Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Energies energies	3.0	6.2	2008	16.8 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Materials materials	3.1	5.8	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Nanomaterials nanomaterials	4.4	8.5	2010	14.1 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Processes processes	2.8	5.1	2013	14.9 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	6.8	2009	19.7 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Gases gases	-	-	2021	25.8 Days	CHF 1000	Submit

32 pages, 16739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Two-Dimensional Physical Simulation of CO₂ Flooding in Daqingzijing Oilfield

by Jinlong Li, Sijie He, Feifei Fang, Yu Zhan, Weixiang Jin, Yue Gong, Chuxiang Xia and Mingda Dong

Energies 2025, 18(5), 1036; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051036 - 21 Feb 2025

Viewed by 355

Abstract

As global energy demand continues to grow, the difficulty and cost of extracting oil and gas resources are gradually increasing, making enhanced oil recovery (EOR) one of the key issues in oil and gas field development. CO₂ flooding, as an effective tertiary [...] Read more.

As global energy demand continues to grow, the difficulty and cost of extracting oil and gas resources are gradually increasing, making enhanced oil recovery (EOR) one of the key issues in oil and gas field development. CO₂ flooding, as an effective tertiary oil recovery technique, has significant advantages in improving recovery rates due to its ability to significantly reduce crude oil viscosity, increase formation energy, and expand the swept volume. However, the effectiveness of CO₂ flooding is influenced by various factors, including flooding methods, well patterns, and formation parameters. In this study, a two-dimensional high-temperature and high-pressure simulation device was used to simulate the CO₂ flooding process under various flooding methods, including water flooding followed by continuous gas flooding, water–gas alternating flooding, and foam flooding, for two types of injection–production well patterns based on the formation oil parameters of the Hei 125 block in the Daqingzijing Oilfield. The results indicate that during the transition from water flooding to continuous gas flooding, gas breakthrough channels form rapidly, leading to a rapid increase in the produced gas–oil ratio (GOR). Alternatively, alternating injection of gas and liquid can effectively control gas mobility, reduce gas phase permeability, delay gas breakthrough time, and improve oil displacement efficiency. Water–gas alternating flooding forms water–gas slugs, allowing CO₂ to enter the tiny pores to contact crude oil, reducing resistance in the pores, and enhancing crude oil displacement efficiency. Although the foam system can expand the fluid sweep range, excessive gas injection can lead to premature gas breakthrough. Furthermore, the type of injection–production well pattern has a significant impact on the overall reservoir recovery for foam system and gas alternating flooding with a 1:1 ratio; adjusting the well pattern can increase the sweep efficiency and improve ultimate recovery. This study reveals the mechanisms by which different flooding methods and well patterns affect the effectiveness of CO₂ flooding, providing important theoretical and practical guidance for optimizing flooding strategies and improving oil recovery in oil and gas fields. It is of great significance for promoting the application of CO₂ flooding technology in oil and gas field development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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16 pages, 2606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Techno-Economic and CO₂ Net Assessment of Dimethyl Carbonate Production from Biomass-Derived Methanol

by Renan Fagundes Custodio, Osvaldo Valarini Junior, Admilson Lopes Vieira, Thiago Leandro de Souza, Felipi Luiz de Assunção Bezerra and Lucas Bonfim-Rocha

Processes 2025, 13(2), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020573 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 584

Abstract

The increasing concern over greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO₂, has emphasized the urgency for practical solutions to mitigate the environmental impacts of climate change. This study assessed the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of producing dimethyl carbonate (DMC) through an integrated [...] Read more.

The increasing concern over greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO₂, has emphasized the urgency for practical solutions to mitigate the environmental impacts of climate change. This study assessed the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of producing dimethyl carbonate (DMC) through an integrated route using methanol derived from biomass gasification in sugarcane-based industries. Unlike previous studies that analyzed isolated aspects of DMC production, this research was conducted through process modeling and simulation in Aspen Plus^® V12.1, evaluating key performance indicators such as conversion rates, product purity, capital and operating expenses, and CO₂ emissions. A DMC conversion rate of 78.06% and a purity level of 96.80% were achieved. However, the integration of methanol production increased both CAPEX and OPEX, leading to a net present value (NPV) of R$ 36.7 million over 10 years, lower than alternative routes using commercially available methanol. Additionally, the process resulted in a net CO₂ emission of 3.41 kg CO₂ per kg of DMC, exceeding conventional methods. These findings suggest that under the evaluated conditions, process integration did not offer economic advantages, despite many environmental advantages over commercially available methanol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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28 pages, 11248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of Water Flooding and CO₂-EOR Strategies for the Optimization of Oil Recovery: A Case Study of a Highly Heterogeneous Sandstone Formation

by Dung Bui, Son Nguyen, William Ampomah, Samuel Appiah Acheampong, Anthony Hama, Adewale Amosu, Abdul-Muaizz Koray and Emmanuel Appiah Kubi

Gases 2025, 5(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/gases5010001 - 24 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1427

Abstract

This study presents a comparative analysis of CO₂-EOR and water flooding scenarios to optimize oil recovery in a geologically heterogeneous reservoir with a dome structure and partial aquifer support. Using production data from twelve production and three monitoring wells, a dynamic [...] Read more.

This study presents a comparative analysis of CO₂-EOR and water flooding scenarios to optimize oil recovery in a geologically heterogeneous reservoir with a dome structure and partial aquifer support. Using production data from twelve production and three monitoring wells, a dynamic reservoir model was built and successfully history-matched with a 1% deviation from actual field data. Three main recovery methods were evaluated: water flooding, continuous CO₂ injection, and water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection. Water flooding resulted in a four-fold increase from primary recovery, while continuous CO₂ injection provided up to 40% additional oil recovery compared to water flooding. WAG injection further increased recovery by 20% following water flooding. The minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) was determined using a 1D slim-tube simulation to ensure effective CO₂ performance. A sensitivity analysis on CO₂/WAG ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1) revealed that continuous CO₂ injection, particularly in high permeability zones, offered the most efficient recovery. An economic evaluation indicated that the optimal development strategy is 15 years of water flooding followed by 15 years of continuous CO₂ injection, resulting in a net present value (NPV) of USD 1 billion. This study highlights the benefits of CO₂-EOR for maximizing oil recovery and suggests further work on hybrid EOR techniques and carbon sequestration in depleted reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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36 pages, 2386 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Algae-Based Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (Algae-Based CCUS)

by Guihe Li and Jia Yao

Gases 2024, 4(4), 468-503; https://doi.org/10.3390/gases4040024 - 2 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5160

Abstract

Excessive emissions of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide (CO₂), have garnered worldwide attention due to their significant environmental impacts. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) techniques have emerged as effective solutions to address CO₂ emissions. Recently, direct air capture (DAC) [...] Read more.

