Plants

17 pages, 1431 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chlorogenic Acid as a Promising Tool for Mitigating Chilling Injury: Cold Tolerance and the Ripening Effect on Tomato Fruit (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

by Mihaela Iasmina Madalina Ilea, Pedro Javier Zapata, Christian Fernández-Picazo, Huertas María Díaz-Mula, Salvador Castillo and Fabián Guillén

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2055; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152055 - 25 Jul 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3091

Abstract

Tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum L.) has a very brief storability, displaying chilling injury (CI) when stored in cold conditions used to delay ripening. For this reason, in this study, different concentrations (10, 50, and 100 mg L⁻¹) of chlorogenic acid [...] Read more.

Tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum L.) has a very brief storability, displaying chilling injury (CI) when stored in cold conditions used to delay ripening. For this reason, in this study, different concentrations (10, 50, and 100 mg L⁻¹) of chlorogenic acid (ChA) were assayed to evaluate its effectiveness in maintaining fruit quality traits and mitigating CI symptoms in tomatoes. Our results showed that ChA treatments effectively delayed weight loss and maintained fruit firmness, with optimal results observed at 50 mg L⁻¹. In general, higher concentrations did not result in significant quality improvements. Additionally, ChA-treated tomatoes exhibited reduced values in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage (EL), indicating improved membrane integrity and reduced oxidative damage. ChA treatments also maintained a higher total phenolic content (TPC) during storage, with significant levels of individual polyphenols such as rutin, neochlorogenic acid, and p-coumaric acid, suggesting enhanced antioxidant capacity and better preservation of fruit quality. This is the first time the potential of ChA to reduce CI has been evaluated in any fruit species, and its impact in tomato ripening is shown to uphold fruit quality during cold storage, prolonging the storability of tomatoes. In particular, we highlight its natural origin and effectiveness as a postharvest treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Active Compounds in Horticultural Plants)

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16 pages, 5383 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

TkJAZs-TkMYC2-TkSRPP/REF Regulates the Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber in Taraxacum kok-saghyz

by Yulin Wu, Gaoquan Dong, Fengqi Luo, Hao Xie, Xiaodong Li and Jie Yan

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152034 - 24 Jul 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1948

Abstract

Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) is a natural rubber (NR)-producing plant and a model plant for studying the biosynthesis of NR. Analyzing and studying the biosynthetic mechanism of NR is an important way to cultivate high-yield rubber TKS varieties. JAZ proteins, which belong to the [...] Read more.

Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) is a natural rubber (NR)-producing plant and a model plant for studying the biosynthesis of NR. Analyzing and studying the biosynthetic mechanism of NR is an important way to cultivate high-yield rubber TKS varieties. JAZ proteins, which belong to the Jasmonate ZIM domain family, function as negative regulators in the jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction pathway. MYC2 is typically regarded as a regulatory factor for the target genes of JAZ proteins; JAZ proteins indirectly influence the gene expression regulated by MYC2 by modulating its activity. Theoretically, JAZ is expected to participate in growth, development, and responses to environmental cues related to rubber and biomass accumulation in TKS, all of which rely on the interaction between JAZ and MYC2. In this study, we identified 11 TkJAZs through homology searching of the TKS genomes and bioinformatics analyses. Subcellular localization, Y2H, and BiFC analysis demonstrate that TkJAZs and TkMYC2 are localized in the nucleus, with all TkJAZs and TkMYC2 showing nuclear colocalization interactions. Overexpression of TkMYC2 in TKS inhibited leaf development, promoted root growth, and simultaneously increased NR production. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the TkSRPP/REF genes exhibit varying degrees of upregulation compared to the wild type, upregulating the TkREF1 gene by 3.7-fold, suggesting that TkMYC2 regulates the synthesis of NR by modulating the TkSRPP/REF genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic and Biological Diversity of Plants)

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16 pages, 362 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Eugenia calycina and Eugenia stigmatosa as Promising Sources of Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds

by Juliana Dara Rabêlo Silva, Henrique Silvano Arruda, Amanda Cristina Andrade, Patrícia Berilli, Felipe Tecchio Borsoi, Yaneth Machaca Monroy, Marili Villa Nova Rodrigues, Klicia Araujo Sampaio, Glaucia Maria Pastore and Mario Roberto Marostica Junior

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2039; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152039 - 24 Jul 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2226

Abstract

In this study, Eugenia calycina and Eugenia stigmatosa, native Brazilian berries, were explored regarding their proximal composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities. The edible parts of both fruits presented a low content of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, resulting in a low caloric [...] Read more.

In this study, Eugenia calycina and Eugenia stigmatosa, native Brazilian berries, were explored regarding their proximal composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities. The edible parts of both fruits presented a low content of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, resulting in a low caloric value (<70 kcal/100 g fw). E. stigmatosa fruit showed a high total fiber content (3.26 g/100 g fw), qualifying it as a source of dietary fiber. The sugar profile was mainly monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and rhamnose). Significant contents of total phenolics and flavonoids, monomeric anthocyanins and, condensed tannins, were observed in both fruits. E. calycina contains a high level of anthocyanins, primarily cyanidin-3-glucoside (242.97 µg/g). Other phenolic compounds were also found, the main ones being rutin and ellagic acid. In contrast, E. stigmatosa is mainly composed of rutin and gallic acid. Furthermore, these fruits showed expressive antioxidant activity, evidenced by ORAC, FRAP, and ABTS. These Eugenia fruits are promising sources of bioactive compounds and have a low caloric and high dietary fiber content, making them interesting options for inclusion in a balanced diet, contributing to the promotion of health and the valorization and conservation of Brazilian biodiversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Characterizations and Biological Activities of Plant Products and By-Products and Their Applications)

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23 pages, 3980 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Seed Treatment with Cold Plasma and Electromagnetic Field: Changes in Antioxidant Capacity of Seedlings in Different Picea abies (L.) H. Karst Half-Sib Families

by Ieva Čėsnienė, Vytautas Čėsna, Diana Miškelytė, Vitalij Novickij, Vida Mildažienė and Vaida Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152021 - 23 Jul 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1789

Abstract

In the context of climate change, methods to improve the resistance of coniferous trees to biotic and abiotic stress are in great demand. The common plant response to exposure to vastly different stressors is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) followed by [...] Read more.

In the context of climate change, methods to improve the resistance of coniferous trees to biotic and abiotic stress are in great demand. The common plant response to exposure to vastly different stressors is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) followed by activation of the defensive antioxidant system. We aimed to evaluate whether seed treatment with physical stressors can activate the activity of antioxidant enzymes and radical scavenging activity in young Picea abies (L.) H. Karst seedlings. For this, we applied seed treatment with cold plasma (CP) and electromagnetic field (EMF) and compared the response in ten different half-sib families of Norway spruce. The impact of the treatments with CP (1 min—CP1; 2 min—CP2) and EMF (2 min) on one-year-old and two-year-old P. abies seedlings was determined by the emergence rate, parameters of growth, and spectrophotometric assessment of antioxidant capacity (enzyme activity; DPPH and ABTS scavenging) in needles. The results indicated that the impact of seed treatment is strongly dependent on the genetic family. In the 577 half-sib family, the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POX), and glutathione reductase (GR) increased after EMF-treatment in one-year-old seedlings, while similar effects in 477 half-sib family were induced by CP2 treatment. In two-year-old seedlings, CP1-treatment increased CAT, APX, POX, GR, SOD, DPPH, and ABTS activity in the 457 half-sib family. However, no significant impact of the treatment with CP1 was determined in one-year-old seedlings in this family. The application of novel technologies and the consideration of the combinatory impact of genetic and physical factors could have the potential to improve the accumulation of compounds that play an essential role in the defense mechanisms of P. abies. Nevertheless, for different resistance and responses to stressors of plants, their genetic properties play an essential role. A comprehensive analysis of interactions among the stress factors (CP and EMF), genetic properties, and changes induced in the antioxidant system can be of importance both for the practical application of seed treatment in forestry and for understanding fundamental adaptation mechanisms in conifers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Plants—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 2790 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Outbreak of Alternaria Black Spot of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in Italy as a Consequence of Unusual Climatic Conditions

by Gaetano Tirrò, Sebastiano Conti Taguali, Antonella Pane, Mario Riolo, David Ezra and Santa Olga Cacciola

Plants 2024, 13(14), 2007; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13142007 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4302

Abstract

Alternaria black spot of pomegranate (Punica granatum) was reported for the first time in Italy. In spring 2023, an outbreak of this disease was noticed in commercial pomegranate ‘Wonderful’ orchards of the municipality of Misterbianco (Sicily), following an unusually rainy period. [...] Read more.

Alternaria black spot of pomegranate (Punica granatum) was reported for the first time in Italy. In spring 2023, an outbreak of this disease was noticed in commercial pomegranate ‘Wonderful’ orchards of the municipality of Misterbianco (Sicily), following an unusually rainy period. A total of 30 randomly selected Alternaria isolates recovered from typical necrotic spots of leaves and fruits were characterized. Based on the colony morphology on solid agar media (PDA and MEA), isolates were separated into three distinct morphotypes (1, 2, and 3). The first two morphotypes comprised only isolates from fruits, while morphotype 3 comprised only isolates from leaves. Multigene phylogenetic analysis of four DNA regions, including internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and a SCAR marker (OPA10–2), identified the isolates of morphotypes 1 and 2 as Alternaria alternata and morphotype 3 isolates as A. arborescens. In pathogenicity tests on unwounded leaves and fruit, the isolates of all three morphotypes produced symptoms on the leaves of three pomegranate cultivars, ‘Acco’, ‘Wonderful’, and ‘Etna’. The symptoms on ‘Acco’ leaves were the least severe. Conversely, the fruits of ‘Acco’ were the most susceptible. The isolates of morphotypes 2 and 3 were not pathogenic on the fruits of ‘Wonderful’ and ‘Etna’. This is the first report of Alternaria black spot in Italy and of A. arborescens associated with Alternaria black spot of pomegranate worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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17 pages, 3272 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

6-BA Reduced Yield Loss under Waterlogging Stress by Regulating the Phenylpropanoid Pathway in Wheat

by Faiza Gulzar, Hongkun Yang, Jiabo Chen, Beenish Hassan, Xiulan Huang and Fangao Qiong

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1991; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141991 - 21 Jul 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2046

Abstract

Waterlogging stress causes substantial destruction to plant growth and production under climatic fluctuations globally. Plants hormones have been widely explored in numerous crops, displaying an imperative role in crop defense and growth mechanism. However, there is a paucity of research on the subject [...] Read more.

Waterlogging stress causes substantial destruction to plant growth and production under climatic fluctuations globally. Plants hormones have been widely explored in numerous crops, displaying an imperative role in crop defense and growth mechanism. However, there is a paucity of research on the subject of plant hormones regulating waterlogging stress responses in wheat crop. In this study, we clarified the role of 6-BA in waterlogging stress through inducing phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in wheat. The application of 6-BA (6-benzyladenine) enhanced the growth and development of wheat plants under waterlogging stress, which was accompanied by reduced electrolyte leakage, high chlorophyll, and soluble sugar content. ROS scavenging was also enhanced by 6-BA, resulting in reduced MDA and H₂O₂ accumulation and amplified antioxidant enzyme activities. Additionally, under the effect of 6-BA, the acceleration of lignin content and accumulation in the cell walls of wheat tissues, along with the activation of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), TAL (tyrosine ammonia lyase), and 4CL (4-hydroxycinnamate CoA ligase) activities and the increase in the level of transcription of the TaPAL and Ta4CL genes, were observed under waterlogging stress. Also, 6-BA improved the root growth system under waterlogging stress conditions. Further qPCR analysis revealed increased auxin signaling (TaPR1) in 6-BA-treated plants under waterlogging stress that was consistent with the induction of endogenous IAA hormone content under waterlogging stress conditions. Here, 6-BA also reduced yield loss, as compared to control plants. Thus, the obtained data suggested that, under the application of 6-BA, phenylpropanoid metabolism (i.e., lignin) was stimulated, playing a significant role in reducing the negative effects of waterlogging stress on yield, as evinced by the improved plant growth parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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15 pages, 9466 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Xylem Sap Proteome Analysis Provides Insight into Root–Shoot Communication in Response to flg22

by Romana Kopecká and Martin Černý

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1983; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141983 - 20 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1675

Abstract

Xylem sap proteomics provides crucial insights into plant defense and root-to-shoot communication. This study highlights the sensitivity and reproducibility of xylem sap proteome analyses, using a single plant per sample to track over 3000 proteins in two model crop plants, Solanum tuberosum and [...] Read more.

