MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

23 pages, 3174 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Robust Optimal Control Strategy for PMSM Based on VGPDO and Actor-Critic Neural Network Against Flux Weakening and Mismatched Load Torque

by Yangyu Niu and Haibin Shi

Mathematics 2025, 13(21), 3387; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13213387 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this paper, a novel robust optimal control strategy is proposed for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), simultaneously addressing two critical challenges in speed regulation: flux linkage degradation during long-term operation and abrupt load torque variations. The robust optimal control strategy is implemented [...] Read more.

In this paper, a novel robust optimal control strategy is proposed for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), simultaneously addressing two critical challenges in speed regulation: flux linkage degradation during long-term operation and abrupt load torque variations. The robust optimal control strategy is implemented through a combination of feedforward control and feedback control. A novel Variable-Gain Proportional Disturbance Observer (VGPDO) is proposed to simultaneously estimate time-varying flux linkage and torque disturbances in PMSM systems. The estimated disturbances are then compensated via a feedforward control loop, significantly improving the system’s robustness against parameter variations and external load changes. An optimal controller based on an actor-critic neural network provides feedback for optimal control performance. The uniform ultimate boundedness (UUB) of the proposed strategy is proved through Lyapunov stability analysis, and comprehensive simulation studies demonstrate the efficacy of both the proposed VGPDO and the proposed robust optimal control strategy. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 357 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Hybrid Education in Terms of Space, Time, Language, and Frameset

by Pedro Juan Roig, Salvador Alcaraz, Katja Gilly, Cristina Bernad and Carlos Juiz

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15111429 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Hybrid education is a model that combines different settings within the learning process. In this paper, four dimensions related to different features of the learning process are considered, namely, space, time, language, and frameset. The first one relates to its location, the second [...] Read more.

Hybrid education is a model that combines different settings within the learning process. In this paper, four dimensions related to different features of the learning process are considered, namely, space, time, language, and frameset. The first one relates to its location, the second one relates to when it takes place, the third one relates to how it is imparted, and the fourth one relates to the way in which it is conducted. The goal is to modify learning features in each session of a course to increase student engagement and improve academic performance. Additionally, this layout may also help students prepare for potential disruptive events in the future, which might have an impact on the way class sessions are run. The results obtained confirmed a statistically significant improvement in academic performance with respect to the previous course, which was taught in a traditional manner, as well as a high level of engagement. However, the actual sample size was not sufficient to detect the effect size achieved; hence, further research should be conducted with a larger sample size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue ICTs in Managing Education Environments)

16 pages, 4115 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Randomized Controlled Crossover Lifestyle Intervention to Improve Metabolic and Mental Health in Female Healthcare Night-Shift Workers

by Laura A. Robinson, Sarah Lennon, Alexandrea R. Pegel, Kelly P. Strickland, Christine A. Feeley, Sarah O. Watts, William J. Van Der Pol, Michael D. Roberts, Michael W. Greene and Andrew D. Frugé

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3342; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213342 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Circadian rhythm disruption caused by shift work alters metabolic and hormonal pathways, which accelerates chronic disease onset, leading to decreased quality and quantity of life. This study aimed to determine whether a practical lifestyle intervention emphasizing nutrition timing and recovery habits could [...] Read more.

Background: Circadian rhythm disruption caused by shift work alters metabolic and hormonal pathways, which accelerates chronic disease onset, leading to decreased quality and quantity of life. This study aimed to determine whether a practical lifestyle intervention emphasizing nutrition timing and recovery habits could mitigate the metabolic and psychological effects of night-shift work. We conducted a randomized, open-label, crossover trial with two 8-week periods. Methods: Female healthcare workers (n = 13) aged 18–50 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 27 and 40 kg/m² and working predominantly night shifts (≥30 h/week for ≥6 months) were randomized. During the 8-week intervention phase, participants received daily text messages with guidance on food, sleep/rest, and physical activity and were provided with whey protein isolate powder and grain-based snack bars to consume during work shifts. The program targeted improved nutrient timing, adequate protein intake, and structured rest without formal exercise training, allowing evaluation of dietary and behavioral effects feasible for this population. Total caloric (~30 kcal/kg lean mass) and protein (2 g/kg lean mass) needs were measured, along with sleep/rest goals of 6–8 h/24 h. Primary outcome measures were change in visceral fat percentage (VF%) by DXA and mental/physical quality of life (RAND SF-12). Secondary outcomes included fasting triglycerides, ALT, blood glucose, LDL, actigraphy, and fecal microbiome. Mixed-design two-way ANOVA was conducted to assess the effects of group (immediate [IG] and delayed [DG]), time (baseline, 8-week crossover, and week 16), and Group

\times

Time (GxT) interactions, and Bonferroni correction was applied to post hoc t-tests. Results: Eleven participants completed the study. Both groups increased dietary protein intake (p < 0.001), and a GxT interaction for VF% (p = 0.039) indicated DG reduced VF% to a greater extent (−0.335 ± 0.114% (p = 0.003) vs. 0.279 ± 0.543% (p = 0.158)). Mental and physical QOL, objectively measured physical activity and sleep, serum lipids and inflammatory markers, and fecal microbiota remained unchanged (p > 0.05 for all GxT). Conclusions: The findings suggest that targeted nutrition and recovery strategies can modestly improve dietary intake and visceral fat; however, consistent with prior work, interventions without structured exercise may be insufficient to reverse broader metabolic effects of circadian disruption. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT06158204, first registered: 28 November 2023. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

29 pages, 2616 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Real-Time Planning of Trailer Assignments in High-Throughput Cross-Docking Terminals

by Tamás Bányai and Sebastian Trojahn

Algorithms 2025, 18(11), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18110679 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Cross-docking has emerged as a critical logistics strategy to reduce lead times, lower inventory levels, and enhance supply chain responsiveness. However, in high-throughput terminals, efficient coordination of inbound and outbound trailers remains a complex task, especially under uncertain and dynamically changing conditions. We [...] Read more.

