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8 pages, 758 KiB  
Case Report
Feasibility of Laparoscopic Removal of the Largest Documented Uterine Fibroid Without Morcellation
by Jacek J. Sznurkowski and Jakub Wnuk
Reports 2025, 8(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8020071 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
Background and Clinical Significance: Uterine fibroids affect up to 25% of women of reproductive age and can lead to significant symptoms or impact fertility, often requiring surgical management. While hysteroscopic myomectomy is suitable for intracavitary fibroids, intramural and subserosal fibroids typically necessitate [...] Read more.
Background and Clinical Significance: Uterine fibroids affect up to 25% of women of reproductive age and can lead to significant symptoms or impact fertility, often requiring surgical management. While hysteroscopic myomectomy is suitable for intracavitary fibroids, intramural and subserosal fibroids typically necessitate open or minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Laparoscopic approaches offer notable advantages, including reduced postoperative pain and faster recovery. However, MIS is frequently avoided in cases of very large fibroids due to technical difficulty and concerns about safe tissue extraction. Power morcellation, previously used for specimen removal, has fallen out of favor due to the risk of disseminating occult malignancies, especially in women over 35. Therefore, establishing the feasibility of MIS without morcellation in such cases is essential. Case Presentation: A woman of reproductive age presented with a symptomatic uterine fibroid measuring approximately 4 kg (1500 cm3). Laparoscopic myomectomy was performed using a modified trocar entry technique and contained tissue fragmentation, avoiding morcellation. The operation was completed successfully without complications. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day two. Histopathological examination confirmed a benign leiomyoma. Conclusions: This case highlights the feasibility of laparoscopic removal of an exceptionally large uterine fibroid without morcellation. Through careful patient selection, strategic trocar placement, and controlled tissue fragmentation, MIS can be safely performed in select high-volume cases. These findings support reconsidering the size limitations of laparoscopic myomectomy when conducted by experienced surgeons using appropriate techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics/Gynaecology)
5 pages, 155 KiB  
Editorial
Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Technology: Advances and Challenges
by Marcos Aviles, Saul Tovar-Arriaga, Gerardo Israel Pérez-Soto, Karla A. Camarillo-Gómez and Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz
Technologies 2025, 13(5), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13050208 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has had an increasingly widespread presence in biomedical technology in recent years [...]  Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Healthcare: Biomedical Technology and Integrated Artificial Intelligence 2nd Edition)
20 pages, 34946 KiB  
Article
Feasibility of Bamboo Sawdust as Sustainable Alternative Substrate for Auricularia heimuer Cultivation
by Ya-Hui Wang, Cong-Sheng Yan, Yong-Jin Deng, Zheng-Fu Zhu, Hua-An Sun, Hui-Ping Li, Hong-Yuan Zhao and Guo-Qing Li
J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050387 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
With the increasing scarcity of traditional hardwood sawdust resources, developing sustainable substrates for edible fungi cultivation has become an urgent industrial priority. This study systematically evaluated the effects of bamboo sawdust substitutions (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) on mycelial growth, fruiting body development, [...] Read more.
With the increasing scarcity of traditional hardwood sawdust resources, developing sustainable substrates for edible fungi cultivation has become an urgent industrial priority. This study systematically evaluated the effects of bamboo sawdust substitutions (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) on mycelial growth, fruiting body development, and nutritional quality of Auricularia heimuer, while elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms through transcriptome sequencing. The results demonstrated that bamboo substitution of ≤30% maintained normal mycelial growth and fruiting body differentiation, with 20% and 30% substitutions increasing yields by 5.30% and 3.70%, respectively, compared to the control. However, 50% substitution significantly reduced yield by 9.49%. Nutritional analysis revealed that 20–40% bamboo substitution significantly enhanced the contents of crude protein, polysaccharides, and essential minerals (calcium, iron, and selenium) in fruiting bodies. Transcriptome analysis identified upregulation of glycosyl hydrolase family genes and downregulation of redox-related genes with increasing bamboo proportions. Biochemical assays confirmed these findings, showing decreased oxidative substances and increased reductive compounds in mycelia grown with high bamboo content, which indicate disrupted cellular redox homeostasis. This study provides both a practical solution to alleviate the “edible mushrooms derived from lignicolous fungi–forest conflict” and fundamental insights into fungal adaptation mechanisms to non-wood substrates, thus establishing a theoretical foundation for the valorization of agricultural and forestry wastes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Sustainable Applications and the Circular Economy: A Themed Issue Dedicated to Academician Yu Li)
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26 pages, 2473 KiB  
Article
Design of a Controller for Supercapacitor’s Bidirectional High-Gain Interleaved Converter
by Jessica C. A. Sousa, Thiago M. Soares, Jonathan M. Tabora and Hugo G. Lott
Energies 2025, 18(10), 2605; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102605 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
