 | 0.093 | 0.084 | 0.087 | 0.084 | 0.083 | 0.080 | 0.080 | 0.078 | 0.074 | 0.072 | 0.070 |
Qinghai | 0.100 | 0.097 | 0.094 | 0.089 | 0.083 | 0.077 | 0.073 | 0.066 | 0.063 | 0.061 | 0.054 | 0.049 | 0.048 | 0.036 | 0.025 |
Ningxia | 0.101 | 0.098 | 0.094 | 0.091 | 0.087 | 0.083 | 0.079 | 0.081 | 0.078 | 0.078 | 0.071 | 0.068 | 0.064 | 0.068 | 0.060 |
Xinjiang | 0.089 | 0.087 | 0.084 | 0.047 | 0.072 | 0.065 | 0.053 | 0.041 | 0.032 | 0.026 | 0.029 | 0.038 | 0.015 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
eastern | 0.109 | 0.106 | 0.103 | 0.104 | 0.105 | 0.106 | 0.109 | 0.110 | 0.112 | 0.117 | 0.125 | 0.131 | 0.132 | 0.140 | 0.153 |
middle | 0.106 | 0.104 | 0.102 | 0.104 | 0.100 | 0.099 | 0.101 | 0.100 | 0.102 | 0.108 | 0.108 | 0.113 | 0.117 | 0.122 | 0.133 |
western | 0.102 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.090 | 0.090 | 0.088 | 0.085 | 0.085 | 0.082 | 0.081 | 0.082 | 0.084 | 0.077 | 0.089 | 0.095 |
Total | 0.106 | 0.104 | 0.101 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.099 | 0.101 | 0.101 | 0.103 | 0.107 | 0.112 | 0.116 | 0.117 | 0.127 | 0.136 |
1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 0.195 | 0.197 | 0.198 | 0.201 | 0.200 | 0.201 | 0.199 | 0.203 | 0.209 | 0.216 | 0.226 | 0.238 | 0.250 | 0.258 | 0.285 |
Tianjin | 0.194 | 0.192 | 0.193 | 0.192 | 0.190 | 0.190 | 0.190 | 0.190 | 0.191 | 0.192 | 0.195 | 0.201 | 0.208 | 0.218 | 0.234 |
Hebei | 0.124 | 0.125 | 0.123 | 0.122 | 0.122 | 0.123 | 0.124 | 0.121 | 0.123 | 0.131 | 0.137 | 0.143 | 0.150 | 0.165 | 0.181 |
Shanxi | 0.167 | 0.165 | 0.163 | 0.164 | 0.161 | 0.159 | 0.159 | 0.159 | 0.158 | 0.164 | 0.157 | 0.159 | 0.167 | 0.172 | 0.178 |
Neimenggu | 0.175 | 0.173 | 0.171 | 0.169 | 0.167 | 0.170 | 0.171 | 0.173 | 0.178 | 0.186 | 0.192 | 0.204 | 0.212 | 0.219 | 0.231 |
Liaoning | 0.165 | 0.158 | 0.156 | 0.155 | 0.160 | 0.162 | 0.163 | 0.159 | 0.164 | 0.171 | 0.181 | 0.189 | 0.196 | 0.216 | 0.238 |
Jilin | 0.174 | 0.172 | 0.169 | 0.167 | 0.165 | 0.162 | 0.161 | 0.160 | 0.161 | 0.160 | 0.168 | 0.174 | 0.184 | 0.190 | 0.199 |
Heilongjiang | 0.167 | 0.165 | 0.166 | 0.165 | 0.163 | 0.163 | 0.161 | 0.160 | 0.158 | 0.161 | 0.164 | 0.163 | 0.166 | 0.173 | 0.181 |
Shanghai | 0.199 | 0.201 | 0.201 | 0.204 | 0.205 | 0.206 | 0.206 | 0.214 | 0.219 | 0.228 | 0.236 | 0.246 | 0.263 | 0.280 | 0.299 |
Jiangsu | 0.107 | 0.108 | 0.109 | 0.110 | 0.112 | 0.116 | 0.125 | 0.143 | 0.162 | 0.180 | 0.204 | 0.228 | 0.261 | 0.308 | 0.363 |