Xylem sap proteomics provides crucial insights into plant defense and root-to-shoot communication. This study highlights the sensitivity and reproducibility of xylem sap proteome analyses, using a single plant per sample to track over 3000 proteins in two model crop plants, Solanum tuberosum and Hordeum vulgare. By analyzing the flg22 response, we identified immune response components not detectable through root or shoot analyses. Notably, we discovered previously unknown elements of the plant immune system, including calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases and G-type lectin receptor kinases. Despite similarities in the metabolic pathways identified in the xylem sap of both plants, the flg22 response differed significantly: S. tuberosum exhibited 78 differentially abundant proteins, whereas H. vulgare had over 450. However, an evolutionarily conserved overlap in the flg22 response proteins was evident, particularly in the CAZymes and lipid metabolism pathways, where lipid transfer proteins and lipases showed a similar response to flg22. Additionally, many proteins without conserved signal sequences for extracellular targeting were found, such as members of the HSP70 family. Interestingly, the HSP70 response to flg22 was specific to the xylem sap proteome, suggesting a unique regulatory role in the extracellular space similar to that reported in mammalians. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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16 pages, 1135 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Saponin and Phenolic Composition and Assessment of Biological Activities of Saponaria officinalis L. Root Extracts

by Despina Charalambous, Michalis Christoforou, Krystallo Christou, Melina Christou, Antonis Ververis, Marios Andreou, Kyproula Christodoulou, Andrie Koutsoulidou, Christoforos Papachrysostomou and Maria Pantelidou

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1982; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141982 - 19 Jul 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3158

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the saponin and phenolic components in root extracts of Saponaria officinalis, a widespread species, found in Cyprus. A total of six major saponins, including gypsogenin and gypsogenic acid derivatives, as well as saponariosides C, [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to identify the saponin and phenolic components in root extracts of Saponaria officinalis, a widespread species, found in Cyprus. A total of six major saponins, including gypsogenin and gypsogenic acid derivatives, as well as saponariosides C, D, and E, were identified using UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis, with gypsogenin derivatives being the most common saponins detected through quantitative analysis. A total of six phenolic compounds were also identified, including rutin, quercetin galactoside, syringic acid, apigenin, protocatechuic, and vanillic acid. In addition to their saponin and phenolic contents, the root extracts were prepared through different extraction methods, and their biological activity was assessed. All samples demonstrated antioxidant capacity, as well as antibacterial activity, against four bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Salmonella enteritidis), with the acetone extract presenting higher susceptibility. The evaluation of anticancer activity in A375 (human malignant melanoma), HeLa (human cervical epithelioid carcinoma), and HaCaT (healthy human keratinocytes) cell lines revealed that the acetone extract of S. officinalis extract demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of A375 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. None of the extracts demonstrated anti-neurotoxic potential against Aβ_25–35cytotoxic peptides. The results of this study support previous findings that reveal that the Saponaria species are an excellent natural source of biologically active compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Isoprenoids: Metabolic Mechanisms, Bioactivity and Application)

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16 pages, 3196 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Root Influences Rhizosphere Hydraulic Properties through Soil Organic Carbon and Microbial Activity

by Aline Martineli Batista, Thaís Nascimento Pessoa, Fernando Ferrari Putti, Fernando Dini Andreote and Paulo Leonel Libardi

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1981; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141981 - 19 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2924

Abstract

Processes of water retention and movement and the hydraulic conductivity are altered in the rhizosphere. The aim of this study was to investigate the physical-hydric properties of soil aggregates in the rhizosphere of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cropped in a Kandiudalfic [...] Read more.

Processes of water retention and movement and the hydraulic conductivity are altered in the rhizosphere. The aim of this study was to investigate the physical-hydric properties of soil aggregates in the rhizosphere of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cropped in a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox, taking into account aspects related to soil aggregate stability. Soil aggregates from rhizosphere soil (RZS) and soil between plant rows (SBP) were used to determine soil water retention curves (SWRCs) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat). In addition, properties related to soil aggregate stability, such as water-dispersible clay, soil organic carbon (SOC), and microbial activity, were also assessed. The higher microbial activity observed in the RZS was facilitated by increased SOC and microbial activity, resulting in improved soil aggregation (less water-dispersible clay). For nearly all measured matric potentials, RZS had a higher water content than SBP. This was attributed to the stability of aggregates, increase in SOC content, and the root exudates, which improved soil water retention. The increase in total porosity in RZS was associated with improved soil aggregation, which prevents deterioration of the soil pore space and results in higher K_sat and hydraulic conductivity as a function of the effective relative saturation in RZS compared to SBP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Soil Interaction Response to Global Change)

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15 pages, 8710 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Does Trema micranthum (L.) Blume Produce Cannabinoids?

by Gerlon de Almeida Ribeiro Oliveira, Omar Enrique Estrada-Semprun, Luciano Chaves Arantes, Patrícia Marques Rodrigues, Rebekah Alves Ribeiro, Christopher William Fagg, Pérola Oliveira Magalhães, Yris Maria Fonseca-Bazzo and Damaris Silveira

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1951; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141951 - 17 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5188

Abstract

There are inconclusive claims in the scientific literature that the species Trema micranthum, widely distributed throughout the Brazilian territory, may produce phytocannabinoids, potentially serving as an alternative to Cannabis sativa. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation to assess the [...] Read more.

There are inconclusive claims in the scientific literature that the species Trema micranthum, widely distributed throughout the Brazilian territory, may produce phytocannabinoids, potentially serving as an alternative to Cannabis sativa. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation to assess the presence of phytocannabinoids in two Trema micranthum samples collected in the Midwest region of Brazil. In trying to detect cannabinoids in T. micranthum, a recommended cannabis screening test was employed, the Fast Blue BB Salt (FBBBS) colorimetric assay, followed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and instrumental techniques: high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). When employed without chloroform extraction, the FBBBS reagent yielded positive results for extracts from all parts of T. micranthum (leaves, branches, fruits, and inflorescences). However, these initial positive results from the FBBBS test, suggesting the presence of cannabinoids, were not corroborated by FBBBS followed by chloroform extraction, TLC, or the instrumental techniques used in this study. These additional outcomes suggest that the positive FBBBS test results were likely due to the presence of other phenolic compounds rather than phytocannabinoids. For example, the presence of vitexin-like compounds in T. micranthum extracts might explain the positive FBBBS test results. Therefore, new assertions that T. micranthum produces cannabinoids will require the support of more selective experiments to avoid false-positive claims based on less selective screening tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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20 pages, 838 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phytoremediation Potential of Crotalaria pumila (Fabaceae) in Soils Polluted with Heavy Metals: Evidence from Field and Controlled Experiments

by Miguel Santoyo-Martínez, Patricia Mussali-Galante, Isela Hernández-Plata, Leticia Valencia-Cuevas, Alexis Rodríguez, María Luisa Castrejón-Godínez and Efraín Tovar-Sánchez

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1947; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141947 - 16 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2022

Abstract

Phytoremediation is a useful, low-cost, and environmentally friendly alternative for the rehabilitation of heavy-metal-contaminated (HM) soils. This technology takes advantage of the ability of certain plant species to accumulate HMs in their tissues. Crotalaria pumila is a herbaceous plant with a wide geographical [...] Read more.

Phytoremediation is a useful, low-cost, and environmentally friendly alternative for the rehabilitation of heavy-metal-contaminated (HM) soils. This technology takes advantage of the ability of certain plant species to accumulate HMs in their tissues. Crotalaria pumila is a herbaceous plant with a wide geographical distribution that grows naturally in environments polluted with HMs. In this work, the bioaccumulation capacity of roots and leaves in relation to five HMs (Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) was evaluated, as well as the morphological changes presented in C. pumila growing in control substrate (without HMs) and mine-tailing substrate (with HMs) under greenhouse conditions for 150 days. Four metals with the following concentration pattern were detected in both tissues and substrates: Fe > Pb > Cu > Zn. Fe, Pb, and Zn concentrations were significantly higher in the roots and leaves of individuals growing on mine-tailing substrate compared to the control substrate. In contrast, Cu concentration increased over time in the exposed individuals. The bioconcentration factor showed a similar pattern in root and leaf: Cu > Fe > Pb > Zn. Around 87.5% of the morphological characters evaluated in this species decreased significantly in individuals exposed to HMs. The bioconcentration factor shows that C. pumila is efficient at absorbing Cu, Fe, and Pb from the mine-tailing substrate, in the root and leaf tissue, and the translocation factor shows its efficiency in translocating Cu from the roots to the leaves. Therefore, C. pumila may be considered as a HM accumulator plant with potential for phytoremediation of polluted soils with Cu, Pb, and Fe, along with the ability to establish itself naturally in contaminated environments, without affecting its germination rates. Also, it exhibits wide geographical distribution, it has a short life cycle, exhibits rapid growth, and can retain the mine-tailing substrate, extracting HMs in a short time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Hazardous Elements Accumulation in Plants)

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27 pages, 11580 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The First Domesticated ‘Cheongju Sorori Rice’ Excavated in Korea

by Yong-Gu Cho, Me-Sun Kim, Kwon Kyoo Kang, Joong Hyoun Chin, Ju-Kyung Yu, Soowon Cho, Chul-Won Lee, Jun Hyun Cho, Tae-Sik Park, Hak-Soo Suh, Mun-Hue Heu, Seung-Won Lee, Jong-Yoon Woo and Yung-Jo Lee

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1948; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141948 - 16 Jul 2024

Viewed by 4352

Abstract

Archaeological excavations led by Yung-jo Lee and Jong-yoon Woo were carried out twice at the Sorori paleolithic site, Cheongju, in the Republic of Korea, at the upper stream of the Geumgang river, the Miho riverside. A total of 127 rice seeds were excavated, [...] Read more.

Archaeological excavations led by Yung-jo Lee and Jong-yoon Woo were carried out twice at the Sorori paleolithic site, Cheongju, in the Republic of Korea, at the upper stream of the Geumgang river, the Miho riverside. A total of 127 rice seeds were excavated, including 18 ancient rice and 109 Quasi-rice, in 1998 and 2001. At the first excavation, eleven short japonica-type ancient rice and one slender smooth ancient rice with two kinds of Quasi-rice were excavated. The average length of the 11 short rice grains obtained from the first and second excavation was 7.19 mm and the average width was 3.08 mm, respectively. The Quasi-rice are apparently different from the rice and do not have bi-peak protuberances on their glume surface. At the second excavation, six short ancient rice chaffs and some Quasi-rice 2 were found. These short-grained ancient rice were comparable to the ancient rice that were excavated at the Illsan Neolithic site. Geologists and radiologists confirmed that the peat layer in which the rice found was older than 15,000 years. In this study, the morphological characteristics, crushing, and DNA band patterns related to the genetic polymorphism of rice grains in Cheongju Sorori were compared and analyzed for genetic similarities and differences with wild rice, weed rice, and modern rice. The morphological, ecological, and physiological variations in rice grains excavated from the Sorori site were presumed to denote the origin of rice domestication in Korea. It is also suggested that the results of the DNA sequencing of excavated rice are very important clues in estimating the origin of the early domestication of rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects of Genetic and Molecular Research in Plants—2nd Edition)

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40 pages, 1492 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Impacts of Climate Change and Mitigation Strategies for Some Abiotic and Biotic Constraints Influencing Fruit Growth and Quality

by Eunice Bacelar, Teresa Pinto, Rosário Anjos, Maria Cristina Morais, Ivo Oliveira, Alice Vilela and Fernanda Cosme

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1942; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141942 - 15 Jul 2024

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 8209

Abstract

Factors such as extreme temperatures, light radiation, and nutritional condition influence the physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes associated with fruit development and its quality. Besides abiotic stresses, biotic constraints can also affect fruit growth and quality. Moreover, there can be interactions between stressful [...] Read more.

