Diversity

27 pages, 15012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Insights in the Helicellini Ihering, 1909 with Description of Kherattolactea Gen. Nov. and the First Record of Orexana Chueca, Gómez-Moliner, Madeira & Pfenninger, 2018 from Algeria

by Issaad Kawther Ezzine, Houria Bouaziz-Yahiatene, Willy De Mattia and Eike Neubert

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080550 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Recent sampling efforts in northern Algeria and the investigation of some collection material has revealed the presence of taxa with conchological and genital morphological similarities to the Candidula-like group. A detailed investigation of the anatomy of the genitalia combined with the analysis [...] Read more.

Recent sampling efforts in northern Algeria and the investigation of some collection material has revealed the presence of taxa with conchological and genital morphological similarities to the Candidula-like group. A detailed investigation of the anatomy of the genitalia combined with the analysis of two mitochondrial and two nuclear markers of representatives of the known genera as well as two Algerian taxa has been conducted. The result confirms the affiliation of the latter in the Candidula-like complex. Comparative anatomical analysis led to the description of a new genus, Kherattolactea gen. nov., endemic to northern Algeria with Xerophila keratae, Kobelt, 1892 as the type species. The anatomical distinction corroborates the result of the molecular analysis that reveals apomorphic nucleotide substitution. Moreover, the result of the combined analysis provides the first confirmed record of the genus Orexana Chueca, Gómez-Moliner, Madeira & Pfenninger, 2018, in north Africa, represented by the species Orexana lemoinei Kobelt, 1882 nov. comb. A new Xerogyra species, Xerogyra halgassi nov. sp., from the Apennine Mountain has been described based on the combination of morphoanatomical and molecular traits. For the first time, the morphoanatomical description of the known Xerogyra species has been presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systematics, Phylogenetics, and Phylogeography of Animals in the Mediterranean Region)

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16 pages, 12280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Description of a New Species of Hainania Koller (Teleostei, Cypriniformes, Xenocyprididae) from Guangdong Province, Southern China

by Haotian Lei, Ziyu Gong and Xuankun Li

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080549 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Hainania Koller (Teleostei, Cypriniformes, Xenocyprididae) is known as a monotypic genus of sharpbelly fish that is endemic to Hainan Island, China. We describe Ha. minzhengi sp. nov., the second species of Hainania collected from Guangdong, based on morphology and molecular evidence. [...] Read more.

Hainania Koller (Teleostei, Cypriniformes, Xenocyprididae) is known as a monotypic genus of sharpbelly fish that is endemic to Hainan Island, China. We describe Ha. minzhengi sp. nov., the second species of Hainania collected from Guangdong, based on morphology and molecular evidence. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, by maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods and different partitioning schemes. Our result supports the sister group relationship between Ha. serrata and Ha. minzhengi sp. nov., but the monophyly of Pseudohemiculter or Hemiculterella was not recovered. A diagnostic key to Chinese species of Hainania and Pseudohemiculter is provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution, Systematic and Conservation of Freshwater Fishes)

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15 pages, 6769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pine Cones in Plantations as Refuge and Substrate of Lichens and Bryophytes in the Tropical Andes

by Ángel Benítez

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080548 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Deforestation driven by plantations, such as Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. et Cham., is a major cause of biodiversity and functional loss in tropical ecosystems. We assessed the diversity and composition of lichens and bryophytes in four size categories of pine cones, small [...] Read more.