Excessive emissions of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide (CO₂), have garnered worldwide attention due to their significant environmental impacts. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) techniques have emerged as effective solutions to address CO₂ emissions. Recently, direct air capture (DAC) and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) have been advanced within the CCUS framework as negative emission technologies. BECCS, which involves cultivating biomass for energy production, then capturing and storing the resultant CO₂ emissions, offers cost advantages over DAC. Algae-based CCUS is integral to the BECCS framework, leveraging algae’s biological processes to capture and sequester CO₂ while simultaneously contributing to energy production and potentially achieving net negative carbon emissions. Algae’s high photosynthetic efficiency, rapid growth rates, and ability to grow in non-arable environments provide significant advantages over other BECCS methods. This comprehensive review explores recent innovations in algae-based CCUS technologies, focusing on the mechanisms of carbon capture, utilization, and storage through algae. It highlights advancements in algae cultivation for efficient carbon capture, algae-based biofuel production, and algae-based dual carbon storage materials, as well as key challenges that need to be addressed for further optimization. This review provides valuable insights into the potential of algae-based CCUS as a key component of global carbon reduction strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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10 pages, 4502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of a Hydrophobic Sputtered Cu Electrode to Electrocatalyze CO₂ Towards a C₂⁺ Product: The Effect of Substrate and Catalyst Thickness

by Dongdong Wang, Xiaoyu Mao, Yaqi Peng, Wei Zhang, Qiulin Ye, Yan Yang, Fengping Yu, Yan Ma, Angjian Wu and Zhifu Qi

Processes 2024, 12(11), 2374; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12112374 - 29 Oct 2024

Viewed by 934

Abstract

The overuse of fossil fuels has resulted in massive CO₂ emissions, causing global environmental problems. Renewable energy-driven electrocatalysis, which can convert CO₂ into fuels and chemicals, is considered an emerging technology for carbon resource recycling. Cu-based catalysts sputtered on hydrophobic carbon [...] Read more.

The overuse of fossil fuels has resulted in massive CO₂ emissions, causing global environmental problems. Renewable energy-driven electrocatalysis, which can convert CO₂ into fuels and chemicals, is considered an emerging technology for carbon resource recycling. Cu-based catalysts sputtered on hydrophobic carbon paper and a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane were comparatively investigated, while the effect of the thickness of the Cu sputtering layer on the electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction performance was investigated. Additionally, the effect of substrate properties on the distribution and morphology of sputtered Cu metal was investigated by SEM and XRD. With carbon paper as the substrate, the highest FEC₂⁺ achieved was 70% at 200 mA/cm², while the maximum value of FEC₂⁺ on the Cu/PTFE electrode was realized with a Cu thickness of 400 nm (72%). Additionally, the PTFE substrate demonstrated a better inhibiting effect on HER, with a lower FEH₂ and high FEC₂⁺ over different applied current densities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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13 pages, 3192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Influence of a Magnesium-Based Carbon Dioxide Battery System on CO₂ Storage Performance

by Haoran Yang, Mian Wei, Baodong Wang, Leqi Wang, Qiuyan Chen, Chang Su, Yongcheng Feng, Xing Wang and Ke Li

Processes 2024, 12(9), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091896 - 4 Sep 2024

Viewed by 927

Abstract

At present, the energy consumption and carbon emissions of maritime transportation have raised concerns about environmental issues. A potential way to reduce carbon emissions from vessels is the use of chemical-based carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. However, this technology faces challenges such [...] Read more.

At present, the energy consumption and carbon emissions of maritime transportation have raised concerns about environmental issues. A potential way to reduce carbon emissions from vessels is the use of chemical-based carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. However, this technology faces challenges such as high energy consumption, large space occupation, and high processing costs. Therefore, the development of a technology with low energy consumption and compact CO₂ storage is crucial to promote the advancement of CCS technology. This paper introduces a magnesium CO₂ battery system that converts CO₂ into new energy, in the form of hydrogen, while storing CO₂. By preparing highly efficient catalytic electrodes and testing the electrolyte and CO₂ flow rate on the battery performance, the optimal process parameters were determined to be Pd/CeO₂-oct for the electrodes, a 0.5 mol/L NaOH solution for the electrolyte, and a CO₂ flow rate of 1 L/h. The battery system demonstrated high cycling stability and conversion efficiency at a current density of 8 mA·cm⁻², with a stable cycling time of 600 min (20 cycles), a cathode hydrogen production of 10.135 mL, and a Faraday efficiency of 97.03%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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15 pages, 5594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Catalytic Effect on the CO₂ Regeneration Performance of Amine Aqueous Solutions

by Ke Li, Yuhang Shen, Teng Shen, Zhijun He, Rui Zhou, Zhouxiang Li, Youhong Xiao, Euiseok Hong and Haoran Yang

Processes 2024, 12(9), 1801; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091801 - 24 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1110

Abstract

To address the high energy consumption of the carbon capture and storage process in the shipping industry, the effects of several commonly used commercial catalysts, such as HZSM-5-25, γ-Al₂O₃, and SiO₂, as well as a self-prepared catalyst, [...] Read more.

To address the high energy consumption of the carbon capture and storage process in the shipping industry, the effects of several commonly used commercial catalysts, such as HZSM-5-25, γ-Al₂O₃, and SiO₂, as well as a self-prepared catalyst, Zr-HZSM-5-25, on the regeneration of MEA solution and MEA + MDEA mixed solution were investigated in this paper. The results showed that Zr-HZSM-5-25 had the best catalytic effect on the regeneration process of the MEA aqueous solution, which could increase the instantaneous maximum CO₂ regeneration rate of the MEA-rich solution by about 8.25% and the average regeneration rate by about 5.28%. For the MEA + MDEA mixed solution, the reaction between tertiary amine MDEA and CO₂ produced a large amount of HCO₃⁻ in the reaction system, which could accelerate the release of CO₂ to a large extent, which resulted in the catalytic effect of the Zr-HZSM-5-25 catalyst on the regeneration process of the mixed amine solution being significantly lower than that on the single MEA solution, with an increase of 4.91% in the instantaneous maximum regeneration rate. This instantaneous maximum regeneration rate was only increased by 4.91%. While Zr-HZSM-5-25 showed a better performance in the bench-scale test, it reduced CO₂ regeneration energy consumption by 7.3%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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16 pages, 11530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pore-Scale Modeling of Gas–Oil Two-Phase Flow Based on the Phase-Field Method—A Case Study of Glutenite Reservoirs in China

by Ya Tian, Li Yang, Yi Chen, Zhongkai Bai, Youxing Yang, Jianwei Wu and Suling Wang

Processes 2024, 12(8), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081670 - 8 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1472

Abstract

This work employs the phase field method combined with a realistic microscopic heterogeneous pore structure model to conduct numerical simulations of CO₂–oil two-phase flow. This study investigates the diffusion behavior of CO₂ during the displacement process and analyzes the impact [...] Read more.