This study focuses on the mathematical modeling, control design, and analysis of an interleaved bidirectional high-voltage-gain DC-DC converter for energy management in supercapacitors. The state of the art is reviewed, with an emphasis on research related to DC-DC converters and energy storage systems. [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the mathematical modeling, control design, and analysis of an interleaved bidirectional high-voltage-gain DC-DC converter for energy management in supercapacitors. The state of the art is reviewed, with an emphasis on research related to DC-DC converters and energy storage systems. The characteristics and modeling of the supercapacitors are thoroughly analyzed. The converter’s operation in both buck and boost modes is described, detailing its operating stages, design parameters, and component sizing. The modeling accounts for the dynamics of the converter in both operational modes. PI controllers and compensation techniques were implemented to ensure the desired performance and meet the design criteria. Simulations were conducted using PSIM software, version 2023.1, with a power flow of 1 kW, a 48 V DC bus (buck mode), and a 162 V supercapacitor module (boost mode), operating at 500 kHz. The performance of the controllers was evaluated during both the charging and discharging processes of the supercapacitor, analyzing the dynamic response and behavior in the continuous mode, even in the presence of system disturbances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 4th Edition)
15 pages, 6028 KiB  
Article
Crystalline Li-Ta-Oxychlorides with Lithium Superionic Conduction
by Hao-Tian Bao, Bo-Qun Cao and Gang-Qin Shao
Crystals 2025, 15(5), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15050475 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
Nowadays, some amorphous and microcrystalline solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) with dual anions have attained high ionic conductivity and good compatibility with electrodes in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs). In this work, crystalline SSEs of series A (Li1+xTaO1+xCl4−x [...] Read more.
Nowadays, some amorphous and microcrystalline solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) with dual anions have attained high ionic conductivity and good compatibility with electrodes in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs). In this work, crystalline SSEs of series A (Li1+xTaO1+xCl4−x, −0.70 ≤ x ≤ 0.50) and B (LiTaO2+yCl2−2y, −1.22 ≤ y ≤ 0), having great application potential well over ambient temperatures, were prepared at 260–460 °C for 2–10 h using Li2O, TaCl5, and LiTaO3 as the raw materials. The three-phase coexisting samples attained high σ values ranging from 5.20 to 7.35 mS cm−1, which are among the reported high values of amorphous co-essential SSEs and other alloplasmatic crystalline ones. It is attributed to the synergistic effect of the polyanion trans-[O2Cl4] and cis-[O4Cl2] octahedra framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Structure and Application of Metal Halides)
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14 pages, 7452 KiB  
Article
Establishment and Implementation of the Point-of-Care RT-RAA-CRISPR/Cas13a Diagnostic Test for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O in Pigs
by Ping Meng, Bo Ni, Chenyu Li, Zhou Sha, Chunju Liu, Weijie Ren, Rong Wei, Fuxiao Liu, Jinming Li and Zhiliang Wang
Viruses 2025, 17(5), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050721 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly pathogenic virus that mainly infects cloven hooved animals, such as pigs. The establishment of a rapid, sensitive and accurate point-of-care detection method is critical for the timely identification and elimination of infected pigs for [...] Read more.
Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly pathogenic virus that mainly infects cloven hooved animals, such as pigs. The establishment of a rapid, sensitive and accurate point-of-care detection method is critical for the timely identification and elimination of infected pigs for controlling this disease. In this study, a RT-RAA-CRISPR/Cas13a method was developed for the detection of FMDV serotype O in pigs. Six pairs of RT-RAA primers were designed based on the conserved gene sequence of FMDV serotype O, and the optimal amplification primers and reaction temperatures were screened. The CRISPR-derived RNA (crRNA) was further designed based on the optimal target band sequence and the most efficient crRNA was screened. The results revealed that FMDV-O-F4/R4 was the optimal primer set, and the optimal temperature for the RT-RAA reaction was 37 °C. Moreover, crRNA4 exhibited the strongest detection signal among the six crRNAs. The established RT-RAA-CRISPR/Cas13a method demonstrated high specificity and no cross-reactivity with other common swine pathogens such as Senecavirus A (SVA), porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and pseudorabies virus (PRV), additionally, it was observed to be highly sensitive, with a detection limit of 19.1 copies/µL. The repeatability of this method was also observed to be good. This method could produce stable fluorescence and exhibited good repeatability when three independent experiments yielded the same results. A validation test using three types of simulated clinical samples (including swab, tissue, and serum samples) revealed a 100% concordance rate. The detection results could be visualized via a fluorescence reader or lateral flow strips (LFSs). Thus, a highly specific and sensitive RT-RAA-CRISPR/Cas13a detection method was developed and is expected to be applied for the rapid detection of FMDV serotype O in situ. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Endemic and Emerging Viral Diseases in Livestock)
17 pages, 268 KiB  
Article
Intercultural Dialogue on Indigenous Perspectives: A Digital Learning Experience
by Kristin Severinsen Spieler, Anne Karin Vikstøl Olsen and Randi Engtrø
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050615 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
This research explores how intercultural dialogue through a Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) project enhances students’ understanding and integration of Indigenous perspectives. The initiative connected Norwegian Early Childhood Teacher Education (ECTE) students with Canadian Teacher Education students to explore Sámi and Métis cultures. [...] Read more.