Deforestation driven by plantations, such as Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. et Cham., is a major cause of biodiversity and functional loss in tropical ecosystems. We assessed the diversity and composition of lichens and bryophytes in four size categories of pine cones, small (3–5 cm), medium (5.1–8 cm), large (8.1–10 cm), and very large (10.1–13 cm), with a total of 150 pine cones examined, where the occurrence and cover of lichen and bryophyte species were recorded. Identification keys based on morpho-anatomical features were used to identify lichens and bryophytes. In addition, for lichens, secondary metabolites were tested using spot reactions with potassium hydroxide, commercial bleach, and Lugol’s solution, and by examining the specimens under ultraviolet light. To evaluate the effect of pine cone size on species richness, the Kruskal–Wallis test was conducted, and species composition among cones sizes was compared using multivariate analysis. A total of 48 taxa were recorded on cones, including 41 lichens and 7 bryophytes. A total of 39 species were found on very large cones, 37 species on large cones, 35 species on medium cones, and 24 species on small cones. This is comparable to the diversity found in epiphytic communities of pine plantations. Species composition was influenced by pine cone size, differing from small in comparison with very large ones. The PERMANOVA analyses revealed that lichen and bryophyte composition varied significantly among the pine cone categories, explaining 21% of the variance. Very large cones with specific characteristics harbored different communities than those on small pine cones. The presence of lichen and bryophyte species on the pine cones from managed Ecuadorian P. patula plantations may serve as refugia for the conservation of biodiversity. Pine cones and their scales (which range from 102 to 210 per cone) may facilitate colonization of new areas by dispersal agents such as birds and rodents. The scales often harbor lichen and bryophyte propagules as well as intact thalli, which can be effectively dispersed, when the cones are moved. The prolonged presence of pine cones in the environment further enhances their role as possible dispersal substrates over extended periods. To our knowledge, this is the first study worldwide to examine pine cones as substrates for lichens and bryophytes, providing novel insights into their potential role as microhabitats within P. patula plantations and forest landscapes across both temperate and tropical zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Diversity and Culture Collections)

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14 pages, 3081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Habitat Distribution Pattern of François’ Langur in a Human-Dominated Karst Landscape: Implications for Its Conservation

by Jialiang Han, Xing Fan, Ankang Wu, Bingnan Dong and Qixian Zou

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080547 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

The Mayanghe National Nature Reserve, a key habitat for the endangered François’ langur (Trachypithecus francoisi), faces significant anthropogenic disturbances, including extensive distribution of croplands, roads, and settlements. These human-modified features are predominantly concentrated at elevations between 500 and 800 m and [...] Read more.

The Mayanghe National Nature Reserve, a key habitat for the endangered François’ langur (Trachypithecus francoisi), faces significant anthropogenic disturbances, including extensive distribution of croplands, roads, and settlements. These human-modified features are predominantly concentrated at elevations between 500 and 800 m and on slopes of 10–20°, which notably overlap with the core elevation range utilized by François’ langur. Spatial analysis revealed that langurs primarily occupy areas within the 500–800 m elevation band, which comprises only 33% of the reserve but hosts a high density of human infrastructure—including approximately 4468 residential buildings and the majority of cropland and road networks. Despite slopes >60° representing just 18.52% of the area, langur habitat utilization peaked in these steep regions (exceeding 85.71%), indicating a strong preference for rugged karst terrain, likely due to reduced human interference. Habitat type analysis showed a clear preference for evergreen broadleaf forests (covering 37.19% of utilized areas), followed by shrublands. Landscape pattern metrics revealed high habitat fragmentation, with 457 discrete habitat patches and broadleaf forests displaying the highest edge density and total edge length. Connectivity analyses indicated that distribution areas exhibit a more continuous and aggregated habitat configuration than control areas. These results underscore François’ langur’s reliance on steep, forested karst habitats and highlight the urgent need to mitigate human-induced fragmentation in key elevation and slope zones to ensure the species’ long-term survival. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Geodiversity Research)

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21 pages, 1538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Fungal Activity and Microbial Response to Wildfire in a Dry Tropical Forest of Northern Colombia

by Eliana Martínez Mera, Ana Carolina Torregroza-Espinosa, Ana Cristina De la Parra-Guerra, Marielena Durán-Castiblanco, William Zapata-Herazo, Juan Sebastián Rodríguez-Rebolledo, Fernán Zabala-Sierra and David Alejandro Blanco Alvarez

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080546 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Wildfires can significantly alter soil physicochemical conditions and microbial communities in forest ecosystems. This study aimed to characterize the culturable soil fungal community and evaluate biological activity in Banco Totumo Bijibana, a protected dry tropical forest in Atlántico, Colombia, affected by a wildfire [...] Read more.

