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Article

The Relationship Between Social Media Addiction and Sleepiness in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

by
Melike Y. Celik
1,* and
Selver Güler
2
1
Department of Midwifery, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
2
Yusuf Serefoglu Faculty of Health Sciences, Kilis 7 Aralık University, Kilis 79000, Turkey
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Clin. Transl. Neurosci. 2025, 9(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/ctn9020023
Submission received: 19 December 2024 / Revised: 26 February 2025 / Accepted: 3 April 2025 / Published: 11 April 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Background/Objectives: Social media addiction has increased among adolescents, and this addiction has negatively affected their health. It is necessary to investigate how this addiction brings negative effects to adolescents. This study aimed to examine the relationship between social media addiction and sleepiness in adolescents. Methods: Personal information form, Social Media Addiction Scale for Adolescents (SMAS), and Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire (CASQ) were used as data collection tools. Prerequisites (correlation, linearity, continuous variable, normal distribution) for regression analysis were tested. The study sample consisted of adolescents between the ages of 10–18. The data were analyzed in the SPSS program. Results: It was determined that 37.9% of the adolescents had sleep problems. The increase in the use of social media significantly affects sleepiness rates (r = 0.61, p < 0.05). The increase in social media use can explain 37.5% of the increase in sleepiness rates (R2 = 0.375). It was observed that a 1-unit increase in social media use would increase the sleepiness rate by 0.79 (B = 0.79). Conclusions: A significant relationship was found between adolescents’ social media addiction and sleepiness. Social media addiction was seen as a predictor of sleepiness in adolescents.

1. Introduction

WHO defines ‘Adolescents’ as individuals in the 10–19 years age group and ‘Youth’ as the 15–24 year age group. While ‘Young People’ covers the age range of 10–24 years [1]. Adequate sleep during this period is an essential element that ensures growth and development [2]. In addition, sleep is an essential building block in maintaining physical and mental health and maintaining the quality of life [3]. After waking up with good quality sleep, the individual feels fit and ready for a new day. Sleep quality is affected by various factors such as lifestyle, environmental factors, work, social life, economic situation, general health and stress [4,5]. Sleep requirements may vary according to age. It is stated that children between the ages of 5–12 should sleep 9–11 h a day, and adolescents from 13 to adulthood should sleep 8.5–9.5 h [6,7]. A study found that poor self-health, depression and anxiety were associated with poor sleep [8]. For this reason, children and adults may face serious health threats today as quality sleep decreases [9,10]. One of the reasons that negatively affect sleep habits is the use of social media. Since social media has become one of the most used networks on the internet and addiction harms daily life, research has focused on whether social media addiction is directly related to sleep habits [11]. The negative aspects of social media use, technostress, stress, fatigue, compulsive social media use, problematic social media use and the relationship between sleep have attracted the attention of many researchers [12,13,14,15].
The impact of problematic use of social media sites on users has been demonstrated by Caplan (2002). Caplan proposed the theory of problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being and explained that individuals who exhibit signs of poor psychosocial health have a problematic relationship [16]. Furthermore, Davis (2001) presented a theoretical model called the generalized cognitive behavioral model of problematic Internet use to explain the relationship between problematic Internet use and various psychological well-being variables such as self-esteem, loneliness, depression, and shyness [17].
A limitation in device use, up to two hours a day, was recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics [18]. In a study, it was reported that the use of social media negatively affects sleep quality [9]. In another study, 62.3% (359) of all students reported that their mobile phones were on in the bedroom while sleeping. It was reported that there was a statistically significant relationship between poor sleep quality and social media use and that sleep duration decreased as phone use duration increased. It was also found that there was a direct relationship between average social media use and depression. In this study, it was emphasized that it is important to examine the relationship between social media use and sleep [19]. It has been reported that social media addiction in high school students reduces their sleep efficiency. It has been reported that excessive social media use disrupts psychological health, causes sleep problems and harms sleep quality. It has also been suggested that sleep programs should be organized for adolescents and interventions should be implemented to prevent this addiction and that this problem should be determined with new research [20]. Sleep disorders are considered among the top ten warning signs of suicide in adolescence [21], and improving problematic sleep may be a protective factor in preventing mental health problems, especially depression. Therefore, it is very important to examine the factors that cause sleep problems and offer solutions [22,23].
  • Aim
The study aimed to examine the relationship between social media addiction and sleepiness in adolescents.
  • Hypotheses
H0. 
There is not a relationship between social media addiction and sleepiness in adolescents.
H1. 
There is a relationship between social media addiction and sleepiness in adolescents.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Type and Sample of Research

