Processes

24 pages, 2269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Wind Power Forecasting Based on Improved Modal Decomposition and Deep Learning

by Bin Cheng, Wenwu Li and Jie Fang

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2516; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082516 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

With the continued growth in wind power installed capacity and electricity generation, accurate wind power forecasting has become increasingly critical for power system stability and economic operations. Currently, short-term wind power forecasting often employs deep learning models following modal decomposition of wind power [...] Read more.

With the continued growth in wind power installed capacity and electricity generation, accurate wind power forecasting has become increasingly critical for power system stability and economic operations. Currently, short-term wind power forecasting often employs deep learning models following modal decomposition of wind power time series. However, the optimal length of the time series used for decomposition remains unclear. To address this issue, this paper proposes a short-term wind power forecasting method that integrates improved modal decomposition with deep learning techniques. First, the historical wind power series is segmented using the Pruned Exact Linear Time (PELT) method. Next, the segmented series is decomposed using an enhanced Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (ICEEMDAN) to extract multiple modal components. High-frequency oscillatory components are then further decomposed using Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), and the resulting modes are clustered using the K-means algorithm. The reconstructed components are subsequently input into a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network for prediction, and the final forecast is obtained by aggregating the outputs of the individual modes. The proposed method is validated using historical wind power data from a wind farm. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach enhances forecasting accuracy, supports grid power balance, and increases the economic benefits for wind farm operators in electricity markets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

18 pages, 4640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics Study of Liquid Water Transport in GDL with Different Wettability Distributions: Pore-Scale Simulation Based on Multi-Component and Multi-Phase LBM

by Nan Xie, Hongyu Chang, Jie Li and Chenchong Zhou

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2515; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082515 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study proposes a MPL (microporous layer)–GDL (gas diffusion layer) microstructure reconstruction method based on a novel random reconstruction algorithm. Then the Shan–Chen multi-component and multi-phase lattice Boltzmann method (SC-LBM) is used to systematically describe the influence of different contact angle distributions on [...] Read more.

This study proposes a MPL (microporous layer)–GDL (gas diffusion layer) microstructure reconstruction method based on a novel random reconstruction algorithm. Then the Shan–Chen multi-component and multi-phase lattice Boltzmann method (SC-LBM) is used to systematically describe the influence of different contact angle distributions on the drainage characteristics of the GDL of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Meanwhile, the breakthrough time of liquid water, steady-state time, and liquid water saturation are compared. The results show that with the increase in contact angle, the time for the first droplet breakthrough and the steady-state time are significantly shortened, and the saturation of liquid water gradually decreases at the steady state, indicating that increasing hydrophobicity can effectively improve the drainage capacity of the GDL. Several double-gradient and three-gradient contact angle distribution schemes are studied, and it is found that the gradient structure with increasing contact angles along the direction of water flow will lead to prolonged steady-state time and elevated water saturation, which is not conducive to drainage. This study analyzes the drainage process under different wettability gradients considering aspects such as the droplet morphology evolution, flow path, and water distribution mechanism, clarifying the key role of gradient design in GDL water management. This work also provides a theoretical basis and design guidelines for wettability optimization in the GDL of PEMFCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure Optimization and Transport Characteristics of Porous Media)

22 pages, 7743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Coordinated Operation Optimization Model for Multiple Microgrids and Shared Energy Storage Based on Asymmetric Bargaining Negotiations

by Yao Wang, Zhongfu Tan, Xiaotong Zhou, Jia Li, Yingying Hu, Huimin Wu and Liwei Ju

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2514; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082514 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

The promotion of local renewable energy consumption and stable power gird (the latter is referred to as PG) operation have emerged as the primary objectives of power system reform. The integration of multiple microgrids with distinct characteristics through the utilization of shared energy [...] Read more.