Wildfires can significantly alter soil physicochemical conditions and microbial communities in forest ecosystems. This study aimed to characterize the culturable soil fungal community and evaluate biological activity in Banco Totumo Bijibana, a protected dry tropical forest in Atlántico, Colombia, affected by a wildfire in 2014. Twenty soil samples were collected for microbiological (10 cm depth) and physicochemical (30 cm) analysis. Basal respiration was measured using Stotzky’s method, nitrogen mineralization via Rawls’ method, and fungal diversity through culture-based identification and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. Diversity was assessed using Simpson, Shannon–Weaver, and ACE indices. The soils presented low organic matter (0.70%) and nitrogen content (0.035%), with reduced biological activity as indicated by basal respiration (0.12 kg C ha⁻¹ d⁻¹) and mineralized nitrogen (5.61 kg ha⁻¹). Four fungal morphotypes, likely from the genus Aspergillus, were identified. Simpson index indicated moderate dominance, while Shannon–Weaver values reflected low diversity. Correlation analysis showed Aspergillus-3 was positively associated with moisture, whereas Aspergillus-4 correlated negatively with pH and sand content. The species accumulation curve reached an asymptote, suggesting an adequate sampling effort. Although no control site was included, the findings provide a baseline characterization of post-fire soil microbial structure and function in a dry tropical ecosystem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Diversity and Culture Collections)

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20 pages, 2782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Forest Fragmentation Reshapes Soil Microbiome–Carbon Dynamics

by Melinda Haydee Kovacs, Nguyen Khoi Nghia and Emoke Dalma Kovacs

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080545 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Urban expansion fragments once-contiguous forest patches, generating pronounced edge gradients that modulate soil physicochemical properties and biodiversity. We quantified how fragmentation reshaped the soil microbiome continuum and its implications for soil carbon storage in a temperate urban mixed deciduous forest. A total of [...] Read more.

Urban expansion fragments once-contiguous forest patches, generating pronounced edge gradients that modulate soil physicochemical properties and biodiversity. We quantified how fragmentation reshaped the soil microbiome continuum and its implications for soil carbon storage in a temperate urban mixed deciduous forest. A total of 18 plots were considered in this study, with six plots for each fragment type. Intact interior forest (F), internal forest path fragment (IF), and external forest path fragment (EF) soils were sampled at 0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm depths and profiled through phospholipid-derived fatty acid (PLFA) chemotyping and amino sugar proxies for living microbiome and microbial-derived necromass assessment, respectively. Carbon fractionation was performed through the chemical oxidation method. Diversity indices (Shannon–Wiener, Pielou evenness, Margalef richness, and Simpson dominance) were calculated based on the determined fatty acids derived from the phospholipid fraction. The microbial biomass ranged from 85.1 to 214.6 nmol g⁻¹ dry soil, with the surface layers of F exhibiting the highest values (p < 0.01). Shannon diversity declined systematically from F > IF > EF. The microbial necromass varied from 11.3 to 23.2 g⋅kg⁻¹. Fragmentation intensified the stratification of carbon pools, with organic carbon decreasing by approximately 14% from F to EF. Our results show that EFs possess a declining microbiome continuum that weakens their carbon sequestration capacity in urban forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Diversity of Soil Microbial Communities in an Era of Global Change)

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11 pages, 2025 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remarkable Stability of Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) Communities in Artificial Microhabitats: A Case Study of Bird Nest Boxes in Bory Tucholskie National Park

by Marta Kulczak, Jacek Wendzonka, Karolina Lubińska, Agnieszka Napierała and Jerzy Błoszyk

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080544 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

The presence of nest boxes not only increases the reproductive success of many passerine birds in transformed forest habitats, but they also constitute important artificial microhabitats for many groups of invertebrates. One of such groups which have been often found in this microhabitat [...] Read more.

