Gases

Large-scale underground hydrogen storage in saline aquifers requires an understanding of hydrogen–brine two-phase flow properties, particularly relative permeability, which influences reservoir injectivity and hydrogen recovery. However, such hydrogen–brine relative permeability data remain scarce, hindering the predictive modeling of hydrogen injection and withdrawal. In this study, steady-state hydrogen–brine co-injection coreflood experiments were conducted on an Austin Chalk core sample to measure the relative permeabilities. Klinkenberg slip corrections were applied to the gas flow measurements to determine the intrinsic (slip-free) hydrogen permeability. The core’s brine permeability was 13.2 mD, and the Klinkenberg-corrected hydrogen gas permeability was 13.8 mD (approximately a 4.5% difference). Both raw and slip-corrected hydrogen relative permeability curves were obtained, showing that the gas-phase conductivity increased as the water saturation decreased. Gas slippage caused higher apparent gas permeability in the raw data, and slip correction significantly reduced hydrogen relative permeability at lower hydrogen saturations. The core’s irreducible water saturation was 39%, at which point the hydrogen relative permeability reached 0.8 (dropping to 0.69 after slip correction), which is indicative of strongly water-wet behavior. These results demonstrate a measurable impact of gas slippage on hydrogen flow behavior and highlight the importance of accounting for slip effects when evaluating hydrogen mobility in brine-saturated formations. Full article

Emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, mobile devices, high-performance computing, and advanced modeling are reshaping urban management. When integrated with conventional tools, these innovations enable smarter governance—particularly in air quality control—improving public health and quality of life. Yet, urban expansion driven by economic growth continues to worsen pollution and its health impacts. This study presents AERQ, a decision support system (DSS) designed to address urban air quality challenges through real-time sensor data and the AERMOD dispersion model. Applied to Cagliari (Italy), AERQ is used to evaluate key traffic-related pollutants (CO, PM, NO₂) and simulate mitigation scenarios. Results are delivered via a user-friendly web-based platform for policymakers, technicians, and citizens. AERQ supports data-driven planning and near real-time responses, demonstrating the potential of integrated digital tools for sustainable urban governance. In the case study, it achieved 10 m spatial and 1 h temporal resolution, while reducing simulation time by 99%—delivering detailed five-year scenarios in just 15 h. Full article

The aim of this study was to rigorously quantify and analyse the concentrations of atmospheric pollutants (PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, NO₂, CO, H₂S, and O₃) emitted by artisanal brick kilns in Juliaca City, Peru. The AERMOD dispersion model and a network of low-cost sensors (LCSs) were employed to characterise air quality at specific receptor sites. A georeferenced inventory of kiln operations was created to determine their parameters and operational intensity, providing a foundation for estimating emission factors and rates. Data were obtained from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and supplemented with locally gathered meteorological records, which were processed for integration into the AERMOD model. The findings revealed that brick kilns are a principal source of atmospheric pollution in the region, with carbon monoxide (CO) emissions being especially pronounced. The LCSs facilitated the identification of pollutant concentrations at various locations and enabled the quantification of the specific contribution of brick production to ambient aerosol levels. Comparative assessments determined that these sources account for approximately 85% of CO emissions within the study area, underscoring a significant adverse impact on air quality and public health. Background pollutant levels, emission rates, spatial distributions, and concentration patterns were analysed within the assessment zones, resulting in solid model performance. These results provide a sound scientific basis for the formulation and implementation of targeted environmental mitigation policies in urban areas and the outskirts of Juliaca. Full article