The promotion of local renewable energy consumption and stable power gird (the latter is referred to as PG) operation have emerged as the primary objectives of power system reform. The integration of multiple microgrids with distinct characteristics through the utilization of shared energy storage (the following is referred to as SES) facilitates coordinated operation. This approach enables the balancing of energy across temporal and spatial domains, contributing to the overall reliability and security of the energy network. The proposed model outlines a methodology for the coordinated operation of multiple microgrids and SES, with a focus on asymmetric price negotiation. Initially, cost and revenue models for microgrids and SES power plants are established. Secondly, an asymmetric pricing method based on the magnitude of each entity’s energy contribution is proposed. A profit optimization model is also established. The model can be decomposed into two distinct subproblems: the maximization of overall profit and the negotiation of transaction prices. The model can be solved by employing the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Finally, a series of case studies were conducted for the purpose of validating the operation optimization model that was previously constructed. These studies demonstrate that the model enhances collective operational efficiency by 44.69%, with each entity’s efficiency increasing by at least 12%. At the same time, cooperative benefits are distributed fairly according to each entity’s energy contribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Intelligent, Flexible, and Effective Operation of Smart Grids with Novel Energy Technologies and Equipment)

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16 pages, 1119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Synthesis Approach for Emergency Logistics System Optimization of Hazardous Chemical Industrial Parks

by Daqing Ma, Fuming Yang, Zhongwang Chen, Fengyi Liu, Haotian Ye and Mingshu Bi

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2513; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082513 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

The rapid clustering of Chemical Industrial Parks (CIPs) has escalated the risk of cascading disasters (e.g., toxic leaks and explosions), underscoring the need for resilient emergency logistics systems. However, traditional two-stage optimization models often yield suboptimal outcomes due to decoupled facility location and [...] Read more.

The rapid clustering of Chemical Industrial Parks (CIPs) has escalated the risk of cascading disasters (e.g., toxic leaks and explosions), underscoring the need for resilient emergency logistics systems. However, traditional two-stage optimization models often yield suboptimal outcomes due to decoupled facility location and routing decisions. To address this issue, we propose a unified mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model that integrates site selection and routing decisions in a single framework. The model accounts for multi-source supply allocation, enforces minimum safety distance constraints, and incorporates heterogeneous economic factors (e.g., regional land costs) to ensure risk-aware, cost-efficient planning. Two deployment scenarios are considered: (1) incremental augmentation of an existing emergency network and (2) full network reconstruction after a systemic failure. Simulations on a regional CIP cluster (2400 × 2400 km) were conducted to validate the model. The integrated approach reduced facility and operational costs by 9.77% (USD 13.68 million saved) in the incremental scenario and achieved a 15.10% (USD 21.13 million saved) total cost reduction over decoupled planning in the reconstruction scenario while maintaining an 8 km minimum safety distance. This integrated approach can enhance cost-effectiveness and strengthen the resilience of high-risk industrial emergency response networks. Overall, the proposed modeling framework, which integrates spatial constraints, time-sensitive supply mechanisms, and disruption risk considerations, is not only tailored for hazardous chemical zones but also exhibits strong potential for adaptation to a variety of high-risk scenarios, such as natural disasters, industrial accidents, or critical infrastructure failures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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32 pages, 5843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Switchable Building-Integrated Photovoltaic–Thermal Curtain Wall for Building Integration

by Masoud Valinejadshoubi, Anna-Maria Sigounis, Andreas K. Athienitis and Ashutosh Bagchi

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2512; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082512 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study presents a novel switchable multi-inlet Building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) curtain wall system designed to enhance solar energy utilization in commercial buildings. The system integrates controllable air inlets and motorized dampers that dynamically adjust airflow patterns in response to real-time environmental conditions [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel switchable multi-inlet Building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) curtain wall system designed to enhance solar energy utilization in commercial buildings. The system integrates controllable air inlets and motorized dampers that dynamically adjust airflow patterns in response to real-time environmental conditions such as solar irradiance, ambient air temperature, and PV panel temperature. A steady-state energy balance model, developed using a thermal network analogy and implemented in Python, was used to simulate winter operation in Montréal, Canada. Three operating modes with different air inlet configurations were assessed to evaluate system performance across variable air velocities and solar conditions. Results indicate that the switchable system improves combined thermal and electrical generation by 2% to 25% compared to fixed one- or two-inlet systems. Under low irradiance and air velocity, one-inlet operation is dominant, while higher solar gain and airflow favor two-inlet configurations. The system demonstrates effective temperature control and enhanced energy yield through optimized airflow management. This work highlights the potential of integrated control strategies and modular façade design in improving the efficiency of solar building envelope systems and offers practical implications for scalable deployment in energy-efficient, heating-dominated climates Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimisation of Solar Energy Systems)

15 pages, 1925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Enhances Enzymatic Activity and Thermal Stability of Bovine Pancreatin: Effect of pH and Temperature

by Gulmira Kenenbay, Urishbay Chomanov and Alibek Tursunov

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2511; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082511 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

The extraction of enzyme preparations from bovine pancreas is a key step in the production of pancreatin used for pharmaceutical and food industry applications. However, conventional methods (CMs) often fail to preserve enzymatic activity (EA) during processing, particularly under variable temperature and pH [...] Read more.

