On 15 September 2022, the Ethereum network adopted a proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus mechanism. We study the impact on the network and competing platforms in a two month event window around the Beacon chain merge. We find that the transition to PoS ha...
This paper applies a two-tier model based on fuel hedging (model 1) and the testing of the impact of commodity risk on airline capacity forecasting, which is based on a system dynamics framework (model 2). Model 1 provides a comprehensive examination...
The main purpose of this paper is to present a systematic literature review of studies on the determinants of non-performing loans (NPLs) published over the period 1987–2022. This paper reviewed 76 studies in 58 peer-reviewed journals. The prov...
This study examined the rearing and management methods, financial profitability, and consumer perceptions towards safe broiler production in Bangladesh. Employing stratified random sampling, 60 participants (30 farmers and 30 consumers) from two sub-...
The Seychelles blue bond is an innovative finance mechanism that has played a pivotal role in shaping the global landscape of blue bonds. Seychelles leadership in the blue economy sets a significant precedent. However, this precedent has also raised...
This study aims to investigate the impact of the banking sector on economic growth and commodity prices. Through panel data analysis, the research explores the relationship between the banking sector and economic growth in Spain, France, and Romania...
The challenges climate change poses require careful consideration and addressing within specific industries. In the mining context, climate change introduces potential limitations to the sustainable sourcing of minerals, thereby amplifying the critic...
Uncertain price movement in staple food commodities puts agrarian economies at risk if not monitored and managed consistently. Hence, an attempt has been made to analyze the price behavior and integration across major wholesale and retail markets for...
Brazil is a resource-rich economy that relies heavily on the exports of several important commodities. The variability of commodity prices affects both the economy and the stock market. This study investigates the relationship between commodity price...
Evaluation of market connectedness and asymmetric volatility spillover has recently seen a surge in financial risk analytics and portfolio diversification. We carried out a meta-literature review on connectedness and spillovers, providing solid insig...
Climate change, soil erosion, and degradation among others affect the growth and production of crops. Soil is suffering from intensive farming and unsustainable soil disturbance, leading to severe soil degradation. The Internet of Things (IoT) allows...
The UK milk market has faced major economic difficulties over the last 20 years, seeing the smallest milk producers exit the industry. The key objective of this study is to examine price transmission within the UK milk market to understand the market...
Secondhand clothing has undergone a significant transformation from a vital household asset in the pre-industrial era to a dynamic segment of global trade in the 21st century. However, the advent of fast fashion has led to overproduction and mass con...
(Background) Raspberry (R. idaeus L.) is very popular with consumers around the world for its intense flavor, attractive appearance, and health benefits. In recent years, interest in healthy eating and natural products has increased, and raspberry fi...
The cryptocurrency market is characterized by extreme volatility, with events such as the Terra-LUNA crash of 2022 raising significant questions about the resilience of algorithmic stablecoins. This paper investigates the collapse of LUNA Classic dur...
Gum arabic production is a key source of income for communities in several African countries. Despite this, producing nations capture only a small share of the market value due to weak domestic markets, low price incentives, and limited value-added....
We analyze extreme gold price movements between 1975 and 2025 using Extreme Value Theory (EVT). Using both the Block-Maxima and Peaks-over-Threshold approaches on a daily return basis, we estimate Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) for t...
The year 2024 was marked by significant unpredictability and volatility in global commodity markets, characterized by notable price fluctuations, evolving policy frameworks, and unexpected disruptions [...]
The COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine war have struck the world’s energy markets. This study analyzed how the recent unstable fossil fuel markets impacted the Japanese electricity contracts, classified as extra-high-, high-, and lo...
This research paper examines the risks posed by the MIH EV Open platform to German automotive suppliers, in particular, the risk of commoditization and falling into a commodity trap. The term commodity trap describes a situation in which companies de...
Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin can be classified as commodities under the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA), giving the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) jurisdiction over those cryptocurrencies deemed commodities, particularly in the context...
Conventional seafood production contributes to some of the most alarming global problems we face at present, such as the destabilization of aquatic ecosystems, human health risks, and serious concerns for the welfare of trillions of aquatic animals e...
This paper offers an in-depth exploration into the intricate world of decentralized digital assets (DDAs), shedding light on their categorization as currencies, commodities, or securities. Building on foundational cases such as SEC v. Howey, the anal...
We analyze the role of hedge fund, swap dealer, and arbitrageur activity in the crude oil market. The contribution of our work is to examine the role of institutional traders in switching between high-volatility and low-volatility regimes. Using conf...
The COVID-19 pandemic, with increased home cooking and decreased restaurant dining, significantly altered seafood consumption patterns. By applying an ordered logit model to identify factors affecting seafood consumption during the pandemic, this stu...