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), a major greenhouse gas, contributes significantly to global warming and environmental degradation. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) is a promising strategy to mitigate atmospheric CO₂ levels. One widely applied utilization approach involves injecting captured CO₂ into depleted oil reservoirs to enhance oil recovery—a technique known as CO₂-Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO₂-EOR). The effectiveness of CO₂-EOR largely depends on complex rock–fluid interactions, including mass transfer, wettability alteration, capillary pressure, and interfacial tension (IFT). Various factors, such as the presence of asphaltenes, salinity, pressure, temperature, and rock type, influence these interactions. This review explores the impact of these parameters on the IFT between CO₂ and oil/water systems, drawing on findings from both experimental studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The literature indicates that increased temperature, reduced pressure, lower salinity, and the presence of asphaltenes tend to reduce IFT at the oil–water interface. Similarly, elevated temperature and pressure, along with asphaltene content, also lower the surface tension between CO₂ and oil. Most MD simulations employ synthetic oil mixtures of various alkanes and use tools such as LAMMPS and GROMACS. Experimentally, the pendant drop method is most commonly used with crude oil and brine samples. Future research employing actual reservoir fluids and alternative measurement techniques may yield more accurate and representative IFT data, further advancing the application of CO₂-EOR. Full article

Gasification of residual biomass has emerged as an efficient thermochemical conversion process, applicable to a wide range of uses, such as electricity generation; chemical manufacturing; and the production of liquid biofuels, BioSNG (biomass-based synthetic natural gas), and hydrogen. Thus, gasification of biomass residues not only constitutes an important contribution toward decarbonizing the economy but also promotes the efficient utilization of renewable resources. Although a variety of gasification technologies are available, there are no clear guidelines for selecting the type of gasifier appropriate depending on the feedstock and the desired downstream products. Herein, we propose a gasifier classification model based on an extensive literature review, combined with a multi-criteria decision-making approach. A comprehensive and up-to-date literature review was conducted to gain a thorough understanding of the current state of knowledge in biomass gasification. The different features of the different types of gasifiers, in the context of biomass gasification, are presented and compared. The gasifiers were reviewed and evaluated considering criteria such as processing capacity, syngas quality, process performance, feedstock flexibility, operational and capital costs, environmental impact, and specific equipment features. A multi-criteria classification methodology was evaluated for assessing biomass gasifiers. A case study of such methodology was a applied to determine the best gasifiers for BioSNG inclusion in the natural gas distribution system in a small-scale scenario. Validation was conducted by comparing the matrix findings with commercially implemented gasification projects worldwide. Full article

This work presents a proof of concept including simulation and experimental validations of acoustic gas sensor prototypes for trace CO₂ detection up to 1 ppm. For the detection of lower gas concentrations especially, the dependency of acoustic resonances on the molecular weights and, consequently, the speed of sound of the gas mixture, is exploited. We explored two resonator types: a cylindrical acoustic resonator and a Helmholtz resonator intrinsic to the MEMS microphone’s geometry. Both systems utilized mass flow controllers (MFCs) for precise gas mixing and were also modeled in COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2 to simulate resonance shifts based on thermodynamic properties of binary gas mixtures, in this case, N₂-CO₂. We performed experimental tracking using Zurich Instruments MFIA, with high-resolution frequency shifts observed in µHz and mHz ranges in both setups. A compact and geometry-independent nature of MEMS-based Helmholtz tracking showed clear potential for scalable sensor designs. Multiple experimental trials confirmed the reproducibility and stability of both configurations, thus providing a robust basis for statistical validation and system reliability assessment. The good simulation experiment agreement, especially in frequency shift trends and gas density, supports the method’s viability for scalable environmental and industrial gas sensing applications. This resonance tracking system offers high sensitivity and flexibility, allowing selective detection of low CO₂ concentrations down to 1 ppm. By further exploiting both external and intrinsic acoustic resonances, the system enables highly sensitive, multi-modal sensing with minimal hardware modifications. At microscopic scales, gas detection is influenced by ambient factors like temperature and humidity, which are monitored here in a laboratory setting via NDIR sensors. A key challenge is that different gas mixtures with similar sound speeds can cause indistinguishable frequency shifts. To address this, machine learning-based multivariate gas analysis can be employed. This would, in addition to the acoustic properties of the gases as one of the variables, also consider other gas-specific variables such as absorption, molecular properties, and spectroscopic signatures, reducing cross-sensitivity and improving selectivity. This multivariate sensing approach holds potential for future application and validation with more critical gas species. Full article