The extraction of enzyme preparations from bovine pancreas is a key step in the production of pancreatin used for pharmaceutical and food industry applications. However, conventional methods (CMs) often fail to preserve enzymatic activity (EA) during processing, particularly under variable temperature and pH conditions. This study investigates the potential of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAM) as an alternative to CMs for improving the recovery, stability, and performance of two essential pancreatic enzymes—α-amylase (AA) and protease (PA). EA was assessed over a broad temperature range (10–50 °C) and pH spectrum (5.5–8.0), with both methods evaluated under identical conditions. UAM consistently yielded higher EA across all tested parameters, with optimal AA and PA observed at pH 6.0 and 38 °C. Notably, UAM-extracted enzymes retained significant activity even at elevated temperatures (46–50 °C), whereas CM-derived samples showed a marked loss of function. These findings demonstrate that UAM enhances enzyme release and thermal resilience by minimizing denaturation and structural degradation during extraction. UAM showed improved apparent thermal tolerance under the tested conditions, which may indicate enhanced applicability in temperature-sensitive processing environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Development of Ultrasonic Technology in Food Processing)

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17 pages, 756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Acetylation on the Behavior of Hyperbranched Polyglycerols in Supercritical CO₂

by Lígia Passos Maia-Obi and Reinaldo Camino Bazito

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2510; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082510 (registering DOI) - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Processes using CO₂ either as a solvent or as a reactant, for example, in catalyzed chemical reactions, are increasing in interest due to their green characteristics. Hyperbranched polyglycerols have the potential to be used as support for catalysts in these processes, allowing [...] Read more.

Processes using CO₂ either as a solvent or as a reactant, for example, in catalyzed chemical reactions, are increasing in interest due to their green characteristics. Hyperbranched polyglycerols have the potential to be used as support for catalysts in these processes, allowing for an efficient separation of the products and the reutilization of the catalyst, but this requires them to absorb CO₂. Acetylating hydroxylated compounds has shown to be an efficient way to increase their CO₂-philicity, and this work aims to understand how acetylation increases the interaction of hyperbranched polyglycerols with different cores with supercritical CO₂. This involves the study of their kinetics of expansion in this media (from 10 to 25 MPa and at 35 °C and 45 °C) and, eventually, their solubility when it happens. The expansion of the acetylated polyglycerols reached up to 66% in volume, while that of non-acetylated ones, in general, do not exceed 10%. Acetylation plays an important role in increasing the expansion of these polymers in the presence of CO₂ and, therefore, in increasing their CO₂-philicity and CO₂ absorption, making them potential materials to be used in biphasic (polymer/CO₂) reaction systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Equilibrium in Chemical Processes: Experiments and Modeling)

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20 pages, 2073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tomato Seed Inoculation with Bacillus subtilis Biofilm Mitigates Toxic Effects of Excessive Copper in the Substrate

by Gabriela Cristina Sarti, Antonio Paz-González, Josefina Ana Eva Cristóbal-Míguez, Gonzalo Arnedillo, Ana Rosa García and Mirta Esther Galelli

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2509; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082509 (registering DOI) - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Accumulation of copper (Cu) in soils devoted to intensive agriculture due to anthropogenic additions is becoming a significant threat to plant productivity. Biological inoculants may play an important role in alleviating toxic effects of heavy metals on plants. The plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Bacillus [...] Read more.