The presence of nest boxes not only increases the reproductive success of many passerine birds in transformed forest habitats, but they also constitute important artificial microhabitats for many groups of invertebrates. One of such groups which have been often found in this microhabitat is saprophagous mites from the suborder Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata). The current study was conducted in October 2023 and 2024 in Bory Tucholskie National Park (BTNP) (northern Poland), where material from 137 tit (Paridae) and nuthatch (Sitta europaea) nest boxes was collected. The aim of this study was to analyse the stability of the communities of Uropodina in nest boxes in the park in two seasons and to determine whether the mite community structure within these nest boxes is similar in each year. The second aim was to analyse the abundance of Uropodina in relation to the composition of the nest box bedding material. This study revealed that the community in the scrutinised nest boxes was formed in both seasons by two species of nidicolous Uropodina species, i.e., Leiodinychus orbicularis (C.L. Koch, 1839) and Chiropturopoda nidiphila (Wiśniewski and Hirschmann, 1993), and that the species composition and the community structure were also very similar in both years. This study revealed that Ch. nidiphila dominated in the nest boxes with moss and grass, whereas L. orbicularis was most abundant in the boxes where the bedding was a mixture of mammalian hair and grass. However, no statistically significant differences in the abundance of these two mite species in both cases were revealed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Ecology, and Conservation of Mites)

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5 pages, 6475 KiB

Open AccessInteresting Images

Retractile Polyps of Soft Coral Gersemia rubiformis (Octocorallia: Alcyoniidae) Offer Protection to Developing Basket Stars (Gorgonocephalus sp.)

by Kathryn Murray, Bárbara de Moura Neves, Emmeline Broad and Vonda E. Hayes

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080543 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cold-water soft corals are a known habitat for juvenile basket stars (Gorgonocephalus sp.), but the role of this relationship in the earliest life stages of basket stars warrants further investigation. Here, basket stars and colonies of the soft coral Gersemia rubiformis were [...] Read more.

Cold-water soft corals are a known habitat for juvenile basket stars (Gorgonocephalus sp.), but the role of this relationship in the earliest life stages of basket stars warrants further investigation. Here, basket stars and colonies of the soft coral Gersemia rubiformis were collected together from the Funk Island Deep Marine Refuge (NW Atlantic) and maintained in a laboratory setting for observation. During this time, two developing (<1 mm disc diameter) basket stars were discovered on coral colonies and could be seen retracting with the coral polyp into the colony. The basket stars were recorded unharmed once the polyps were expanded again and continued to retract within the colony over the period of observation. The results of this study show that developing basket stars can spend time inside the coral colony, which could be a form of protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)

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28 pages, 7617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Circuit Theory to Identify Important Ecological Corridors for Large Mammals Between Wildlife Refuges

by Büşra Kalleci and Özkan Evcin

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080542 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Habitat fragmentation restricts the movement of large mammals across broad landscapes, leading to isolation of individuals or groups, reduced interaction with other species, and limited access to vital resources in surrounding habitats. In this study, we aimed to determine the wildlife ecological corridors [...] Read more.

Habitat fragmentation restricts the movement of large mammals across broad landscapes, leading to isolation of individuals or groups, reduced interaction with other species, and limited access to vital resources in surrounding habitats. In this study, we aimed to determine the wildlife ecological corridors for five large mammals (Ursus arctos, Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Sus scrofa, and Canis lupus) between Kastamonu Ilgaz Mountain Wildlife Refuge and Gavurdağı Wildlife Refuge. In the field studies, we used the transect, indirect observation, and camera-trap methods to collect presence data. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) (v. 3.4.1) software was used to create habitat suitability models of the target species, which are based on the presence-only data approach. The results indicated that AUC values varied between 0.808 and 0.835, with water sources, stand type, and slope contributing most significantly to model performance. In order to determine wildlife ecological corridors, resistance surface maps were created using the species distribution models (SDMs), and bottleneck areas were determined. The Circuit Theory approach was used to model the connections between ecological corridors. As a result of this study, we developed connectivity models for five large mammals based on Circuit Theory, identified priority wildlife ecological corridors, and evaluated critical connection points between two protected areas, Ilgaz Mountain Wildlife Refuge and Gavurdağı Wildlife Refuge. These findings highlight the essential role of ecological corridors in sustaining landscape-level connectivity and supporting the long-term conservation of wide-ranging species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Habitat Assessment and Conservation Strategies)

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17 pages, 2404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geographically Weighted Regression Enhances Spectral Diversity–Biodiversity Relationships in Inner Mongolian Grasslands

by Yu Dai, Huawei Wan, Longhui Lu, Fengming Wan, Haowei Duan, Cui Xiao, Yusha Zhang, Zhiru Zhang, Yongcai Wang, Peirong Shi and Xuwei Sun

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080541 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

The spectral variation hypothesis (SVH) posits that the complexity of spectral information in remote sensing imagery can serve as a proxy for regional biodiversity. However, the relationship between spectral diversity (SD) and biodiversity differs for different environmental conditions. Previous SVH studies often overlooked [...] Read more.