To prevent toxic and harmful gas suffocation accidents in underground metal mine stopes, the Fluent numerical simulation method was employed to investigate the wind field distribution patterns and the diffusion laws of blasting fumes in stopes with and without middle–end roadways under varying effective ranges. The simulation accuracy was validated through laboratory experiments. The results demonstrate that over time, the CO concentration in the blasting area decreases, while in other regions of the stope, it initially increases before declining. The presence or absence of a middle roadway does not significantly alter the migration and diffusion behavior of blasting fumes in the stope. When the effective range is ER–1, the simulation error is only 8 s. As the effective range increases, the time required to reduce the CO concentration to 24 ppm on the respiratory plane, across the entire space, and at the monitoring point follows a linearly increasing trend. Meanwhile, the maximum wind speed at the working face exhibits a linearly decreasing trend, whereas the peak CO concentration shows a linearly increasing trend. Under the ER–1 effective range, the CO concentration can be reduced to a safe threshold more rapidly. The experimental and simulation results exhibit an error margin within 16.97%, confirming the accuracy of the numerical simulation. Full article

The air transport industry has played a crucial role in Hong Kong’s economic growth. However, aircraft operations produce a considerable volume of greenhouse gases emissions. By analyzing aviation kerosene consumption data from the first quarter of 2011 to the fourth quarter of 2018, this study developed a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model—ARIMA(1,1,0)(0,1,1)₄—that accurately reflects the actual consumption patterns. This model was then utilized to forecast aviation kerosene consumption from the first quarter of 2019 to the fourth quarter of 2024, a period marked by Hong Kong’s social unrest, followed by the pandemic and post-pandemic effects of COVID-19. As COVID-19 transitioned to an endemic stage, the number of aircraft movements has steadily risen over the past three years, resulting in increased aviation kerosene consumption. This study assessed the reduction in aviation kerosene consumption and the corresponding greenhouse gases emissions during the first quarter of 2020 to the fourth quarter of 2024, primarily attributed to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was determined that the reduction reached a peak of 15,973 kT of CO₂ in 2022, subsequently falling to 7020 kT of CO₂ in 2024. Utilizing both actual and forecasted consumption data, this study estimated greenhouse gases emissions from the Hong Kong air transport industry for the years 2011 to 2030. Full article

The naturally occurring radioactive gas radon presents a major public health danger mainly affecting people who spend time in poorly ventilated buildings. The periodic table includes radon as a noble gas which forms through uranium decay processes in soil, rock, and water. The accumulation of radon indoors in sealed or poorly ventilated areas leads to dangerous concentrations that elevate human health risks of lung cancer. The research examines environmental variables affecting radon concentration indoors by studying geothermal installations and their drilling activities, which potentially increase radon emissions. The study was conducted in the basement of the plumbing educational building at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki to assess the potential impact of geothermal activity on indoor radon levels, as the building is equipped with a geothermal heating system. The key findings based on 150 days of continuous data showed that radon levels peak during the cold days, where the concentration had a mean value of 41.5 Bq/m³ and reached a maximum at about 95 Bq/m³. The reason was first and foremost poor ventilation and pressure difference. The lowest concentrations were on days with increased human activity with measures that had a mean value of 14.8 Bq/m³, which is reduced by about 65%. The results that are presented confirm the hypotheses and the study is making clear that ventilation and human activity are crucial in radon mitigation, especially on geothermal and energy efficient structures. Full article