Accumulation of copper (Cu) in soils devoted to intensive agriculture due to anthropogenic additions is becoming a significant threat to plant productivity. Biological inoculants may play an important role in alleviating toxic effects of heavy metals on plants. The plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii has demonstrated the ability to reduce harmful impacts of heavy metals on crops. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of seed inoculation with biofilm produced by this bacterium to mitigate the severity of Cu toxicity on tomato. In the laboratory, first, B. subtilis was cultivated under increased Cu concentrations. Then, germination of inoculated and non-inoculated tomato seeds was tested for Cu concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm. Next, a greenhouse experiment was conducted for four months to assess the effects of both inoculation and excess 150 ppm Cu in the substrate. The studied treatments included control, no inoculation and Cu surplus, inoculation and no Cu surplus, and inoculation plus Cu surplus. In the laboratory, first, the bacterium’s ability to grow in a liquid medium containing Cu was confirmed. Thereafter, we verified that the germination of non-inoculated seeds was negatively affected by Cu, with higher concentrations leading to a more detrimental effect. However, seed inoculation with biofilm mitigated the adverse impact of Cu on germination. Under greenhouse conditions, excess Cu significantly reduced root dry weight, tomato number, and tomato yield compared with the control, whereas shoot dry weight, plant height, leaf area, and soluble solid concentration (Brix index) did not experience significant changes (p < 0.05). However, seed inoculation mitigated the toxic effects of excess Cu, significantly enhancing all the aforementioned plant parameters, except plant height. Seed inoculation also significantly reduced the Cu contents in the fruits of tomato plants growing in the metal contaminated substrate. The biofilm of the B. subtilis strain used demonstrated its effectiveness as a bioinoculant, attenuating the detrimental effects induced by a substrate with excess Cu. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processes in 2025)

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25 pages, 3348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An AI-Assisted Thermodynamic Equilibrium Simulator: A Case Study on Steam Methane Reforming in Isothermal and Adiabatic Reactors

by Julles Mitoura dos Santos Junior, Antonio Carlos Daltro de Freitas and Adriano Pinto Mariano

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2508; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082508 (registering DOI) - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study presents TeS v.3, a thermodynamic equilibrium simulator integrated with an artificial intelligence agent (AI), ThermoAgent, to enhance the analysis of complex chemical systems. Developed in Python, the simulator employs Gibbs energy minimization for isothermal reactors and entropy maximization for [...] Read more.

This study presents TeS v.3, a thermodynamic equilibrium simulator integrated with an artificial intelligence agent (AI), ThermoAgent, to enhance the analysis of complex chemical systems. Developed in Python, the simulator employs Gibbs energy minimization for isothermal reactors and entropy maximization for adiabatic reactors. ThermoAgent leverages the LangChain framework to interpret natural language commands, autonomously execute simulations, and query a scientific knowledge base through a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) approach. The validation of TeS v.3 demonstrated high accuracy, with coefficients of determination (R² > 0.95) compared to reference simulation data and strong correlation (R² > 0.88) with experimental data from the steam methane reforming (SMR) process. The SMR analysis correctly distinguished the high conversions in isothermal reactors from the limited conversions in adiabatic reactors, due to the reaction temperature drop. ThermoAgent successfully executed simulations and provided justified analyses, combining generated data with information from reference publications. The successful integration of the simulator with the AI agent represents a significant advancement, offering a powerful tool that accurately calculates equilibrium and accelerates knowledge extraction through intuitive interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Automation-Driven Innovations in Chemical Engineering)

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15 pages, 2982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFD-Based Lagrangian Multiphase Analysis of Particulate Matter Transport in an Operating Room Environment

by Ahmet Çoşgun and Onur Gündüztepe

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2507; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082507 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Maintaining air quality in operating rooms is critical for infection control and patient safety. Particulate matter, originating from surgical instruments, personnel, and external sources, is influenced by airflow patterns and ventilation efficiency. This study employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations using Simcenter STAR-CCM+ [...] Read more.

Maintaining air quality in operating rooms is critical for infection control and patient safety. Particulate matter, originating from surgical instruments, personnel, and external sources, is influenced by airflow patterns and ventilation efficiency. This study employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations using Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 2410 to analyze airflow and particulate behavior in a surgical-grade operating room. A steady-state solver with the k–ε turbulence model was used to replicate airflow, while the Lagrangian multiphase method simulated particle trajectories (0.5 µm, 1 µm, and 5 µm). The simulation results demonstrated close agreement with the experimental data, with average errors of 17.3%, 17.7%, and 39.7% for 0.5 µm, 1 µm, and 5 µm particles, respectively. These error margins are considered acceptable given the device’s 10% measurement sensitivity and the observed experimental asymmetry—attributable to equipment placement—which resulted in variations of 17.2%, 18.0%, and 26.5% at corresponding symmetric points. Collectively, these findings support the validity of the simulation model in accurately predicting particulate transport and deposition within the operating room environment. Findings confirm that optimizing airflow can achieve ISO Class 7 cleanroom standards and highlight the potential for future studies incorporating dynamic elements, such as personnel movement and equipment placement, to further improve contamination control in critical environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)