This research explores how intercultural dialogue through a Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) project enhances students’ understanding and integration of Indigenous perspectives. The initiative connected Norwegian Early Childhood Teacher Education (ECTE) students with Canadian Teacher Education students to explore Sámi and Métis cultures. Using a qualitative design, focus group interviews with ECTE students employed a hermeneutic approach to interpret experiences and cultural reflections. These insights, analyzed systematically, demonstrated the COIL project’s effectiveness in facilitating intercultural dialogue, fostering intercultural competence, and encouraging self-reflection among participants. Participants developed invaluable skills for integrating Indigenous perspectives into future educational roles, supported by facilitation that enhanced cross-cultural dialogue and language skills. This study underscores the need for frameworks supporting sustained cultural engagement, acknowledging sample size limitations. Findings advocate for the broader integration of intercultural collaborations in strategies, emphasizing education that enhances cultural competence. Future research should expand with larger samples and varied cultures, using longitudinal studies to assess the impacts on professional development and optimize collaboration educational contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) from Cultural Perspectives)
21 pages, 436 KiB  
Article
Unlocking Regional Economic Growth: How Industry Sector and Mesoeconomic Determinants Influence Small Firm Scaling
by Omar S. López
Economies 2025, 13(5), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13050138 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
Understanding the drivers of regional economic growth requires examining the mesoeconomic conditions that influence the ability of small firms to scale. This study investigates how the local composition of firms—by size and sector—along with socio-economic and geographic characteristics, affects the prevalence of Scaled [...] Read more.
Understanding the drivers of regional economic growth requires examining the mesoeconomic conditions that influence the ability of small firms to scale. This study investigates how the local composition of firms—by size and sector—along with socio-economic and geographic characteristics, affects the prevalence of Scaled Firms across U.S. labor market areas. Using cross-sectional data from 2022, the analysis applies a log-linear regression model to examine the relationship between the density of micro, midsize, and large firms and the share of Scaled Firms (defined as employing 5–99 workers) within industry sectors. Covariates include household wealth, educational attainment, unemployment, population diversity, and metropolitan classification. The results show that the presence of midsize and large firms, along with regional human capital and economic context, is significantly associated with higher levels of small firm scaling. These findings suggest that the mesoeconomic context plays an important role in shaping regional economic growth outcomes and that the composition of local firm ecosystems may influence a region’s capacity for resilience and inclusive development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Factors Affecting Economic Growth)
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15 pages, 424 KiB  
Review
Strategies to Reduce the Consumption of Foods and Drinks with High Sugar Content in the UK: A Rapid Review Approach
by Daniel Agboola Ogundijo and Ayten Aylin Tas
Obesities 2025, 5(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020036 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
Excessive sugar consumption has been reported to be associated with various health issues such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and dental problems. In the UK, effective strategies have been implemented to reduce sugar intake, including the Change4Life Sugar Smart campaign, product reformulation, traffic [...] Read more.
Excessive sugar consumption has been reported to be associated with various health issues such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and dental problems. In the UK, effective strategies have been implemented to reduce sugar intake, including the Change4Life Sugar Smart campaign, product reformulation, traffic light labelling, portion control, and the Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL). This review of empirical studies (n = 11) shows that product reformulation, especially in beverages and packaged foods, is effective, as consumers can prefer reduced-sugar alternatives when clearly labelled. The UK traffic light labelling scheme and portion control were also reported to help consumers make informed, healthier food choices. The SDIL, introduced in 2018, was also found to significantly lower sugary beverage consumption. While progress is evident, further nutrition education, public awareness, particularly for people with low socioeconomic status, and more comprehensive policies for long-term positive dietary behavioural shift are essential to limit diseases and conditions associated with high sugar consumption. Future research must evaluate the combined effects of these interventions and examine their long-term effectiveness across diverse population groups. Full article
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15 pages, 4484 KiB  
Article
A Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Immunosensor for Cortisol Detection
by Pritu Parna Sarkar, Ali Ashraf, Ahmed Hasnain Jalal, Fahmida Alam and Nazmul Islam
Biosensors 2025, 15(5), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15050321 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
In this research, an interdigitated gear-shaped working electrode is presented for cortisol sensing. Overall, the sensor was designed in a three-electrode system and was fabricated using direct laser scribing. A synthesized conductive ink based on graphene and polyaniline was further employed to enhance [...] Read more.