Minimizing carbon dioxide emissions is crucial due to the generation of energy from fossil fuels. The significance of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, which is highly successful in mitigating carbon emissions, has increased. On the other hand, hydrogen is an important energy carrier for storing and transporting energy, and technologies that rely on hydrogen have become increasingly promising as the world moves toward a more environmentally friendly approach. Nevertheless, the integration of CCS technologies into power production processes is a significant challenge, requiring the enhancement of the combined power generation–CCS process. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in process intensification (PI), which aims to create smaller, cleaner, and more energy efficient processes. The goal of this research is to demonstrate the process intensification potential and to model and simulate a hybrid integrated–intensified adsorptive-membrane reactor process for simultaneous carbon capture and hydrogen production. A comprehensive, multi-scale, multi-phase, dynamic, computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based process model is constructed, which quantifies the various underlying complex physicochemical phenomena occurring at the pellet and reactor levels. Model simulations are then performed to investigate the impact of dimensionless variables on overall system performance and gain a better understanding of this cyclic reaction/separation process. The results indicate that the hybrid system shows a steady-state cyclic behavior to ensure flexible operating time. A sustainability evaluation was conducted to illustrate the sustainability improvement in the proposed process compared to the traditional design. The results indicate that the integrated–intensified adsorptive-membrane reactor technology enhances sustainability by 35% to 138% for the chosen 21 indicators. The average enhancement in sustainability is almost 57%, signifying that the sustainability evaluation reveals significant benefits of the integrated–intensified adsorptive-membrane reactor process compared to HTSR + LTSR. Full article

This work uses the MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST) to reduce the 3D reservoir model into a 2D version in order to investigate CO₂ storage in the Aurora model using the vertical equilibrium (VE) model. For this purpose, we used an open-source reservoir simulator, MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST). MRST is an open-source reservoir simulator, with supplementary modules added to enhance its versatility in addition to a core set of procedures. A fully implicit discretization is used in the numerical formulation of MRST-co2lab enabling the integration of simulators with vertical equilibrium (VE) models to create hybrid models. This model is then compared with the Eclipse model in terms of properties and simulation results. The relative permeability of water and gas can be compared to verify that the model fits the original Eclipse model. Comparing the fluid viscosities used in MRST and Eclipse also reveals comparable tendencies. However, reservoir heterogeneity is the reason for variations in CO₂ plume morphologies. The upper layers of the Eclipse model have lower permeability than the averaged MRST model, which has a substantial impact on CO₂ transport. According to the study, after 530 years, about 17 MT of CO₂ might be stored, whereas 28 MT might escape the reservoir, since after 530 years CO₂ plume reaches completely the open northern boundary. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis study has been conducted on permeability, porosity, residual gas saturation, rock compressibility, and relative permeability curves which are the five uncertain factors in this model. Although plume migration is highly sensitive to permeability, porosity, and rock compressibility variation, it shows a slight change with residual gas saturation and relative permeability curve in this study. Full article

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) geosequestration is a critical technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with shale caprocks, such as Opalinus Clay (OPA), serving as essential seals to prevent CO₂ leakage. This study employs computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis to investigate the hydromechanical behavior of OPA during CO₂ injection, integrating qualitative and quantitative insights. Validated numerical models indicate that capillary forces are the most critical factor in determining the material’s reaction, with an entry capillary pressure of 2–6 MPa serving as a significant threshold for CO₂ breakthrough. The numbers show that increasing the stress loading from 5 to 30 MPa lowers permeability by 0.3–0.45% for every 5 MPa increase. Porosity, on the other hand, drops by 9.2–9.4% under the same conditions. The OPA is compacted, and axial displacements confirm numerical models with an error margin of less than 10%. Saturation analysis demonstrates that CO₂ penetration becomes stronger at higher injection pressures (8–12 MPa), although capillary barriers slow migration until critical pressures are reached. These results demonstrate how OPA’s geomechanical stability and fluid dynamics interact, indicating that it may be utilized as a caprock for CO₂ storage. The study provides valuable insights for enhancing injection techniques and assessing the safety of long-term storage. Full article