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31 pages, 9785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved XGBoost Model for Development Parameter Optimization and Production Forecasting in CO₂ Water-Alternating-Gas Processes: A Case Study of Low Permeability Reservoirs in China

by Bin Su, Junchao Li, Jixin Li, Changjian Han and Shaokang Feng

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2506; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082506 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

The pronounced heterogeneity and geological complexity of low-permeability reservoirs pose significant challenges to parameter optimization and performance prediction during the development of CO₂ water-alternating-gas (CO₂-WAG) injection processes. This study introduces a predictive model based on the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) [...] Read more.

The pronounced heterogeneity and geological complexity of low-permeability reservoirs pose significant challenges to parameter optimization and performance prediction during the development of CO₂ water-alternating-gas (CO₂-WAG) injection processes. This study introduces a predictive model based on the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm, trained on 1225 multivariable numerical simulation cases of CO₂-WAG injection. To enhance the model’s performance, four advanced metaheuristic algorithms—Collective Parallel Optimization (CPO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm (AHA), and Black Kite Algorithm (BKA)—were applied for hyperparameter tuning. Among these, the CPO algorithm demonstrated superior performance due to its ability to balance global exploration with local exploitation in high-dimensional, complex optimization problems. Additionally, the integration of Chebyshev chaotic mapping and Elite Opposition-Based Learning (EOBL) strategies further improved the algorithm’s efficiency and adaptability, leading to the development of the ICPO (Improved Crowned Porcupine Optimization)-XGBoost model. Rigorous evaluation of the model, including comparative analyses, cross-validation, and real-case simulations, demonstrated its exceptional predictive capacity, with a coefficient of determination of 0.9894, a root mean square error of 2.894, and errors consistently within ±2%. These results highlight the model’s robustness, reliability, and strong generalization capabilities, surpassing traditional machine learning methods and other state-of-the-art boosting-based ensemble algorithms. In conclusion, the ICPO-XGBoost model represents an efficient and reliable tool for optimizing the CO₂-WAG process in low-permeability reservoirs. Its exceptional predictive accuracy, robustness, and generalization capability make it a highly valuable asset for practical reservoir management and strategic decision-making in the oil and gas industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Intelligent Models in the Petroleum Industry)

11 pages, 1278 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Investigation of Low-Toxicity Azoic Direct Dyes Synthesized from 4,4′-Diaminobenzanilide

by Maria Elena Radulescu-Grad, Simona Popa, Giannin Mosoarca and Vasile Daniel Gherman

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2505; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082505 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

In this paper, a toxicological investigation was carried out on a series of azoic direct dyes generally with an affinity for cellulosic fibers, presenting symmetrical and asymmetrical structures having as a central component a non-carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic and accessible precursor potential substitute [...] Read more.

In this paper, a toxicological investigation was carried out on a series of azoic direct dyes generally with an affinity for cellulosic fibers, presenting symmetrical and asymmetrical structures having as a central component a non-carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic and accessible precursor potential substitute for benzidine, namely 4,4′-diaminobenzanilide, and, as coupling components, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-3,6-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 2-amino-8-hydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid, 1-amino-8-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid, 1-(4′-sulfophenyl)-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, and 2-hydroxy-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid, respectively. For the purpose of their safe use, this study shows the results regarding the toxicity of the above-mentioned dyes, obtained through biological tests on colonies of Hydractinia echinata (H. echinata). The toxicity tests were performed on heterotrophic bacteria cultures obtained from the Bega River. The minimum toxic concentration was monitored using the dilutions 0.6 g/L, 24 g/L, and 48 g/L, obtained by dilution of a stock solution of 60 g/L. The symmetric dye with the coupling component 2-hydroxybenzoic acid presents the highest degree of toxicity, the lowest being shown by dyes with symmetric and asymmetric structures with the following coupling components: 2-amino-8-hydroxynaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid, 1-amino-8-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid, 1-(4′-sulfophenyl)-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, and 2-hydroxy-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Processes and Systems)