Understanding long-term agricultural productivity is essential for designing agricultural policies, planning and targeting other economic policies (e.g., industrial policy), and managing agricultural business models. In a developing and oil-rich coun...
This study evaluates the efficiency of China’s seven emission trading schemes (ETS) piloted in 2013. We evaluate seven pilots’ overall technical and scale efficiencies and temporal dynamics during 2014–2023. We use a bootstrap corre...
This article studies the asymmetric effects that the price of crude oil has on Korean exports to and imports from its largest partners—China, the U.S., and Japan—controlling for world trade policy uncertainty. The results support the evid...
Gold prices have been of major interest for a lot of investors, analysts, and economists. Accordingly, a number of different modeling approaches have been used to forecast gold prices. In this manuscript, the geometric Brownian motion approach, used...
Innovation and technology are important tools for delivering efficiency and productivity improvement in the minerals sector. The uptake of technologies has proven to be an important lever for increasing the productivity of the mining sector. This pap...
As global economies accelerate their energy transitions, the photovoltaic sector faces critical challenges linked to material supply, security, and sustainability. Solar-grade silicon, enabling over 90 percent of photovoltaic technologies, has become...
The dynamic structure of electricity markets, where uncertainties abound due to, e.g., demand variations and renewable energy intermittency, poses challenges for market participants. We propose generative adversarial networks (GANs) to generate synth...
The import demand for energy resources, including liquefied natural gas (LNG), has been steadily increasing in the Asia-Pacific region. Australia, the Middle East (Qatar), the Russian Federation, and the U.S. are the major players who compete strateg...
This paper examines the relationship between commodity index returns and the Office of Financial Research Financial Stress Index (OFR FSI). Utilizing the S&P GSCI and its five sub-indices (agriculture, livestock, energy, industrial metals, and pr...
Oil inventories are essential in alleviating realized and anticipated supply shocks and represent a key market indicator. This study examines the responses of global and country oil inventories to supply shocks under tight and loose market conditions...
This paper conducts an empirical analysis of risk premiums in the Brazilian electricity market, a critical but understudied field. Employing two distinct methodologies—Average Forward Prices and Last Observed Forward Prices—the study calc...
This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis conducted in R Studio of the scientific landscape regarding commodity markets, trading strategies, sustainable production, integration of technologies such as machine learning, and their econo...
This study examines the volatility and hedging effectiveness of commodities, specifically gold and oil, on the Indian stock market, focusing on both aggregate and sectoral indices. Data have been collected from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2024 to c...
Using quarterly data for the 2002–2022 period, we estimate the output and inflation effects of several commodity prices (agricultural raw materials, crude oil, and metals) for 8 Eastern European countries with different exchange rate regimes. T...
Real assets in the energy market are subject to ecological uncertainty due to the penetration of renewables. We illustrate this point by analyzing electrolyzers, a class of assets that recently became the subject of large interest, as they lead to th...
This paper analyzes the return performance of various commodity futures-based dynamic portfolios over the period from 31 January 1986 to 31 July 2023. By constructing 30 distinct portfolios categorized by style and performance, we assess their potent...
This study introduces a robust model that captures wheat futures’ volatility dynamics, influenced by seasonality, time to maturity, and storage dynamics, with minimal calibratable parameters. Our approach reduces error-proneness and enhances pl...
The focus of this investigation was to examine the effects of energy consumption, agricultural commerce, and productivity on CO2 emissions in Nigeria using quantile regression. Time series data from 1960 to 2021 were used. The findings revealed that...
This study aims at examining whether hedging emerging Eastern Europe stock markets with commodities sectors can help in reducing market risks and whether it has the same effectiveness among different sectors. As an attempt to achieve this goal, we op...
The goal of this paper is to derive closed-form approximation formulas for the spread option value and Greeks by using double integration and investigating the exercise boundary. We have found that the straight-line approximation suggested in previou...
This paper investigates the liquidity effect of the U.S. QE on the sovereign yield spreads of commodity-exporting countries by employing the two-stage least squares approach. The key contributions of the paper are in terms of our empirical findings....
Debt-for-nature instruments are financial transactions that allow countries to restructure and reduce foreign debt in exchange for investments in environmental conservation measures. Can debt-for-nature instruments attract more capital for biodiversi...
The transition to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) poses significant challenges for automotive suppliers, particularly in the Northern Black Forest Region, Germany’s largest industrial area. This study examines the risk of falling into the comm...
The enforcement of the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) may reduce the supply of natural rubber to the European Union (EU), potentially leading to price increases due to the inelastic nature of rubber demand. This study assesses the pot...
Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) programs finance energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements to residential and commercial properties with a special tax assessment added to property taxes. This paper surveys the literature and documents...
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