Micro gas turbines serve small-scale generation where swift response and low emissions are highly valued, and they are commonly fuelled by natural gas. True to their ‘micro’ designation, their size is indeed compact; however, a noteworthy portion of the enclosure is devoted to power electronics components. This article considers whether these components can be made even smaller by substituting their conventional silicon switches with switches fashioned from silicon carbide. The wider bandgap of silicon carbide permits stronger electric fields and reliable operation at higher temperatures, which together promise lower switching losses, less heat, and simpler cooling arrangements. This study rests on a simple volumetric model. Two data sets feed the model. First come the manufacturer specifications for a pair of converter modules (one silicon, the other silicon carbide) with identical operation ratings. Second are the operating data and dimensions of a commercial 100 kW micro gas turbine. The model splits the converter into two parts: the semiconductor package and its cooling hardware. It then applies scaling factors that capture the higher density of silicon carbide and its lower switching losses. Lower switching losses reduce generated heat, so heatsinks, fans, or coolant channels can be slimmer. Together these effects shrink the cooling section and, therefore, the entire converter. The findings show that a micro gas turbine inverter built with silicon carbide occupies about one fifth less space and delivers more than a quarter higher power density than its silicon counterpart. Full article

This work examines how multiphase flow behavior during CO₂ and N₂ displacement in a microfluidic chip under capillary-dominated circumstances is affected by interfacial tension (IFT) and the viscosity ratio. In order to simulate real pore-scale displacement operations, microfluidic tests were performed on a 2D rock chip at flow rates of 1, 10, and 100 μL/min (displacement of water by N₂/supercritical CO₂). Moreover, core flooding experiments were performed on various sandstone samples collected from three different geological basins in Australia. Although CO₂ is notably denser and more viscous than N₂, the findings show that its displacement efficiency is more influenced by the IFT values. Low water recovery in CO₂ is the result of non-uniform displacement that results from a high mobility ratio and low IFT; this traps remaining water in smaller pores via snap-off mechanisms. However, due to the blebbing effect, N₂ injection enhances the dissociation of water clots, resulting in a greater swept area and fewer remaining water clusters. The morphological investigation of the residual water indicates various displacement patterns; CO₂ leaves more retained water in irregular shapes, while N₂ enables more uniform displacement. These results confirm earlier studies and suggest that IFT has a crucial role in fluid displacement proficiency in capillary-dominated flows, particularly at low flow rates. This study emphasizes the crucial role of IFT in improving water recovery through optimizing the CO₂ flooding process. Full article

This study evaluated the effects of feedstuffs and additives in dairy cow rations on rumen methane production and nitrate content in groundwater. Two basal rations and their supplements were analyzed in regard to proximate parameters, and an in vitro rumen fermentation system assessed methane release and nitrate levels over 72 h. Supplementing dairy cow rations with Brassica rapa (BR) boosted the ether extract content, while silage produced the highest amount of methane. Rapidly degrading substrates like BR and ground maize produced methane faster, but in smaller amounts, than straw and silage. BR, Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI), and Posidonia oceanica (PO)-supplemented rations had mixed effects; PO reduced the methane yield, while OFI increased methane production rates. BR-supplemented rations had the lowest nitrate levels, making it suitable for anaerobic digestion. The multivariate analysis showed strong correlations between crude protein, dry matter, and ash, while high-nitrate substrates inhibited methane production, supporting the literature on the role of nitrates in reducing methanogenesis. These results emphasize the need to balance nutrient composition and methane mitigation strategies in dairy cow ration formulations. Full article

Decarbonization has become a central policy and industrial priority across the European Union, driven by increasingly ambitious climate targets. The EU’s regulatory framework now mandates a 55% reduction in CO₂ emissions by 2030 (compared to 1990 levels), with the overarching goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. This challenge is particularly critical for energy-intensive and hard-to-abate sectors, such as the glass industry. This paper begins with a brief overview of the relevant EU regulations and the structure of the Italian glass sector. It then identifies seven key decarbonization levers applicable to the industry. Drawing on literature data and expert consultations, these levers are integrated into two main decarbonization strategies tailored to the Italian context, both aligned with the 2050 net-zero target. This study further analyzes the estimated implementation costs, the barriers associated with each lever, and potential solutions to overcome them. Finally, Italian strategies are compared with decarbonization approaches adopted in other major European countries. The findings indicate that the transition to climate neutrality in the glass sector, while technically and economically plausible, remains highly contingent on the timely deployment of enabling technologies, the alignment of regulatory and financial frameworks, and the establishment of sustained, structured cooperation between industrial stakeholders and public authorities. Full article