This work employs the phase field method combined with a realistic microscopic heterogeneous pore structure model to conduct numerical simulations of CO₂–oil two-phase flow. This study investigates the diffusion behavior of CO₂ during the displacement process and analyzes the impact of various parameters such as the flow rate, the contact angle, and interfacial tension on the displacement effect. The results indicate that, over time, saturated oil is gradually replaced by CO₂, which primarily flows along channels with larger throat widths and lower resistance. The preferential flow paths of CO₂ correspond to high flow rates and high pore pressures occupied by CO₂. As the injection rate increases, the CO₂ filtration rate increases, CO₂ movement becomes more pronounced, and CO₂ saturation rises. Beyond the optimal flow rate, however, the displacement effect worsens. The wettability of the porous medium predominantly determines the CO₂ migration path during the displacement process. As the contact angle increases, CO₂ wettability towards the rock improves, significantly enhancing the displacement effect. Under different interfacial tension conditions, the recovery rate increases with the amount of CO₂ entering the porous medium, but no clear correlation is observed between interfacial tension and the recovery rate. Therefore, it is challenging to further improve the recovery rate by altering interfacial tension. The viscosity ratio affects wettability and thereby influences the displacement effect. Lower viscosity ratios result in reduced wettability effects, making CO₂ diffusion more difficult. This study provides theoretical guidance and technical support for CO₂-EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) in highly heterogeneous reservoirs on a field scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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24 pages, 5024 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Geochemical Monitoring Technologies for CO₂ Geological Storage

by Jianhua Ma, Yongzhang Zhou, Yijun Zheng, Luhao He, Hanyu Wang, Lujia Niu, Xinhui Yu and Wei Cao

Sustainability 2024, 16(16), 6784; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166784 - 7 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2920

Abstract

CO₂ geological storage, as a large-scale, low-cost, carbon reduction technology, has garnered widespread attention due to its safety. Monitoring potential leaks is critical to ensuring the safety of the carbon storage system. Geochemical monitoring employs methods such as gas monitoring, groundwater monitoring, [...] Read more.

CO₂ geological storage, as a large-scale, low-cost, carbon reduction technology, has garnered widespread attention due to its safety. Monitoring potential leaks is critical to ensuring the safety of the carbon storage system. Geochemical monitoring employs methods such as gas monitoring, groundwater monitoring, tracer monitoring, and isotope monitoring to analyze the reservoir’s storage state and secondary changes after a CO₂ injection. This paper summarizes the recent applications and limitations of geochemical monitoring technologies in CO₂ geological storage. In gas monitoring, the combined monitoring of multiple surface gasses can analyze potential gas sources in the storage area. In water monitoring, pH and conductivity measurements are the most direct, while ion composition monitoring methods are emerging. In tracer monitoring, although artificial tracers are effective, the environmental compatibility of natural tracers provides them with greater development potential. In isotope monitoring, C and O isotopes can effectively reveal gas sources. Future CO₂ geological storage project monitoring should integrate various monitoring methods to comprehensively assess the risk and sources of CO₂ leakage. The incorporation of artificial intelligence, machine learning technologies, and IoT monitoring will significantly enhance the accuracy and intelligence of numerical simulations and baseline monitoring, ensuring the long-term safety and sustainability of CO₂ geological storage projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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27 pages, 14407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution and Projection of Carbon Storage in Important Ecological Functional Areas of the Minjiang River Basin, 1985–2050

by Xiaobin Huang, Xiaosheng Liu, Youliang Chen, Yuanhang Jin, Xue Gao and Raihana Abbasi

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6552; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156552 - 31 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2189

Abstract

The alteration of land use and cover (LULC) and the landscape ecological risk index (LERI) significantly impact carbon storage. Examining the carbon storage services in ecologically significant places is crucial for achieving a harmonious relationship between economic development in the region, conservation of [...] Read more.

The alteration of land use and cover (LULC) and the landscape ecological risk index (LERI) significantly impact carbon storage. Examining the carbon storage services in ecologically significant places is crucial for achieving a harmonious relationship between economic development in the region, conservation of terrestrial ecosystems, and mitigation of carbon sink depletion. This study aims to provide a complete framework that integrates the PLUS, Fragstats, and InVEST models. This framework will be utilized to optimize LULC and LERI, specifically maximizing carbon storage. The analysis will be carried out over an extended duration and from various viewpoints. The results indicate that the MJRB ecosystem experienced three clearly defined phases: enhancement (1985–1995), degradation (1995–2010), and subsequent enhancement (2010–2020). The LERI of high-level and carbon storage patterns showed similar trends. The degradation of local terrestrial ecosystems can primarily be due to the widespread use of ecological land caused by socio-economic development. The Ecological Preservation Scenario is projected to increase 41.97 Tg and 115.18 Tg in carbon storage. In contrast, the urban development scenario showed a substantial decrease in carbon storage rates, namely 0.89% and 1.34%, primarily evident in the Chengdu urban zone. An analysis of coupling coordination revealed a negative relationship between carbon storage and high LERI, while a positive connection was observed with low LERI. This study established a framework for rapidly assessing and forecasting the trajectory of carbon storage. It aids in optimizing land use patterns, conserving areas with high carbon sequestration, and ensuring the establishment of high-quality ecosystems. This study serves as a guide for achieving regional “dual carbon” objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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13 pages, 3780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deactivation Patterns of Potassium-Based γ-Alumina Dry Sorbents for CO₂ Capture

by Soo Yeong In, Ji Hwan Min, Jae Chang Kim and Soo Chool Lee

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 5117; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125117 - 16 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1306

Abstract

Gamma-alumina (γ-Al₂O₃) is an essential support material in dry sorbents used to capture CO₂ from flue gas. This study explores the deactivation of potassium-based γ-Al₂O₃ sorbents due to by-products such as KAl(CO₃)(OH)₂ [...] Read more.

Gamma-alumina (γ-Al₂O₃) is an essential support material in dry sorbents used to capture CO₂ from flue gas. This study explores the deactivation of potassium-based γ-Al₂O₃ sorbents due to by-products such as KAl(CO₃)(OH)₂ during CO₂ capture. We synthesized sorbents with K₂CO₃ loadings of 5, 10, 20, and 30 wt% and subjected them to repeated capture and regeneration cycles. The results show significant variations in the deactivation degree: the sorbent with 5 wt% K₂CO₃ exhibited a 100% deactivation rate, while the 30 wt% variant showed a markedly reduced rate of 44.6%. These findings highlight the impact of the formation of KAl(CO₃)(OH)₂ at the interface between K₂CO₃ and γ-Al₂O₃ on sorbent deactivation. An equation that can be used to predict the final CO₂ capture capacity based on the ratio of active material to support was proposed using these results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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14 pages, 3571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Application of Non-Steady-State CO₂ Huff-n-Puff Oil Recovery Technology in High-Water-Cut and Low-Permeability Reservoirs

by Zhenjun Wang, Zhufeng Wang, Wenli Luo, Songkai Li, Shisheng Liang, Xianfeng Wang, Xiaohu Xue, Naikun Tu and Shudong He

Processes 2024, 12(6), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061120 - 29 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1124

Abstract

In response to the issues of poor water flooding efficiency, low oil production rates, and low recovery rates during the high-water-cut period in the low-permeability reservoirs of the Mutou Oilfield, the non-steady-state (NSS) CO₂ huff-n-puff oil recovery technology was explored. The NSS [...] Read more.