The research was carried out in a descriptive design. The population of the descriptive study consists of adolescents aged 10–18. All adolescents between the ages of 10–18 who responded to the digital questionnaire between 5 March 2022 and 15 July 2022, volunteered to participate in the study, could be reached through social media, did not have any health problems that would prevent participation in the study, and had the program in which the study was conducted were included in the study sampling. Researchers created a digital questionnaire to minimize face-to-face interaction due to the pandemic. The digital survey form was shared on social media platforms (such as WhatsApp, Instagram, and Twitter) and the respondents were asked to share it with other people. After obtaining informed consent from the parents of the adolescents, the adolescents filled out this survey. The adolescents were reached through their parents. First, the parents of the adolescents filled out the form at the beginning of the survey, approving participation in the study, and then the adolescents’ consent was obtained. The survey was designed to be applicable only after these consents were obtained. The participants could not proceed to the survey questions without obtaining these two consents. Participants who did not give informed consent or did not have parental consent were excluded from the study because they could not participate in the study and could not fill out the survey.
For power analysis, the sample was calculated using the G*Power program [24]. The first error type was taken as 0.05, the ratio var 1/var 0 was 1.5, and the sample group was determined as 133 people [25]. The power calculated according to these inputs was found to be 95%. This study was conducted with 309 adolescents.

2.2. Data Collection Tools

Personal information form, Social Media Addiction Scale for Adolescents (SMAS), and Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire (CASQ) were used as data collection tools.
Personal Information Form: The personal information form prepared by the researchers is based on socio-demographic characteristics and consists of questions about addiction (age, gender, education level, number of siblings, family income level, family type, dependency status, parental survival, violence and abuse, etc.).
Social Media Addiction Scale for Adolescents (SMAS): Social Media Addiction Scale for Adolescents (SMAS) was developed according to APA DSM−5 criteria. The scale form is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (Never−1, Rarely−2, Sometimes−3, Often−4, Always−5). There is no reverse-scored item in the scale. Since the scale consists of 9 items, a participant can obtain a minimum of 9 points and a maximum of 45 points. In order to obtain a total score from the scale, the answers given to all items are collected. In addition, the arithmetic mean is calculated by dividing the total score by the number of items. A high calculated total score or arithmetic mean indicates a high social media addiction in the individual, and a low total score or arithmetic mean indicates a low social media addiction in the individual. In addition, the Cronbach alpha value of the scale was found to be 0.87 [26]. With the sample in our study, the Cronbach alpha value was determined as 0.93.
Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire (CASQ): This measurement tool provides a valid and reliable subjective measure used to determine the daytime sleepiness of adolescents. Spilsbury et al. (2007) [27] consists of 16-item questions measuring daytime sleepiness in adolescents. Scores range from 16 to 80 on a 5-point scale. Five of the statements are scored in the opposite direction. Daytime sleepiness is obtained by summing the scores of 16 items, and the higher the score, the higher the daytime sleepiness. The scale consists of 4 sub-dimensions. The first sub-dimension evaluates sleepiness at school (1st, 3rd, 6th, 10th and 15th items). The second sub-dimension evaluates insomnia at school (2nd, 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th items). The third sub-dimension evaluates evening sleepiness (8th, 12th and 16th items). The fourth sub-dimension measures sleepiness during transportation (items 4, 9, and 14). The high internal consistency of the scale (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.89) can be used both clinically (for example, in those with obstructive sleep apnea or OSA) and in clinically healthy normal adolescents [27]. The Turkish validity–reliability study of the scale was carried out by Çağlar and Kesgin in 2020. In this study, Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient was determined as α = 0.83 for the pretest and α = 0.87 for the posttest [28]. The Cronbach alpha value in our study was found to be 0.90.

2.3. Analysis of Data

The data were evaluated in SPSS 24.0 (Statistical Packet for Social Sciences for Windows) statistical program. Prerequisites (correlation, linearity, continuous variable, normal distribution) for regression analysis were tested. Person correlation analysis and regression analysis (multicollinearity) were performed. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated. Significance (p) was taken as 0.05 and less.

2.4. Ethical Dimension of Research

Ethics committee approval was obtained from the non-interventional clinical research ethics committee of a university in order to carry out the study (on 2 February 2022, decision no: 2022/02). The purpose of the research was written on the form prepared digitally, and volunteerism was taken as a basis. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent was obtained from the parents of the adolescents.