In this research, an interdigitated gear-shaped working electrode is presented for cortisol sensing. Overall, the sensor was designed in a three-electrode system and was fabricated using direct laser scribing. A synthesized conductive ink based on graphene and polyaniline was further employed to enhance the electrochemical performance of the sensor. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were employed for physicochemical characterization of the laser-induced graphene (LIG) sensor. Cortisol, a biomarker essential in detecting stress, was detected both in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH = 7.4) and human serum within a linear range of 100 ng/mL to 100 µg/mL. Ferri/ferrocyanide was employed as the redox probe to detect cortisol in PBS. The electrochemical performance of the developed sensor was assessed via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronoamperometry. The electrochemical performance demonstrates high sensitivity and selectivity alongside strong repeatability (relative standard deviation (RSD) = 3.8%, n = 4) and reproducibility (RSD = 5.85%, n = 5). Overall, these results highlight the sensor’s reliability, high sensitivity, and repeatability and reproducibility in the detection of cortisol. The sensor successfully detected cortisol in the complex medium of human serum and effectively distinguished it in a ternary mixture containing cortisol and dopamine. Also, the use of direct laser writing on Kapton film makes the approach cost-effective and thus disposable, making it suitable for chronic stress diagnostics and neurological research applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Biosensing Technologies for Sustainable Healthcare)
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23 pages, 2591 KiB  
Article
Bi-Level Game-Theoretic Bidding Strategy for Large-Scale Renewable Energy Generators Participating in the Energy–Frequency Regulation Market
by Ran Gao, Shuyan Hui, Bingtuan Gao and Xiaofeng Liu
Energies 2025, 18(10), 2604; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102604 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
The proportion of grid-connected renewable energy, represented by wind and photovoltaic power, continues to rise. The intermittence and volatility of the power output of renewable energy bring serious challenges to the secure and stable operation of the power system. Adopting a market-based approach [...] Read more.
The proportion of grid-connected renewable energy, represented by wind and photovoltaic power, continues to rise. The intermittence and volatility of the power output of renewable energy bring serious challenges to the secure and stable operation of the power system. Adopting a market-based approach to promote the active participation of producers in frequency regulation and other auxiliary service markets besides the energy market is the only way to comprehensively solve the problems of power system security, stability, and economic benefits. Therefore, for the future bidding decision scenario of large-scale renewable energy generators participating in the energy–frequency regulation market, a bi-level game-theoretic bidding model based on mean-field game and non-cooperative game theory is proposed. The inner level is a mean-field game among large-scale renewable energy generators of the same type, and the outer level is a non-cooperative game among different types of generators. A combination of fixed-point iteration and finite-difference method is employed to solve the proposed bi-level bidding decision model. Case analysis indicates that the proposed model can effectively realize the bidding decision optimization for large-scale renewable energy generators in the energy–frequency regulation market. Furthermore, in comparison to traditional proportional bidding model, the proposed model enables renewable energy generators to secure higher profits in the energy–frequency regulation market. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)
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31 pages, 54013 KiB  
Article
Ore-Forming Fluid Evolution and Ore Genesis of the Cuyu Gold Deposit in Central Jilin Province, NE China: Constraints from Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and H–O–S–Pb Isotope Studies
by Haozhe Li, Qun Yang, Leigang Zhang, Yunsheng Ren, Mingtao Li, Chan Li, Bin Wang, Sitong Chen and Xiaolei Peng
Minerals 2025, 15(5), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15050535 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
The Cuyu gold deposit in central Jilin Province in Northeast China is located in the eastern segment of the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), as well as the eastern segment of the Xing’an–Mongolian Orogenic Belt (XMOB). Gold ore-bodies are controlled [...] Read more.