Zhejiang | 0.144 | 0.144 | 0.141 | 0.140 | 0.138 | 0.139 | 0.143 | 0.145 | 0.157 | 0.165 | 0.171 | 0.178 | 0.196 | 0.218 | 0.242 |
Anhui | 0.107 | 0.103 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.093 | 0.089 | 0.086 | 0.083 | 0.080 | 0.080 | 0.079 | 0.080 | 0.084 | 0.090 | 0.094 |
Fujian | 0.164 | 0.163 | 0.161 | 0.159 | 0.158 | 0.158 | 0.157 | 0.154 | 0.154 | 0.157 | 0.159 | 0.168 | 0.181 | 0.191 | 0.199 |
Jiangxi | 0.141 | 0.138 | 0.137 | 0.135 | 0.129 | 0.127 | 0.123 | 0.118 | 0.116 | 0.114 | 0.112 | 0.111 | 0.109 | 0.115 | 0.115 |
Shandong | 0.079 | 0.077 | 0.073 | 0.076 | 0.079 | 0.084 | 0.092 | 0.097 | 0.111 | 0.120 | 0.132 | 0.148 | 0.168 | 0.190 | 0.220 |
Henan | 0.070 | 0.061 | 0.048 | 0.047 | 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.046 | 0.053 | 0.059 | 0.065 | 0.066 | 0.065 | 0.068 | 0.083 | 0.089 |
Hubei | 0.107 | 0.104 | 0.100 | 0.097 | 0.094 | 0.091 | 0.087 | 0.082 | 0.078 | 0.083 | 0.073 | 0.078 | 0.101 | 0.116 | 0.118 |
Hunan | 0.097 | 0.094 | 0.091 | 0.088 | 0.082 | 0.080 | 0.073 | 0.071 | 0.068 | 0.067 | 0.049 | 0.044 | 0.022 | 0.029 | 0.012 |
Guangdong | 0.124 | 0.126 | 0.122 | 0.121 | 0.122 | 0.119 | 0.119 | 0.116 | 0.127 | 0.151 | 0.163 | 0.201 | 0.204 | 0.243 | 0.289 |
Guangxi | 0.123 | 0.119 | 0.113 | 0.109 | 0.103 | 0.098 | 0.094 | 0.093 | 0.085 | 0.082 | 0.073 | 0.073 | 0.071 | 0.065 | 0.078 |
Hainan | 0.195 | 0.191 | 0.189 | 0.187 | 0.186 | 0.185 | 0.184 | 0.180 | 0.178 | 0.175 | 0.173 | 0.169 | 0.167 | 0.173 | 0.169 |
Chongqing | 0.158 | 0.157 | 0.156 | 0.156 | 0.157 | 0.157 | 0.157 | 0.153 | 0.154 | 0.155 | 0.156 | 0.158 | 0.164 | 0.174 | 0.183 |
Sichuan | 0.076 | 0.069 | 0.064 | 0.060 | 0.059 | 0.058 | 0.056 | 0.054 | 0.058 | 0.059 | 0.058 | 0.071 | 0.093 | 0.015 | 0.054 |
Guizhou | 0.147 | 0.145 | 0.139 | 0.127 | 0.122 | 0.119 | 0.116 | 0.125 | 0.123 | 0.124 | 0.121 | 0.120 | 0.122 | 0.121 | 0.121 |
Yunnan | 0.137 | 0.134 | 0.128 | 0.124 | 0.120 | 0.116 | 0.110 | 0.101 | 0.101 | 0.095 | 0.087 | 0.084 | 0.078 | 0.066 | 0.053 |
Shaanxi | 0.152 | 0.150 | 0.147 | 0.146 | 0.142 | 0.141 | 0.143 | 0.139 | 0.141 | 0.144 | 0.150 | 0.153 | 0.161 | 0.170 | 0.183 |
Gansu | 0.153 | 0.150 | 0.148 | 0.145 | 0.142 | 0.141 | 0.136 | 0.138 | 0.135 | 0.132 | 0.127 | 0.119 | 0.123 | 0.123 | 0.122 |