Factors such as extreme temperatures, light radiation, and nutritional condition influence the physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes associated with fruit development and its quality. Besides abiotic stresses, biotic constraints can also affect fruit growth and quality. Moreover, there can be interactions between stressful conditions. However, it is challenging to predict and generalize the risks of climate change scenarios on seasonal patterns of growth, development, yield, and quality of fruit species because their responses are often highly complex and involve changes at multiple levels. Advancements in genetic editing technologies hold great potential for the agricultural sector, particularly in enhancing fruit crop traits. These improvements can be tailored to meet consumer preferences, which is crucial for commercial success. Canopy management and innovative training systems are also key factors that contribute to maximizing yield efficiency and improving fruit quality, which are essential for the competitiveness of orchards. Moreover, the creation of habitats that support pollinators is a critical aspect of sustainable agriculture, as they play a significant role in the production of many crops, including fruits. Incorporating these strategies allows fruit growers to adapt to changing climate conditions, which is increasingly important for the stability of food production. By investing in these areas, fruit growers can stay ahead of challenges and opportunities in the industry, ultimately leading to increased success and profitability. In this review, we aim to provide an updated overview of the current knowledge on this important topic. We also provide recommendations for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Environmental Stress on Fruit Physiology, Growth and Quality)

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27 pages, 6778 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of High Salinity and Water Stress on Wetland Grasses from the Spanish Mediterranean Coast

by Adrián Sapiña-Solano, Monica Boscaiu, Francisco Collado, Oscar Vicente and Mario X. Ruiz-González

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1939; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141939 - 15 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3975

Abstract

The impacts of climate change are reaching unprecedented levels, heightening the risk of species loss and ecosystem service degradation. Wetlands, highly threatened ecosystems, serve vital ecological functions by capturing carbon, filtering water, and harbouring diverse wildlife. Coastal wetlands encounter many challenges, such as [...] Read more.

The impacts of climate change are reaching unprecedented levels, heightening the risk of species loss and ecosystem service degradation. Wetlands, highly threatened ecosystems, serve vital ecological functions by capturing carbon, filtering water, and harbouring diverse wildlife. Coastal wetlands encounter many challenges, such as increased drought periods and escalating salinity levels, severely impacting plant biodiversity. Assessing how plants respond to various environmental stress factors is imperative for devising successful conservation strategies. In the present study, we examined three representative grass species found in various habitats within the Albufera Natural Park, close to the city of Valencia on the Spanish Mediterranean coast: Imperata cylindrica, Phragmites australis, and Saccharum ravennae. High salinity and water stress conditions were induced by subjecting the plants to irrigation with solutions containing 200, 400, 600, and 800 mM NaCl or withholding irrigation altogether to mimic coastal flooding and drought scenarios. The treatments were maintained until noticeable wilting of the plants occurred, at which point a range of stress biomarkers were determined, including photosynthetic pigments, ions, osmolytes, oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant metabolites, as well as antioxidant enzyme activities. Saccharum ravennae displayed the highest sensitivity to salt stress, whereas I. cylindrica appeared to be the most tolerant. The primary salinity tolerance mechanism observed in I. cylindrica and P. australis was a blockage of ion transport from the root zone to the aerial part, together with the salt-induced accumulation of proline and soluble sugars to high concentrations in the former. No significant effects of the water deficit treatment on the growth or biochemical parameters were observed for any of the analysed species. These findings offer valuable information for the effective management and conservation of coastal wetlands facing the challenges posed by climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Plant Tolerance upon Abiotic Stress)

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24 pages, 5277 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microbial Organic Fertilizer Combined with Magnetically Treated Water Drip Irrigation Promoted the Stability of Desert Soil Aggregates and Improved the Yield and Quality of Jujubes

by Wanghai Tao, Fanfan Shao, Haokui Yan and Quanjiu Wang

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1930; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141930 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1590

Abstract

In the southern Xinjiang region of China, developing efficient irrigation and fertilization strategies to enhance resource utilization and prevent desertification is of critical importance. This study focuses on jujubes in Xinjiang, China, and involves a three-year field experiment aimed at exploring the optimal [...] Read more.

In the southern Xinjiang region of China, developing efficient irrigation and fertilization strategies to enhance resource utilization and prevent desertification is of critical importance. This study focuses on jujubes in Xinjiang, China, and involves a three-year field experiment aimed at exploring the optimal application strategy of magnetically treated water combined with microbial organic fertilizer to provide scientific support for high-quality jujube production. The experiment included a control group (using only fresh water, denoted as CK) and combinations of magnetically treated water drip irrigation with varying amounts of microbial organic fertilizer: in 2021, treatments included M0 (only irrigating with magnetically treated water), M6 (0.6 t/ha), M12 (1.2 t/ha), M18 (1.8 t/ha), and M24 (2.4 t/ha); in 2022 and 2023, treatments included M0, M6 (0.6 t/ha), M12 (1.2 t/ha), M24 (2.4 t/ha), and M48 (4.8 t/ha). This study investigated the effects of magnetically treated water drip irrigation combined with microbial organic fertilizer on soil physical properties, hydraulic parameters, enzyme activity, aggregate stability, and jujube yield and quality. The application of microbial organic fertilizer significantly reduced the soil bulk density by 3.07% to 11.04% and increased soil porosity by 1.97% to 14.75%. Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity gradually decreased with the increasing amount of microbial organic fertilizer, with a reduction range of 5.95% to 13.69%, while the water-holding capacity significantly improved (from 0.217 cm³/cm³ to 0.264 cm³/cm³). Additionally, microbial organic fertilizer significantly enhanced the activities of urease, catalase, and sucrase in the soil and significantly increased the proportion of large soil aggregates. Jujube yield increased by 3.66% to 21.38%, and the quality significantly improved, as evidenced by the increase in soluble sugar and flavonoid content. The Gauss model calculation results recommended 3.09 t·hm² as the optimal amount of microbial organic fertilizer for comprehensively improving jujube yield and quality. These findings indicate that magnetically treated water drip irrigation combined with high amounts of microbial organic fertilizer significantly improved soil physical properties, hydraulic parameters, enzyme activity, aggregate stability, and jujube yield and quality, providing scientific evidence for desert soil improvement and agricultural production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic High-Efficiency Utilization of Water-Fertilizer Resources and Green Production of Crops)

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19 pages, 12061 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Methyl Jasmonate on Terpenoid Biosynthesis and Functional Analysis of Sesquiterpene Synthesis Genes in Schizonepeta tenuifolia

by Dishuai Li, Congling Jia, Guyin Lin, Jingjie Dang, Chanchan Liu and Qinan Wu

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1920; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141920 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2340

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the volatile oil composition of Schizonepeta tenuifolia and elucidates the function of the StTPS45 gene, a key player in terpenoid biosynthesis. The effect of different concentrations of MeJA (0, 50, 100, 200, and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the volatile oil composition of Schizonepeta tenuifolia and elucidates the function of the StTPS45 gene, a key player in terpenoid biosynthesis. The effect of different concentrations of MeJA (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 μmol/L) on the growth of S. tenuifolia adventitious bud clusters was analyzed over a 20 d period. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 17 compounds were identified from the adventitious bud clusters of S. tenuifolia. Significant changes in the levels of major monoterpenes, including increased contents of (+)-limonene and (+)-menthone, were observed, particularly at higher concentrations of MeJA. Analysis of transcriptome data from three groups treated with 0, 100, and 300 μmol/L MeJA revealed significant changes in the gene expression profiles following MeJA treatment. At 100 μmol/L MeJA, most terpene synthase (TPS) genes were overexpressed. Additionally, gene expression and functional predictions suggested that StTPS45 acts as germacrene D synthase. Therefore, StTPS45 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and enzyme activity assays confirmed its function as a germacrene D synthase. Molecular docking and structural prediction of StTPS45 further suggested specific interactions with farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), aligning with its role in the terpenoid synthesis pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the modulation of secondary metabolite pathways by jasmonate signaling and underscore the potential of genetic engineering approaches to enhance the production of specific terpenoids in medicinal plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Characteristics and Bioactivity of Plant Natural Products)

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15 pages, 5187 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hyperspectral Indices Developed from Fractional-Order Derivative Spectra Improved Estimation of Leaf Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters

by Jie Zhuang and Quan Wang

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1923; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141923 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1649

Abstract

Chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) parameters offer valuable insights into quantifying energy transfer and allocation at the photosystem level. However, tracking their variation based on reflectance spectral information remains challenging for large-scale remote sensing applications and ecological modeling. Spectral preprocessing methods, such as fractional-order derivatives [...] Read more.

Chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) parameters offer valuable insights into quantifying energy transfer and allocation at the photosystem level. However, tracking their variation based on reflectance spectral information remains challenging for large-scale remote sensing applications and ecological modeling. Spectral preprocessing methods, such as fractional-order derivatives (FODs), have been demonstrated to have advantages in highlighting spectral features. In this study, we developed and assessed the ability of novel spectral indices derived from FOD spectra and other spectral transformations to retrieve the ChlF parameters of various species and leaf groups. The results obtained showed that the empirical spectral indices were of low reliability in estimating the ChlF parameters. In contrast, the indices developed from low-order FOD spectra demonstrated a significant improvement in estimation. Furthermore, the incorporation of species specificity enhanced the tracking of the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of sunlit leaves (R² = 0.61, r = 0.79, RMSE = 0.15, MAE = 0.13), the fraction of PSII open centers (qL) of shaded leaves (R² = 0.50, r = 0.71, RMSE = 0.09, MAE = 0.08), and the fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) of shaded leaves (R² = 0.71, r = 0.85, RMSE = 0.002, MAE = 0.001). Our study demonstrates the potential of FOD spectra in capturing variations in ChlF parameters. Nevertheless, given the complexity and sensitivity of ChlF parameters, it is prudent to exercise caution when utilizing spectral indices for tracking them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Spectroscopic and Photosynthetic Analyses in Plants)

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29 pages, 3845 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Molecular Insights into Red Palm Weevil Resistance Mechanisms of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Leaves

by Li Liu, Wei Yan, Bo Liu and Weiquan Qin

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141928 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2349

Abstract

Red palm weevil (RPW) (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) threatens most palm species worldwide. This study investigated the molecular responses of coconut (Cocos nucifera) leaves to RPW infestation through metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis. An RPW insect attack model was developed by placing [...] Read more.

Red palm weevil (RPW) (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) threatens most palm species worldwide. This study investigated the molecular responses of coconut (Cocos nucifera) leaves to RPW infestation through metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis. An RPW insect attack model was developed by placing different RPW larval densitiesin coconut plants and measuring the relative chlorophyll content of different leaf positions and physiological indicators of dysfunction after RPW infestation. The metabolomic changes were detected in the leaves of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after infestation (DAI) using GC-MS. Certain metabolites (glycine, D-pinitol, lauric acid, allylmalonic acid, D-glucaro-1, 4-lactone, protocatechuic acid, alpha, and alpha-trehalose) were found to be possible indicators for distinct stages of infestation using metabolomics analysis. The influence on ABC transporters, glutathione, galactose, and glycolipid metabolism was emphasized by pathway analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 5, 10, 15, and 20 DAI through transcriptomics analysis of infested coconut leaves, with altered expression levels under RPW infestation. The KEGG pathway and GO analysis revealed enrichment in pathways related to metabolism, stress response, and plant–pathogen interactions, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms underlying coconut–RPW interactions. The identified genes may serve as potential markers for tracking RPW infestation progression and could inform strategies for pest control and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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14 pages, 4241 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Proline Metabolism Genes in Transgenic Plants: Meta-Analysis under Drought and Salt Stress

by Marco Renzetti, Elisa Bertolini and Maurizio Trovato

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1913; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141913 - 11 Jul 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3765

Abstract

The amino acid proline accumulates in plants during abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity and is considered a reliable marker of environmental stress. While its accumulation is well established, its precise role in stress tolerance and its underlying molecular mechanism remain less [...] Read more.