The spectral variation hypothesis (SVH) posits that the complexity of spectral information in remote sensing imagery can serve as a proxy for regional biodiversity. However, the relationship between spectral diversity (SD) and biodiversity differs for different environmental conditions. Previous SVH studies often overlooked these differences. We utilized species data from field surveys in Inner Mongolia and drone-derived multispectral imagery to establish a quantitative relationship between SD and biodiversity. A geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was used to describe the SD–biodiversity relationship and map the biodiversity indices in different experimental areas in Inner Mongolia, China. Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that both SD and biodiversity indices exhibited strong and statistically significant spatial autocorrelation in their distribution patterns. Among all spectral diversity indices, the convex hull area exhibited the best model fit with the Margalef richness index (Margalef), the coefficient of variation showed the strongest predictive performance for species richness (Richness), and the convex hull volume provided the highest explanatory power for Shannon diversity (Shannon). Predictions for Shannon achieved the lowest relative root mean square error (RRMSE = 0.17), indicating the highest predictive accuracy, whereas Richness exhibited systematic underestimation with a higher RRMSE (0.23). Compared to the commonly used linear regression model in SVH studies, the GWR model exhibited a 4.7- to 26.5-fold improvement in goodness-of-fit. Despite the relatively low R² value (≤0.59), the model yields biodiversity predictions that are broadly aligned with field observations. Our approach explicitly considers the spatial heterogeneity of the SD–biodiversity relationship. The GWR model had significantly higher fitting accuracy than the linear regression model, indicating its potential for remote sensing-based biodiversity assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Restoration of Grassland—2nd Edition)

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9 pages, 7006 KiB

Open AccessInteresting Images

Coral Bleaching and Recovery on Urban Reefs off Jakarta, Indonesia, During the 2023–2024 Thermal Stress Event

by Tries B. Razak, Muhammad Irhas, Laura Nikita, Rindah Talitha Vida, Sera Maserati and Cut Aja Gita Alisa

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080540 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Urban coral reefs in Jakarta Bay and the Thousand Islands, Indonesia, are chronically exposed to land-based pollution and increasing thermal stress. These reefs—including the site of Indonesia’s first recorded coral bleaching event in 1983—remain highly vulnerable to climate-induced disturbances. During the fourth global [...] Read more.

Urban coral reefs in Jakarta Bay and the Thousand Islands, Indonesia, are chronically exposed to land-based pollution and increasing thermal stress. These reefs—including the site of Indonesia’s first recorded coral bleaching event in 1983—remain highly vulnerable to climate-induced disturbances. During the fourth global coral bleaching event (GCBE), we recorded selective bleaching in the region, associated with a Degree Heating Weeks (DHW) value of 4.8 °C-weeks. Surveys conducted in January 2024 across a shelf gradient at four representative islands revealed patchy bleaching, affecting various taxa at depths ranging from 3 to 13 m. A follow-up survey in May 2024, which tracked the fate of 42 tagged bleached colonies, found that 36% had fully recovered, 26% showed partial recovery, and 38% had died. Bleaching responses varied across taxa, depths, and microhabitats, often occurring in close proximity to unaffected colonies. While some corals demonstrated resilience, the overall findings underscore the continued vulnerability of urban reefs to escalating thermal stress. This highlights the urgent need for a comprehensive and coordinated national strategy—not only to monitor bleaching and assess reef responses, but also to strengthen protection measures and implement best-practice restoration. Such efforts are increasingly critical in the face of more frequent and severe bleaching events projected under future climate scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Interesting Images from the Sea)

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12 pages, 3473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Road Density Shapes Soil Fungal Community Composition in Urban Road Green Space

by Shuhong Luo, Yong Lin, Ruirui Chen, Jigang Han and Yun Liu

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080539 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Road density is a key indicator of human activity, causing habitat loss and fragmentation. Soil fungi, essential for ecosystem functioning, are sensitive bioindicators. Yet their responses to road density in urban green spaces are poorly characterized. Here, we analyzed the composition of the [...] Read more.