Qinghai | 0.194 | 0.191 | 0.188 | 0.187 | 0.186 | 0.184 | 0.182 | 0.180 | 0.177 | 0.172 | 0.169 | 0.166 | 0.159 | 0.157 | 0.156 |
Ningxia | 0.194 | 0.191 | 0.189 | 0.188 | 0.186 | 0.183 | 0.181 | 0.177 | 0.174 | 0.170 | 0.170 | 0.167 | 0.166 | 0.166 | 0.164 |
Xinjiang | 0.191 | 0.190 | 0.189 | 0.184 | 0.189 | 0.188 | 0.191 | 0.187 | 0.189 | 0.190 | 0.190 | 0.190 | 0.192 | 0.198 | 0.204 |
eastern | 0.154 | 0.153 | 0.151 | 0.152 | 0.152 | 0.153 | 0.155 | 0.157 | 0.163 | 0.171 | 0.180 | 0.192 | 0.204 | 0.224 | 0.247 |
middle | 0.141 | 0.137 | 0.134 | 0.132 | 0.130 | 0.128 | 0.126 | 0.124 | 0.123 | 0.125 | 0.124 | 0.125 | 0.131 | 0.139 | 0.143 |
western | 0.155 | 0.152 | 0.149 | 0.145 | 0.143 | 0.141 | 0.140 | 0.138 | 0.138 | 0.137 | 0.136 | 0.137 | 0.140 | 0.134 | 0.141 |
Total | 0.147 | 0.145 | 0.142 | 0.140 | 0.139 | 0.138 | 0.137 | 0.137 | 0.139 | 0.143 | 0.146 | 0.151 | 0.159 | 0.169 | 0.181 |
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Count | Mean | SD | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coal (Tce) | 450 | 6365.87 | 5337.52 | 121.81 | 27,992.19 |
Oil (Tce) | 450 | 1559.95 | 1559.51 | 82.33 | 8532.70 |
Natural gas (Tce) | 450 | 277.54 | 348.70 | 0.00 | 2330.96 |
Electic power (Tce) | 450 | 341.49 | 437.86 | 0.00 | 2963.72 |
Labor (10,000 persons) | 450 | 2395.31 | 1610.40 | 254.80 | 6554.30 |
Capital (100 million yuan) | 450 | 18,670.77 | 18,031.69 | 953.21 | 110,485.88 |
GNP (100 million yuan) | 450 | 6645.87 | 6667.03 | 223.88 | 42,876.30 |
Parameter | Estimated Value | Parameter | Estimated Value | Parameter | Estimated Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
α | −0.1485 | γ11 | −0.1281 | η13 | −0.0087 |
α1 | −1.4090 | γ12 | 0.0686 | η14 | −0.1128 |
α11 | −0.1246 | γ13 | 0.0443 | η21 | 0.0192 |
β1 | 0.1523 | γ14 | 0.0151 | η22 | −0.0456 |
β2 | 0.3132 | γ22 | −0.0386 | η23 | 0.0241 |
β11 | 0.3786 | γ23 | −0.0292 | η24 | 0.0023 |
β12 | −0.1259 | γ24 | −0.0008 | δ11 | −0.0022 |
β22 | −0.0388 | γ33 | −0.0186 | δ21 | 0.1035 |
γ1 | 0.5776 | γ34 | 0.0035 | μ11 | −0.0658 |
γ2 | −0.0063 | γ44 | −0.0178 | μ21 | −0.0347 |
γ3 | 0.1422 | η11 | 0.0531 | μ31 | 0.0266 |
γ4 | 0.2864 | η12 | 0.0685 | μ41 | 0.0739 |
Coal | Oil | Natural Gas | Electric Power | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1998–2002 | 2003–2007 | 2008–2012 | 1998–2002 | 2003–2007 | 2008–2012 | 1998–2002 | 2003–2007 | 2008–2012 | 1998–2002 | 2003–2007 | 2008–2012 | |