The amino acid proline accumulates in plants during abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity and is considered a reliable marker of environmental stress. While its accumulation is well established, its precise role in stress tolerance and its underlying molecular mechanism remain less clear. To address these issues, we performed a meta-analysis—a robust statistical technique that synthesizes results from multiple independent studies while accounting for experimental differences. We focused on 16 physiological and morphological parameters affected by drought and salt stress in transgenic plants expressing proline metabolic genes. For each parameter, we calculated the effect size as the response ratio (

\frac{R}{R}

), which represents the logarithm of the mean value in the transgenic group over the mean value of the control group (

\ln \frac{R}{R}

). Under stress, most parameters exhibited significantly higher response ratios in the transgenic group, confirming the beneficial effects of proline during drought and salt stress. Surprisingly, under non-stressed conditions, most stress markers showed no significant differences between transgenic and non-transgenic plants, despite elevated proline levels in the former. These results suggest that the benefits of proline may be related to proline catabolism or may only become apparent during stress, possibly due to interactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS), which accumulate predominantly under stress conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Development and Morphogenesis)

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14 pages, 869 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Somatic Mutation Accumulations in Micropropagated Cannabis Are Proportional to the Number of Subcultures

by Kristian Adamek, Andrew Maxwell Phineas Jones and Davoud Torkamaneh

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1910; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141910 - 11 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3400

Abstract

Advancements in micropropagation techniques have made it easier to produce large numbers of cannabis clones, but these methods may also introduce genetic instability over successive generations. This instability often manifests as somaclonal variation, characterized by the progressive accumulation of genetic mutations or epigenetic [...] Read more.

Advancements in micropropagation techniques have made it easier to produce large numbers of cannabis clones, but these methods may also introduce genetic instability over successive generations. This instability often manifests as somaclonal variation, characterized by the progressive accumulation of genetic mutations or epigenetic alterations with each subculture. In this study, we examined how mutations accumulate in cannabis clones subjected to 6–11 subcultures. Using genotyping-by-sequencing, we identified 9405 polymorphic variants across 70 clones. The analysis revealed a correlation between the number of subcultures and the frequency of these mutations, revealing that genetic changes accumulate over successive subcultures despite clones sharing the same chronological age. Furthermore, we evaluated the functional impacts of accumulated mutations, with particular attention to implications on gene function and overall plant health. While rare, 14 high-impact variants were identified in genes that are important for plant development. Notably, six variants were also found in genes related to cannabinoid and terpene synthesis pathways, potentially affecting the plant’s biochemical composition. These findings highlight the need for genetic assessments in micropropagation protocols, impacting plant breeding and conservation. Understanding genetic variations in clonally propagated plants optimizes practices for stability. Crucial for cannabis and horticultural plants, it emphasizes techniques to prevent genetic decay and ensure viability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cannabis sativa: Advances in Biology and Cultivation—2nd Edition)

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45 pages, 1510 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

From ‘Farm to Fork’: Exploring the Potential of Nutrient-Rich and Stress-Resilient Emergent Crops for Sustainable and Healthy Food in the Mediterranean Region in the Face of Climate Change Challenges

by Javier Matías, María José Rodríguez, Antonio Carrillo-Vico, Joan Casals, Sara Fondevilla, Claudia Mónika Haros, Justo Pedroche, Nieves Aparicio, Nieves Fernández-García, Ingrid Aguiló-Aguayo, Cristina Soler-Rivas, Pedro A. Caballero, Asunción Morte, Daniel Rico and María Reguera

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1914; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141914 - 11 Jul 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8104

Abstract

In the dynamic landscape of agriculture and food science, incorporating emergent crops appears as a pioneering solution for diversifying agriculture, unlocking possibilities for sustainable cultivation and nutritional bolstering food security, and creating economic prospects amid evolving environmental and market conditions with positive impacts [...] Read more.

In the dynamic landscape of agriculture and food science, incorporating emergent crops appears as a pioneering solution for diversifying agriculture, unlocking possibilities for sustainable cultivation and nutritional bolstering food security, and creating economic prospects amid evolving environmental and market conditions with positive impacts on human health. This review explores the potential of utilizing emergent crops in Mediterranean environments under current climate scenarios, emphasizing the manifold benefits of agricultural and food system diversification and assessing the impact of environmental factors on their quality and consumer health. Through a deep exploration of the resilience, nutritional value, and health impacts of neglected and underutilized species (NUS) such as quinoa, amaranth, chia, moringa, buckwheat, millet, teff, hemp, or desert truffles, their capacity to thrive in the changing Mediterranean climate is highlighted, offering novel opportunities for agriculture and functional food development. By analysing how promoting agricultural diversification can enhance food system adaptability to evolving environmental conditions, fostering sustainability and resilience, we discuss recent findings that underscore the main benefits and limitations of these crops from agricultural, food science, and health perspectives, all crucial for responsible and sustainable adoption. Thus, by using a sustainable and holistic approach, this revision analyses how the integration of NUS crops into Mediterranean agrifood systems can enhance agriculture resilience and food quality addressing environmental, nutritional, biomedical, economic, and cultural dimensions, thereby mitigating the risks associated with monoculture practices and bolstering local economies and livelihoods under new climate scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Environmental Factors on Nutritional Quality of Plant Seeds and Other Edible Plant Parts)

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16 pages, 2807 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Treatments with Diquat Reveal the Relationship between Protein Phosphatases (PP2A) and Oxidative Stress during Mitosis in Arabidopsis thaliana Root Meristems

by Adrienn Kelemen, Tamás Garda, Zoltán Kónya, Ferenc Erdődi, László Ujlaky-Nagy, Gabriella Petra Juhász, Csongor Freytag, Márta M-Hamvas and Csaba Máthé

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141896 - 10 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2133

Abstract

Reversible protein phosphorylation regulates various cellular mechanisms in eukaryotes by altering the conformation, activity, localization, and stability of substrate proteins. In Arabidopsis thaliana root meristems, histone post-translational modifications are crucial for proper cell division, and they are also involved in oxidative stress signaling. [...] Read more.

Reversible protein phosphorylation regulates various cellular mechanisms in eukaryotes by altering the conformation, activity, localization, and stability of substrate proteins. In Arabidopsis thaliana root meristems, histone post-translational modifications are crucial for proper cell division, and they are also involved in oxidative stress signaling. To investigate the link between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitosis, we treated various Arabidopsis genotypes, including wild-types and mutants showing dysfunctional PP2A, with the ROS-inducing herbicide diquat (DQ). Studying the c3c4 double catalytic subunit mutant and fass regulatory subunit mutants of PP2A provided insights into phosphorylation-dependent mitotic processes. DQ treatment reduced mitotic activity in all genotypes and caused early mitotic arrest in PP2A mutants, likely due to oxidative stress-induced damage to essential mitotic processes. DQ had a minimal effect on reversible histone H3 phosphorylation in wild-type plants but significantly decreased phospho-histone H3 levels in PP2A mutants. Following drug treatment, the phosphatase activity decreased only in the stronger phenotype mutant plants (fass-5 and c3c4). Our findings demonstrate that (i) the studied PP2A loss-of-function mutants are more sensitive to increased intracellular ROS and (ii) DQ has indirect altering effects of mitotic activities and histone H3 phosphorylation. All these findings underscore the importance of PP2A in stress responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Translational Modifications in Plants)

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15 pages, 1744 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Drip Fertigation Increases Maize Grain Yield by Affecting Phenology, Grain Filling Process, Biomass Accumulation and Translocation: A 4-Year Field Trial

by Ruiqi Du, Zhijun Li, Youzhen Xiang, Tao Sun, Xiaochi Liu, Hongzhao Shi, Wangyang Li, Xiangyang Huang, Zijun Tang, Junsheng Lu, Junying Chen and Fucang Zhang

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1903; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141903 - 10 Jul 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1931

Abstract

Drip fertigation (DF) is a widely used technology to increase grain yield with water and fertilizer conservation. However, the mechanism of high grain yield (GY) under DF is still unclear. Here, a four-year field experiment assessed the impacts of four treatments (i.e., conventional [...] Read more.

Drip fertigation (DF) is a widely used technology to increase grain yield with water and fertilizer conservation. However, the mechanism of high grain yield (GY) under DF is still unclear. Here, a four-year field experiment assessed the impacts of four treatments (i.e., conventional irrigation and nitrogen application, CK; drip irrigation with conventional nitrogen fertilization, DI; split-nitrogen fertigation with conventional irrigation, SF; and drip fertigation, DF) on maize phenology, leaf photosynthetic rates, grain filling processes, plant biomass, and GY. The results showed that DF significantly increased maize GY by affecting phenology, grain filling traits, aboveground biomass (BIO) accumulation, and translocation. Specifically, DF significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content, which enhanced leaf photosynthetic rates, and together with an increase of leaf area index, promoted BIO accumulation. As a result, the BIO at the silking stage of DF increased by 29.5%, transported biomass increased by 109.2% (1.2 t ha⁻¹), and the accumulation of BIO after silking increased by 23.1% (1.7 t ha⁻¹) compared with CK. Meanwhile, DF prolonged grain filling days, significantly increased the grain weight of 100 kernels, and promoted GY increase. Compared with CK, the four-year averaged GY and BIO increased by 34.3% and 26.8% under DF; a 29.7%, 46.1%, and 24.2% GY increase and a 30.7%, 39.5%, and 29.9% BIO increase were contributed by irrigation, nitrogen, and coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen, respectively. These results reveal the high yield mechanism of drip-fertigated maize, and are of important significance for promoting the application of drip fertigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Stress Tolerance and Green Production: Celebrating the 90th Anniversary of the Founding of Northwest A&F University)

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24 pages, 12478 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Use of Proline to Induce Salt Stress Tolerance in Guava

by Smyth Trotsk de Araújo Silva, Geovani Soares de Lima, Vera Lúcia Antunes de Lima, Jackson Silva Nóbrega, Saulo Soares da Silva, Jean Telvio Andrade Ferreira, Maila Vieira Dantas, Iara Almeida Roque, Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares, Rafaela Aparecida Frazão Torres, Cassiano Nogueira de Lacerda, Hans Raj Gheyi, Luderlândio de Andrade Silva and Valéria Fernandes de Oliveira Sousa

Plants 2024, 13(14), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13141887 - 9 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1984

Abstract

Guava is a fruit tree with high potential in the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil. However, qualitative and quantitative water scarcity is a limiting factor for the expansion of irrigated agriculture. Thus, it is necessary to use techniques to mitigate the effects of [...] Read more.

Guava is a fruit tree with high potential in the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil. However, qualitative and quantitative water scarcity is a limiting factor for the expansion of irrigated agriculture. Thus, it is necessary to use techniques to mitigate the effects of salt stress, such as foliar application of proline. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of proline as a mitigator of salt stress effects on the morphophysiology of guava cv. Paluma. The experiment was carried out under field conditions at the ‘Rolando Enrique Rivas Castellón’ Experimental Farm in São Domingos, PB, Brazil, using a randomized block design in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water, ECw (0.8, 1.5, 2.2, 2.9, and 3.5 dS m⁻¹) and four concentrations of proline (0, 8, 16, and 24 mM). Salinity above 0.8 dS m⁻¹ compromised gas exchange, photosynthetic pigment synthesis, photochemical efficiency, and growth of guava plants at 360 days after transplanting. Foliar application of proline at a concentration of 24 mM mitigated the effect of salt stress on the relative water content, stomatal conductance, and carotenoid contents in plants irrigated with 3.6 dS m⁻¹ water. Meanwhile, a proline concentration of up to 18 mM resulted in higher transpiration, CO₂ assimilation rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, and absolute growth rate in stem diameter under ECw of 0.8 dS m⁻¹. Proline concentration of up to 24 mM increased the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and the relative growth rate in stem diameter of guava in the period from 190 to 360 days after transplanting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitigation Strategies and Tolerance of Plants to Abiotic Stresses)

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29 pages, 3473 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Preliminary Identification and Quantification of Individual Polyphenols in Fallopia japonica Plants and Honey and Their Influence on Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities

by Alexandra-Antonia Cucu, Adriana Cristina Urcan, Otilia Bobiș, Victorița Bonta, Mihaiela Cornea-Cipcigan, Adela Ramona Moise, Ștefan Dezsi, Claudia Pașca, Gabriela-Maria Baci and Daniel Severus Dezmirean

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1883; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131883 - 8 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2491

Abstract

Fallopia japonica (FJ), an invasive plant species known for its rich bioactive compounds, has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. Despite its significant beekeeping potential, this aspect of FJ remains underexplored. This research aims to investigate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties [...] Read more.