Cross-docking has emerged as a critical logistics strategy to reduce lead times, lower inventory levels, and enhance supply chain responsiveness. However, in high-throughput terminals, efficient coordination of inbound and outbound trailers remains a complex task, especially under uncertain and dynamically changing conditions. We propose a practical framework that helps logistics terminals assign trailers to docks in real time. It links live sensor data with a mathematical optimization model, so that the system can quickly adjust trailer plans when traffic or workload changes. Real-time data from IoT sensors, GPS, and operational records are preprocessed, enriched with predictive analytics, and used as input for a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model solved in rolling horizons. This enables the continuous reallocation of inbound and outbound trailers, ensuring synchronized flows and balanced dock utilization. Numerical experiments compare the adaptive approach with conventional first-come-first-served scheduling. Results show that average inbound dock utilization improves from 68% to 71%, while the share of periods with full utilization increases from 33.3% to 41.4%. Outbound utilization also rises from 57% to 62%. Moreover, trailer delays are significantly reduced, and the overall makespan shortens from 45 to 40 time slots. These findings confirm that adaptive, real-time trailer assignment can enhance efficiency, reliability, and resilience in cross-docking operations. The proposed framework thus bridges the gap between static optimization models and the operational requirements of modern, high-throughput logistics hubs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modelling in Engineering and Human Behaviour (4th Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 8183 KB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Protaetia Brevitarsis-Derived Protein Hydrolysates in Adipose Tissues of Obese Mice

by Jun-Koo Kang, Eun Hye Lee, Bo Hyun Yoon, Minji Jeon, Jae-Wook Chung, Phil Hyun Song, Tae Gyun Kwon, Yun-Sok Ha, So Young Chun, Syng-ook Lee and Bum Soo Kim

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10352; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110352 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Obesity is a major global health issue linked to metabolic disorders, chronic inflammation, and systemic complications, with high-fat diets (HFDs) playing a key role by disrupting intestinal balance and promoting oxidative stress. This study investigates Protaetia brevitarsis-derived protein hydrolysate (PBPH), an insect-derived bioactive [...] Read more.

Obesity is a major global health issue linked to metabolic disorders, chronic inflammation, and systemic complications, with high-fat diets (HFDs) playing a key role by disrupting intestinal balance and promoting oxidative stress. This study investigates Protaetia brevitarsis-derived protein hydrolysate (PBPH), an insect-derived bioactive peptide extract, as a potential intervention to counteract HFD-induced metabolic disturbances. Female ICR mice were divided into three groups: control diet, HFD, and HFD + PBPH, with PBPH (obtained by alcalase hydrolysis and ultrafiltration) administered daily for eight weeks. Researchers assessed adipokine levels, inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant enzymes, and apoptotic markers using qPCR, ELISA, histology, and immunohistochemistry. PBPH supplementation significantly improved metabolic parameters by lowering leptin, adipsin, resistin, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, while restoring antioxidant balance and reducing pro-apoptotic signals. Histological analyses confirmed preserved intestinal tissue and reduced inflammation. Overall, this study highlights PBPH’s promising therapeutic role in addressing obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions through its multifaceted effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. It underscores the potential of insect-derived peptides as sustainable, innovative dietary interventions for improving metabolic health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5345 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vibration Analysis of Aviation Electric Propulsion Test Stand with Active Main Rotor

by Rafał Kliza, Mirosław Wendeker, Paweł Drozd and Ksenia Siadkowska

Sensors 2025, 25(21), 6547; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216547 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper focuses on the vibration analysis of a prototype helicopter rotor test stand, with particular attention to the dynamic response of its electric propulsion system. The stand is driven by an induction motor and equipped with composite rotor blades of various geometries, [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the vibration analysis of a prototype helicopter rotor test stand, with particular attention to the dynamic response of its electric propulsion system. The stand is driven by an induction motor and equipped with composite rotor blades of various geometries, including blades with shape memory alloy (SMA)-based torsion actuators for angle of attack (AoA) adjustment. These variable geometries significantly influence the system’s dynamic behavior, where resonance phenomena may pose risks to structural integrity. The objective was to investigate how selected operational parameters specifically motor speed and AoA affect the vibration response of the propulsion system. Structural vibrations were measured using a tri-axial piezoelectric accelerometer system integrated with calibrated signal conditioning and high-resolution data acquisition modules. This setup enabled precise, time-synchronized recording of dynamic responses along all three axes. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) methods were applied to identify dominant frequency components, including those associated with rotor harmonics and SMA activation. The highest vibration amplitudes were observed at an AoA of 16°, but all results remained within the vibration limits defined by MIL-STD-810H for rotorcraft drive systems. The study confirms the importance of sensor-based diagnostics in evaluating electromechanical propulsion systems operating under dynamic loading conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fault Diagnosis & Sensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1271 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Assisted Binoculars Improve Learning in Novice Birders

by Christoph Randler and Florian Dechant

Birds 2025, 6(4), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/birds6040057 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

AI tools like Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) and apps like iNaturalist and Merlin are increasingly used in bird monitoring and species identification. The purpose of this study was to assess whether AI-assisted binoculars improve bird species knowledge, particularly in novice birders, and to [...] Read more.