In response to the issues of poor water flooding efficiency, low oil production rates, and low recovery rates during the high-water-cut period in the low-permeability reservoirs of the Mutou Oilfield, the non-steady-state (NSS) CO₂ huff-n-puff oil recovery technology was explored. The NSS CO₂ huff-n-puff can improve the development effect of low-permeability reservoirs by replenishing the reservoir energy and significantly increasing the crude oil mobility. Experimental investigations were carried out, including a crude oil and CO₂–crude oil swelling experiment, minimum miscibility pressure testing experiment, high-temperature and high-pressure microfluidic experiment, and NSS CO₂ huff-n-puff oil recovery on-site pilot test. The experimental results showed that the main mechanisms of NSS CO₂ huff-n-puff include dissolution, expansion, viscosity reduction, and swept volume enlargement, which can effectively mobilize the remaining oil from the various pore throats within the reservoir. The high-temperature and high-pressure microfluidic experiment achieved an ultimate recovery rate of 83.1% for NSS CO₂ huff-n-puff, which was 7.9% higher than the rate of 75.2% obtained for steady injection. This method can effectively utilize the remaining oil in the corners and edges, enlarge the swept volume, and increase the recovery rate. Field trials of NSS CO₂ huff-n-puff in a low-permeability reservoir in the Mutou Oilfield indicated that it cumulatively increased the oil production by 1134.5 tons. The achieved results and insights were systematically analyzed and could provide key technical support for the application of NSS CO₂ huff-n-puff technology in low-permeability reservoirs, promoting the innovative development of this technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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18 pages, 4592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Returning Cropland to Grassland as a Potential Method for Increasing Carbon Storage in Dry-Hot Valley Areas

by Yakai He, Weili Kou, Yue Chen, Hongyan Lai and Kaifu Zhao

Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 4150; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16104150 - 15 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1327

Abstract

A key aspect of mitigating global climate warming is enhancing the carbon storage capacity of terrestrial ecosystems. China’s Grain for Green Program (GFGP) is the largest ecological restoration project in the world, which is closely associated with land use change. A systematic assessment [...] Read more.

A key aspect of mitigating global climate warming is enhancing the carbon storage capacity of terrestrial ecosystems. China’s Grain for Green Program (GFGP) is the largest ecological restoration project in the world, which is closely associated with land use change. A systematic assessment of the GFGP’s impact on regional carbon storage is of great significance for promoting regional development and maintaining ecosystem stability. Therefore, this study selects a typical dry-hot valley area—Yanjin County—as the study area, which serves as an ecological protection barrier in Southwest China. We employed the InVEST model and Geo-detector model based on land use data from three periods (2000, 2014, and 2019), combined with static overlay analysis methods, in order to evaluate the impact of the implementation of GFGP on the spatial and temporal distribution of carbon storage. We also explored the driving factors of the spatial differentiation of carbon storage. The results indicate that, since the implementation of the GFGP, a total of 180.03 km² of cropland has been converted to forestland, increasing the forest cover rate from 81.83% to 83.37%. The project has contributed 5.88 × 10⁵ t to regional carbon storage, effectively offsetting carbon emissions caused by human activities such as urban expansion while also promoting the growth of regional carbon storage. The implementation of the GFGP has led to changes in three types of land use. Among them, converting cropland to forestland (3262 t/km²) is the most effective carbon sequestration method, and converting cropland to grassland (2530 t/km²) has shown great potential in carbon sequestration. Additionally, the study found that elevation (0.038–0.059) is the main factor affecting the spatial differentiation of carbon storage, and the interaction between elevation and other factors can effectively enhance the carbon sequestration capacity of regional ecosystems. Overall, the GFGP not only plays a significant role in combating climate warming but also makes an important contribution to improving the stability and sustainability of regional ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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13 pages, 1128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drainage Practice of Rice Paddies as a Sustainable Agronomic Management for Mitigating the Emission of Two Carbon-Based Greenhouse Gases (CO₂ and CH₄): Field Pilot Study in South Korea

by Wonjae Hwang, Minseok Park, Kijong Cho and Seunghun Hyun

Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2802; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072802 - 28 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1616

Abstract

Rice is one of the staple foods in Asian countries, and rice paddies are significant sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in agricultural sectors. In addition, drainage practice has been recognized as a key factor influencing both rice production and GHG emissions. In [...] Read more.

Rice is one of the staple foods in Asian countries, and rice paddies are significant sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in agricultural sectors. In addition, drainage practice has been recognized as a key factor influencing both rice production and GHG emissions. In this field pot study, the effect of drainage method (e.g., intermittent drainage (ID) and continuous flooding (CF)) on GHG (CO₂ and CH₄) emissions was determined from three Korean paddies (BG, MG, and JS series), varying soil properties such as soil texture, labile carbon, and mineral types. The emission of GHGs was evidently influenced by the drainage, depending on the paddy’s redox (Eh) shift upon flooding events. The Eh decline upon flooding was slower in JS pot, where pore-water concentration of ferric and sulfate ions is the highest (~up to 3-fold) among three paddies. MG pot was 2- to 3-fold more percolative than the others and the Eh drop during the flooding period was the smallest (staying above −50 mV). In ID treatment, CH₄ emission (t CO₂-eq ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) was reduced in a wide range by 5.6 for JS pot, 2.08 for BG pot, and 0.29 for MG pot relative to CF, whereas CO₂ emissions (t CO₂-eq ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) were increased by 1.25 for JS pot, 1.07 for BG pot, and 0.48 for MG pot due to the enhanced oxidation of labile carbon. Grain yield and aboveground biomass production from ID were no less than those from CF (p < 0.05). Consequently, the increase in global warming potential (Σ GWP) by ID varied as the order of JS (37%) > BG (14%) > MG (~0%) pots, and the negligible effect observed for MG pot is due to the equivalent trade-off between CO₂ and CH₄. The different benefits of drainage practices among paddy pots is due to the redox response of paddy systems. The findings will be helpful to promote the efficacy of drainage practice on mitigating GHG emissions for the sustainable agronomic management of rice paddies in response to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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14 pages, 7421 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Treatment of Natural Calcium Materials Using the Supercritical Antisolvent Method for CO₂ Capture Applications

by Luís C. S. Nobre, Paula Teixeira, Carla I. C. Pinheiro, António M. F. Palavra, Mário J. F. Calvete, Carlos A. Nieto de Castro and Beatriz P. Nobre

Processes 2024, 12(3), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12030425 - 20 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1662

Abstract

The potential of the supercritical antisolvent micronization (SAS) technique was evaluated for the production of CaO-based particles with a size and a physical structure that could enable high performance for CO₂ capture through the calcium looping process. Two sources of calcium derivative [...] Read more.