Fallopia japonica (FJ), an invasive plant species known for its rich bioactive compounds, has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. Despite its significant beekeeping potential, this aspect of FJ remains underexplored. This research aims to investigate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of FJ plants and honey. Notably, this study is the first to identify individual phenolic compounds in both FJ plant tissues and FJ honey, highlighting resveratrol as a marker of FJ honey. The study tested inhibitory activity against seven bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enteritidis, and the yeast Candida albicans. Disk diffusion and microdilution methods were used to assess antimicrobial activity, while the crystal violet staining test evaluated antibiofilm activity. Results showed that FJ plant tissues and honey exhibited strong inhibition, particularly against Gram-negative bacterial strains. The most significant inhibition of biofilm formation, by both FJ plant tissues and honey, was observed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. A significant positive correlation was found between antimicrobial activity and individual polyphenols, especially resveratrol. The antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of FJ plant tissues and honey suggests promising applications in sustainable beekeeping. Further research is necessary to evaluate the bioactive compounds found in FJ honey and their health effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Food Products Derived from Plant)

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22 pages, 6780 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Clubroot-Induced Changes in the Root and Rhizosphere Microbiome of Susceptible and Resistant Canola

by Jorge Cordero-Elvia, Leonardo Galindo-González, Rudolph Fredua-Agyeman, Sheau-Fang Hwang and Stephen E. Strelkov

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131880 - 8 Jul 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2347

Abstract

Clubroot is a soilborne disease of canola (Brassica napus) and other crucifers caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae. In western Canada, clubroot is usually managed by planting-resistant cultivars, but the emergence of resistance-breaking pathotypes of P. brassicae represents a [...] Read more.

Clubroot is a soilborne disease of canola (Brassica napus) and other crucifers caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae. In western Canada, clubroot is usually managed by planting-resistant cultivars, but the emergence of resistance-breaking pathotypes of P. brassicae represents a major threat to sustainable canola production. The rhizosphere and root contain beneficial microorganisms that can improve plant health. In this study, we evaluated the effect of two P. brassicae isolates (termed A and B) with different levels of virulence on the root and rhizosphere microbiomes of clubroot-resistant and clubroot-susceptible canola. Additionally, potential biocontrol microorganisms were identified based on taxa antagonistic to clubroot. Although both P. brassicae isolates were classified as pathotype 3A, isolate A caused a higher disease severity index in the resistant canola genotype compared with isolate B. Metabarcoding analysis indicated a shift in the bacterial and fungal communities in response to inoculation with either field isolate. Root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities responded to changes in inoculation, isolate type, sampling time, and canola genotype. In contrast, fungal communities associated with the rhizosphere exhibited significant differences between sampling times, while bacterial communities associated with the rhizosphere exhibited low variability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytomicrobiome Research for Disease and Pathogen Management)

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16 pages, 3210 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identification of SNP Markers and Candidate Genes Associated with Major Agronomic Traits in Coffea arabica

by Ruane Alice da Silva, Eveline Teixeira Caixeta, Letícia de Faria Silva, Tiago Vieira Sousa, Pedro Ricardo Rossi Marques Barreiros, Antonio Carlos Baião de Oliveira, Antonio Alves Pereira, Cynthia Aparecida Valiati Barreto and Moysés Nascimento

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131876 - 7 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2472

Abstract

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) allow for inferences about the relationships between genomic variants and phenotypic traits in natural or breeding populations. However, few have used this methodology in Coffea arabica. We aimed to identify chromosomal regions with significant associations between SNP markers [...] Read more.

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) allow for inferences about the relationships between genomic variants and phenotypic traits in natural or breeding populations. However, few have used this methodology in Coffea arabica. We aimed to identify chromosomal regions with significant associations between SNP markers and agronomic traits in C. arabica. We used a coffee panel consisting of 195 plants derived from 13 families in F2 generations and backcrosses of crosses between leaf rust-susceptible and -resistant genotypes. The plants were phenotyped for 18 agronomic markers and genotyped for 21,211 SNP markers. A GWAS enabled the identification of 110 SNPs with significant associations (p < 0.05) for several agronomic traits in C. arabica: plant height, plagiotropic branch length, number of vegetative nodes, canopy diameter, fruit size, cercosporiosis incidence, and rust incidence. The effects of each SNP marker associated with the traits were analyzed, such that they can be used for molecular marker-assisted selection. For the first time, a GWAS was used for these important agronomic traits in C. arabica, enabling applications in accelerated coffee breeding through marker-assisted selection and ensuring greater efficiency and time reduction. Furthermore, our findings provide preliminary knowledge to further confirm the genomic loci and potential candidate genes contributing to various structural and disease-related traits of C. arabica. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemistry, Biology and Health Aspects of Plants of the Coffea Genus)

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24 pages, 2094 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Regulation of Proline Accumulation and Protein Secretion in Sorghum under Combined Osmotic and Heat Stress

by Samkelisiwe P. Ngwenya, Sellwane J. Moloi, Nemera G. Shargie, Adrian P. Brown, Stephen Chivasa and Rudo Ngara

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1874; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131874 - 6 Jul 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3916

Abstract

Plants reprogramme their proteome to alter cellular metabolism for effective stress adaptation. Intracellular proteomic responses have been extensively studied, and the extracellular matrix stands as a key hub where peptide signals are generated/processed to trigger critical adaptive signal transduction cascades inaugurated at the [...] Read more.

Plants reprogramme their proteome to alter cellular metabolism for effective stress adaptation. Intracellular proteomic responses have been extensively studied, and the extracellular matrix stands as a key hub where peptide signals are generated/processed to trigger critical adaptive signal transduction cascades inaugurated at the cell surface. Therefore, it is important to study the plant extracellular proteome to understand its role in plant development and stress response. This study examined changes in the soluble extracellular sub-proteome of sorghum cell cultures exposed to a combination of sorbitol-induced osmotic stress and heat at 40 °C. The combined stress significantly reduced metabolic activity and altered protein secretion. While cells treated with osmotic stress alone had elevated proline content, the osmoprotectant in the combined treatment remained unchanged, confirming that sorghum cells exposed to combined stress utilise adaptive processes distinct from those invoked by the single stresses applied separately. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-metabolising proteins and proteases dominated differentially expressed proteins identified in cells subjected to combined stress. ROS-generating peroxidases were suppressed, while ROS-degrading proteins were upregulated for protection from oxidative damage. Overall, our study provides protein candidates that could be used to develop crops better suited for an increasingly hot and dry climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mastering Resilience: A Comprehensive Exploration of Plant Stress Responses through Omics Profiling)

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21 pages, 4222 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Cultures and the Bioactivity of Their Root Microflora Are Affected by Amended Soil

by Konstantina Mitsigiorgi, Georgia C. Ntroumpogianni, Efstathios A. Katsifas, Dimitris G. Hatzinikolaou, Konstantinos Chassapis, Elisavet Skampa, Aikaterina L. Stefi and Nikolaos S. Christodoulakis

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1872; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131872 - 6 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2175

Abstract

This study aimed to highlight the positive effects of various recycled organic substrates on lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) and to promote sustainable waste management practices, contributing to the concept of a circular economy. Over a two-month period, the growth potential and [...] Read more.

This study aimed to highlight the positive effects of various recycled organic substrates on lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) and to promote sustainable waste management practices, contributing to the concept of a circular economy. Over a two-month period, the growth potential and rhizosphere microflora of lettuce plants grown in soil amended with different recycled substrates were investigated. All data were compared, and the effects of the culture substrates were evaluated. All groups containing soil improvers offered a significant increase in the number of leaves per plant and, in two cases, an increase in dry biomass as well as an increase in the concentration of all leaf pigments. Both MDA and H₂O₂ concentrations were the lowest in two groups containing soil improvers (VG 5% and PLUS 10%). At the end of the culture period, isolation and culture of bacteria from the plant rhizosphere were performed. Different bacterial strains were isolated and tested for the production of antimicrobial agents against six microbial indicators (B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, and P. aeruginosa). The greater percentage of the isolated strains showed an ability to inhibit the growth of the B. subtilis index. Most of the strains with antimicrobial activity were isolated from the soil samples of the plain soil group and the soil amended with the commercial fertilizer. Three of the isolated strains originating from the Ginagro 5% group are multiproducers as they inhibit the growth of three microbial indicators or more. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Crop Production)

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23 pages, 6298 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Beneficial Effects of Phosphite in Arabidopsis thaliana Mediated by Activation of ABA, SA, and JA Biosynthesis and Signaling Pathways

by Francisco Gabriel Pérez-Zavala, Jonathan Odilón Ojeda-Rivera, Luis Herrera-Estrella and Damar López-Arredondo

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131873 - 6 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3025

Abstract

Phosphite (Phi) has gained attention in agriculture due to its biostimulant effect on crops. This molecule has been found to benefit plant performance by providing protection against pathogens, improving yield and fruit quality as well as nutrient and water use efficiency. It is [...] Read more.

Phosphite (Phi) has gained attention in agriculture due to its biostimulant effect on crops. This molecule has been found to benefit plant performance by providing protection against pathogens, improving yield and fruit quality as well as nutrient and water use efficiency. It is still unclear how Phi enhances plant growth and protects against multiple stresses. It has been hypothesized that Phi acts by directly affecting the pathogens and interacting with the plant cellular components and molecular machinery to elicit defense responses. This study elucidates the mechanisms underlying Phi’s beneficial effects on plants, revealing their complex interplay with fundamental signaling pathways. An RNA-seq study of Arabidopsis seedlings under optimal and limiting phosphate conditions helped us unveil Phi’s role in promoting plant growth by activating the expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis and signaling pathways associated with abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA). The expression of ABA-related genes, known for their involvement in stress response and development regulation, is triggered by Phi treatment, contributing to enhanced resilience and growth. Simultaneously, the activation of the SA pathway, associated with defense responses, suggests Phi’s potential in bolstering plant immunity. Moreover, Phi influences JA biosynthesis and signaling, which are crucial for defense against herbivores and pathogens, thereby strengthening plants’ defenses. Our findings reveal a multifaceted mechanism through which Phi benefits Arabidopsis development. Understanding its intricate interplay with key signaling pathways opens avenues for leveraging Phi as a strategic tool to enhance plant resilience, immunity, and growth in agricultural and ecological contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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23 pages, 39000 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Revealed Abscisic Acid-Induced Regulation of Monoterpene Biosynthesis in Grape Berries

by Xiangyi Li, Yixuan Yan, Lei Wang, Guanhan Li, Yusen Wu, Ying Zhang, Lurong Xu and Shiping Wang

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1862; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131862 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2147

Abstract

Monoterpenes are a class of volatile organic compounds that play crucial roles in imparting floral and fruity aromas to Muscat-type grapes. However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underpinning monoterpene biosynthesis in grapes, particularly following abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, remains elusive. This study [...] Read more.