AI tools like Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) and apps like iNaturalist and Merlin are increasingly used in bird monitoring and species identification. The purpose of this study was to assess whether AI-assisted binoculars improve bird species knowledge, particularly in novice birders, and to examine users’ motivation and experience. This study focuses on the learning impact of users, not data quality or accuracy of the device itself. Participants were recruited via social media, mostly novices (10 women, 9 men, 1 diverse). Four experimental groups (A–D, with N = 5 participants each) were designated. Participants used AI-supported binoculars to identify 10 bird species and the same binoculars with AI function switched off to identify another 10 bird species based on two sets of different species (counterbalanced to avoid order effects). This allowed a between-group as well as a within-subject comparison. We used a pre-test/post-test design for learning. Significant knowledge gains occurred only when using AI binoculars (Wilcoxon tests, p = 0.008). Pooled data across the intervention groups showed strong learning effects for AI-assisted users (Z = −3.736, p = 0.001). No significant learning occurred under control conditions. As a conclusion, AI-assisted binoculars significantly enhance bird identification learning in novices, but as a cautionary note, the study needs to be extended to live birds and in longitudinal settings. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 348 KB

Open AccessArticle

LLM Agents as Catalysts for Resilient DFT: An Orchestration-Based Framework Beyond Brittle Scripts

by Hailong Li, Yun Wang, Jian Liu and Haiyang Liu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11390; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111390 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

As the complexity of Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) circuits escalates, Design-for-Test (DFT) faces significant challenges. Traditional script-based automation flows are increasingly complex and present a high technical barrier for non-specialists. In order to overcome the above issue, this paper introduces DFTAgent, a novel framework [...] Read more.

As the complexity of Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) circuits escalates, Design-for-Test (DFT) faces significant challenges. Traditional script-based automation flows are increasingly complex and present a high technical barrier for non-specialists. In order to overcome the above issue, this paper introduces DFTAgent, a novel framework that leverages Large Language Models to intelligently orchestrate a DFT toolchain. DFTAgent is evaluated on the ISCAS’85, ISCAS’89, and ITC’99 benchmarks. The results demonstrate that DFTAgent successfully completes the complete ATPG task cycle, achieving fault coverage comparable to a manually scripted baseline while exhibiting significant advantages in flexibility and error handling. By abstracting complex DFT tools behind a natural language interface and a visual workflow, this approach promises to democratize access to advanced VLSI testing methodologies and accelerate design cycles. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 836 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coccidioidomycosis-Attributable Death in the United States: An Analysis of Cases Reported on Death Certificates, 2018–2023

by Huiqiao Fan, Fariba Donovan, Belinda Lovelace and Craig I. Coleman

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110766 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Contemporary data on coccidioidomycosis death rates are sparse. Death certificate data for 2018–2023 from the US National Vital Statistics System were evaluated. Coccidioidomycosis deaths were identified using diagnosis codes B38.x listed anywhere on certificates. Deaths and age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs)/1,000,000 people, with 95% [...] Read more.

Contemporary data on coccidioidomycosis death rates are sparse. Death certificate data for 2018–2023 from the US National Vital Statistics System were evaluated. Coccidioidomycosis deaths were identified using diagnosis codes B38.x listed anywhere on certificates. Deaths and age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs)/1,000,000 people, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were determined. We identified 1760 coccidioidomycosis-attributable deaths (AAMR = 0.75; 0.72–0.79). Most occurred in 55–74-year-olds (43.9%; corresponding AAMR = 1.72; 1.59–1.84). Males had a 2.69-fold increased AAMR versus females and American Indian or Alaska Native individuals had a 4.28-fold increased rate versus White individuals. Hispanics had a higher AAMR than the overall population (AAMR = 1.92; 1.76–2.08). AAMRs increased from 0.52 in 2019 to 0.79–0.94 in later years. Most (89.7%) death certificates were from endemic states, with Arizona having the highest AAMR. Seven hundred and thirteen certificates (40.5%) listed coccidioidomycosis as the primary cause of death, with 43.8% coded for pulmonary, 34.9% coded for disseminated, and 21.3% coded for unspecified coccidioidomycosis. Diabetes, COVID-19, and human immunodeficiency virus were more frequent on certificates with coccidioidomycosis versus without (RR range = 1.47–17.20). Mortality remained closely tied to demographic and geographic factors identified in prior studies, with county-level mapping revealing high-burden areas for targeted intervention. Coccidioidomycosis-attributable AAMRs rose over time, possibly influenced by concurrent COVID-19 infection. Only 40% of death certificates listed it as the primary cause, indicating that most patients experience chronic infection rather than death directly from the disease. These findings suggest the need for heightened clinical awareness of coccidioidomycosis, along with earlier diagnosis and prompt initiation of antifungal treatment in these high-risk groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 7998 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Wideband Multi-Polarized Microstrip Antenna with High Polarization Isolation Based on Dual-Circular Polarization

by Xuenan Wang, Hongcheng Zhou, Xinhui Wang, Xia Lei, Boyang Hao, Mian Zhong and Chao Zhou

Micromachines 2025, 16(11), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16111209 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

To address the limited overlapping bandwidth across polarization modes in conventional multi-polarized antennas, this paper proposes a wideband multi-polarized microstrip antenna with high polarization isolation. Based on the theory of orthogonal dual-circular polarization synthesis, the proposed antenna achieves left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and [...] Read more.