The potential of the supercritical antisolvent micronization (SAS) technique was evaluated for the production of CaO-based particles with a size and a physical structure that could enable high performance for CO₂ capture through the calcium looping process. Two sources of calcium derivative compounds were tested, waste marble powder (WMP) and dolomite. The SAS micronization of the derivate calcium acetate was carried out at 60 °C, 200 bar, a 0.5 mL min⁻¹ flow rate of liquid solution, and 20 mg mL⁻¹ concentration of solute, producing, with a yield of more than 70%, needle-like particles. Moreover, since dolomite presents with a mixture of calcium and magnesium carbonates, the influence of the magnesium fraction in the SAS micronization was also assessed. The micronized mixtures with lower magnesium content (higher calcium fraction) presented needle-like particles similar to WMP. On the other hand, for the higher magnesium fractions, the micronized material was similar to magnesium acetate micronization, presenting sphere-like particles. The use of the micronized material in the Ca-looping processes, considering 10 carbonation-calcination cycles under mild and realistic conditions, showed that under mild conditions, the micronized WMP improved CaO conversion. After 10 cycles the micronization, WMP presented a conversion 1.8 times greater than the unprocessed material. The micronized dolomite, under both mild and real conditions, maintained more stable conversion after 10 cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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20 pages, 3431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pressurized Chemical Looping for Direct Reduced Iron Production: Economics of Carbon Neutral Process Configurations

by Nicole K. Bond, Robert T. Symonds and Robin W. Hughes

Energies 2024, 17(3), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030545 - 23 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2215

Abstract

The replacement of the blast furnace—basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) steelmaking route with the direct reduced iron—electric arc furnace (DRI-EAF) route reduces the direct CO₂ emissions from steelmaking by up to 68%; however, the DRI shaft furnace is one of the largest remaining [...] Read more.

The replacement of the blast furnace—basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) steelmaking route with the direct reduced iron—electric arc furnace (DRI-EAF) route reduces the direct CO₂ emissions from steelmaking by up to 68%; however, the DRI shaft furnace is one of the largest remaining point source emitters in steelmaking. The capital and operating expenses of two potential nearly carbon-neutral DRI process configurations were investigated as a modification to a standard Midrex DRI facility. First, amine-based post-combustion capture with a 95% capture rate was considered as the benchmark, as it is currently commercially available. A second, novel configuration integrated the Midrex process with pressurized chemical looping—direct reduced iron (PCL-DRI) production. The capital expenditures were 71% and 28% higher than the standard Midrex process for a Midrex + amine capture plant, and a PCL-DRI plant, respectively. There was an incremental variable operating cost of USD 103 and USD 44 per tonne of CO₂ for DRI production using amine capture and PCL-DRI, respectively. The amine capture configuration is most sensitive to the cost of steam generation, while PCL-DRI is more sensitive to the cost of electricity and the makeup oxygen carrier. An iron-based natural ore is recommended for PCL-DRI due to the low cost and availability. Based on the lower costs compared to amine-based post-combustion capture, PCL-DRI is an attractive means of eliminating CO₂ emissions from DRI production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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15 pages, 11633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Carbon Sequestration and Carbon Displacement in Fractured Horizontal Wells in Low Permeability Reservoirs

by Xiaochen Wang, Peijun Wang, Kang Tang, Peng Dong, Can Cui, Zepeng Yang and Zhenwei Sun

Processes 2024, 12(1), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010145 - 7 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1800

Abstract

The increasing use of fossil fuels has raised concerns about rising greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is one of the most important technologies for achieving net zero carbon emissions. In oil reservoirs, fully understanding their geological characteristics, fluid characteristics, [...] Read more.

The increasing use of fossil fuels has raised concerns about rising greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is one of the most important technologies for achieving net zero carbon emissions. In oil reservoirs, fully understanding their geological characteristics, fluid characteristics, and pressure distribution and injecting CO₂ in a reasonable scheme, some remaining oil can be recovered to improve oil recovery and even obtain certain economic benefits. In this paper, we investigate the effect of CCUS implementation in low-permeability reservoirs from both technical and economic aspects. First, based on the parameters of a low-permeability reservoir, a numerical simulation model of a reservoir with gas injection in a multi-stage fractured horizontal well at the top of the reservoir and oil recovery in a multi-stage fractured horizontal well at the bottom is established. Next, four cases of continuous CO₂ injection, intermittent CO₂ injection, CO₂ injection after water flooding, and water alternating gas drive (WAG) are designed to evaluate their effects on CO₂ storage and enhanced oil recovery. Finally, an economic evaluation model is developed to evaluate these four cases. The results show that fractured horizontal wells can improve the injection capacity, increase the swept volume of injected gas, cause CO₂ to fully contact the crude oil, greatly increase the contact area between the wellbore and crude oil, and greatly improve oil recovery. The WAG injection-production method can effectively inhibit gas channeling, reduce the production gas–oil ratio, improve oil recovery, and, at the same time, bury more CO₂ into the reservoir. Its economic benefit evaluation is also the best among the four cases. In addition, the remaining oil distribution and CO₂ buried distribution under different injection-production schemes are also analyzed. This study provides a scientific basis for the operation scheme design of CCUS in low-permeability reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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13 pages, 2906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CO₂ Compression and Liquefaction Processes Using a Distillation Column for the Flexible Operation of Transportation

by Semie Kim, Pyeong-Gon Jung, Young-Il Lim, Hyojoon Kim and Hung-Man Moon

Processes 2024, 12(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12010115 - 2 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3517

Abstract

Impurities in the CO₂ stream should be removed to prevent eventual phase changes in CO₂ transportation because a two-phase flow caused by the phase change in the pipeline necessitates additional overpressure and can induce equipment damage. In this study, CO₂ [...] Read more.

Impurities in the CO₂ stream should be removed to prevent eventual phase changes in CO₂ transportation because a two-phase flow caused by the phase change in the pipeline necessitates additional overpressure and can induce equipment damage. In this study, CO₂ compression and liquefaction (CCL) processes with a distillation column were used to remove non-condensable impurities and were compared with those with a flash. Three different feeds with a flow rate of 50.1 t/h (400,500 t/y) were supplied to the CCL processes and compressed to 65 bar to gauge pressure (barg) and 20 °C. Although the CO₂ mixtures obtained through dehydration and flashing met the purity requirements for transportation and storage recommended in literature, the flash-separated CO₂ product at 65 barg demonstrated the coexistence of gas and liquid phases, which restricted the temperature window for liquid CO₂ transportation. When the distillation column was used instead of the flash, the operating temperature window at 65 barg widened by 3–6 °C owing to the high purity of CO₂. However, the levelized cost of CO₂ liquefaction (LCCL) increased by 2–4 $/t-CO₂ varying with the feed purity because the distillation column consumed more cooling and heating duties than the flash. This study highlighted that a two-phase flow existed under certain operating conditions despite a high purity of CO₂ (over 97 mol%), and the distillation column enhanced the operability of liquid CO₂ transportation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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17 pages, 7188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Cement Composites with a Granulation Technique

by Jeong-Bae Lee, Jun-Hyeong Kim, Byeong-Gi Min and Byeong-Hun Woo

Materials 2024, 17(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010053 - 22 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1528

Abstract

The cement industry emits a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Therefore, the cement industry should recycle the emitted CO₂. However, sequestration by carbonation in cement composites absorbs a very small amount of CO₂. Therefore, a direct [...] Read more.