Monoterpenes are a class of volatile organic compounds that play crucial roles in imparting floral and fruity aromas to Muscat-type grapes. However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underpinning monoterpene biosynthesis in grapes, particularly following abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, remains elusive. This study aimed to explore the impact of exogenous ABA on monoterpene biosynthesis in Ruiduhongyu grape berries by employing Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC–MS) analysis and transcriptome sequencing. The results suggested significant differences in total soluble solids (TSS), pH, and total acid content. ABA treatment resulted in a remarkable increase in endogenous ABA levels, with concentrations declining from veraison to ripening stages. ABA treatment notably enhanced monoterpene concentrations, particularly at the E_L37 and E_L38 stages, elevating the overall floral aroma of grape berries. According to the variable gene expression patterns across four developmental stages in response to ABA treatment, the E_L37 stage had the largest number of differential expressed genes (DEGs), which was correlated with a considerable change in free monoterpenes. Furthermore, functional annotation indicated that the DEGs were significantly enriched in primary and secondary metabolic pathways, underlining the relationship between ABA, sugar accumulation, and monoterpene biosynthesis. ABA treatment upregulated key genes involved in the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, enhancing carbon allocation and subsequently impacting terpene synthesis. This study also identified transcription factors, including MYB and AP2/ERF families, potentially modulating monoterpene and aroma-related genes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) linked ABA-induced gene expression to monoterpene accumulation, highlighting specific modules enriched with genes associated with monoterpene biosynthesis; one of these modules (darkgreen) contained genes highly correlated with most monoterpenes, emphasizing the role of ABA in enhancing grape quality during berry maturation. Together, these findings provide valuable insights into the multifaceted effects of exogenous ABA on monoterpene compounds and grape berry flavor development, offering potential applications in viticulture and enology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flavor Quality of Cultivated and Wild Berries and Their Biological Basis)

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18 pages, 1537 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrating Proteomics and Metabolomics Approaches to Elucidate the Mechanism of Responses to Combined Stress in the Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum)

by Brandon Estefano Morales-Merida, Jesús Christian Grimaldi-Olivas, Abraham Cruz-Mendívil, Claudia Villicaña, José Benigno Valdez-Torres, J. Basilio Heredia, Rubén Gerardo León-Chan, Luis Alberto Lightbourn-Rojas, Juan L. Monribot-Villanueva, José A. Guerrero-Analco, Eliel Ruiz-May and Josefina León-Félix

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1861; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131861 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2851

Abstract

Bell pepper plants are sensitive to environmental changes and are significantly affected by abiotic factors such as UV-B radiation and cold, which reduce their yield and production. Various approaches, including omics data integration, have been employed to understand the mechanisms by which this [...] Read more.

Bell pepper plants are sensitive to environmental changes and are significantly affected by abiotic factors such as UV-B radiation and cold, which reduce their yield and production. Various approaches, including omics data integration, have been employed to understand the mechanisms by which this crop copes with abiotic stress. This study aimed to find metabolic changes in bell pepper stems caused by UV-B radiation and cold by integrating omic data. Proteome and metabolome profiles were generated using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and data integration was performed in the plant metabolic pathway database. The combined stress of UV-B and cold induced the accumulation of proteins related to photosynthesis, mitochondrial electron transport, and a response to a stimulus. Further, the production of flavonoids and their glycosides, as well as affecting carbon metabolism, tetrapyrrole, and scopolamine pathways, were identified. We have made the first metabolic regulatory network map showing how bell pepper stems respond to cold and UV-B stress. We did this by looking at changes in proteins and metabolites that help with respiration, photosynthesis, and the buildup of photoprotective and antioxidant compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Omics Approaches to Predict Physiological Traits of Plants under Abiotic Stress)

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18 pages, 2953 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Study Effect of Different Urea Fertilizers and Tomato Pomace Composts on the Performance and Quality Traits of Processing Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

by Ioanna Kakabouki, Ioannis Roussis, Magdalini Krokida, Antonios Mavroeidis, Panteleimon Stavropoulos, Stella Karydogianni, Dimitrios Beslemes and Evangelia Tigka

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1852; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131852 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3706

Abstract

Processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is regarded amongst the most dominant horticultural crops globally. Yet, due to its elevated water and fertilization needs, its environmental footprint is significantly high. The recent efforts to reduce the footprint of agriculture have rekindled the search [...] Read more.

Processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is regarded amongst the most dominant horticultural crops globally. Yet, due to its elevated water and fertilization needs, its environmental footprint is significantly high. The recent efforts to reduce the footprint of agriculture have rekindled the search for optimized fertilization regimes in tomato. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of different urea fertilizers and tomato pomace-based composts on the performance and quality traits of processing tomato. A two-year field experiment was conducted in the Larissa region, Central Greece, during 2018–2019. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with five treatments: control, urea (Urea), urea with nitrification and urease inhibitors (Urea + NI + UI), processing tomato pomace with farmyard manure (TP + FM), and processing tomato pomace with compost from plant residues (TP + CM). Measurements included soil total nitrogen (STN), soil organic matter (SOM), root length density (RLD), arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) colonization, dry weight per plant, fruit yield (number per plant, total yield, weight, diameter), fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), lycopene content and yield, and fruit surface color (L*, a*, b*, CI). Overall, the best results in soil properties and quality traits were reported in the organic fertilization treatments (STN, SOM, AMF, TSS, TA, lycopene content, L*, a*, b*) and the differences among TP + FM and TP + CM were insignificant in their majority. On the contrary, fruit yield and its components were significantly improved in Urea + NI + UI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Crop Production)

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24 pages, 4451 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biostimulant and Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Application on Four Major Biomass Crops as the Base of Phytomanagement Strategies in Metal-Contaminated Soils

by Pietro Peroni, Qiao Liu, Walter Zegada Lizarazu, Shuai Xue, Zili Yi, Moritz Von Cossel, Rossella Mastroberardino, Eleni G. Papazoglou, Andrea Monti and Yasir Iqbal

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1866; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131866 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1793

Abstract

Using contaminated land to grow lignocellulosic crops can deliver biomass and, in the long term, improve soil quality. Biostimulants and microorganisms are nowadays an innovative approach to define appropriate phytomanagement strategies to promote plant growth and metal uptake. This study evaluated biostimulants and [...] Read more.

Using contaminated land to grow lignocellulosic crops can deliver biomass and, in the long term, improve soil quality. Biostimulants and microorganisms are nowadays an innovative approach to define appropriate phytomanagement strategies to promote plant growth and metal uptake. This study evaluated biostimulants and mycorrhizae application on biomass production and phytoextraction potential of four lignocellulosic crops grown under two metal-contaminated soils. Two greenhouse pot trials were setup to evaluate two annual species (sorghum, hemp) in Italy and two perennial ones (miscanthus, switchgrass) in China, under mycorrhizae (M), root (B2) and foliar (B1) biostimulants treatments, based on humic substances and protein hydrolysates, respectively, applied both alone and in combination (MB1, MB2). MB2 increased the shoot dry weight (DW) yield in hemp (1.9 times more), sorghum (3.6 times more) and miscanthus (tripled) with additional positive effects on sorghum and miscanthus Zn and Cd accumulation, respectively, but no effects on hemp metal accumulation. No treatment promoted switchgrass shoot DW, but M enhanced Cd and Cr shoot concentrations (+84%, 1.6 times more, respectively) and the phytoextraction efficiency. Root biostimulants and mycorrhizae were demonstrated to be more efficient inputs than foliar biostimulants to enhance plant development and productivity in order to design effective phytomanagement strategies in metal-contaminated soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochar, Bioremediation and Bioenergy)

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16 pages, 2196 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Socioeconomic Disparities in Urban Forest Diversity and Structure in Green Areas of Santiago de Chile

by Brian R. Guevara, Sandra V. Uribe, Carmen L. de la Maza and Nélida R. Villaseñor

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1841; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131841 - 4 Jul 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2638

Abstract

Urban trees enhance biodiversity, provide ecosystem services, and improve quality of life in cities. Despite their benefits, trees are not distributed equitably, and many cities exhibit a “luxury effect”. Given the importance of public green space for providing access to urban tree benefits, [...] Read more.

Urban trees enhance biodiversity, provide ecosystem services, and improve quality of life in cities. Despite their benefits, trees are not distributed equitably, and many cities exhibit a “luxury effect”. Given the importance of public green space for providing access to urban tree benefits, we investigated the relationship between socioeconomic level and tree diversity and structure in 60 green areas in Santiago de Chile. Species richness and total tree abundance did not significantly vary among socioeconomic levels; however, a differential effect was found according to species origin. Introduced tree species exhibited similar abundance and species richness across socioeconomic levels, but native tree species were more abundant and richer in higher socioeconomic level areas compared to lower ones. Tree cover was higher in the high and medium socioeconomic level areas than in the low socioeconomic level area. A higher average DBH was found in the medium socioeconomic level area, which may be explained by older neighborhoods and a legacy of the luxury effect. Our findings reveal that socioeconomic groups are associated with differences in tree cover, width, and the number of native species in public green areas. Consequently, urban residents have different provisions of ecosystem services and opportunities to interact with natural heritage. Increasing the amount of tree cover and native species available to vulnerable groups will reduce disparities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flora and Vegetation in Cities: Basic and Applied Scientific Knowledge for Environmental Sustainability)

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15 pages, 1610 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Unearthing Grape Heritage: Morphological Relationships between Late Bronze–Iron Age Grape Pips and Modern Cultivars

by Mariano Ucchesu, Anna Depalmas, Marco Sarigu, Massimo Gardiman, Andrea Lallai, Franco Meggio, Alessandro Usai and Gianluigi Bacchetta

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1836; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131836 - 3 Jul 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3149

Abstract

The grapevine was one of the earliest domesticated fruit crops and has been cultivated since ancient times. It is considered one of the most important fruit crops worldwide for wine and table grape production. The current grape varieties are the outcome of prolonged [...] Read more.

The grapevine was one of the earliest domesticated fruit crops and has been cultivated since ancient times. It is considered one of the most important fruit crops worldwide for wine and table grape production. The current grape varieties are the outcome of prolonged selection initiated during the domestication process of their wild relative. Recent genetic studies have shed light on the origins of the modern domestic grapevine in western Europe, suggesting that its origin stems from the introgression between eastern domestic grapes and western wild grapes. However, the origin of ancient grapevines remains largely unexplored. In this study, we conducted an extensive analysis of 2228 well-preserved waterlogged archaeological grape pips from two sites in Sardinia (Italy), dated to the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1300–1100 BC) and the Iron Age (4th and 3rd centuries BC). Using morphometrics and linear discriminant analyses, we compared the archaeological grape pips with modern reference collections to differentiate between wild and domestic grape types and to investigate similarities with 330 modern cultivars. Grape pips from the Late Bronze Age displayed a high percentage of similarity with domesticated grapevines, with a small percentage assigned to wild ones, while the majority of grape pips from the Iron Age were classified as domestic. Discriminant analyses revealed that both white and red grape varieties were cultivated during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages, suggesting a high level of diversification in grape cultivation. Furthermore, a high percentage of archaeological grape pips from both periods showed strong similarities with modern cultivars from the Caucasus and Balkans. This suggests that the great diversity of grapevines present in Sardinia could result from interbreeding between western Asian cultivars and local grapevines that began in the Late Bronze Age. Additionally, a substantial proportion of archaeological grape pips exhibited similar morphometric characteristics to two important Mediterranean grape cultivars: “Muscat à petits grains blancs” and “Garnacha”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution of Crops and Domestication Syndrome)

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25 pages, 22045 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A High-Precision Identification Method for Maize Leaf Diseases and Pests Based on LFMNet under Complex Backgrounds

by Jintao Liu, Chaoying He, Yichu Jiang, Mingfang Wang, Ziqing Ye and Mingfang He

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1827; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131827 - 3 Jul 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2369

Abstract

Maize, as one of the most important crops in the world, faces severe challenges from various diseases and pests. The timely and accurate identification of maize leaf diseases and pests is of great significance for ensuring agricultural production. Currently, the identification of maize [...] Read more.