3. Results

It was determined that, of adolescents, 74.1% were between the ages of 14–18, 59.5% were female, 18.1% had substance abuse, 96.4% lived with their family, 73.8% had a nuclear family (parents and child/children), 61.2% said that the economic status was equal to their income and expenses, and 37.9% of them had sleep problems. It was determined that of the mothers of the adolescents, 29.4% were high school graduates and 40.1% had a democratic attitude. It was determined that of the fathers of the adolescents, 40.1% were college or university graduates, and 40.1% had an authoritarian attitude (Table 1).
The increase in the use of social media positively and significantly affects sleepiness rates (r = 0.61, p < 0.05). If the correlation coefficient is between 0 and 0.29, it can be interpreted as weak; if it is between 0.30 and 0.64, it can be interpreted as medium; if it is between 0.65 and 0.84, it can be interpreted as strong; and if it is between 0.85 and 1, it can be interpreted as very strong. The relationship in this study was interpreted as strong. The increase in social media use can explain 37.5% of the increase in sleepiness rates (R2 = 0.375). It has been observed that a 1-unit increase in social media use will increase the sleepiness rate by 0.79 (B = 0.79) (Table 2).
The mean of sleepiness at school was 10.18 ± 4.69, the mean of insomnia at school was 14.61 ± 4.56, the mean of evening sleepiness was 8.69 ± 3.04, the mean of sleepiness in the vehicle was 6.39 ± 2.56, the mean of CASQ was 39.86 ± 11.99, and the mean of SMAS was 24.24 ± 9.32 (Table 3).

4. Discussion

Adolescents tend to sleep later than in the pre-pubertal period, depending on the hormonal changes they experience. For this reason, it is known that in the school system where face-to-face education is given, the total sleep hours of adolescents are different on weekdays and weekends, and they sleep less than the average sleep hours on weekdays [29]. When social media addiction is added to this situation, weekday sleep times become even shorter, and they experience daytime sleepiness. This was also demonstrated in our study. In this study, in which the effect of the social media addiction status of adolescents on sleepiness status was evaluated, it was determined that adolescents obtained quite high scores when the sleepiness status and social media addiction status were evaluated. The mean CASQ of adolescents was 39.86 ± 11.99. Insomnia can affect adolescents with weak coping mechanisms in various ways. Studies have shown that insomnia is a factor in depression and that experiencing advanced depression can lead people to commit suicide. It has also been reported that sleep problems can cause many problems in adolescents, such as depression, academic failure, and decreased quality of life [22,23]. In a study finding the relationship between pathological internet use (PIU) and risk behaviors among European adolescents, it showed that adolescents with poor sleep patterns and risky behaviors showed the strongest associations with pathological internet use, tobacco use, poor nutrition and physical inactivity. In the study, poor sleeping habits were considered the strongest factors related to PIU [30]. Considering these problems, it can be said that the individuals with insomnia in the study are at risk and should be monitored.
Also, it was determined that the increase in adolescents’ social media use negatively affected their sleepiness rates. The increase in social media use can explain 37.5% of the increase in sleepiness rates (R2 = 0.375). It has been observed that a 1-unit increase in social media use will increase the sleepiness rate by 0.79. This result revealed that social media use has a very high impact on sleep problems. Studies have reported that social media addiction negatively affects health and causes sleep problems, especially in young people [9,12]. Considering the negative consequences of insomnia, such as low academic achievement, inability to focus, stress and anxiety [4,5], that adolescents will have in their lives, the necessity of solving this problem has emerged. Families should warn their children about healthy social media use behaviors, and social media use should be limited and under parental control. In this way, it can be ensured that the social media addiction of young people is followed and precautions can be taken before it reaches dangerous dimensions. In addition, young people should be supported by providing training in schools, and support units should be created to provide young people with their own control over social media.
In the study, it was determined that 37.9% of the adolescents had sleep problems. In a study conducted in our country, 29.3% of adolescents complained of excessive sleepiness [9]. In addition, it has been reported that 28.2% of adolescents in India, 42.98% in Iran and 50% in London need to sleep during the day [31,32,33]. In addition, it has been reported that there has been an increase in social media addiction in individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic [34,35,36], and it can be said that this addiction affects the sleepiness of adolescents. This study has demonstrated the prevalence of social media addiction in adolescents. In addition, it has been observed that addiction to social media has a negative effect on the sleepiness of adolescents. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to develop applications that will prevent social media addiction and investigate the reasons why young people prefer this addiction.

5. The Limitations and Strengths

Reaching adolescents online due to the pandemic, collecting data remotely, and applying the research only to a specific age group and people in a specific region are the limitations of the research. Participants in the study were reached via social media. The inability to meet face-to-face created a limitation. Limitations of the study were the use of self-assessment measurement tools and the fact that it was a cross-sectional study. Another limitation of the study was the use of an outdated measurement tool.