The cement industry emits a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Therefore, the cement industry should recycle the emitted CO₂. However, sequestration by carbonation in cement composites absorbs a very small amount of CO₂. Therefore, a direct way of achieving this is to improve the absorption performance of CO₂ in cement composites. In this study, to improve absorption, unlike in existing studies, a granulation technique was applied, and the material used was calcium hydroxide (CH). In addition, granulated CH was coated to prevent a reaction during the curing of cement paste. The coated CH granule (CCHG) was applied to 5% of the cement weight as an additive material, and the specimens were cured for 91 days to wait for the coating of CCHG to fully phase-change. The experiment of CO₂ absorption showed an unexpected result, where the use of blast furnace slag (BFS) and fly ash (FA) had a negative effect on CO₂ sequestration. This was because BFS and FA had a filler effect in the cement matrix, and the filler effect caused the blocking of the path of CO₂. In addition, BFS and FA are well-known pozzolanic materials; the pozzolan reaction caused a reduction in the amount of CH because the pozzolan reaction consumed the CH to produce a calcium silicate hydrate. Therefore, the pozzolan reaction also had a negative effect on the CO₂ sequestration performance combined with the filler effect. The CO₂ sequestration efficiency was decreased between ordinary cement paste and BFS-applied specimens by 45.45%. In addition, compared to cases of ordinary cement paste and FA-applied specimens, the CO₂ sequestration performance was decreased by 63.64%. Comprehensively, CO₂ sequestration performance depends on the porosity and amount of CH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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13 pages, 3683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Graphene-Oxide-Modified Metal–Organic Frameworks Embedded in Mixed-Matrix Membranes for Highly Efficient CO₂/N₂ Separation

by Long Feng, Qiuning Zhang, Jianwen Su, Bing Ma, Yinji Wan, Ruiqin Zhong and Ruqiang Zou

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14010024 - 21 Dec 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2177

Abstract

MOF-74 (metal–organic framework) is utilized as a filler in mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) to improve gas selectivity due to its unique one-dimensional hexagonal channels and high-density open metal sites (OMSs), which exhibit a strong affinity for CO₂ molecules. Reducing the agglomeration of nanoparticles [...] Read more.

MOF-74 (metal–organic framework) is utilized as a filler in mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) to improve gas selectivity due to its unique one-dimensional hexagonal channels and high-density open metal sites (OMSs), which exhibit a strong affinity for CO₂ molecules. Reducing the agglomeration of nanoparticles and improving the compatibility with the matrix can effectively avoid the existence of non-selective voids to improve the gas separation efficiency. We propose a novel, layer-by-layer modification strategy for MOF-74 with graphene oxide. Two-dimensional graphene oxide nanosheets as a supporting skeleton creatively improve the dispersion uniformity of MOFs in MMMs, enhance their interfacial compatibility, and thus optimize the selective gas permeability. Additionally, they extended the gas diffusion paths, thereby augmenting the dissolution selectivity. Compared with doping with a single component, the use of a GO skeleton to disperse MOF-74 into Pebax^®1657 (Polyether Block Amide) achieved a significant improvement in terms of the gas separation effect. The CO₂/N₂ selectivity of Pebax^®1657-MOF-74 (Ni)@GO membrane with a filler concentration of 10 wt% was 76.96, 197.2% higher than the pristine commercial membrane Pebax^®1657. Our results highlight an effective way to improve the selective gas separation performance of MMMs by functionalizing the MOF supported by layered GO. As an efficient strategy for developing porous MOF-based gas separation membranes, this method holds particular promise for manufacturing advanced carbon dioxide separation membranes and also concentrates on improving CO₂ capture with new membrane technologies, a key step in reducing greenhouse gas emissions through carbon capture and storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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15 pages, 3803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of IOR Potential in Shale Oil Reservoirs by Surfactant and CO₂ Injection: A Case Study in the Lucaogou Formation

by Yaoli Shi, Changfu Xu, Heng Wang, Hongxian Liu, Chunyu He, Jianhua Qin, Baocheng Wu, Yingyan Li and Zhaojie Song

Energies 2023, 16(24), 8085; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16248085 - 15 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1301

Abstract

The current oil recovery of the Lucaogou shale oil reservoir is predicted to be about 7.2%. It is crucial to explore improved oil recovery (IOR) technologies, and further experimental and field research needs to be conducted to study the complex mechanism. In this [...] Read more.

The current oil recovery of the Lucaogou shale oil reservoir is predicted to be about 7.2%. It is crucial to explore improved oil recovery (IOR) technologies, and further experimental and field research needs to be conducted to study the complex mechanism. In this study, laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the performance of one-step and multi-step depletion, CO₂ huff-n-puff, and surfactant imbibition based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The sweep efficiencies were assessed via NMR imaging. In addition, hybrid methods of combining surfactant with CO₂ huff-n-puff and the performance of injection sequence on oil recovery were investigated. The experimental results indicate that oil recoveries of depletion development at different initial pressures range from 4% to 11%. CO₂ huff-n-puff has the highest oil recovery (30.45% and 40.70%), followed by surfactant imbibition (24.24% and 20.89%). Pore size distribution is an important factor. After three more cycles of surfactant imbibition and CO₂ huff-n-puff, the oil recovery can be increased by 11.27% and 26.27%, respectively. Surfactant imbibition after CO₂ huff-n-puff shows a viable method. Our study can provide guidance and theoretical support for shale oil development in the Lucaogou shale oil reservoir. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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24 pages, 7545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Decarbonization: Current Status and What It Will Take to Achieve Net Zero by 2050

by Hon Chung Lau and Steve C. Tsai

Energies 2023, 16(23), 7800; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16237800 - 27 Nov 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4122

Abstract

A review of global CO₂ emissions over the last century shows that emissions from 80 economies contributed to 95% of global emissions. Among them, 55 economies were decarbonizers, where CO₂ emissions had either plateaued or were declining, while 25 economies were [...] Read more.