This study examines the impact of flare tariff adjustments on gas-flaring volumes in Nigeria. Utilising a 52-year dataset, this analysis demonstrates that the effectiveness of flare tariffs in reducing gas flaring depends on the stringency of imposed charges. To isolate this effect, this study distinguishes between tariff regimes implemented before and after 2018, a pivotal year marked by the introduction of substantially higher tariffs under revised regulations. The findings indicate that the pre-2018 tariffs had no statistically significant effect on gas-flaring volumes, whereas the post-2018 tariffs led to a statistically significant reduction. Specifically, the pre-2018 tariffs were associated with a negligible reduction in flaring (0.05 percentage points), which was statistically insignificant. By contrast, the post-2018 tariff regime resulted in a 9.26 percentage-point decline in flaring volumes, significant at the 1% level. Additional factors contributing to the flaring reduction include oil production levels, oil prices, and the availability of gas infrastructure. These results highlight the critical role of sufficiently stringent tariff policies in achieving substantial reductions in global gas flaring. Full article

Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a key contributor to a low-carbon energy future, and machine learning (ML) is emerging as a valuable tool to optimize hydrogen production processes. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of ML applications across various hydrogen production pathways, including gray, blue, and green hydrogen, with additional insights into pink, turquoise, white, and black/brown hydrogen. A total of 51 peer-reviewed studies published between 2012 and 2025 were systematically reviewed. Among these, green hydrogen—particularly via water electrolysis and biomass gasification—received the most attention, reflecting its central role in decarbonization strategies. ML algorithms such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting regression (GBR) have been widely applied to predict hydrogen yield, optimize operational conditions, reduce emissions, and improve process efficiency. Despite promising results, real-world deployment remains limited due to data sparsity, model integration challenges, and economic barriers. Nonetheless, this review identifies significant opportunities for ML to accelerate innovation across the hydrogen value chain. By highlighting trends, key methodologies, and current gaps, this study offers strategic guidance for future research and development in intelligent hydrogen systems aimed at achieving sustainable and cost-effective energy solutions. Full article

The LNG maritime industry started to anticipate offshore LNG production in tandem with increasing demand for FLNG platforms as offshore gas resources were developed further. The rapid expansion of FLNG deployment demands equipment and procedures that handle challenges associated with weight and space constraints. The chemical composition of LNG will result in slightly fewer CO₂ emissions. While not significant, another crucial aspect is that LNG predominantly comprises methane, which is acknowledged as a greenhouse gas and is more harmful than CO₂. This requires investigation into clean energy fuel supply for power generation systems, carbon emissions from the process, and thermodynamic analysis and optimisation. Focus on supplying fuel for FLNG power generation to reduce the essential management of boil-off fuel gas, which can be researched on the direct reforming method of hydrogen as a marine fuel gas to support the power generation system. The principal reason for choosing hydrogen over other energy sources is its exceptional energy-to-mass ratio (H/C ratio). The most effective method for hydrogen production is the methane reforming process, recognised for generating significant quantities of hydrogen. To optimise the small-scale plant with a carbon capture system (CCS) as integrated into the reforming process to produce blue hydrogen fuel with zero carbon emissions, this research selection focuses on two alternative processes: steam methane reforming (SMR) and autothermal reforming (ATR). Furthermore, the research article will contribute to other floating production platforms, such as FPSOs and FSRUs, and will be committed to clean energy policies that mandate the support of green alternatives in substitution of hydrocarbon fuel utilisation. Full article