To address the limited overlapping bandwidth across polarization modes in conventional multi-polarized antennas, this paper proposes a wideband multi-polarized microstrip antenna with high polarization isolation. Based on the theory of orthogonal dual-circular polarization synthesis, the proposed antenna achieves left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) under a single-port excitation mode, and can generate arbitrary linear polarization (LP) by simply adjusting the phase when dual-fed. For verification, a prototype operating at the C-band is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results agree well with the simulations. For linear polarization, the measured 10 dB bandwidth ranges from 4 GHz to 8 GHz (relative bandwidth of 66.7%), with polarization isolation exceeding 26 dB. For circular polarization, the measured bandwidth (for 10 dB return loss and 3 dB axial ratio) spans 4.1–8 GHz (relative bandwidth of 64.5%), with polarization isolation greater than 15 dB. The linear polarization gain is slightly higher than the circular polarization gain, with a maximum gain of 4.3 dB. The proposed antenna simultaneously features multi-polarization, a wide bandwidth, a low profile (0.03 λ₀), and high polarization isolation, which can meet the urgent demand for multi-polarized antennas in modern multi-functional integrated wireless systems, such as communication systems, radar, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of MEMS, 3D Printing, and Nano-Enabled Technologies in Wireless Communication and Sensing Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 282 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Breakthroughs in Interdisciplinary Research with High-Energy Accelerators by Guido Barbiellini

by Antonio Bianconi

Condens. Matter 2025, 10(4), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10040054 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The National Laboratories in Frascati (LNF INFN) were conceived and created by a group of collaborators of Enrico Fermi, including Edoardo Amaldi, Gilberto Bernardini, and Enrico Persico, after World War II, with the goal of hosting a 1 GeV electron synchrotron for nuclear [...] Read more.

The National Laboratories in Frascati (LNF INFN) were conceived and created by a group of collaborators of Enrico Fermi, including Edoardo Amaldi, Gilberto Bernardini, and Enrico Persico, after World War II, with the goal of hosting a 1 GeV electron synchrotron for nuclear physics [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Universe Observed With Particle Detectors: Celebrating the Scientific Legacy of Prof. Guido Barbiellini Amidei)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 8250 KB

Open AccessArticle

Solvent Annealing Influence of PEDOT on Its Electrochemical and Electrochromic Properties

by Kaiwen Lin, Yuying Jiang, Qinran Chen, Wangdaiqi Kong, Ruiyu Luo, Qianhui Zhou and Hao Liu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211620 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The study of effect of solvent annealing on the optoelectronic properties of polymers is not new research hotspot, but the influence of solvent annealing on the electrochemical and electrochromic properties of PEDOT remains unexplored. This paper investigates the effects of three different solvents—chlorobenzene [...] Read more.

The study of effect of solvent annealing on the optoelectronic properties of polymers is not new research hotspot, but the influence of solvent annealing on the electrochemical and electrochromic properties of PEDOT remains unexplored. This paper investigates the effects of three different solvents—chlorobenzene (CB), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and dimethylformamide (DMF)—on the self-assembly of PEDOT films and compares their thermal, morphological, electrochemical, and electrochromic properties. PEDOT annealed with DMF exhibits a highly crystalline film morphology, which increases the difficulty of ionic doping/undoping and leads to suboptimal electrochemical and electrochromic stability. After CB annealing, PEDOT forms a relatively gentle melting peak. In addition to a certain degree of crystallinity, the polymer film also exhibits cracking, which severely impairs the electrochromic performance. After THF annealing, PEDOT exhibits a gentler melting peak, a surface morphology that is more favorable for electrochemical and electrochromic performance, ultimately achieving an optical contrast of 28%, the fastest response time of 1.1 s, and the highest coloration efficiency of 184 cm² C⁻¹. The impact of solvent annealing on PEDOT’s electrochromism is significantly different, which will guide the electrochemical and electrochromic properties of PEDOT analogs and derivatives under the influence of different solvents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscale Materials and (Flexible) Devices: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3279 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Microfluidic System for One-Stop Multiplexed Exosomal PD-L1 and MMP9 Automated Analysis with Deep Learning Model YOLO

by Yunxing Lu, Wenjing Zhang, Qiang Shi, Jianan Hui, Jieyu Wang, Yiman Song and Xiaoyue Yang

Micromachines 2025, 16(11), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16111208 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

While immune escape and physical invasion are two key pathways in tumor development, traditional methods for analyzing their exosomal markers are often complex and face identification bias. Microfluidic technology offers significant advantages for non-invasive liquid biopsy, particularly in the analysis of tumor progression [...] Read more.

While immune escape and physical invasion are two key pathways in tumor development, traditional methods for analyzing their exosomal markers are often complex and face identification bias. Microfluidic technology offers significant advantages for non-invasive liquid biopsy, particularly in the analysis of tumor progression markers carried by exosomes. Here, we developed an integrated microfluidic system for the sensitive, accurate, totally on-chip exosome isolation and automatic quantification of tumor progression markers PD-L1 and MMP9. This platform leverages microfluidic design principles for efficient sample mixing and monodisperses microbeads for precise analysis, allowing for complete processing within 40 min. The system’s high efficiency and precision are further enhanced by a lightweight YOLOv5-based positional migration strategy that automates fluorescence quantification. Validation using four different cell lines demonstrated distinct exosomal protein signatures with a low detection limit of 12.58 particles/μL. This innovative microfluidic chip provides a sensitive and easy-to-handle tool for exosomal marker analysis, holding great potential for cancer identification and personalized therapy guidance in the era of point-of-care testing (POCT). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microfluidic Systems for Biomedical Analysis, Detection and Diagnosis—Second Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4244 KB

Open AccessArticle

Case Study on Investigation of Electrical Cabinet Fire Caused by Poor Electrical Contact

by Jing Zhang, Changzheng Li, Guofeng Su and Wenzhong Mi

Fire 2025, 8(11), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8110412 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Electrical cabinet fire is a prevalent type of electrical fire. It can result in significant casualties and major damage to residential dwellings, chemical plants, or other facilities. This study proposes an investigation methodology for electrical cabinet fires. It includes evidence collection and reasoning [...] Read more.