Beijing | 0.447 | 0.514 | 0.733 | 0.041 | 0.140 | 0.245 | 0.104 | 0.084 | 0.050 | 0.198 | 0.206 | 0.251 |
Tianjin | 0.405 | 0.384 | 0.398 | 0.057 | 0.191 | 0.324 | 0.092 | 0.085 | 0.083 | 0.192 | 0.191 | 0.211 |
Hebei | 0.301 | 0.171 | 0.081 | 0.140 | 0.303 | 0.473 | 0.128 | 0.171 | 0.252 | 0.123 | 0.125 | 0.155 |
Shanxi | 0.200 | 0.153 | 0.139 | 0.060 | 0.302 | 0.441 | 0.069 | 0.144 | 0.140 | 0.098 | 0.160 | 0.167 |
Neimenggu | 0.342 | 0.249 | 0.096 | 0.107 | 0.250 | 0.402 | 0.110 | 0.116 | 0.157 | 0.171 | 0.176 | 0.212 |
Liaoning | 0.393 | 0.310 | 0.323 | 0.073 | 0.203 | 0.250 | 0.102 | 0.115 | 0.118 | 0.159 | 0.164 | 0.204 |
Jilin | 0.380 | 0.347 | 0.318 | 0.088 | 0.225 | 0.388 | 0.100 | 0.092 | 0.115 | 0.169 | 0.161 | 0.183 |
Heilongjiang | 0.424 | 0.383 | 0.344 | 0.055 | 0.184 | 0.324 | 0.082 | 0.074 | 0.078 | 0.165 | 0.160 | 0.170 |
Shanghai | 0.381 | 0.436 | 0.509 | 0.034 | 0.098 | 0.160 | 0.105 | 0.082 | 0.071 | 0.202 | 0.215 | 0.265 |
Jiangsu | 0.350 | 0.269 | 0.261 | 0.103 | 0.177 | 0.171 | 0.120 | 0.147 | 0.236 | 0.109 | 0.145 | 0.273 |
Zhejiang | 0.402 | 0.383 | 0.428 | 0.078 | 0.182 | 0.253 | 0.112 | 0.136 | 0.179 | 0.141 | 0.150 | 0.201 |
Anhui | 0.372 | 0.323 | 0.255 | 0.142 | 0.286 | 0.437 | 0.108 | 0.107 | 0.119 | 0.100 | 0.083 | 0.085 |
Fujian | 0.413 | 0.375 | 0.394 | 0.078 | 0.212 | 0.338 | 0.106 | 0.107 | 0.124 | 0.161 | 0.156 | 0.180 |
Jiangxi | 0.411 | 0.378 | 0.351 | 0.106 | 0.256 | 0.441 | 0.099 | 0.096 | 0.107 | 0.136 | 0.120 | 0.113 |
Shandong | 0.363 | 0.239 | 0.180 | 0.124 | 0.212 | 0.228 | 0.114 | 0.141 | 0.205 | 0.077 | 0.101 | 0.172 |
Henan | 0.385 | 0.286 | 0.283 | 0.162 | 0.304 | 0.463 | 0.112 | 0.134 | 0.224 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.074 |
Hubei | 0.407 | 0.402 | 0.412 | 0.128 | 0.268 | 0.431 | 0.111 | 0.112 | 0.145 | 0.101 | 0.084 | 0.097 |
Hunan | 0.426 | 0.386 | 0.545 | 0.134 | 0.294 | 0.625 | 0.109 | 0.119 | 0.223 | 0.090 | 0.072 | 0.031 |
Guangdong | 0.443 | 0.476 | 0.597 | 0.032 | 0.077 | 0.055 | 0.088 | 0.092 | 0.159 | 0.123 | 0.126 | 0.220 |
Guangxi | 0.452 | 0.445 | 0.493 | 0.120 | 0.282 | 0.526 | 0.105 | 0.102 | 0.143 | 0.113 | 0.090 | 0.072 |
Hainan | 0.425 | 0.452 | 0.489 | 0.065 | 0.201 | 0.384 | 0.088 | 0.060 | 0.022 | 0.190 | 0.181 | 0.170 |
Chongqing | 0.459 | 0.499 | 0.569 | 0.080 | 0.222 | 0.423 | 0.091 | 0.080 | 0.081 | 0.157 | 0.155 | 0.167 |
Sichuan | 0.573 | 0.664 | 1.229 | 0.102 | 0.226 | 0.413 | 0.078 | 0.062 | 0.058 | 0.066 | 0.057 | 0.058 |