Road density is a key indicator of human activity, causing habitat loss and fragmentation. Soil fungi, essential for ecosystem functioning, are sensitive bioindicators. Yet their responses to road density in urban green spaces are poorly characterized. Here, we analyzed the composition of the dominant fungal community, examined both the direct and indirect effects of road density on soil fungal communities, and identified specialist species. Focusing on Shanghai, China, a rapidly urbanizing city, we considered both edaphic factor and the road network. Through machine learning and Spearman correlation regression analyses, we quantified the relative importance of road density and edaphic factor in shaping fungal community composition and employed occupancy-specificity modeling to identify specialist taxa. Our results revealed that Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Rozellomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Glomeromycota were the dominant phyla, accounting for 93% of the retrieved ITS sequences. Road density was found to be the primary driver of fungal community composition, followed by soil lead and potassium concentrations. Notably, opportunistic pathogens (Acremonium spp.) correlated positively with road density (p < 0.001). Specialist species in high-density areas were primarily pathotrophic fungi, while saprotrophic fungi dominated in low-density areas. These findings highlight the need for urban planning strategies to mitigate the ecological impact of road density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Diversity and Culture Collections)

16 pages, 2207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitogenomic Insights into Adaptive Evolution of African Ground Squirrels in Arid Environments

by Yamin Xing, Xibao Wang, Yao Chen, Yongquan Shang, Haotian Cai, Liangkai Wang and Xiaoyang Wu

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080538 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

African ground squirrels (Xerus spp.), the inhabitants of African arid zones, face extreme heat and water scarcity driving selection for metabolic optimization. We assembled and annotated the first mitogenomes of Xerus inauris and Xerus rutilus (16,525–16,517 bp), revealing conserved vertebrate architecture with [...] Read more.

African ground squirrels (Xerus spp.), the inhabitants of African arid zones, face extreme heat and water scarcity driving selection for metabolic optimization. We assembled and annotated the first mitogenomes of Xerus inauris and Xerus rutilus (16,525–16,517 bp), revealing conserved vertebrate architecture with genus-specific traits. Key features include Xerus rutilus’s elongated ATP6 (680 vs. 605 bp), truncated ATP8–ATP6 spacers (4 vs. 43 bp), and tRNA-Pro control regions with 78.1–78.3% AT content. Their nucleotide composition diverged from that of related sciurids, marked by reduced T (25.78–26.9%) and extreme GC skew (−0.361 to −0.376). Codon usage showed strong Arg-CGA bias (RSCU = 3.78–3.88) and species-specific elevations in Xerus rutilus’s UGC-Cys (RSCU = 1.83 vs. 1.17). Phylogenetics positioned Xerus as sister to Ratufa bicolor (Bayesian PP = 0.928; ML = 1.0), aligning with African biogeographic isolation. Critically, we identified significant signatures of positive selection in key mitochondrial genes linked to arid adaptation. Positive selection signals in ND4 (ω = 1.8 × background), ND1, and ATP6 (p < 0.0033) correspond to enhanced proton gradient efficiency and ATP synthesis–molecular adaptations likely crucial for optimizing energy metabolism under chronic water scarcity and thermoregulatory stress in desert environments. Distinct evolutionary rates were observed across mitochondrial genes and complexes: Genes encoding Complex I subunits (ND2, ND6) and Complex III (Cytb) exhibited accelerated evolution in arid-adapted lineages, while genes encoding Complex IV subunits (COXI) and Complex V (ATP8) remained highly conserved. These findings resolve the Xerus mitogenomic diversity, demonstrating adaptive plasticity balancing arid-energy optimization and historical diversification while filling critical genomic gaps for this xeric-adapted lineage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

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19 pages, 5918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distinct Patterns of Co-Evolution Among Protist Symbionts of Neoisoptera Termites

by Serena G. Aguilar, Jordyn Shevat, Daniel E. Jasso-Selles, Kali L. Swichtenberg, Carlos D. Vecco-Giove, Jan Šobotník, David Sillam-Dussès, Francesca De Martini and Gillian H. Gile

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080537 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Obligate symbionts often exhibit some degree of co-speciation with their hosts. One prominent example is the symbiosis between termites and their wood-feeding hindgut protists. This symbiosis is mutually obligate, vertically inherited by anal feeding, and it predates the emergence of termites from their [...] Read more.