Maize, as one of the most important crops in the world, faces severe challenges from various diseases and pests. The timely and accurate identification of maize leaf diseases and pests is of great significance for ensuring agricultural production. Currently, the identification of maize leaf diseases and pests faces two key challenges: (1) In the actual process of identifying leaf diseases and pests, complex backgrounds can interfere with the identification effect. (2) The subtle features of diseases and pests are difficult to accurately extract. To address these challenges, this study proposes a maize leaf disease and pest identification model called LFMNet. Firstly, the localized multi-scale inverted residual convolutional block (LMSB) is proposed to perform preliminary down-sampling on the image, preserving important feature information for the subsequent extraction of fine disease and pest features in the model structure. Then, the feature localization bottleneck (FLB) is proposed to improve the model’s ability to focus on and locate disease and pest characteristics and to reduce interference from complex backgrounds. Subsequently, the multi-hop local-feature fusion architecture (MLFFA) is proposed, which effectively addresses the problem of extracting subtle features by enhancing the extraction and fusion of global and local disease and pest features in images. After training and testing on a dataset containing 19,451 images of maize leaf diseases and pests, the LFMNet model demonstrated excellent performance, with an average identification accuracy of 95.68%, a precision of 95.91%, a recall of 95.78%, and an F1 score of 95.83%. Compared to existing models, it exhibits significant advantages, offering robust technical support for the precise identification of maize diseases and pests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Strategies for Managing Plant Diseases)

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36 pages, 13512 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Diversity and Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Isolated from Olives in Istria, Croatia, and Evaluation of Varietal Resistance

by Elena Petrović, Karolina Vrandečić, Andreina Belušić Vozila, Jasenka Ćosić and Sara Godena

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1813; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131813 - 1 Jul 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2546

Abstract

During 2021 and 2022, a field investigation was conducted in Istria, Croatia, searching for trees exhibiting signs of Botryosphaeria dieback. Samples of symptomatic trees were collected from 26 different locations and analysed. Isolates that morphologically corresponded to species from the Botryosphaeriaceae family were [...] Read more.

During 2021 and 2022, a field investigation was conducted in Istria, Croatia, searching for trees exhibiting signs of Botryosphaeria dieback. Samples of symptomatic trees were collected from 26 different locations and analysed. Isolates that morphologically corresponded to species from the Botryosphaeriaceae family were selected, and detailed morphological characterisation and molecular identification of the isolates were conducted. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), beta-tubulin (TUB2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) regions, six species of fungi from the Botryosphaeriaceae family were identified: Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces. & De Not.; Diplodia mutila (Fr.) Fr.; Diplodia seriata De Not.; Dothiorella iberica A.J.L. Phillips, J. Luque & A. Alves; Dothiorella sarmentorum (Fr.) A.J.L. Phillips, Alves & Luque; and Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips. This is the first report of D. mutila, Do. sarmentorum, and Do. iberica causing Botryosphaeria dieback on olive trees in Croatia, and the first study investigating the resistance of Croatian olive varieties to species from the Botryosphaeriaceae family. Pathogenicity testing of selected isolates and assessment of variety resistance were conducted on four different olive varieties, namely Buža, Istarska bjelica, Leccino, and Rosinjola, using representative isolates of the mentioned species. The most aggressive species was found to be N. parvum. Olive varieties exhibited differences in susceptibility depending on the fungus they were infected with. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Disease Control in Crops—2nd Edition)

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32 pages, 6024 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Forest Orchids under Future Climate Scenarios: Habitat Suitability Modelling to Inform Conservation Strategies

by Antonio Pica, Daniele Vela and Sara Magrini

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1810; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131810 - 30 Jun 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5108

Abstract

Orchidaceae is one of the largest and most diverse families of flowering plants in the world but also one of the most threatened. Climate change is a global driver of plant distribution and may be the cause of their disappearance in some regions. [...] Read more.

Orchidaceae is one of the largest and most diverse families of flowering plants in the world but also one of the most threatened. Climate change is a global driver of plant distribution and may be the cause of their disappearance in some regions. Forest orchids are associated with specific biotic and abiotic environmental factors, that influence their local presence/absence. Changes in these conditions can lead to significant differences in species distribution. We studied three forest orchids belonging to different genera (Cephalanthera, Epipactis and Limodorum) for their potential current and future distribution in a protected area (PA) of the Northern Apennines. A Habitat Suitability Model was constructed for each species based on presence-only data and the Maximum Entropy algorithm (MaxEnt) was used for the modelling. Climatic, edaphic, topographic, anthropogenic and land cover variables were used as environmental predictors and processed in the model. The aim is to identify the environmental factors that most influence the current species distribution and the areas that are likely to contain habitats suitable for providing refuge for forest orchids and ensuring their survival under future scenarios. This will allow PA authorities to decide whether to invest more resources in conserving areas that are potential refuges for threatened species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Plants and Plant Communities to Environmental Changes in Mountain Areas)

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19 pages, 1916 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Impacts of Drought on Photosynthesis in Major Food Crops and the Related Mechanisms of Plant Responses to Drought

by Meiyu Qiao, Conghao Hong, Yongjuan Jiao, Sijia Hou and Hongbo Gao

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1808; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131808 - 30 Jun 2024

Cited by 130 | Viewed by 16522

Abstract

Drought stress is one of the most critical threats to crop productivity and global food security. This review addresses the multiple effects of drought on the process of photosynthesis in major food crops. Affecting both light-dependent and light-independent reactions, drought leads to severe [...] Read more.

Drought stress is one of the most critical threats to crop productivity and global food security. This review addresses the multiple effects of drought on the process of photosynthesis in major food crops. Affecting both light-dependent and light-independent reactions, drought leads to severe damage to photosystems and blocks the electron transport chain. Plants face a CO₂ shortage provoked by stomatal closure, which triggers photorespiration; not only does it reduce carbon fixation efficiency, but it also causes lower overall photosynthetic output. Drought-induced oxidative stress generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage cellular structures, including chloroplasts, further impairing photosynthetic productivity. Plants have evolved a variety of adaptive strategies to alleviate these effects. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) mechanisms help dissipate excess light energy as heat, protecting the photosynthetic apparatus under drought conditions. Alternative electron pathways, such as cyclical electron transmission and chloroplast respiration, maintain energy balance and prevent over-reduction of the electron transport chain. Hormones, especially abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, and cytokinin, modulate stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and osmotic adjustment, further increasing the tolerance to drought. Structural adjustments, such as leaf reordering and altered root architecture, also strengthen tolerance. Understanding these complex interactions and adaptive strategies is essential for developing drought-resistant crop varieties and ensuring agricultural sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanism of Drought and Salinity Tolerance in Crops)

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21 pages, 4744 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Essential Oils on Biological Characteristics and Potential Molecular Targets in Spodoptera frugiperda

by Júlia A. C. Oliveira, Letícia A. Fernandes, Karolina G. Figueiredo, Eduardo J. A. Corrêa, Leonardo H. F. Lima, Dejane S. Alves, Suzan K. V. Bertolucci and Geraldo A. Carvalho

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1801; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131801 - 29 Jun 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3123

Abstract

Spodoptera frugiperda control methods have proved to be inefficient, which justifies the search for new control measures. In this search for botanical insecticides for controlling S. frugiperda, the following were evaluated: (i) the toxicity of essential oils (EOs) from Cinnamodendron dinisii, [...] Read more.

Spodoptera frugiperda control methods have proved to be inefficient, which justifies the search for new control measures. In this search for botanical insecticides for controlling S. frugiperda, the following were evaluated: (i) the toxicity of essential oils (EOs) from Cinnamodendron dinisii, Eugenia uniflora, and Melaleuca armillaris; (ii) the effect of EOs on life table parameters against S. frugiperda; (iii) the chemical characterization of EOs; and (iv) the in silico interaction of the chemical constituents present in the three EOs with the molecular targets of S. frugiperda. The EO from E. uniflora had the lowest LD₅₀ (1.19 µg of EO/caterpillar). The major compounds bicyclogermacrene (18.64%) in C. dinisii and terpinolene (57.75%) in M. armillaris are highly predicted to interact with the octopamine receptor (OctpR). The compound 1,8-cineole (21.81%) in M. armillaris interacts mainly with a tolerant methoprene receptor (MET) and curzerene (41.22%) in E. uniflora, which acts on the OctpR receptor. Minor compounds, such as nerolidol in C. dinisii and β-elemene in E. uniflora, are highly ranked for multiple targets: AChE, MET, OctpR, and 5-HT1. It was concluded that the EO from E. uniflora negatively affects several biological parameters of S. frugiperda development and is promising as an active ingredient in formulations for controlling this insect pest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Botanical Biopesticides—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 1186 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

When Size Matters: New Insights on How Seed Size Can Contribute to the Early Stages of Plant Development

by Alessandra Boccaccini, Sara Cimini, Hira Kazmi, Andrea Lepri, Chiara Longo, Riccardo Lorrai and Paola Vittorioso

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1793; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131793 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4604

Abstract

The seed habit is the most complex and successful method of sexual reproduction in vascular plants. It represents a remarkable moment in the evolution of plants that afterward spread on land. In particular, seed size had a pivotal role in evolutionary success and [...] Read more.

The seed habit is the most complex and successful method of sexual reproduction in vascular plants. It represents a remarkable moment in the evolution of plants that afterward spread on land. In particular, seed size had a pivotal role in evolutionary success and agronomic traits, especially in the field of crop domestication. Given that crop seeds constitute one of the primary products for consumption, it follows that seed size represents a fundamental determinant of crop yield. This adaptative feature is strictly controlled by genetic traits from both maternal and zygotic tissues, although seed development and growth are also affected by environmental cues. Despite being a highly exploited topic for both basic and applied research, there are still many issues to be elucidated for developmental biology as well as for agronomic science. This review addresses a number of open questions related to cues that influence seed growth and size and how they influence seed germination. Moreover, new insights on the genetic–molecular control of this adaptive trait are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Molecular Basis of Plant Developmental Diversity)

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16 pages, 1075 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Significance and Applications of the Thermo-Acidophilic Microalga Galdieria sulphuraria (Cyanidiophytina, Rhodophyta)

by Berhan Retta, Manuela Iovinella and Claudia Ciniglia

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1786; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131786 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5435

Abstract

Galdieria sulphuraria is a thermo-acidophilic microalga belonging to the Cyanidiophyceae (Rhodophyta) class. It thrives in extreme environments, such as geothermal sulphuric springs, with low pH, high temperatures, and high salinity. This microalga utilises various growth modes, including autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic, enabling it [...] Read more.

Galdieria sulphuraria is a thermo-acidophilic microalga belonging to the Cyanidiophyceae (Rhodophyta) class. It thrives in extreme environments, such as geothermal sulphuric springs, with low pH, high temperatures, and high salinity. This microalga utilises various growth modes, including autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic, enabling it to exploit diverse organic carbon sources. Remarkably, G. sulphuraria survives and produces a range of bioactive compounds in these harsh conditions. Moreover, it plays a significant role in environmental remediation by removing nutrients, pathogens, and heavy metals from various wastewater sources. It can also recover rare earth elements from mining wastewater and electronic waste. This review article explores the diverse applications and significant contributions of G. sulphuraria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Evolution of Microalgae under Extreme Environments)

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15 pages, 6668 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

CaMAPK1 Plays a Vital Role in the Regulation of Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum Infection and Tolerance to Heat Stress

by Lanping Shi, Wei Shi, Zhengkun Qiu, Shuangshuang Yan, Zhiqin Liu and Bihao Cao

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1775; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131775 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2496

Abstract

As an important member of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, MAPKs play an important role in plant defense response against biotic and abiotic stresses; however, the involvement of the majority of the MAPK family members against Ralstonia solanacearum and heat stress (HS) remains [...] Read more.