Guizhou | 0.397 | 0.325 | 0.260 | 0.123 | 0.286 | 0.463 | 0.106 | 0.103 | 0.100 | 0.136 | 0.121 | 0.121 |
Yunnan | 0.432 | 0.413 | 0.418 | 0.112 | 0.283 | 0.526 | 0.106 | 0.109 | 0.132 | 0.128 | 0.105 | 0.073 |
Shaanxi | 0.424 | 0.422 | 0.432 | 0.090 | 0.217 | 0.347 | 0.096 | 0.077 | 0.067 | 0.147 | 0.142 | 0.163 |
Gansu | 0.422 | 0.419 | 0.402 | 0.100 | 0.253 | 0.455 | 0.096 | 0.084 | 0.075 | 0.148 | 0.136 | 0.123 |
Qinghai | 0.423 | 0.457 | 0.516 | 0.073 | 0.220 | 0.454 | 0.092 | 0.068 | 0.042 | 0.189 | 0.179 | 0.162 |
Ningxia | 0.399 | 0.383 | 0.340 | 0.077 | 0.234 | 0.437 | 0.094 | 0.080 | 0.066 | 0.190 | 0.177 | 0.167 |
Xinjiang | 0.465 | 0.522 | 0.561 | 0.037 | 0.152 | 0.321 | 0.076 | 0.043 | 0.017 | 0.189 | 0.189 | 0.195 |
Eastern | 0.393 | 0.364 | 0.399 | 0.075 | 0.181 | 0.262 | 0.105 | 0.111 | 0.136 | 0.152 | 0.160 | 0.209 |
Central | 0.376 | 0.341 | 0.324 | 0.101 | 0.253 | 0.414 | 0.096 | 0.102 | 0.119 | 0.127 | 0.125 | 0.132 |
Western | 0.435 | 0.436 | 0.483 | 0.093 | 0.239 | 0.433 | 0.095 | 0.084 | 0.085 | 0.149 | 0.139 | 0.138 |
Total | 0.405 | 0.375 | 0.384 | 0.093 | 0.225 | 0.367 | 0.102 | 0.102 | 0.122 | 0.143 | 0.139 | 0.161 |
1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | 0.797 | 0.851 | 0.848 | 0.925 | 0.929 | 0.950 | 0.975 | 0.949 | 0.966 | 0.976 | 0.988 | 0.990 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.994 |
Tianjin | 0.846 | 0.870 | 0.875 | 0.890 | 0.943 | 0.985 | 0.983 | 0.989 | 0.976 | 0.972 | 0.985 | 1.000 | 0.947 | 0.978 | 0.972 |
Hebei | 0.863 | 0.932 | 0.947 | 0.991 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.993 | 0.771 | 0.898 | 0.928 | 0.991 | 1.000 | 0.853 | 0.810 | 0.821 |
Shanxi | 0.899 | 0.975 | 1.000 | 0.698 | 0.916 | 0.921 | 0.933 | 0.970 | 0.968 | 0.920 | 0.963 | 0.895 | 0.909 | 0.948 | 0.926 |
Neimenggu | 0.894 | 0.924 | 0.946 | 0.969 | 0.984 | 1.000 | 0.886 | 0.841 | 0.770 | 0.706 | 0.632 | 0.579 | 0.640 | 0.687 | 0.756 |
Liaoning | 0.658 | 0.629 | 0.608 | 0.694 | 0.845 | 0.889 | 1.000 | 0.758 | 0.788 | 0.802 | 0.857 | 0.847 | 0.644 | 0.512 | 0.335 |
Jilin | 0.884 | 0.921 | 0.953 | 0.974 | 1.000 | 0.977 | 0.991 | 0.911 | 0.907 | 0.818 | 0.926 | 0.975 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.998 |
Heilongjiang | 0.789 | 0.834 | 0.895 | 0.942 | 1.000 | 0.997 | 0.989 | 0.955 | 0.884 | 0.918 | 0.964 | 0.869 | 0.861 | 0.871 | 0.962 |