Electrical cabinet fire is a prevalent type of electrical fire. It can result in significant casualties and major damage to residential dwellings, chemical plants, or other facilities. This study proposes an investigation methodology for electrical cabinet fires. It includes evidence collection and reasoning inference, reverse deduction, and comprehensive analysis. Using a cabinet fire as a case study, macro and micro trace analyses are performed utilizing a stereomicroscope, a scanning electron microscope, and an energy-dispersive spectrometer. The typical characteristics of traces, encompassing melting marks, arc beads, and displacement, are summarized. The evidence suggests that poor electrical contact is the primary cause. A thermal–electrical–mechanical coupling model is developed to simulate poor contact on copper busbars. The results reveal that thermal stress caused by local overheating can lead to the deformation and displacement of the busbar. The calculation indicates that the temperature rise triggered by poor contact can reach 1040 °C. The maximum displacement of the busbar caused by thermal stress is 6.2 mm. Force analysis indicates that one busbar will descend under gravity and come into contact with another busbar of a different phase. The short circuit triggered by direct contact caused fire. To prevent such accidents, it is essential to verify that the specifications of bolts correspond to those of screw holes to avoid poor contact. Furthermore, insulating plates should be installed between distinct-phase busbars to prevent short circuits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Fire and Urban Fire Research: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5879 KB

Open AccessReview

Synthesis, Photophysical Mechanisms, and Applications of Luminescent Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Metal Halides

by Zhenwen Sheng, Suqin Wang, Bo Shao, Yu He, Zhuang Liu, Hui Zhu and Zhi Sheng

Inorganics 2025, 13(11), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13110347 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Organic–inorganic hybrid metal halides (OIMHs) have attracted widespread attention due to their unique chemical properties, excellent electronic performance, and low-cost fabrication processes. These hybrid materials impose fewer size constraints on the organic components, providing an exciting platform for the molecular-level design of new [...] Read more.

Organic–inorganic hybrid metal halides (OIMHs) have attracted widespread attention due to their unique chemical properties, excellent electronic performance, and low-cost fabrication processes. These hybrid materials impose fewer size constraints on the organic components, providing an exciting platform for the molecular-level design of new materials and functionalities. In this review, we discuss the latest progress in OIMHs. Specifically, we summarize recent advances in their structures, synthetic strategies, and luminescence mechanisms, and highlight their applications in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), information encryption and anti-counterfeiting, sensors, and X-ray imaging. Finally, we discuss the challenges related to structural design, mechanistic understanding, and stability, along with perspectives on future opportunities for OIMHs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1021 KB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Enabling Data-Based Management in Healthcare: Insights from Case Studies of Eye Hospitals

by Ganesh-Babu Balu Subburaman, Sachin Gupta, Thulasiraj Ravilla, Helen Mertens, Carroll A. B. Webers and Frits van Merode

Hospitals 2025, 2(4), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/hospitals2040025 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Hospitals are complex systems that function most effectively when operations are coordinated and supported by real-time information and feedback loops. Sustained growth, quality improvement, and financial viability increasingly rely on data-based management (DBM), yet adoption and use vary widely across healthcare institutions. This [...] Read more.

Hospitals are complex systems that function most effectively when operations are coordinated and supported by real-time information and feedback loops. Sustained growth, quality improvement, and financial viability increasingly rely on data-based management (DBM), yet adoption and use vary widely across healthcare institutions. This study examined the enabling and hindering factors influencing DBM, with the aim of generating insights to strengthen data use and improve management of eye hospitals. A qualitative multiple case study design was employed in six purposefully selected eye hospitals in India, varying in size and baseline capacity for DBM. At each site, five to six key personnel were interviewed. Data collection involved audio-recorded interviews, transcripts, and field notes, and analysis followed a grounded theory approach using open and axial coding to identify themes, relationships, and develop a conceptual framework. Findings reaffirmed the core enablers—leadership commitment, data availability, and technology adoption. Additional drivers included operational adaptability, regulatory demands, systematic improvement practices, daily reporting, information policies, and the use of communication platforms such as WhatsApp. Key barriers were incomplete data entry, software limitations, inadequate analytical reporting, and inconsistent adherence to processes. Overall, effective DBM requires both foundational enablers and contextual drivers, while addressing barriers to institutionalizing data use and improving outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Health Services Optimization, Improvement, and Management: Worldwide Experiences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 988 KB

Open AccessArticle

Profoundly Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus and Social Disadvantage Among Hospitalized Patients with Mucormycosis in Central California

by Almira Opardija, Krishna Ragavachari Suresh, Pavel Diaz, Yueqi Yan and Geetha Sivasubramanian

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110765 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Mucormycosis (MCM) is an opportunistic fungal infection in immunocompromised hosts, most commonly associated with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (DM). We conducted a retrospective review of 45 MCM cases diagnosed between 2010 and 2023 at a referral center in Central California, a region with [...] Read more.

Mucormycosis (MCM) is an opportunistic fungal infection in immunocompromised hosts, most commonly associated with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (DM). We conducted a retrospective review of 45 MCM cases diagnosed between 2010 and 2023 at a referral center in Central California, a region with high DM prevalence and significant healthcare disparities. Clinical features, histopathology, microbiology, treatment, and outcomes were analyzed. Ninety-six percent of patients had DM, and 69% had no other predisposing condition. Glycemic control was markedly poor: 36% had HbA1c > 10%, and 61% had HbA1c > 8%. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) was present in 19% of patients and associated with 100% mortality. Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) accounted for 60% of cases and carried a 70% mortality rate. Angioinvasion, confirmed in 62% of biopsied cases, significantly increased mortality (69% vs. 28%, p = 0.015). In-hospital mortality remained high at 58%, consistent with outcomes reported in other high-burden settings. Over 60% of patients identified as Hispanic. ZIP code–based analyses revealed that 75% of individuals lived in neighborhoods with Healthy Places Index (HPI) scores below the 25th percentile, and 64% resided in areas with a Social Deprivation Index (SDI) of 85 or higher, indicating entrenched structural disadvantage. Our findings highlight that MCM in Central California disproportionately affects individuals with uncontrolled DM living in socially deprived areas. These data underscore the need for early diagnosis, targeted antifungal therapy, and upstream public health interventions addressing diabetes management and healthcare access. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 3121 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Technology Roadmap for the Açaí Value-Chain Valorization