Obligate symbionts often exhibit some degree of co-speciation with their hosts. One prominent example is the symbiosis between termites and their wood-feeding hindgut protists. This symbiosis is mutually obligate, vertically inherited by anal feeding, and it predates the emergence of termites from their cockroach ancestors. Termites and their symbiotic protists might therefore be expected to have congruent phylogenies, but symbiont loss, transfer, and independent diversification can impact the coevolutionary history to varying degrees. Here, we have characterized the symbiotic protist communities of eight Neoisoptera species from three families in order to gauge the phylogenetic congruence between each lineage of protists and their hosts. Using microscopy and 18S rRNA gene sequencing of individually isolated protist cells, we identified protists belonging to the Parabasalia genera Pseudotrichonympha, Holomastigotoides, Cononympha, and Cthulhu. Pseudotrichonympha were present in all of the investigated termites, with a strong pattern of codiversification with hosts, consistent with previous studies. The phylogeny of Holomastigotoides indicates several instances of diversification that occurred independently of the hosts’ diversification, along with lineage-specific symbiont loss. Cononympha occurs only in Heterotermitidae and Psammotermes. Surprisingly, the small flagellate Cthulhu is widespread and exhibits cophylogeny with its hosts. This study demonstrates that different symbiont lineages can show different coevolutionary patterns, even within the same host. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Ecology of Termites)

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14 pages, 1727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endemic Species of Butterflies: Importance of Protected Areas in Tropical Montane Endemism Conservation

by Mónica Higuera-Díaz, Andrea León-Parra and Giovanny Fagua

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080536 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Protected areas play a key role in containing and protecting most of the endemic biodiversity of megadiverse places, underscoring their importance as custodians of biological richness. Colombia, one of the most species-rich countries, also has one of the highest rates of deforestation globally. [...] Read more.

Protected areas play a key role in containing and protecting most of the endemic biodiversity of megadiverse places, underscoring their importance as custodians of biological richness. Colombia, one of the most species-rich countries, also has one of the highest rates of deforestation globally. The Colombian National Natural Parks (NNPs) system is one of the mechanisms for protecting natural landscape ecosystems and biota. Based on the role of butterflies as bioindicators in biodiversity mapping, we compiled records of endemic butterfly species from entomological collections and the literature to assess the importance of protected areas in endemic species conservation. The NNPs harbor records of 127 endemic species, representing 65% of the 196 endemic butterfly species recorded in Colombia. Most of these endemic species, 93 species, have been recorded in only one NNP, here defined as “unique” species. These species are mainly distributed along the Andes Cordillera. Among all the NNPs, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta holds the highest number of both total and unique endemic species. Extrapolating this pattern to the broader Andean Biota supports the idea that protected areas play a key role in containing and protecting much of Northern South American endemic biodiversity, underscoring their importance as custodians of biological richness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Biodiversity, Threats and Conservation of Arthropods)

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8 pages, 7294 KiB

Open AccessInteresting Images

A Rocky Intertidal Desert at the Head of a Large Macrotidal Estuary in Quebec, Canada

by Ricardo A. Scrosati

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080535 - 30 Jul 2025

Abstract

This article documents the widespread absence of sessile species in bedrock intertidal habitats at the head of the St. Lawrence Estuary, a large macrotidal estuary located in eastern Canada. Extensive observations revealed that no seaweeds or sessile invertebrates occurred anywhere (including cracks and [...] Read more.