A review of global CO₂ emissions over the last century shows that emissions from 80 economies contributed to 95% of global emissions. Among them, 55 economies were decarbonizers, where CO₂ emissions had either plateaued or were declining, while 25 economies were polluters, where CO₂ emissions were still increasing. In 2021, the global CO₂ emissions were 37.1 Gtpa, with 56% coming from polluters and 39% from decarbonizers. If current trends continue, global CO₂ emissions will reach 49.6 Gtpa by 2050, with 81% coming from polluters and 14% from decarbonizers. Only 14 economies will reach net zero. The decarbonization target, over and above current efforts, to achieve net zero is calculated for each economy. Decarbonizers need to mitigate 230 Mtpa CO₂ and polluters 1365 Mtpa CO₂ beginning in 2021 to reach the net-zero target by 2050. This target will increase each year decarbonization is delayed. Analyses show that renewable energies’ share in the total final energy consumption in most economies increased by an average of only 4 percentage points in the last decade, which is inadequate for achieving net zero by 2050. Other means of decarbonization, including low-carbon fossil solutions through carbon capture and storage, will be needed. Pathways to accelerate decarbonization are proposed and their policy implications are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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17 pages, 5007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable CO₂ Fixation onto Bio-Based Aromatics

by Aleksa Kojčinović, Blaž Likozar and Miha Grilc

Sustainability 2023, 15(23), 16321; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316321 - 26 Nov 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1883

Abstract

Carboxylation reactions using carbon dioxide (CO₂) as a reactant to produce new C-C bonds represent one of the most promising routes in carbon capture and utilization practices, which yield higher-atom and energy-efficient products. Kolbe–Schmitt-type reactions represent the carboxylation of aromatic compounds [...] Read more.

Carboxylation reactions using carbon dioxide (CO₂) as a reactant to produce new C-C bonds represent one of the most promising routes in carbon capture and utilization practices, which yield higher-atom and energy-efficient products. Kolbe–Schmitt-type reactions represent the carboxylation of aromatic compounds to their carboxylic acid derivatives. This study was the first and only to systematically investigate, thoroughly explain preparation procedures, and minutely describe the analytical methods of Kolbe–Schmitt and Marasse carboxylation of phenol. Most importantly, this study provides guidelines for the utilization of state-of-the-art technology in this century-old yet not sufficiently described reaction system. Kolbe–Schmitt carboxylation of phenol was found to be possible using sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), while the Marasse method was active only with potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) as a reactant. The formation of metal phenoxide is the rate-determining step, which, however, could be more efficiently prepared under reflux. A new, simple, and repeatable HPLC method was described to identify and quantify all possible products of mono- and dicarboxylated phenols. It was found that all procedures result in the highest selectivity for salicylic acid (SA), followed by minor amounts of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4HBA) and 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid (4HiPh). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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30 pages, 4446 KiB

Open AccessReview

Thermodynamic Properties of a Gas–Liquid–Solid System during the CO₂ Geological Storage and Utilization Process: A Review

by Meiheriayi Mutailipu, Qingnan Xue, Tao Li, Yande Yang and Fusheng Xue

Energies 2023, 16(21), 7374; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217374 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1740

Abstract

Emission reduction in the main greenhouse gas, CO₂, can be achieved efficiently via CO₂ geological storage and utilization (CCUS) methods such as the CO₂ enhanced oil/water/gas recovery technique, which is considered to be an important strategic technology for the [...] Read more.

Emission reduction in the main greenhouse gas, CO₂, can be achieved efficiently via CO₂ geological storage and utilization (CCUS) methods such as the CO₂ enhanced oil/water/gas recovery technique, which is considered to be an important strategic technology for the low-carbon development of China’s coal-based energy system. During the CCUS, the thermodynamic properties of the CO₂–water–rock system, such as the interfacial tension (IFT) and wettability of the caprock, determine the injectability, sealing capacity, and safety of this scheme. Thus, researchers have been conducting laboratory experiments and modeling work on the interfacial tension between CO₂ and the water/brine, wettability of caprocks, the solubility of gas–liquid binary systems, and the pH of CO₂-saturated brine under reservoir temperature and pressure conditions. In this study, the literature related to the thermodynamic properties of the CO₂–water–rock system is reviewed, and the main findings of previous studies are listed and discussed thoroughly. It is concluded that limited research is available on the pH of gas-saturated aqueous solutions under CO₂ saline aquifer storage conditions, and less emphasis has been given to the wettability of the CO₂–water/brine–rock system. Thus, further laboratory and modeling research on the wettability alternations of caprock in terms of molecular dynamics is required to simulate this phenomenon at the molecular level. Moreover, simplified IFT and solubility prediction models with thermodynamic significance and high integrity need to be developed. Furthermore, interaction mechanisms coupling with multi-factors associated with the gas–liquid–solid interface properties and the dissolution and acidification process need to be explored in future work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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24 pages, 7596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Timing of WAG Intervention in Low Permeability Reservoir CO₂ Flooding Process to Improve CO₂ Performance and Enhance Recovery

by Lekun Zhao, Guoqiang Sang, Jialei Ding, Jiangfei Sun, Tongjing Liu and Yuedong Yao

Energies 2023, 16(21), 7373; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217373 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1477

Abstract

In low permeability reservoirs, CO₂ flooding usually leads to gas channeling, whereby a significant amount of CO₂ bypasses the oil-bearing formation and fails to effectively displace oil. Introducing water-alternating-gas (WAG) flooding, utilizing water phase stability-driven processes, serves to suppress gas channeling [...] Read more.

In low permeability reservoirs, CO₂ flooding usually leads to gas channeling, whereby a significant amount of CO₂ bypasses the oil-bearing formation and fails to effectively displace oil. Introducing water-alternating-gas (WAG) flooding, utilizing water phase stability-driven processes, serves to suppress gas channeling and enhance oil recovery rates. Implementing WAG flooding, which utilizes water phase stability-driven processes, helps suppress gas channeling and improve oil recovery rates. The timing of implementing WAG flooding is crucial. Initiating WAG flooding prematurely can limit the efficiency of CO₂ displacement, while initiating it with delays may result in severe gas channeling, resulting in decreased production and increased environmental risks. Finding the balance point is the challenge. The balance point can effectively control gas channeling without reducing the efficiency of CO₂ flooding. In this paper, the timing of WAG flooding in low permeability reservoirs is studied in detail. Firstly, this study conducted experimental research to investigate the CO₂ displacement process in both homogeneous and heterogeneous cores. Furthermore, it validated the correlation between the timing of WAG injection and the heterogeneity of the cores. The experimental results indicated the existence of an optimal timing for WAG injection, which is correlated with the degree of heterogeneity. Numerical simulation studies were performed to simulate the characteristics of the light oil–CO₂ system using the Peng–Robinson (PR) equation. Furthermore, a history matching analysis was performed to validate the experimental results and investigate the correlation between WAG injection and the degree of heterogeneity. The study concluded that as the degree of heterogeneity increases, initiating WAG injection earlier leads to a more significant suppression of gas channeling, increased water–gas interaction, improved gas–oil contact, and enhanced the synergistic effect of increasing the resistance and pressure of WAG flooding and controlling gas channeling. This finding has significant practical implications, as the optimization of WAG injection timing can enhance oilfield production efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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16 pages, 2809 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Clean Energy from Poplar and Plastic Mix Valorisation in a Gas Turbine with CO₂ Capture Process

by Nela Slavu and Cristian Dinca

Processes 2023, 11(10), 2922; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11102922 - 7 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1356

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to explore the utilisation of plastic waste via the gasification process to produce electricity with low carbon dioxide emissions. Worldwide, plastic production has increased, reaching 390 million tons in 2021, compared to 1.5 million tons in 1950. [...] Read more.