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18 pages, 10772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mg/Fe Layered Double Hydroxide Modified Biochar for Synergistic Removal of Phosphate and Ammonia Nitrogen from Chicken Farm Wastewater: Adsorption Performance and Mechanisms

by Tao Li, Jinping Li, Zengpeng Li and Xiuwen Cheng

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2504; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082504 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

The development of an economical and efficient method for recovering phosphate (PO₄³⁻-P) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) is of paramount importance for environmental remediation. The preparation of Mg/Fe-loaded biochar (Mg/Fe-BC) was achieved through chemical precipitation followed by pyrolysis [...] Read more.

The development of an economical and efficient method for recovering phosphate (PO₄³⁻-P) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) is of paramount importance for environmental remediation. The preparation of Mg/Fe-loaded biochar (Mg/Fe-BC) was achieved through chemical precipitation followed by pyrolysis in this study. Single solution adsorption studies indicated that temperature significantly affected how effectively Mg/Fe-BC could adsorb and remove NH₄⁺-N, whereas PO₄³⁻-P adsorption showed minimal temperature sensitivity. In mixed simulated solutions, In the mixed simulated solution, the maximum adsorption capacities of Mg/Fe-BC for PO₄³⁻-P and NH₄⁺-N were 145.97–153.05 mg/g and 112.63–121.51 mg/g, respectively. The optimal dosage for synergistic adsorption was determined to be 3 g/L, while pH values ranging from 3 to 9 exhibited negligible effects on the adsorption of both contaminants. The presence of Ca²⁺ and HCO₃⁻ in the solution may interfere with the simultaneous adsorption of PO₄³⁻-P and NH₄⁺-N. SEM-EDS and XPS analyses revealed that the primary adsorption mechanisms of PO₄³⁻-P and NH₄⁺-N by Mg/Fe-BC involved electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and hydrogen bonding. In practical applications using chicken manure biogas slurry, Mg/Fe-BC demonstrated synergistic adsorption effects, achieving removal efficiencies of 86.86% for PO₄³⁻-P and 36.86% for NH₄⁺-N, thereby confirming its potential application value in wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)

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18 pages, 5838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Effective Propping of Multi-Level Fractures Using Micro-Proppants

by Xiao Sun, Jingfu Mu, Xing Guo, Bo Cao, Tang Tang and Tao Zhang

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2503; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082503 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

In deep shale gas fracturing, the narrow width of micro fractures presents a challenge for conventional proppants (40/70 mesh, 70/140 mesh), which often fail to enter branch fractures, resulting in inadequate effective support volume. To address this, a high-efficiency propping strategy is proposed [...] Read more.

In deep shale gas fracturing, the narrow width of micro fractures presents a challenge for conventional proppants (40/70 mesh, 70/140 mesh), which often fail to enter branch fractures, resulting in inadequate effective support volume. To address this, a high-efficiency propping strategy is proposed based on the hybrid use of micro-proppants and conventional proppants. Utilizing a proppant transport experiment device, the effects of proppant size ratios and injection timing on proppant distribution were investigated to determine the optimal design parameters. The results indicate that the 200/400 mesh micro-proppant can effectively enter the distal micro fractures, thereby mitigating the problem of the non-uniform distribution of the proppant within the fracture network. To ensure effective propping of secondary fractures, the optimal pumping sequence is to inject quartz sand first, followed by ceramic proppants. The recommended ratio of 70/140 mesh quartz sand to 40/70 mesh ceramic proppants is 7:3. Additionally, for blended injection, the optimal mixing ratio of 70/140 mesh quartz sand to micro-proppant is 8:2. Field trials at the L-X1 well in the LZ block demonstrate that this strategy significantly boosts post-fracturing production, with test yields increasing 2.4 to 4 times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydraulic Fracturing Process, Simulation and Modeling in Petroleum Engineering)

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17 pages, 1451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal–Spatial Acceleration Framework for Full-Year Operational Simulation of Power Systems with High Renewable Penetration

by Chen Wang, Zhiqiang Lu, Chunmiao Zhang, Mingyu Yan, Yirui Zhao and Yijia Zhou

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2502; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082502 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

With the rapid growth of renewable energy integration, power systems are facing increasing uncertainty and variability in operation. The intermittent and uncontrollable nature of wind and solar generation requires operational decisions to anticipate future fluctuations, creating strong temporal coupling across days. This leads [...] Read more.

With the rapid growth of renewable energy integration, power systems are facing increasing uncertainty and variability in operation. The intermittent and uncontrollable nature of wind and solar generation requires operational decisions to anticipate future fluctuations, creating strong temporal coupling across days. This leads to large-scale mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) with a large number of binary variables, which is computationally intensive—especially in year-long simulations. As a result, there is a growing need for efficient modeling approaches that can reduce complexity while preserving key temporal features. This paper proposes a temporal–spatial acceleration framework for long-term power system operation simulation. In the temporal dimension, a monthly K-means clustering algorithm is applied to reconstruct typical scenario days from 8760 h time series, preserving the characteristics of seasonal and intraday variability. In the spatial dimension, thermal units with similar characteristics are aggregated, and binary decision variables are relaxed into continuous variables, transforming the MILP into a tractable LP model, and thereby reducing computational burden. Case studies are performed based on the six-bus and the IEEE RTS-79 systems to validate the framework, being able to provide a practical solution for renewable-integrated power system planning and dispatch applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Optimization for Energy Storage: Methods and Applications)

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16 pages, 4132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ethyl Cellulose Co-Encapsulation of Steel Slag–Persulfate Long-Term Petroleum Hydrocarbon Remediation

by Shuang Lin, Changsheng Qu and Dongyao Xu

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2501; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082501 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) contamination in groundwater necessitates sustainable remediation solutions. This study develops a novel co-encapsulated composite by embedding steel slag (SS) and sodium persulfate (SPS) within an ethyl cellulose (EC) matrix ((SS + SPS)/EC) for permeable reactive barrier applications. The EC matrix [...] Read more.

Petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) contamination in groundwater necessitates sustainable remediation solutions. This study develops a novel co-encapsulated composite by embedding steel slag (SS) and sodium persulfate (SPS) within an ethyl cellulose (EC) matrix ((SS + SPS)/EC) for permeable reactive barrier applications. The EC matrix enables controlled release of SPS oxidant and gradual leaching of alkaline components (Ca²⁺/OH⁻) and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ activators from SS, synergistically sustaining radical generation while buffering pH extremes. Optimized at a 10:7 SS:SPS mass ratio, the composite achieves 66.3% PH removal via dual pathways: (1) sulfate radical (

{S O}_{4}^{-}

•) oxidation from Fe²⁺-activated persulfate (S₂

O_{8}^{2 -}

+ Fe²⁺→

{S O}_{4}^{-}

• +

{S O}_{4}^{2 -}

+ Fe³⁺), and (2) direct electron transfer by surface-bound Fe³⁺. In situ material evolution enhances functionality—nitrogen physisorption reveals a 156% increase in surface area and 476% pore volume expansion, facilitating contaminant transport while precipitating stable sulfate minerals (Na₂SO₄, Na₃Fe(SO₄)₃) within pores. Crucially, the composite maintains robust performance under groundwater-relevant conditions: 54% removal at 15 °C (attributed to pH-buffered activation) and >55% efficiency with common interfering anions (Cl⁻,

{H C O}_{3}^{-}

, 50 mg·L⁻¹). This waste-derived design demonstrates a self-regulating system that concurrently addresses oxidant longevity (≥70 h), geochemical stability (pH 8.5→10.4), and low-temperature activity, establishing a promising strategy for sustainable groundwater remediation. Continuous-flow column validation (60 d, 5 mg·L⁻¹ gasoline) demonstrates sustained >80% removal efficiency and systematically stable effluent pH (9.8–10.2) via alkaline leaching. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1st SUSTENS Meeting: Advances in Sustainable Engineering Systems)

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15 pages, 2172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Process Parameters on Phenolic Recovery and Antioxidant Activity Using Ultrasonic and Microwave-Assisted Extraction from Pineapple Peel

by A. Danitza Casas-Rodríguez, S. Arturo C. Contreras, Dulce W. González-Martínez, Norma Paola Meléndez-Rentería, Aidé Sáenz-Galindo, Thelma K. Morales-Martínez, Juan A. Ascacio-Valdés and Leonardo Sepúlveda-Torre

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2500; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082500 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of process parameters on the recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from pineapple peel using green extraction technologies: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). A two-level factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of the [...] Read more.

