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Electricity
Volume 6
Issue 4
10.3390/electricity6040066
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Dynamic Average-Value Modeling and Stability of Shipboard PV–Battery Converters with Curve-Scanning Global MPPT

by
Andrei Darius Deliu
1,
Emil Cazacu
1,
Florențiu Deliu
2,*,
Ciprian Popa
2,
Nicolae Silviu Popa
2 and
Mircea Preda
3
1
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
2
Faculty of Marine Engineering, Romanian Naval Academy “Mircea cel Bătrân” Constanța, 900218 Constanța, Romania
3
Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I” Bucharest, 050141 Bucharest, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electricity 2025, 6(4), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity6040066 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 4 October 2025 / Revised: 28 October 2025 / Accepted: 5 November 2025 / Published: 12 November 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Maritime power systems must reduce fuel use and emissions while improving resilience. We study a shipboard PV–battery subsystem interfaced with a DC–DC converter running maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and curve-scanning GMPPT to manage partial shading. Dynamic average-value models capture irradiance steps and show GMPPT sustains operation near the global MPP without local peak trapping. We compare converter options—conventional single-port stages, high-gain bidirectional dual-PWM converters, and three-level three-port topologies—provide sizing rules for passives, and note soft-switching in order to limit loss. A Fourier framework links the switching ripple to power quality metrics: as irradiance falls, the current THD rises while the PCC voltage distortion remains constant on a stiff bus. We make the loss relation explicit via \({{I}_{rms}^{2}R}\) scaling with THDi and propose a simple reactive power policy, assigning VAR ranges to active power bins. For AC-coupled cases, a hybrid EMT plus transient stability workflow estimates ride-through margins and critical clearing times, providing a practical path from modeling to monitoring.
Keywords: shipboard power systems; photovoltaic (PV); battery energy storage (BESS); DC–DC con-verters; average-value modeling; power quality; THD; ripple propagation; partial shading; reactive power control shipboard power systems; photovoltaic (PV); battery energy storage (BESS); DC–DC con-verters; average-value modeling; power quality; THD; ripple propagation; partial shading; reactive power control

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Deliu, A.D.; Cazacu, E.; Deliu, F.; Popa, C.; Popa, N.S.; Preda, M. Dynamic Average-Value Modeling and Stability of Shipboard PV–Battery Converters with Curve-Scanning Global MPPT. Electricity 2025, 6, 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity6040066

AMA Style

Deliu AD, Cazacu E, Deliu F, Popa C, Popa NS, Preda M. Dynamic Average-Value Modeling and Stability of Shipboard PV–Battery Converters with Curve-Scanning Global MPPT. Electricity. 2025; 6(4):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity6040066

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deliu, Andrei Darius, Emil Cazacu, Florențiu Deliu, Ciprian Popa, Nicolae Silviu Popa, and Mircea Preda. 2025. "Dynamic Average-Value Modeling and Stability of Shipboard PV–Battery Converters with Curve-Scanning Global MPPT" Electricity 6, no. 4: 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity6040066

APA Style

Deliu, A. D., Cazacu, E., Deliu, F., Popa, C., Popa, N. S., & Preda, M. (2025). Dynamic Average-Value Modeling and Stability of Shipboard PV–Battery Converters with Curve-Scanning Global MPPT. Electricity, 6(4), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity6040066

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