The objective of this paper is to explore the utilisation of plastic waste via the gasification process to produce electricity with low carbon dioxide emissions. Worldwide, plastic production has increased, reaching 390 million tons in 2021, compared to 1.5 million tons in 1950. It is known that plastic incineration generates approximately 400 million tons of CO₂ annually, and consequently, new solutions for more efficient plastic reuse in terms of emissions generated are still expected. One method is to use plastic waste in a gasifier unit and the syngas generated in a gas turbine for electricity production. The co-gasification process (plastic waste with biomass) was analysed in different ratios. Gasification was carried out with air for an equivalent ratio (ER) between 0.10 and 0.45. The volume concentration of CO₂ in syngas ranged from 2 to 12%, with the highest value obtained when the poplar content in the mix was 95%. In this study, the option of pre- and post-combustion integration of the chemical absorption process (CAP) was investigated. As a result, CO₂ emissions decreased by 90% compared to the case without CO₂ capture. The integration of the capture process reduced global efficiency by 5.5–6.1 percentage points in a post-combustion case, depending on the plastic content in the mix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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16 pages, 2515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Process Design and Techno-ECONOMIC Evaluation of a Decarbonized Cement Production Process Using Carbon Capture and Utilization

by Wei Wu, Zhong-Lin Jian, Bang-Yan Chou, Chun-Yang You and Yu-Ning Kuo

Processes 2023, 11(7), 2043; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11072043 - 7 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2285

Abstract

To address a decarbonized cement production process (DCPP), a calcium looping process is connected to an industrial cement production process (CPP) for capturing CO₂ by 93.5~96%. Since the captured CO₂ purity is up to 99.9 wt%, the carbon capture and utilization [...] Read more.

To address a decarbonized cement production process (DCPP), a calcium looping process is connected to an industrial cement production process (CPP) for capturing CO₂ by 93.5~96%. Since the captured CO₂ purity is up to 99.9 wt%, the carbon capture and utilization (CCU) process is connected to generate the additional products of urea and methanol. An integration of DCPP and CCU, named the DCPP-based polygeneration system, is being developed for three scenarios. To meet the power demand for producing high-purity hydrogen and oxygen, Scenario 1 adopts water electrolysis and the full green electricity grid; Scenario 2 adopts the Cu-Cl thermochemical cycle and the partial green electricity grid; and Scenario 3 adopts water electrolysis and the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Through the techno-economic analysis and comparisons, the CO₂ avoided costs of three scenarios are estimated between 16.53 and 21.42 USD/ton, which are lower than the conventional DCPP of around 40 USD/ton. It is due to the fact that the polygeneration scheme could reduce the LCOP (levelized cost of producing 1 ton of clinker) due to the production of valorized products. It is noted that Scenario 2 is superior to other scenarios since the RenE2P cost in Scenario 2 is lower than it is in Scenario 1 and the captured CO₂ rate in Scenario 2 is lower than it is in Scenario 3. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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27 pages, 4138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Development of Calcium Looping Carbon Capture Processes: An Overview of Opportunities and Challenges

by Rubens C. Toledo, Gretta L. A. F. Arce, João A. Carvalho, Jr. and Ivonete Ávila

Energies 2023, 16(9), 3623; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093623 - 23 Apr 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3562

Abstract

Global warming might be mitigated if emissions were interrupted through carbon capture technologies, as there is a significant amount of comprehensive studies on them. An outline of the main gaps and trends of a technology is critical for further development. In this context, [...] Read more.

Global warming might be mitigated if emissions were interrupted through carbon capture technologies, as there is a significant amount of comprehensive studies on them. An outline of the main gaps and trends of a technology is critical for further development. In this context, this study provides an overview of calcium looping carbon capture processes that have proven their potential and commercial viability. A bibliometric analysis is conducted on both Scopus and Web of Science database by seeking the keywords “calcium looping”, “co2 capture”, and “fluidized bed” in titles, abstracts, and keywords. Word selection was based on a list of relevant papers on the topic. These items of data have been processed and analyzed based on the number of publications and citations by emphasizing recent publication evolution, journal influence, the use of specific keywords, and co-citation. Results reveal that the European Union (EU) leads the rankings on the topic, followed by Canada. Keyword choice might have affected the number of citations. Recent studies used limestone as a sorbent and a dual fluidized bed reactor with a calciner or resistance depending on its size. Most studies are focused on technology scale-up. Although scale-up seems to be a priority, multiple studies are designed to assess the effect of steam generation and SO

_{2}

on the process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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21 pages, 6947 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microseismic Monitoring Technology Developments and Prospects in CCUS Injection Engineering

by Lingbin Meng, Jing Zheng, Ruizhao Yang, Suping Peng, Yuan Sun, Jingyu Xie and Dewei Li

Energies 2023, 16(7), 3101; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073101 - 29 Mar 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3540

Abstract

CO₂ geological storage projects are an essential tool for China to achieve the double carbon target of energy savings and emission reductions. In order to safely and effectively control the implementation of injection projects and monitor the dynamics of CO₂ injection, [...] Read more.

CO₂ geological storage projects are an essential tool for China to achieve the double carbon target of energy savings and emission reductions. In order to safely and effectively control the implementation of injection projects and monitor the dynamics of CO₂ injection, multi-dimensional and multi-disciplinary monitoring tools are required. Among them, microseismic monitoring is a key technology for predicting reservoir dynamics and reflecting reservoir geomechanical behavior. Such monitoring has been carried out previously for reservoirs in other countries, but experimental projects are also gradually being developed in China. In this paper, we focus on the research and analysis results of microseismic monitoring of carbon storage projects in various work areas. For different reservoir conditions, we explore combinations of the monitoring implementation methods in China, comparing the differences in each work area. We propose a joint well and ground microseismic monitoring method and a multi-spatial and multi-physical field coupling research system for use in the implementation of domestic demo projects for the future research and development of microseismic monitoring of carbon storage projects. The monitoring program can meet the requirements for certain periodic repeated or continuous observations and can intelligently assess the risk and handle the alert behavior. The foundation is laid for the development of the future microseismic monitoring technology to achieve the goal of developing cost-controllable, permanent, and real-time monitoring equipment. The application of the monitoring system in China has been effective, and this experience can contribute to the development of injection engineering in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation Technologies (CCS/CCU)—2nd Volume)

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