As an important member of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, MAPKs play an important role in plant defense response against biotic and abiotic stresses; however, the involvement of the majority of the MAPK family members against Ralstonia solanacearum and heat stress (HS) remains poorly understood. In the present study, CaMAPK1 was identified from the genome of pepper and its function against R. solanacearum and HS was analyzed. The transcript accumulations of CaMAPK1 and the activities of its native promoter were both significantly induced by R. solanacearum inoculation, HS, and the application of exogenous hormones, including SA, MeJA, and ABA. Transient expression of CaMAPK1 showed that CaMAPK1 can be targeted throughout the whole cells in Nicotiana benthamiana and triggered chlorosis and hypersensitive response-like cell death in pepper leaves, accompanied by the accumulation of H₂O₂, and the up-regulations of hormones- and H₂O₂-associated marker genes. The knock-down of CaMAPK1 enhanced the susceptibility to R. solanacearum partially by down-regulating the expression of hormones- and H₂O₂-related genes and impairing the thermotolerance of pepper probably by attenuating CaHSFA2 and CaHSP70-1 transcripts. Taken together, our results revealed that CaMAPK1 is regulated by SA, JA, and ABA signaling and coordinates responses to R. solanacearum infection and HS in pepper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant–Microbe Interaction)

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16 pages, 1398 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improved Protoplast Production Protocol for Fungal Transformations Mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 in Botrytis cinerea Non-Sporulating Isolates

by Víctor Coca-Ruiz, Nuria Cabrera-Gómez, Isidro G. Collado and Josefina Aleu

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1754; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131754 - 25 Jun 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5658

Abstract

Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that causes considerable economic losses in commercial crops. Fungi of the genus Botrytis exhibit great morphological and genetic variability, ranging from non-sporogenic and non-infective isolates to highly virulent sporogenic ones. There is growing interest in the different [...] Read more.

Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that causes considerable economic losses in commercial crops. Fungi of the genus Botrytis exhibit great morphological and genetic variability, ranging from non-sporogenic and non-infective isolates to highly virulent sporogenic ones. There is growing interest in the different isolates in terms of their methodological applications aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of the biology of these fungal species for more efficient control of the infections they cause. This article describes an improvement in the protoplast production protocol from non-sporogenic isolates, resulting in viable protoplasts with regenerating capacity. The method improvements consist of a two-day incubation period with mycelium plugs and orbital shaking. Special mention is made of our preference for the VinoTaste Pro enzyme in the KC buffer as a replacement for Glucanex, as it enhances the efficacy of protoplast isolation in B459 and B371 isolates. The methodology described here has proven to be very useful for biotechnological applications such as genetic transformations mediated by the CRISPR/Cas9 tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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15 pages, 10363 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Influence of Climate Change on the Distribution of Hibiscus mutabilis in China: MaxEnt Model-Based Prediction

by Lu Zhang, Beibei Jiang, Yu Meng, Yin Jia, Qian Xu and Yuanzhi Pan

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131744 - 24 Jun 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3685

Abstract

Our study utilized 374 geographical distribution records of H. mutabilis and 19 bioclimatic factors, employing the MaxEnt model and the Geographic Information System (ArcGIS). The key environmental variables influencing the suitable distribution areas of H. mutabilis were analyzed through the comprehensive contribution rate, [...] Read more.

Our study utilized 374 geographical distribution records of H. mutabilis and 19 bioclimatic factors, employing the MaxEnt model and the Geographic Information System (ArcGIS). The key environmental variables influencing the suitable distribution areas of H. mutabilis were analyzed through the comprehensive contribution rate, permutation importance, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Based on this analysis, the contemporary and future suitable distribution areas and their extents were predicted. The results indicate that the key limiting factor affecting the suitable distribution areas of H. mutabilis is the precipitation of the driest month (bio14), with secondary factors being annual precipitation (bio12), annual mean temperature (bio1), and annual temperature range (bio7). Under contemporary climate conditions, the total suitable area for H. mutabilis is approximately 2,076,600 km², primarily concentrated in the tropical and subtropical regions of southeastern China. Under low-to-medium-emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5), the total suitable area of H. mutabilis shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing compared to the current scenario. In contrast, under high-emission scenarios (SSP5-8.5), it exhibits a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The spatial pattern changes indicate that the retention rate of suitable areas for H. mutabilis ranges from 95.28% to 99.28%, with the distribution centers primarily located in Hunan and Guizhou provinces, showing an overall migration trend towards the west and north. These findings suggest that H. mutabilis possesses a certain level of adaptability to climate change. However, it is crucial to consider regional drought and sudden drought events in practical cultivation and introduction processes. The results of our study provide a scientific basis for the rational cultivation management, conservation, and utilization of germplasm resources of H. mutabilis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to a Changing Climate: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives)

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23 pages, 3153 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Automatic Non-Destructive Detection Based on Multi-Scale Imaging: A Technical Perspective

by Guoqing Feng, Ying Gu, Cheng Wang, Yanan Zhou, Shuo Huang and Bin Luo

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1722; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131722 - 21 Jun 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3616

Abstract

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major threat to global wheat production. Recent reviews of wheat FHB focused on pathology or comprehensive prevention and lacked a summary of advanced detection techniques. Unlike traditional detection and management methods, wheat FHB detection based on various [...] Read more.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major threat to global wheat production. Recent reviews of wheat FHB focused on pathology or comprehensive prevention and lacked a summary of advanced detection techniques. Unlike traditional detection and management methods, wheat FHB detection based on various imaging technologies has the obvious advantages of a high degree of automation and efficiency. With the rapid development of computer vision and deep learning technology, the number of related research has grown explosively in recent years. This review begins with an overview of wheat FHB epidemic mechanisms and changes in the characteristics of infected wheat. On this basis, the imaging scales are divided into microscopic, medium, submacroscopic, and macroscopic scales. Then, we outline the recent relevant articles, algorithms, and methodologies about wheat FHB from disease detection to qualitative analysis and summarize the potential difficulties in the practicalization of the corresponding technology. This paper could provide researchers with more targeted technical support and breakthrough directions. Additionally, this paper provides an overview of the ideal application mode of the FHB detection technologies based on multi-scale imaging and then examines the development trend of the all-scale detection system, which paved the way for the fusion of non-destructive detection technologies of wheat FHB based on multi-scale imaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Modeling)

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17 pages, 6001 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Overexpression of Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis Gene OsNCED3 Enhances Survival Rate and Tolerance to Alkaline Stress in Rice Seedlings

by Zhonghui Feng, Yang Xu, Zhiming Xie, Yaqiong Yang, Guanru Lu, Yangyang Jin, Mingming Wang, Miao Liu, Haoyu Yang, Weiqiang Li and Zhengwei Liang

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13121713 - 20 Jun 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3690

Abstract

Alkaline stress with high pH levels could significantly influence plant growth and survival. The enzyme 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) serves as a critical bottleneck in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), making it essential for regulating stress tolerance. Here, we show that OsNCED3-overexpressing [...] Read more.

Alkaline stress with high pH levels could significantly influence plant growth and survival. The enzyme 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) serves as a critical bottleneck in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), making it essential for regulating stress tolerance. Here, we show that OsNCED3-overexpressing rice lines have increased ABA content by up to 50.90% and improved transcription levels of numerous genes involved in stress responses that significantly enhance seedling survival rates. Overexpression of OsNCED3 increased the dry weight contents of the total chlorophyll, proline, soluble sugar, starch, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes of rice seedlings, while reducing the contents of O₂·⁻, H₂O₂, and malondialdehyde under hydroponic alkaline stress conditions simulated by 10, 15, and 20 mmol L⁻¹ of Na₂CO₃. Additionally, the OsNCED3-overexpressing rice lines exhibited a notable increase in the expression of OsNCED3; ABA response-related genes OsSalT and OsWsi18; ion homeostasis-related genes OsAKT1, OsHKT1;5, OsSOS1, and OsNHX5; and ROS scavenging-related genes OsCu/Zn-SOD, OsFe-SOD, OsPOX1, OsCATA, OsCATB, and OsAPX1 in rice seedling leaves. The results of these findings suggest that overexpression of OsNCED3 upregulates endogenous ABA levels and the expression of stress response genes, which represents an innovative molecular approach for enhancing the alkaline tolerance of rice seedlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Crops to Abiotic Stress)

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14 pages, 2524 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles-Based Amelioration of Cd Toxicity by Regulating Antioxidant Activity and Photosynthetic Parameters in a Line Developed from Wild Rice

by Humera Ashraf, Fozia Ghouri, Jiabin Liang, Weiwei Xia, Zhiming Zheng, Muhammad Qasim Shahid and Xuelin Fu

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13121715 - 20 Jun 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2746

Abstract

An extremely hazardous heavy metal called cadmium (Cd) is frequently released into the soil, causing a considerable reduction in plant productivity and safety. In an effort to reduce the toxicity of Cd, silicon dioxide nanoparticles were chosen because of their capability to react [...] Read more.

An extremely hazardous heavy metal called cadmium (Cd) is frequently released into the soil, causing a considerable reduction in plant productivity and safety. In an effort to reduce the toxicity of Cd, silicon dioxide nanoparticles were chosen because of their capability to react with metallic substances and decrease their adsorption. This study examines the processes that underlie the stress caused by Cd and how SiO₂NPs may be able to lessen it through modifying antioxidant defense, oxidative stress, and photosynthesis. A 100 μM concentration of Cd stress was applied to the hydroponically grown wild rice line, and 50 μM of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO₂NPs) was given. The study depicted that when 50 μM SiO₂NPs was applied, there was a significant decrease in Cd uptake in both roots and shoots by 30.2% and 15.8% under 100 μM Cd stress, respectively. The results illustrated that Cd had a detrimental effect on carotenoid and chlorophyll levels and other growth-related traits. Additionally, it increased the levels of ROS in plants, which reduced the antioxidant capability by 18.8% (SOD), 39.2% (POD), 32.6% (CAT), and 25.01% (GR) in wild rice. Nevertheless, the addition of silicon dioxide nanoparticles reduced oxidative damage and the overall amount of Cd uptake, which lessened the toxicity caused by Cd. Reduced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including MDA and H₂O₂, and an increased defense system of antioxidants in the plants provided evidence for this. Moreover, SiO₂NPs enhanced the Cd resistance, upregulated the genes related to antioxidants and silicon, and reduced metal transporters’ expression levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stresses in Cereals)

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14 pages, 2198 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Increasing Hybrid Rice Yield, Water Productivity, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency: Optimization Strategies for Irrigation and Fertilizer Management

by Haijun Zhu, Xiaoe He, Xuehua Wang and Pan Long

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1717; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13121717 - 20 Jun 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3229

Abstract

Water and fertilizer are crucial in rice growth, with irrigation and fertilizer management exhibiting synergies. In a two-year field study conducted in Yiyang City, Hunan Province, we examined the impact of three irrigation strategies—wet-shallow irrigation (W1), flooding irrigation (W2), and the “thin, shallow, [...] Read more.

Water and fertilizer are crucial in rice growth, with irrigation and fertilizer management exhibiting synergies. In a two-year field study conducted in Yiyang City, Hunan Province, we examined the impact of three irrigation strategies—wet-shallow irrigation (W1), flooding irrigation (W2), and the “thin, shallow, wet, dry irrigation” method (W3)—in combination with distinct fertilizer treatments (labeled F1, F2, F3, and F4, with nitrogen application rates of 0, 180, 225, and 270 kg ha⁻¹, respectively) on rice yield generation and water–fertilizer utilization patterns. The study employed Hybrid Rice Xin Xiang Liang you 1751 (XXLY1751) and Yue Liang you Mei Xiang Xin Zhan (YLYMXXZ) as representative rice cultivars. Key findings from the research include water, fertilizer, variety, and year treatments, which all significantly influenced the yield components of rice. Compared to W2, W1 in 2022 reduced the amount of irrigation water by 35.2%, resulting in a 42.0~42.8% increase in irrigation water productivity and a 25.7~25.9% increase in total water productivity. In 2023, similar improvements were seen. Specifically, compared with other treatments, the W1F3 treatment increased nitrogen uptake and harvest index by 1.4–7.7% and 5.9–7.7%, respectively. Phosphorus and potassium uptake also improved. The W1 treatment enhanced the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients throughout the rice growth cycle, increasing nutrient levels in the grains. When paired with the F3 fertilization approach, W1 treatment boosted yields and improved nutrient use efficiency. Consequently, combining W1 and F3 treatment emerged as this study’s optimal water–fertilizer management approach. By harnessing the combined effects of water and fertilizer management, we can ensure efficient resource utilization and maximize the productive potential of rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Improve Water-Use Efficiency in Plant Production)

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