by Fernanda Cardoso, Silvio Vaz Junior, Mariana Doria and Suzana Borschiver

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9448; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219448 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Açaí, a berry emblematic of Amazonian biodiversity, is a major Brazilian product whose market value is largely concentrated in its pulp, leaving the residual biomass—particularly the fibrous seed—underexploited and typically discarded in landfills, with negative environmental and social consequences. To address this gap, [...] Read more.

Açaí, a berry emblematic of Amazonian biodiversity, is a major Brazilian product whose market value is largely concentrated in its pulp, leaving the residual biomass—particularly the fibrous seed—underexploited and typically discarded in landfills, with negative environmental and social consequences. To address this gap, this study employs a systematic technology roadmapping approach, integrating bibliometric analysis, patent landscaping, and expert consultations to consolidate fragmented data. This methodology enables the mapping of innovation trajectories across technology readiness levels, product categories, market segments, and key stakeholders. The roadmap identifies emerging trends and opportunity windows for valorizing açaí biomass via integrated biorefinery approaches, moving beyond traditional low-complexity uses such as thermal energy and seed-derived coffee substitutes. The highlighted products include pharmaceutical extracts, cosmetic ingredients, nanopapers, and cellulose nanocrystals, leveraging the biomass’s biochemical composition, notably antioxidants, mannose, and inulin. This methodological framework facilitates a dynamic analysis of technological maturation and market evolution, offering strategic insights to guide industrial investments and policy development. Findings indicate that biorefinery integration enhances resource efficiency and product diversification, situating açaí biomass valorization within broader bioeconomy strategies. The study demonstrates the efficacy of technology roadmapping in structuring prospective innovation pathways and in supporting the sustainable utilization of the Amazonian biomass. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 250 KB

Open AccessArticle

Feline Divinanimality: Starseed Soteriology and Lyran Ontology

by Tom Berendt

Religions 2025, 16(11), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16111341 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper analyzes the entangled relationship between feline divinanimality and extraterrestrial ontology, which has spawned a New Religious Movement (NRM) called Lyran Starseeds, centered upon a human–feline interspecies coevolution and exogenesis. Alongside offering a detailed exposition of this new intergalactic creature exotheology, I [...] Read more.

This paper analyzes the entangled relationship between feline divinanimality and extraterrestrial ontology, which has spawned a New Religious Movement (NRM) called Lyran Starseeds, centered upon a human–feline interspecies coevolution and exogenesis. Alongside offering a detailed exposition of this new intergalactic creature exotheology, I will also analyze the many ways it has been inspired by historical feline veneration and contemporary science fiction film and literature. I shall argue that both offer Lyran Starseeds an epistemological framework to situate and legitimize their intergalactic feline ontology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transdisciplinary Theological Study: Animals, Divinanimality, and Creaturely Theology)

28 pages, 7188 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Real-World Case Study of Solar Pv Integration for Ev Charging and Residential Energy Demand in Ireland

by Mohammed Albaba, Morgan Pierce and Bülent Yeşilata

Sustainability 2025, 17(21), 9447; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17219447 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The integration of residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems with electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure offers significant potential for reducing carbon emissions and enhancing energy autonomy. This study presents a real-world case of a solar-powered EV charging system installed at a residential property in [...] Read more.

The integration of residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems with electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure offers significant potential for reducing carbon emissions and enhancing energy autonomy. This study presents a real-world case of a solar-powered EV charging system installed at a residential property in Dublin, Ireland. Unlike prior studies that rely solely on simulation, this work covers the complete process from digital design using OpenSolar to on-site installation and performance evaluation. The system includes 16 high-efficiency solar panels (435 W each), a 4 kW hybrid inverter, a 5.3 kWh lithium-ion battery, and a smart EV charger. Real-time monitoring tools were used to collect energy performance data post-installation. The results indicate that 67% of the household’s solar energy was self-consumed, leading to a 50% reduction in electricity costs. In summer 2024, the client achieved full grid independence and received a €90 credit through feed-in tariffs. The system also enabled free EV charging and generated environmental benefits equivalent to planting 315 trees. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the practical feasibility and economic–environmental advantages of integrated PV–EV systems in temperate climates. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4280 KB

Open AccessArticle

Constraints of Rural Tourism’s Contribution to Local Economic Development and Intervention Mechanisms—Evidence from Shandong Province, China

by Amare Nega Wondirad, Yuanqi Cui, Yue Ma and Jingya Wang

Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(5), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6050223 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

For visitors who live in the modern, hectic, and bustling city life, rural destinations provide an alternative to escape in a serene environment. Rural tourism also promotes community development, rural restructuring, and capital redistribution. Prior studies paid little attention to the role that [...] Read more.