Shanghai | 0.833 | 0.855 | 0.883 | 0.948 | 0.979 | 1.000 | 0.968 | 0.899 | 0.859 | 0.882 | 0.900 | 0.891 | 0.944 | 1.000 | 0.942 |
Jiangsu | 0.413 | 0.520 | 0.598 | 0.684 | 0.761 | 0.810 | 0.828 | 0.887 | 0.985 | 1.000 | 0.919 | 0.952 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.740 |
Zhejiang | 0.861 | 0.933 | 0.982 | 1.000 | 0.967 | 0.993 | 0.964 | 0.908 | 0.930 | 0.969 | 1.000 | 0.979 | 0.816 | 0.746 | 0.658 |
Anhui | 0.714 | 0.747 | 0.756 | 0.777 | 0.800 | 0.788 | 0.839 | 0.845 | 0.858 | 0.879 | 0.891 | 0.921 | 0.982 | 1.000 | 0.941 |
Fujian | 0.815 | 0.853 | 0.883 | 0.906 | 0.949 | 0.986 | 0.993 | 0.877 | 0.910 | 0.960 | 0.955 | 1.000 | 0.853 | 0.911 | 0.870 |
Jiangxi | 0.794 | 0.826 | 0.859 | 0.870 | 0.892 | 0.903 | 0.887 | 0.864 | 0.875 | 0.878 | 0.908 | 0.937 | 0.920 | 1.000 | 0.974 |
Shandong | 0.723 | 0.835 | 0.965 | 0.923 | 1.000 | 0.977 | 0.979 | 0.442 | 0.605 | 0.740 | 0.788 | 0.896 | 0.928 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Henan | 1.000 | 0.968 | 0.850 | 0.891 | 0.911 | 0.920 | 0.779 | 0.752 | 0.792 | 0.872 | 0.919 | 1.000 | 0.933 | 0.944 | 0.850 |
Hubei | 0.895 | 0.922 | 0.936 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.967 | 0.943 | 0.843 | 0.801 | 0.790 | 0.722 | 0.750 | 0.915 | 0.915 | 0.876 |
Hunan | 0.798 | 0.921 | 0.981 | 0.984 | 0.961 | 1.000 | 0.910 | 0.765 | 0.768 | 0.794 | 0.825 | 0.867 | 0.927 | 0.931 | 1.000 |
Guangdong | 0.843 | 0.934 | 0.924 | 0.977 | 1.000 | 0.963 | 1.000 | 0.960 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.942 | 0.698 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.585 |
Guangxi | 0.922 | 0.957 | 0.958 | 0.975 | 1.000 | 0.988 | 0.930 | 0.956 | 0.927 | 0.929 | 0.961 | 0.978 | 0.975 | 0.953 | 0.936 |
Hainan | 0.865 | 0.926 | 0.905 | 0.932 | 0.920 | 0.914 | 0.913 | 0.967 | 0.959 | 1.000 | 0.982 | 0.994 | 0.990 | 0.995 | 1.000 |
Chongqing | 0.689 | 0.671 | 0.678 | 0.883 | 0.914 | 0.995 | 1.000 | 0.848 | 0.849 | 0.876 | 0.791 | 0.838 | 0.863 | 0.909 | 0.944 |
Sichuan | 0.786 | 0.884 | 0.968 | 1.000 | 0.987 | 0.908 | 0.904 | 0.989 | 0.978 | 0.994 | 0.966 | 0.929 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.981 |
Guizhou | 0.734 | 0.799 | 0.797 | 0.758 | 0.783 | 0.750 | 0.741 | 0.847 | 0.829 | 0.852 | 0.909 | 0.927 | 0.965 | 0.992 | 1.000 |
Yunnan | 0.821 | 0.867 | 0.885 | 0.893 | 0.887 | 0.844 | 1.000 | 0.689 | 0.725 | 0.704 | 0.693 | 0.700 | 0.695 | 0.680 | 0.668 |