The Cuyu gold deposit in central Jilin Province in Northeast China is located in the eastern segment of the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), as well as the eastern segment of the Xing’an–Mongolian Orogenic Belt (XMOB). Gold ore-bodies are controlled by NW-trending faults and mainly occur in late Hercynian granodiorite. The mineralization process in the Cuyu deposit can be divided into three stages: quartz + coarse grained arsenopyrite + pyrite (stage I), quartz + sericite + pyrite + arsenopyrite + electrum + chalcopyrite + sphalerite (stage II), and quartz + calcite ± pyrite (stage III). Stage II is the most important for gold mineralization. We conducted analyses including petrography, microthermometry, laser Raman spectroscopy of fluid inclusions, and H–O–S–Pb isotopic analysis to elucidate the mineralization processes in the Cuyu deposit. Five types of primary fluid inclusions (FIs) are present in the hydrothermal quartz and calcite grains of the ore: liquid-rich two-phase aqueous fluid inclusions (L-type), vapor-rich two-phase aqueous fluid inclusions (V-type), CO2-bearing two- or three-phase inclusions (C1-type), CO2-rich two- or three-phase inclusions (C2-type), and pure CO2 mono-phase inclusions (C3-type). From stages I to III, the fluid inclusion assemblages changed from L-, C2-, and C3-types to L-, V-, C1-, C2-, and C3-types and, finally, to L-types only. The corresponding homogenization temperatures for stages I to III were 242–326 °C, 202–298 °C, and 106–188 °C, and the salinities were 4.69–9.73, 1.63–7.30, and 1.39–3.53 wt.% NaCl equiv., respectively. The ore-forming fluid system evolved from a NaCl-H2O-CO2 ± CH4 ± H2S fluid system in stage I and II with immiscible characteristics to a homogeneous NaC-H2O fluid system in stage III. Microthermometric data for stages I to III show a decreasing trend in homogenization temperatures and salinities. The mineral assemblages, fluid inclusions, and H–O–S–Pb isotopes indicate that the initial ore-forming fluids of stage I were exsolved from diorite porphyrite and characterized by a high temperature and low salinity. The addition of meteoric water in large quantities led to decreases in temperature and pressure, resulting in a NaCl-H2O-CO2 ± CH4 ± H2S fluid system with significant immiscibility in stage II, facilitating the deposition of gold and associated polymetallic sulfides. The Cuyu gold deposit has a similar ore genesis to those of gold deposits in the Jiapigou–Haigou gold belt (JHGB) of southeastern Jilin Province indicating potential for gold prospecting in the northwest-trending seam of the JHGB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genesis and Metallogeny of Non-ferrous and Precious Metal Deposits, 2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 26314 KiB  
Article
Effects of Wing Kinematics on Aerodynamics Performance for a Pigeon-Inspired Flapping Wing
by Tao Wu, Kai Wang, Qiang Jia and Jie Ding
Biomimetics 2025, 10(5), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10050328 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
The wing kinematics of birds plays a significant role in their excellent unsteady aerodynamic performance. However, most studies investigate the influence of different kinematic parameters of flapping wings on their aerodynamic performance based on simple harmonic motions, which neglect the aerodynamic effects of [...] Read more.
The wing kinematics of birds plays a significant role in their excellent unsteady aerodynamic performance. However, most studies investigate the influence of different kinematic parameters of flapping wings on their aerodynamic performance based on simple harmonic motions, which neglect the aerodynamic effects of the real flapping motion. The purpose of this article was to study the effects of wing kinematics on aerodynamic performance for a pigeon-inspired flapping wing. In this article, the dynamic geometric shape of a flapping wing was reconstructed based on data of the pigeon wing profile. The 3D wingbeat kinematics of a flying pigeon was extracted from the motion trajectories of the wingtip and the wrist during cruise flight. Then, we used a hybrid RANS/LES method to study the effects of wing kinematics on the aerodynamic performance and flow patterns of the pigeon-inspired flapping wing. First, we investigated the effects of dynamic spanwise twisting on the lift and thrust performance of the flapping wing. Numerical results show that the twisting motion weakens the leading-edge vortex (LEV) on the upper surface of the wing during the downstroke by reducing the effective angle of attack, thereby significantly reducing the time-averaged lift and power consumption. Then, we further studied the effects of the 3D sweeping motion on the aerodynamic performance of the flapping wing. Backward sweeping reduces the wing area and weakens the LEV on the lower surface of the wing, which increases the lift and reduces the aerodynamic power consumption significantly during the upstroke, leading to a high lift efficiency. These conclusions are significant for improving the aerodynamic performance of bionic flapping-wing micro air vehicles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Flapping Wing Aerodynamics for Propulsion and Power Generation: 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 1694 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Effect of Essential Oils and Rhamnolipid on Xanthomonas citri Subsp. citri
by Maria Olimpia Pereira Sereia, Eduarda Araujo dos Santos, Lucas Prado Leite, Raphael Culim Neves, Vítor Rodrigues Marin, Henrique Ferreira, Jonas Contiero and Daiane Cristina Sass
Microorganisms 2025, 13(5), 1153; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13051153 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, is a devastating disease that affects citrus production and trade worldwide. Traditional control methods, based on copper compounds, are effective but pose environmental and health risks due to their toxicity and potential for bioaccumulation. [...] Read more.
Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, is a devastating disease that affects citrus production and trade worldwide. Traditional control methods, based on copper compounds, are effective but pose environmental and health risks due to their toxicity and potential for bioaccumulation. This study evaluates the synergistic potential of essential oils (EOs) and rhamnolipids as sustainable alternatives for disease management. Four EOS (citronella, palmarosa, geranium, and clove) were tested for their antibacterial activity. Citronella EO showed a 90% inhibitory concentration (IC 90) of 0.15% (v/v) and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 0.25% (v/v), while the other EOs showed IC 90 and bactericidal activity at 0.06% (v/v). Rhamnolipids (RHLs), biosurfactants produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inhibited X. citri at a concentration of 0.3% (v/v). The combination of citronella EO and RHLs showed a synergistic effect, reducing the inhibitory concentration of citronella by 50% and that of RHLs by more than 90%. In addition, the combined formulation permeabilized more than 80% of bacterial membranes and reduced biofilm formation. In contrast, other oils tested in combination with rhamnolipid showed independent effects. These results indicate that EOs and rhamnolipids represent an environmentally safe strategy for the control of X. citri subsp. citri that overcomes the limitations of conventional methods while reducing environmental and health impacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biotechnologies and Microorganism Interactions for Sustainable Agriculture)
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26 pages, 1329 KiB  
Review
Advancing Maritime Safety: A Literature Review on Machine Learning and Multi-Criteria Analysis in PSC Inspections
by Zlatko Boko, Ivica Skoko, Zaloa Sanchez Varela and Vice Milin
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050974 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
This literature review provides a structured quantitative analysis of existing research on the application of machine learning models (MLMs) and multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) in the context of port state control (PSC). The aim of the study is to capture current research trends, [...] Read more.
This literature review provides a structured quantitative analysis of existing research on the application of machine learning models (MLMs) and multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) in the context of port state control (PSC). The aim of the study is to capture current research trends, identify thematic priorities, and demonstrate how these analytical tools have been used to support decision-making and risk assessment in the maritime domain. Rather than evaluating the effectiveness of individual models, the study focuses on the distribution and frequency of their use and provides insights into the development of methodological approaches in this area. Although several studies suggest that the integration of MLMs and MCDM techniques can improve the objectivity and efficiency of PSC inspections, this report does not provide a comparative assessment of their performance. Instead, it lays the groundwork for future qualitative studies that will assess the practical benefits and challenges of such integration. The findings suggest a fragmented but growing research interest in data-driven approaches to PSC and highlight the potential of advanced analytics to support maritime safety and regulatory compliance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
17 pages, 1159 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Subsurface Drainage Parameters in Saline–Alkali Soils to Improve Salt Leaching Efficiency in Farmland in Southern Xinjiang
by Han Guo, Guangning Wang, Zhenliang Song, Pengfei Xu, Xia Li and Liang Ma
Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051222 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
In arid regions, soil salinization and inefficient water use are major challenges to sustainable agricultural development. Optimizing subsurface drainage system layouts is critical for improving saline soil reclamation efficiency. This study conducted field experiments from 2023 to 2024 to evaluate the effects of [...] Read more.
In arid regions, soil salinization and inefficient water use are major challenges to sustainable agricultural development. Optimizing subsurface drainage system layouts is critical for improving saline soil reclamation efficiency. This study conducted field experiments from 2023 to 2024 to evaluate the effects of varying subsurface drainage configurations—specifically, burial depths (1.0–1.5 m) and pipe spacings (20–40 m)—on drainage and salt removal efficiency in silty loam soils of southern Xinjiang, aiming to develop an optimized scheme balancing water conservation and desalination. Five treatments (A1–A5) were established to measure evaporation, drainage, and salt discharge during both spring and winter irrigation. These variables were analyzed using a water balance model and multifactorial ANOVA to quantify the interactive effects of drainage depth and spacing. The results indicated that treatment A5 (1.5 m depth, 20 m spacing) outperformed all the others in terms of both the drainage-to-irrigation ratio (Rd/i) and the drainage salt efficiency coefficient (DSEC), with a two-year average Rd/i of 32.35% across two spring and two winter irrigation events, and a mean DSEC of 3.28 kg·m−3. The 1.5 m burial depth significantly improved salt leaching efficiency by increasing the salt control volume and reducing capillary rise. The main effect of burial depth on both Rd/i and DSEC was highly significant (p < 0.01), whereas the effect of spacing was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Although the limited experimental duration and the use of a single soil type may affect the generalizability of the findings, the recommended configuration (1.5 m burial depth, 20 m spacing) shows strong potential for broader application in silty loam regions of southern Xinjiang and provides technical support for subsurface drainage projects aimed at reclaiming saline soils in arid regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)
29 pages, 1208 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review of Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Cancer–Immunity Cycle: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications
by Mario Perez-Medina, Jesus J. Benito-Lopez, Dolores Aguilar-Cazares and Jose S. Lopez-Gonzalez