For visitors who live in the modern, hectic, and bustling city life, rural destinations provide an alternative to escape in a serene environment. Rural tourism also promotes community development, rural restructuring, and capital redistribution. Prior studies paid little attention to the role that rural tourism plays in local economic development. Particularly, what hinders rural tourism’s contribution to sustainable local economic development is inadequately examined. To address this gap in the literature, the current study explores the contribution of rural tourism to local economic development, using Shandong Province as a context. Research participants perceive that rural tourism makes positive contributions to sustainable local economic development by increasing household income, facilitating capital redistribution, and promoting rural entrepreneurship. However, its contribution has been constrained by financial, structural, marketing, and technological factors. Research implications are discussed, and avenues for future research are suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Development Opportunities for Tourism in Rural Areas)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 3150 KB

Open AccessArticle

Zinc-Modified Mordenite Zeolite as a Molecular Carrier for Donepezil: A Framework for Drug Delivery Applications

by Diana Guaya, Lupe Carolina Espinoza, Ximena Jaramillo-Fierro, Dagmar Gualotuña Campoverde, Lilian Sosa and Ana Cristina Calpena

Molecules 2025, 30(21), 4174; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30214174 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The development of advanced drug delivery systems is essential for improving therapeutic efficacy, particularly in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. This study investigates zinc-modified mordenite zeolite (MR-ZN) as a novel platform for the controlled delivery of donepezil (DPZ), a [...] Read more.

The development of advanced drug delivery systems is essential for improving therapeutic efficacy, particularly in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. This study investigates zinc-modified mordenite zeolite (MR-ZN) as a novel platform for the controlled delivery of donepezil (DPZ), a cholinesterase inhibitor. Natural mordenite was modified with zinc, enhancing its surface area from 62.1 to 85.4 m²/g and improving its adsorption properties. Donepezil was successfully loaded at two doses (10 mg and 23 mg), achieving high loading efficiencies of 95% and 94%, respectively. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model (R² > 0.99), indicating that chemisorption predominates through coordination between DPZ functional groups and Zn²⁺ sites, while complementary physisorption via hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions also contributes to molecular stabilization within the zeolite framework. In vitro release studies under simulated gastrointestinal conditions demonstrated sustained and pH-responsive release profile with 80% and 82% of donepezil released after 24 h for 10 mg and 23 mg formulations, respectively. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations revealed favorable adsorption energy (−26.4 kJ/mol), while Bader and Electron Localization Function (ELF) analyses confirmed hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions without compromising the zeolite framework. These findings validate MR-ZN as structurally stable, efficient, cost-effective and biocompatible matrix for oral drug delivery. The combination of experimental data and theoretical modeling supports its potential to improve bioavailability and therapeutic performance in neurodegenerative treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Synthesis, and Application of Zeolite Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2734 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of CaO/SiO₂ and MgO/Al₂O₃ on the Metallurgical Properties of Low Boron-Bearing High-Alumina Slag

by Ye Sun, Zuoliang Zhang, Chunlei Wu and Zhenggen Liu

Inorganics 2025, 13(11), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13110346 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

For optimizing the operational efficiency and productivity within blast furnace processes, a profound understanding of the viscous flow characteristics of CaO–SiO₂–MgO–Al₂O₃–B₂O₃ slag systems is of paramount importance. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive [...] Read more.

For optimizing the operational efficiency and productivity within blast furnace processes, a profound understanding of the viscous flow characteristics of CaO–SiO₂–MgO–Al₂O₃–B₂O₃ slag systems is of paramount importance. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the influence of the CaO/SiO₂ and MgO/Al₂O₃ ratios on the viscosity, break point temperature (T_Br), and activation energy (E_η) of low boron-bearing high-alumina slag. Concurrently, we elucidated the underlying mechanisms through which these ratios affect the viscous behavior of the slag by employing a combination of analytical techniques, including X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermodynamic modeling using the Factsage software. The experimental findings reveal that, as the CaO/SiO₂ ratio increases from 1.10 to 1.30, the slag viscosity at 1773 K decreases from 0.316 Pa·s to 0.227 Pa·s, while both the T_Br and E_η exhibit an upward trend, rising from 1534 K and 117.01 kJ·mol⁻¹ to 1583 K and 182.86 kJ·mol⁻¹, respectively. Conversely, an elevation in the MgO/Al₂O₃ ratio from 0.40 to 0.65 results in a reduction in slag viscosity at 1773 K from 0.290 Pa·s to 0.208 Pa·s, accompanied by a decrease in T_Br from 1567 K to 1542 K. The observed deterioration in slag flow properties can be attributed to an enhanced polymerization degree of complex viscous structural units within the slag matrix. Ultimately, our study identifies that an optimal viscous performance of the slag is achieved when the CaO/SiO₂ ratio is maintained at 1.25 and the MgO/Al₂O₃ ratio is maintained at 0.55, providing valuable insights for the rational design and control of blast furnace slag systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mixed Metal Oxides, 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 915 KB

Open AccessReview

Endocannabinoid System in Sepsis: A Scoping Review

by Brandon Thai, Hideaki Yamamoto, Aristides Koutrouvelis and Satoshi Yamamoto

Anesth. Res. 2025, 2(4), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/anesthres2040024 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome marked by a dysregulated host response to infection, resulting in systemic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and high mortality globally. Despite advancements in supportive care, effective immunomodulatory therapies remain elusive, necessitating exploration of novel biological pathways and subsequent therapeutic development. [...] Read more.

Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome marked by a dysregulated host response to infection, resulting in systemic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and high mortality globally. Despite advancements in supportive care, effective immunomodulatory therapies remain elusive, necessitating exploration of novel biological pathways and subsequent therapeutic development. The endocannabinoid system (ECS), which regulates immune function and homeostasis, has emerged as a key modulator of immunological and metabolic pathways central to sepsis pathophysiology. The ECS mediates its effects through endogenous ligands, G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB1), and regulatory enzymes that control its synthesis and degradation. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, this scoping review synthesizes current evidence on the mechanistic roles of ECS components in experimental and clinical models of sepsis, identifies knowledge gaps, and delineates future areas of work. A comprehensive literature search across multiple databases without restrictions on date or publication type was executed to ensure broad coverage of original studies investigating ECS mechanisms and their intersection with sepsis and septic shock. Across 53 studies, CB2 receptor activation was consistently associated with anti-inflammatory process, organ-protective outcomes, and increased survival rates against septic challenges in preclinical rodent models. CB1 receptor activation trends, however, showed context dependent outcomes. Central antagonism improved hemodynamics and survival rate, but peripheral effects varied with cell type and timing. Non-canonical ECS components (TRPV1, GPR55, PPAR-α, FAAH, MAGL) also contributed to neuroimmune and metabolic regulation. Limited clinical data linked ECS lipid profiles and gene expression with sepsis severity and outcomes. Collectively, ECS modulation, particularly CB2 agonism, TRPV1 activation, and FAAH/MAGL inhibition, shows promise in mitigating sepsis-induced inflammation and organ dysfunction. However, complex, context-dependent effects, especially involving CB1, highlight the need for precision-targeted therapeutic approaches. Further preclinical research is needed to expand generalizable trends to allow translational research to refine ECS-based interventions for sepsis management. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 541 KB

Open AccessReview

ATP Citrate Lyase in Lipid Metabolism: Comparative Insights Across Eukaryotes with Emphasis on Yarrowia lipolytica

by Stylianos Fakas and Ayodeji Odunsi

Lipidology 2025, 2(4), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/lipidology2040020 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

ATP citrate lyase (ACL) is a highly conserved enzyme across eukaryotes that catalyzes the generation of cytosolic acetyl-CoA from citrate—a pivotal step linking central carbon metabolism to lipid biosynthesis. In the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, ACL is encoded by two genes, ACL1 [...] Read more.

ATP citrate lyase (ACL) is a highly conserved enzyme across eukaryotes that catalyzes the generation of cytosolic acetyl-CoA from citrate—a pivotal step linking central carbon metabolism to lipid biosynthesis. In the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, ACL is encoded by two genes, ACL1 and ACL2, forming a heteromeric complex that mirrors the multidomain architecture of the single-chain ACL enzymes found in mammals and plants. This conservation of catalytic architecture reflects a shared catalytic strategy across kingdoms, underscoring ACL’s fundamental role in metabolic integration. In Y. lipolytica, ACL is essential for directing mitochondrial citrate toward acetyl-CoA production and subsequent lipid accumulation. Yet, in contrast to well-characterized ACLs in animals and plants, the functional mechanisms and regulation of yeast ACL remain incompletely understood. A deeper understanding of ACL in Y. lipolytica offers not only evolutionary insights but also potential avenues for engineering lipid overproduction in microbial systems. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

23 pages, 2203 KB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of Winter Wheat Accessions from International Variety Trials for Drought Resistance in Southeastern Kazakhstan

by Karlyga Jiyenbayeva, Minura Yessimbekova, Sholpan Bastaubayeva, Alexey Morgounov and Kadyrzhan Mukin

Crops 2025, 5(6), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/crops5060076 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Wheat production, globally and in Kazakhstan, is significantly limited by heat stress and drought. The evaluation of agronomic traits related to yield under stress conditions is crucial for identifying yield-limiting factors and selecting drought-tolerant germplasm. The aim of this study was to evaluate [...] Read more.

Wheat production, globally and in Kazakhstan, is significantly limited by heat stress and drought. The evaluation of agronomic traits related to yield under stress conditions is crucial for identifying yield-limiting factors and selecting drought-tolerant germplasm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability of the main agronomic and physiological characteristics of 45 winter wheat collection accessions obtained during CIMMYT international variety trials (23IWWYT-IRR and 22IWWYT-SA) in the arid conditions of Southeastern Kazakhstan (foothills of the Zailiyskiy Alatau, 48° N, 77° E, 740 m above sea level) and to identify drought-resistant germplasm. As a result of three years of research (2019–2022) under drought conditions during the 2020–2021 growing season with a high negative environment index (Ij = −3.07), three adapted genotypes were identified: BONITO-37/MV10-2000, LYMARIVNA, and OK12D22004-016. They had yields of 5.3, 5.6, and 5.2 t/ha, respectively, significantly exceeding the yield of the local commercial variety STEKLOVIDNAYA 24 by 15.4–22.8%. The correlation coefficient between productivity variables was significant and varied from 0.55 ** to 0.82 ***. The percentage decrease in yield under drought conditions was 72.3%, while the drought resistance index was 0.27. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 861 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Advanced Predictive Controllers for IPMSMs in BEV and PHEV Traction Applications

by Romain Cocogne, Sebastien Bilavarn, Mostafa El-Mokadem and Khaled Douzane

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(11), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16110592 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The adoption of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) in Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) drives the need for innovative approaches to improve control performance and power conversion efficiency. This paper aims at evaluating advanced Model Predictive Control [...] Read more.

The adoption of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) in Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) drives the need for innovative approaches to improve control performance and power conversion efficiency. This paper aims at evaluating advanced Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategies for IPMSM drives in a methodic comparison with the most widespread Field Oriented Control (FOC). Different extensions of direct Finite Control Set MPC (FCS-MPC) and indirect Continuous Control Set MPC (CCS-MPC) MPCs are considered and evaluated in terms of reference tracking performance, robustness, power efficiency, and complexity based on Matlab, Simulink™ simulations. Results confirm the inherent better control quality of MPCs over FOC in general and allow us to further identify some possible directions for improvement. Moreover, indirect MPCs perform better, but complexity may prevent them from supporting real-time implementation in some cases. On the other hand, direct MPCs are less complex and reduce inverter losses but at the cost of increased Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and decreased robustness to parameters deviations. These results also highlight various trade-offs between different predictive control strategies and their feasibility for high-performance automotive applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propulsion Systems and Components)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI