Most Cited

The brain and its health are essential for our (physical mental, social, and spiritual) wellbeing, for being able to realize our potential as individuals, and also for a fair, well-functioning, and productive society. However, today the world is faci...

Chronic insomnia (insomnia disorder—ID) afflicts up to 10% of the adult population, increases with age and affects more women than men. ID is associated with significant daytime impairments and an increased risk for developing major somatic and...

Together with (physical and mental) exercise, diet, and social activities, sleep is a key health behavior that occupies one third of our lives, yet remains neglected. In the first part of this review, we present the current knowledge on how sleep pro...

Recently, it has become increasingly clear that there is a bidirectional relationship between sleep/circadian rhythms and neurodegeneration. Knowledge about this topic further improved after the description of the glymphatic system, which is mainly a...

Adolescence is a pivotal period of development marked by significant physiological and psychological changes, making youth particularly susceptible to mental health challenges, including depression. A growing body of research has highlighted the impo...

The two-process model of sleep regulation has served as a conceptual framework in the last four decades for understanding sleep physiology. In the 1970s, long-term recordings of sleep in rats were obtained thanks to EEG telemetry. NonREM sleep and RE...

In the last few years, restless sleep has been described as the key element of many clinical issues in childhood, leading to the recognition of “restless sleep disorder” (RSD) as a new proposed diagnostic category. The essential aid of vi...

Sleep studies in psychiatric disorders date back to the first half of the 20th century. So far, success in establishing disease-specific sleep-related biomarkers has been quite limited. This is particularly obvious regarding insomnia, where there is...

Background: Disorders of Consciousness (DoC) following acute brain injuries, such as intracerebral hemorrhage, present significant clinical challenges in intensive care and rehabilitation settings. Early multidisciplinary interventions, including phy...

The study of brain disorders has long been central to both neurology and psychiatry, with these two disciplines evolving as distinct yet deeply interconnected fields. In fact, these specialties often share overlapping symptoms, neural pathways, and t...

Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) encompass a highly diverse group of conditions that affect the skeletal muscles, peripheral nervous system, or motor endplate. Depending on the underlying disease, common characteristics include progressive muscle weakn...

Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) may cause disorders of consciousness (DoC) in the form of coma, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), or minimally conscious state (MCS). Despite significant advancements made over the last two decades in detect...

PAPT syndrome is a rare neurologic disorder characterized by progressive ataxia and palatal tremor (rhythmic movements of the soft palate). The first large study of PAPT patients was published in 2004, included a total of 28 sporadic PAPT cases, and...

When we are asleep, we lose the ability to promptly respond to external stimuli, and yet we spend many hours every day in this inherently risky behavioral state. This simple fact strongly suggests that sleep must serve essential functions that rely o...

The field of sleep research is both broad and rapidly evolving. It spans from the diagnosis of sleep-related disorders to investigations of how sleep supports memory consolidation. The study of sleep includes a variety of approaches, starting with th...

A large number of disease-modifying immunotherapies are available for the treatment of people with multiple sclerosis. Many disease-modifying immunotherapies show scarce or no safety data in pregnancy and breastfeeding and are labeled as being contra...

Across many resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) studies, dementia is associated with changes to the power spectrum and fractal dimension. Here, we describe a novel method to examine changes in the fractal dimension over time and within frequen...

This report presents two cases of pregnant women positive for folate receptor alpha (FRα) autoantibodies who received folinic acid supplementation. Both had previously given birth to children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In su...

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia in which the customary generalized skeletal muscle atonia of REM sleep, “REM-atonia”, is compromised, allowing for the injurious acting-out of dreams. RBD can be idiopathic/isolated (iRBD)...

The last ten years have seen the development and publication of numerous national and international guidelines devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. These include guidelines by the American College of Physicians (ACP), the American Acad...

Robust evidence suggests that the glymphatic system plays a key role in preserving brain health. Indeed, its activity in maintaining homeostasis by clearing neurotoxic proteins such as beta-amyloid from the human brain is essential. Sleep represents...

Biological, environmental, behavioral, and social factors can influence sleep and lead to sleep disorders or diseases. Sleep disorders are common, numerous, and heterogeneous in terms of their etiology, pathogenesis, and symptomatology. The managemen...

The thalamus, and its projections to the cerebral cortex, are crucial for regulating sleep rhythms, such as sleep spindles, and for maintaining arousal and sleep homeostasis. Moreover, they play a significant role in memory, executive functioning, an...

Insomnia is characterized by frequent and persistent difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep, along with impaired daytime functioning. Blended treatments are increasingly popular for treating psychological disorders such as depression. Blended...

This review article addresses the complex issues faced by individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) who are planning a family, becoming pregnant, or wishing to breastfeed their baby. Recommendations and guidelines were discussed and agreed upon by neu...

Introduction and aims: Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a central disorder of hypersomnolence (CDH) characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. The Swiss Narcolepsy Scale (SNS), which includes the updated and short (sSNS) versions, has rec...

Rocking devices are widely used across different age groups to facilitate sleep. This review discusses the current literature on rocking devices and how passive vestibular stimulation influences sleep architecture, sleep oscillations, and cognitive p...

An intronic GAA repeat expansion in the FGF14 gene was recently identified as a common cause of autosomal dominant GAA-FGF14 ataxia (SCA27B). We aimed to characterize in detail the clinical and video-oculographic features in our cohort of SCA27B pati...

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains a critical concern in clinical practice, with significant implications for patient outcomes and healthcare costs. This review highlights the role of clot composition in AIS, emphasizing the clinical relevance of ra...

This systematic review and meta-analysis of global peer-reviewed neuroimaging findings preliminarily assessed the magnitude of effect sizes (ES) of the influences of family poverty/low socioeconomic status (SES) on children’s neurocognition and...

Background: The clinical evaluation of a patient complaining of excessive daytime sleepiness is of crucial importance for the diagnosis of narcolepsy. The Swiss Narcolepsy Scale (SNS) was developed in 2004 as a screening tool for patients with narcol...

Study objectives: Sleep and circadian rhythms disorders are frequent in the acute stroke. Sleep modifications are likely to contribute to the development of stroke-related delirium, a common neuropsychiatric complication of acute stroke. This systema...

Nearly 25 years have passed since the ground-breaking discovery that hypocretin deficiency underlies human narcolepsy with cataplexy. Over time, it has become increasingly evident that hypocretin deficiency goes beyond the conventional core symptoms,...

Corrugator muscle activity with pressure pain stimulation has not yet been studied. We recorded corrugator muscle activity at rest and before, during and after pressure pain stimulation to the shoulder three times each in 14 healthy adults (20.0 &plu...

There is much controversy about the link between motor symptom progression and the plethora of reported brain atrophy patterns in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). The main goal of this study is to provide empirical evidence for unique and c...

There is a general understanding that older adults suffering from a stroke have poorer outcomes and might benefit less from neurorehabilitation. This narrative review analyzes the conflicting evidence for the effect of aging on the success of neurore...

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, with symptoms that greatly affect quality of life (QoL). One of the most prevalent symptoms of MS is fatigue, also one of the main factors reducing QoL...

Background: Genetic and epigenetic modifiers of age at onset of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are largely unknown. It remains unclear whether DNA methylation (DNAm) age acceleration is linked to age at onset in PD patients of different ethnicities w...

Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) is a relatively rare but probably underestimated disorder, where affected patients exhibit nocturnal eating episodes with impaired consciousness and subsequent amnesia. SRED has originally been classified as NREM...

Several recent studies reported on some patients developing Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) following coronavirus disease 2019, but, to the best of our knowledge, this case is the first reported in Italy on an onset of a CJD genetic form (gCJD)...

Sleep is essential for health, well-being, creativity, and productivity. Sleep loss and sleep–wake circadian disorders (SWCDs) affect at least one in three individuals but are underdiagnosed and undertreated for different reasons: First, the im...

Primary headaches are a common debilitating health condition. Proper diagnosis and treatment depend on patients’ communication. We wanted to explore differences in pain communication with a special interest in potential sex differences. Patient...

Narcolepsy is a chronic central disorder of hypersomnolence most frequently arising during childhood/adolescence. This review article examined the literature concerning the etiology, prevalence, clinical course, and treatment of children with type 1...

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a significant health problem with high mortality and morbidity rates, partly due to limited treatment options. Hematoma after ICH causes neurological deficits due to the mass effect. Hemorrhage catalyzes secondary da...

Background: Brain health is a growing public health priority due to the high global burden of neurological and mental disorders. Promoting brain health across the lifespan supports individual and societal well-being, creativity, and productivity. Obj...

Evoked potentials (EPs), including somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs), are used to assess neural conduction in spinal cord injury (SCI) and multiple sclerosis (MS), conditions marked by demyelination, inflammat...

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have emerged as powerful tools for in vivo gene therapy, enabling long-term transgene expression in targeted tissues with minimal pathogenicity. This review examines the AAV serotypes used in clinical gene therapy...

Sleep–wake disturbances are common in post-COVID-19 syndrome but lack extensive objective characterization. This study evaluated sleep–wake patterns in 31 patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome referred for fatigue and excessive daytime sle...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune-mediated neurodegenerative disease that affects young adults. The diagnosis of MS currently based on the McDonald criteria, which based on four core principles: the presence of a symptomatic demyelinati...

Background: The relationship between sleep and creativity is a topic of much controversy. General benefits of napping have been described not only in sleep-deprived individuals and in shift workers, but also in people with sufficient night sleep. How...