Shaanxi | 0.929 | 0.988 | 1.000 | 0.968 | 0.936 | 0.952 | 0.838 | 0.941 | 0.915 | 0.872 | 0.838 | 0.860 | 0.797 | 0.799 | 0.802 |
Gansu | 0.924 | 0.936 | 0.955 | 0.998 | 1.000 | 0.982 | 0.952 | 0.940 | 0.931 | 0.934 | 0.935 | 0.928 | 0.971 | 0.948 | 0.948 |
Qinghai | 0.942 | 0.943 | 0.969 | 1.000 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.972 | 0.980 | 0.979 | 0.990 | 0.983 | 1.000 | 0.971 | 0.942 | 0.934 |
Ningxia | 0.980 | 1.000 | 0.982 | 0.964 | 0.946 | 0.929 | 0.973 | 1.000 | 0.981 | 0.926 | 0.996 | 0.993 | 0.984 | 0.950 | 0.949 |
Xinjiang | 0.964 | 0.973 | 1.000 | 0.914 | 0.996 | 0.976 | 0.927 | 0.884 | 0.853 | 0.839 | 0.846 | 0.821 | 0.711 | 0.594 | 0.450 |
Eastern | 0.774 | 0.831 | 0.856 | 0.897 | 0.936 | 0.952 | 0.963 | 0.855 | 0.898 | 0.930 | 0.937 | 0.932 | 0.907 | 0.905 | 0.811 |
Central | 0.855 | 0.890 | 0.894 | 0.886 | 0.930 | 0.923 | 0.909 | 0.888 | 0.881 | 0.884 | 0.909 | 0.918 | 0.939 | 0.959 | 0.941 |
Western | 0.871 | 0.904 | 0.922 | 0.938 | 0.948 | 0.938 | 0.920 | 0.901 | 0.885 | 0.875 | 0.868 | 0.868 | 0.870 | 0.859 | 0.852 |
A T E | 0.802 | 0.851 | 0.872 | 0.814 | 0.935 | 0.937 | 0.928 | 0.827 | 0.857 | 0.878 | 0.885 | 0.883 | 0.886 | 0.885 | 0.822 |
A A E | 0.968 | 0.964 | 0.959 | 0.964 | 0.930 | 0.918 | 0.892 | 0.886 | 0.857 | 0.809 | 0.842 | 0.842 | 0.866 | 0.872 | 0.879 |
R E | 1.171 | 1.158 | 1.160 | 1.237 | 1.150 | 1.156 | 1.168 | 1.218 | 1.199 | 1.216 | 1.171 | 1.164 | 1.093 | 1.043 | 1.054 |
H | 0.909 | 0.950 | 0.969 | 0.972 | 1.000 | 0.994 | 0.968 | 0.893 | 0.882 | 0.864 | 0.872 | 0.865 | 0.838 | 0.805 | 0.761 |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Lai, P.; Du, M.; Wang, B.; Chen, Z. Assessment and Decomposition of Total Factor Energy Efficiency: An Evidence Based on Energy Shadow Price in China. Sustainability 2016, 8, 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050408
Lai P, Du M, Wang B, Chen Z. Assessment and Decomposition of Total Factor Energy Efficiency: An Evidence Based on Energy Shadow Price in China. Sustainability. 2016; 8(5):408. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050408
Chicago/Turabian StyleLai, Peihao, Minzhe Du, Bing Wang, and Ziyue Chen. 2016. "Assessment and Decomposition of Total Factor Energy Efficiency: An Evidence Based on Energy Shadow Price in China" Sustainability 8, no. 5: 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050408