This study investigated the influence of process parameters on the recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from pineapple peel using green extraction technologies: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). A two-level factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of the solvent-to-solid ratio, time, temperature, ethanol concentration, and power on the yield of hydrolyzable and condensed polyphenols. The extracts were characterized using HPLC-MS, and their antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. UAE yielded the highest condensed polyphenol content (323.82 mg/g), while MAE extracts demonstrated superior antioxidant activity (FRAP: 90.40 mgEqTrolox/g). The predominant compound identified using both methods was 1-caffeoylquinic acid. The most influential variable in UAE was the solvent-to-solid ratio, whereas extraction time was the most significant variable in MAE. These findings highlight the potential of pineapple peel valorization through sustainable extraction methods, with UAE favoring phenolic yield and MAE enhancing bioactivity, thereby supporting their application in the food and nutraceutical industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processes in Agri-Food Technology)

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29 pages, 2476 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Causes of Thermal Runaway and Mitigation Strategies

by Tiansi Wang, Haoran Liu, Wanlin Wang, Weiran Jiang, Yixiang Xu, Simeng Zhu and Qingliang Sheng

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2499; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082499 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

With the widespread use of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and portable electronic devices, concerns regarding their thermal runaway have escalated, raising significant safety issues. Despite advances in existing thermal management technologies, challenges remain in addressing the complexity and variability [...] Read more.

With the widespread use of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and portable electronic devices, concerns regarding their thermal runaway have escalated, raising significant safety issues. Despite advances in existing thermal management technologies, challenges remain in addressing the complexity and variability of battery thermal runaway. These challenges include the limited heat dissipation capability of passive thermal management, the high energy consumption of active thermal management, and the ongoing optimization of material improvement methods. This paper systematically examines the mechanisms through which three main triggers—mechanical abuse, thermal abuse, and electrical abuse—affect the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. It also reviews the advantages and limitations of passive and active thermal management techniques, battery management systems, and material improvement strategies for enhancing the thermal stability of batteries. Additionally, a comparison of the principles, characteristics, and innovative examples of various thermal management technologies is provided in tabular form. The study aims to offer a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for optimizing lithium-ion battery thermal management technologies, thereby promoting their development for high-safety and high-reliability applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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21 pages, 8315 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Influence of the Geometric Configuration of the Drive System on the Motion Dynamics of Jaw Crushers

by Emilian Mosnegutu, Claudia Tomozei, Oana Irimia, Vlad Ciubotariu, Diana Mirila, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, Marcin Jasiński, Nicoleta Sporea and Ivona Camelia Petre

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2498; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082498 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study presents a comparative analysis of two double-toggle drive systems for jaw crushers that are tension based and compression based (this refers to the way in which the connecting rod is mechanically stressed within the drive mechanism), with the objective of identifying [...] Read more.

This study presents a comparative analysis of two double-toggle drive systems for jaw crushers that are tension based and compression based (this refers to the way in which the connecting rod is mechanically stressed within the drive mechanism), with the objective of identifying the optimal configuration from both kinematic and functional perspectives. Jaw crushers play a critical role in the extractive industry, and their performance is strongly influenced by the geometry and positioning of the drive mechanism. A theoretical approach based on mathematical modeling and numerical simulation was applied to a real constructive model (SMD-117), assessing variations in the linear velocity of the moving links as a function of mechanism placement. The study employed Mathcad 15, Roberts Animator, and GIM (Graphical Interactive Mechanisms) 2025.4 software to perform calculations and simulate motion. Results revealed a sinusoidal velocity pattern with significant differences between the two systems: the tension-based drive achieves peak velocities at the beginning of the angular variation interval, while the compression-based system reaches its maximum toward the end. Link C consistently exhibits higher velocities than link E, indicating increased mechanical stress. Polar graphic analysis identified critical velocity angles, and simulations confirmed the model’s validity with a maximum error of just 1.79%. The findings emphasize the importance of selecting an appropriate drive system to enhance performance, durability, and energy efficiency, offering concrete recommendations for equipment design and operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

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