This article documents the widespread absence of sessile species in bedrock intertidal habitats at the head of the St. Lawrence Estuary, a large macrotidal estuary located in eastern Canada. Extensive observations revealed that no seaweeds or sessile invertebrates occurred anywhere (including cracks and crevices) on substrate areas that become exposed to the air during low tides. Only one sessile species, a green filamentous alga, was found submerged in tidepools. The lack of truly marine sessile species is likely explained by the very low water salinity of this coast, while the absence of sessile freshwater species on intertidal substrates outside of tidepools likely responds to a combination of oligohaline conditions during high tides and daily exposures to the air during low tides, which freshwater species are typically not adapted to. Influences of winter ice scour and coastal suspended sediments are likely secondary. Experimental research could unravel the interactive effects of these abiotic stressors. Overall, this “intertidal desert” could be a useful model system to further explore the boundaries of life on our planet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Interesting Images from the Sea)

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11 pages, 2976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spread and Ecology of the Bumblebee Bombus haematurus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Northeastern Italy

by Elena Cargnus, Marino Quaranta, Alberto Villani and Pietro Zandigiacomo

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080534 - 30 Jul 2025

Abstract

Bombus haematurus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), which arrived from the Balkan Peninsula, was first reported in Italy in 2020 in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (FVG) (northeastern Italy) near the border with Slovenia. To study the spread and biology of the species, a survey was [...] Read more.

Bombus haematurus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), which arrived from the Balkan Peninsula, was first reported in Italy in 2020 in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (FVG) (northeastern Italy) near the border with Slovenia. To study the spread and biology of the species, a survey was conducted at several sites of the FVG in the period 2023–2025. Bombus haematurus was recorded at 22 new sites across all four districts of the FVG (Trieste, Gorizia, Udine, and Pordenone), indicating its expansion towards the west. Bumblebees of this species were detected in plain and hilly areas at sites between 10 and 364 m a.s.l. They were observed more frequently at forest edges, undergrowth paths or clearings and meadows adjacent to woods, confirming the species is hylophilous. The activity of adults from February to July confirms that the bumblebee is an univoltine spring species. Specimens were observed foraging on the flowers of 19 wild and ornamental plants belonging to 12 families (in particular, Lamiaceae), confirming that the species is polylectic. The data collected indicate that B. haematurus are permanently established in the FVG and that a further spread of the species towards the west in the neighbouring Veneto region is likely. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity in 2025)

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15 pages, 4340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variations in Fine-Root Traits of Pseudotsuga sinensis Across Different Rocky-Desertification Gradients

by Wangjun Li, Shun Zou, Dongpeng Lv, Bin He and Xiaolong Bai

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080533 - 29 Jul 2025

Abstract

Plant functional traits serve as vital tools for understanding vegetation adaptation mechanisms in changing environments. As the primary organs for nutrient acquisition from soil, fine roots are highly sensitive to environmental variations. However, current research on fine-root adaptation strategies predominantly focuses on tropical, [...] Read more.

Plant functional traits serve as vital tools for understanding vegetation adaptation mechanisms in changing environments. As the primary organs for nutrient acquisition from soil, fine roots are highly sensitive to environmental variations. However, current research on fine-root adaptation strategies predominantly focuses on tropical, subtropical, and temperate forests, leaving a significant gap in comprehensive knowledge regarding fine-root responses in rocky-desertification habitats. This study investigates the fine roots of Pseudotsuga sinensis across varying degrees of rocky desertification (mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe). By analyzing fine-root morphological and nutrient traits, we aim to elucidate the trait differences and correlations under different desertification intensities. The results indicate that root dry matter content increases significantly with escalating desertification severity. Fine roots in mild and extremely severe desertification exhibit notably higher root C, K, and Mg concentrations compared to those in moderate and severe desertification, while root Ca concentration shows an inverse trend. Our correlation analyses reveal a highly significant positive relationship between specific root length and specific root area, whereas root dry matter content demonstrates a significant negative correlation with elemental concentrations. The principal component analysis (PCA) further indicates that the trait associations adopted by the forest in mild- and extremely severe-desertification environments are different from those in moderate- and severe-desertification environments. This study did not account for soil nutrient dynamics, microbial diversity, or enzymatic activity—key factors influencing fine-root adaptation. Future research should integrate root traits with soil properties to holistically assess resource strategies in rocky-desertification ecosystems. This study can serve as a theoretical reference for research on root characteristics and adaptation strategies of plants in rocky-desertification habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Diversity)

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6 pages, 175 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Recent Advances in the Diversity and Taxonomy of Subterranean Arthropods

by Srećko Ćurčić and Gordan Karaman

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080532 - 29 Jul 2025

Abstract

The subterranean fauna of arthropods is one of the richest on the planet [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Diversity and Taxonomy of Subterranean Arthropods)

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