6. Conclusions

As a result, the harmful effects of excessive use of social media on health are known. It is also known that regular and quality sleep is necessary for healthy growth and development. Adolescents who grow rapidly and need healthy sleep may experience sleep problems that may negatively affect their health. Sleep problems can have very serious consequences. Therefore, it is important to determine the conditions that cause sleep problems. In this study, the relationship between social media addiction and sleepiness was examined. It was determined that these two factors were related. According to the regression results, a significant effect of social media addiction on sleepiness was observed. Considering the tendency of individuals in adolescence to addiction, it can be said that this group should be considered specifically and supported with educational content about healthy social media use, and healthy social media use should be taught. Investigating the consequences of social media addiction on brain development and neurological damage and examining the role that social media plays in suicide are recommended for future studies. It is also recommended to achieve more accurate results and develop solution suggestions through long-term studies.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.Y.C. and S.G.; methodology, M.Y.C.; software, M.Y.C.; validation, M.Y.C.; formal analysis, M.Y.C.; investigation, M.Y.C.; resources, M.Y.C.; data curation, M.Y.C.; writing—original draft preparation, M.Y.C.; writing—review and editing, M.Y.C.; visualization, M.Y.C.; supervision, M.Y.C.; project administration, M.Y.C.; funding acquisition, M.Y.C. and S.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Kilis University clinical research ethics committee (protocol code 2022/02 and date of approval: 2 March 2022).

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

Thank you to all the individuals who participated in this study.

Conflicts of Interest

There is no conflict of interest of the author and/or family members regarding this study.

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Table 1. Data of the participants.
Table 1. Data of the participants.
Datan = 309% = 100
Age of adolescents
10–13 age8025.9
14–18 age22974.1
Education of mother
Literate/non-literate, primary school8025.9
Middle school6721.7
High school9129.4
College and university7123.0
Education of father
Literate/non-literate, primary school5818.8
Middle school4313.9
High school8427.2
College and university12440.1
Sex
Woman18459.5
Man12540.5
Family type
Nuclear family (parents and child/children)22873.8
Extended8126.2
Income status
Income more than expenses8928.8
Income equals expense18961.2
Income less than expenses3110.0
Maternal attitude
Authoritarian attitude10534.0
Democratic attitude12440.1
Permissive attitude6822.0
Disinterested attitude123.9
Paternal attitude
Authoritarian attitude12440.1
Democratic attitude11737.9
Permissive attitude4113.3
Disinterested attitude278.7
Substance abuse status
Yes (alcohol, cigarettes, drugs)5618.1
No25381.9
Living situation with family
Yes29896.4
No113.6
The state of having trouble sleeping
Yes11737.9
No19262.1
Table 2. The effect of social media addiction on sleepiness of adolescents.
Table 2. The effect of social media addiction on sleepiness of adolescents.
SacaleMean ± S.DF/pRR2(r)/pt/pDurbin WatsonBBeta
CASQ39.86 ± 11.99184.450.6130.3750.6113.771.6820.76
SMAS24.24 ± 9.320.001 0.0010.001 0.790.61
Table 3. Adolescents’ sleepiness and social media addictions.
Table 3. Adolescents’ sleepiness and social media addictions.
Sleepiness at School
Mean ± SD.		Insomnia at School
Mean ± SD.		Evening Sleepiness
Mean ± SD.		Sleepiness in the Vehicle
Mean ± SD.		CASQ
Mean ± SD.		SMAS
Mean ± SD.
10.18 ± 4.69
min: 9.65
max: 10.70		14.61 ± 4.56
min: 14.10
max: 15.12		8.69 ± 3.04
min: 8.35
max: 9.04		6.39 ± 2.56
min: 6.08
max: 6.65		39.86 ± 11.99
min: 38.52
max: 41.20		24.24 ± 9.32
min: 23.19
max: 25.28
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MDPI and ACS Style

Celik, M.Y.; Güler, S. The Relationship Between Social Media Addiction and Sleepiness in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clin. Transl. Neurosci. 2025, 9, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ctn9020023

AMA Style

Celik MY, Güler S. The Relationship Between Social Media Addiction and Sleepiness in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical and Translational Neuroscience. 2025; 9(2):23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ctn9020023

Chicago/Turabian Style

Celik, Melike Y., and Selver Güler. 2025. "The Relationship Between Social Media Addiction and Sleepiness in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study" Clinical and Translational Neuroscience 9, no. 2: 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ctn9020023

APA Style

Celik, M. Y., & Güler, S. (2025). The Relationship Between Social Media Addiction and Sleepiness in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, 9(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ctn9020023

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