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(10), 4821; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104821 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of the dynamic interplay between cancer progression and immune responses. This review explored their influence on key processes of the cancer–immunity cycle, such as immune cell differentiation, antigen presentation, and tumor immunogenicity. By modulating [...] Read more.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators of the dynamic interplay between cancer progression and immune responses. This review explored their influence on key processes of the cancer–immunity cycle, such as immune cell differentiation, antigen presentation, and tumor immunogenicity. By modulating tumor escape from the immune response, therapeutic resistance, and tumor–stroma interactions, lncRNAs actively shape the tumor microenvironment. Due to their growing knowledge in the area of immune suppression, directly intervening in the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs), M2 macrophages, and regulating immune checkpoint pathways such as PD-L1, CTLA-4, and others, lncRNAs can be considered promising therapeutic targets. Advances in single-cell technologies and immunotherapy have significantly expanded our understanding of lncRNA-driven regulatory networks, paving the way for novel precision medicine approaches. Ultimately, we discussed how targeting lncRNAs could enhance cancer immunotherapy, offering new avenues for biomarker discovery and therapeutic intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of RNAs in Cancers: Recent Advances)
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21 pages, 882 KiB  
Article
AIMP-Based Power Allocation for Radar Network Tracking Under Countermeasures Environment
by Xiaoyou Xing, Longxiao Xu, Lvwan Nie and Xueting Li
Sensors 2025, 25(10), 3163; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103163 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
For radar system tracking, a higher radar echo signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) implies a higher tracking accuracy. However, in a countermeasures environment, increasing the transmit power of a radar may not lead to a higher SINR due to suppressive jamming. [...] Read more.
For radar system tracking, a higher radar echo signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) implies a higher tracking accuracy. However, in a countermeasures environment, increasing the transmit power of a radar may not lead to a higher SINR due to suppressive jamming. Also, the variation in the target radar cross-section (RCS) is an important factor affecting the SINR, since to achieve the same SINR value, a large RCS value needs less transmit power and a small RCS value needs more transmit power. Therefore, to design an efficient power allocation strategy, the influence of the electronic jamming and the target RCS need to be jointly considered. In this paper, we propose an adaptive interacting multiple power (AIMP)-based power allocation algorithm for radar network tracking by jointly considering the electronic jamming and the target RCS, achieving better anti-jamming capability and lower probability of intercept (LPI) while not reducing the tracking accuracy. Firstly, the model of the radar network tracking is established, and the power allocation problem is formulated. Next, the target RCS prediction algorithm is introduced, and the AIMP power allocation method is proposed jointly considering the electronic jamming and the impact of the target RCS. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposals in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Radar Sensors)
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23 pages, 2936 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Expanding Eucalyptus Plantations on the Hydrology of a Humid Highland Watershed in Ethiopia
by Habtamu M. Fenta, Tammo S. Steenhuis, Teshager A. Negatu, Fasikaw A. Zimale, Wim Cornelis and Seifu A. Tilahun
Hydrology 2025, 12(5), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12050121 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
Changes in climate and land use significantly impact downstream water availability. Quantifying these effects in the Ethiopian Highlands is crucial, as 85% of the transboundary water in Egypt and Sudan originates from these highlands. While the impact of climate change on water availability [...] Read more.
Changes in climate and land use significantly impact downstream water availability. Quantifying these effects in the Ethiopian Highlands is crucial, as 85% of the transboundary water in Egypt and Sudan originates from these highlands. While the impact of climate change on water availability has been widely studied, few experimental studies have examined how it is affected by eucalyptus reforestation. Therefore, the objective was to investigate how eucalyptus expansion impairs water availability in the Ethiopian Highlands. The study was conducted in the 39 km2 Amen watershed, located in the upper reaches of the Blue Nile. Rainfall data were collected from local agencies from 1990 to 2024, while streamflow data were available only for 2002–2009 and 2015–2018. Actual evapotranspiration was obtained using the WaPOR portal, and land use was derived from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI. The satellite images showed that the eucalyptus acreage increased from 238 ha in 2001 to 799 ha in 2024, or 24 ha y−1. The actual evapotranspiration of eucalyptus was up to 30% greater than that of other land uses during the dry monsoon phase (January to March), resulting in decreased water storage in the watershed over a 23-year period. Since runoff is generated by saturation excess runoff, it takes longer for the valley bottoms to become saturated. In the 2002–2009 period, it took an average of around 160 mm of cumulative effective rain for significant runoff to start, and from 2015 to 2018, 274 mm was needed. Additionally, base flow decreased significantly. The annual runoff trended upward when the annual rainfall was more than the additional amount of water evaporated by eucalyptus, but decreased otherwise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Climate Change and Human Impact on Freshwater Water Resources: Rivers and Lakes)
29 pages, 5330 KiB  
Article
Research on Tourist Satisfaction Evaluation of Macau’s Built Heritage Space Under the Genius Loci
by Pohsun Wang, Chenxi Li and Jing Liu
Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1701; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101701 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
As a typical World Cultural Heritage city, Macau has a special regional identity and outstanding cultural value in the built heritage and spatial identity of the city. As contemporary cultural industries have undergone rapid development to transform architectural heritage spaces into displays into [...] Read more.
As a typical World Cultural Heritage city, Macau has a special regional identity and outstanding cultural value in the built heritage and spatial identity of the city. As contemporary cultural industries have undergone rapid development to transform architectural heritage spaces into displays into showcases of heritage significance, an adaptive transformation strategy is not to be ignored. Although the current transformations demonstrate functional efficacy, they lack of a cultural environment, the Gestalt of the Genius Loci, and a limited visitor experience. For this research, we use the Genius Loci theory to identify constitutive spatial elements and derive theory-based evaluation criteria for the Mandarin’s House, which acts as the case study. It provides a comprehensive evaluation framework across four dimensions: spatial perception, cultural identity, emotional engagement, and functional attributes, each one comprising 20 specific indicators. This research reviews the factors that affect the recognition of cultural identity through quantitative analysis using Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA), evaluating the importance–performance relationships of these indicators. Critical gaps between visitor expectations and current spatial performance are found. Therefore, four optimization strategies are proposed accordingly. (1) Physical experience is enriched through reconstruction of spatial narrative; (2) spiritual experience is reinforced through cultural memory activation; (3) regional characteristics are strengthened through the contextualization of heritage values; and (4) sustainable development mechanisms for adaptive reuse are established. Taken as a systematic approach, it offers both theoretical and practical insight into the regeneration of the architectural heritage spaces in the World Cultural Heritage cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage Conservation in the Twenty-First Century: 2nd Edition)
27 pages, 2981 KiB  
Article
Multipole Expansion of the Scalar Potential on the Basis of Spherical Harmonics: Bridging the Gap Between the Inside and Outside Spaces via Solution of the Poisson Equation
by Dimosthenis Stamopoulos
Materials 2025, 18(10), 2344; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102344 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
The multipole expansion on the basis of Spherical Harmonics is a multifaceted mathematical tool utilized in many disciplines of science and engineering. Regarding physics, in electromagnetism, the multipole expansion is exclusively focused on the scalar potential, Ur, defined only in the [...] Read more.
The multipole expansion on the basis of Spherical Harmonics is a multifaceted mathematical tool utilized in many disciplines of science and engineering. Regarding physics, in electromagnetism, the multipole expansion is exclusively focused on the scalar potential, Ur, defined only in the so-called inside, Uinr, and outside, Uoutr, spaces, separated by the middle space wherein the source resides, for both dielectric and magnetic materials. Intriguingly, though the middle space probably encloses more physics than the inside and outside spaces, it is never assessed in the literature, probably due to the rather complicated mathematics. Here, we investigate the middle space and introduce the multipole expansion of the scalar potential, Umidr, in this, until now, unsurveyed area. This is achieved through the complementary superposition of the solutions of the inside, Uinr, and outside, Uoutr, spaces when carefully adjusted at the interface of two appropriately defined subspaces of the middle space. Importantly, while the multipole expansion of Uinr and Uoutr satisfies the Laplace equation, the expression of the middle space, Umidr, introduced here satisfies the Poisson equation, as it should. Interestingly, this is mathematically proved by using the method of variation of parameters, which allows us to switch between the solution of the homogeneous Laplace equation to that of the nonhomogeneous Poisson one, thus completely bypassing the standard method in which the multipole expansion of |r−r′|−1 is used in the generalized law of Coulomb. Due to this characteristic, the notion of Umidr introduced here can be utilized on a general basis for the effective calculation of the scalar potential in spaces wherein sources reside. The proof of concept is documented for representative cases found in the literature. Though here we deal with the static and quasi-static limit of low frequencies, our concept can be easily developed to the fully dynamic case. At all instances, the exact mathematical modeling of Umidr introduced here can be very useful in applications of both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous, dielectric and magnetic materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Materials)
20 pages, 95230 KiB  
Article
Influence of Building-Height Variability on Urban Ventilation and Pollutant Dispersion Characteristics
by Taotao Shui, Lili Cao, Tieqiao Xiao and Shaojie Zhang
Atmosphere 2025, 16(5), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050614 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
Urban densification associated with rapid urbanization has weakened horizontal ventilation in cities. Previous studies point out that building-height variability can enhance vertical ventilation, while most of them rely on idealized models that overlook the complexity of real urban environments. This study analyzes 20 [...] Read more.
Urban densification associated with rapid urbanization has weakened horizontal ventilation in cities. Previous studies point out that building-height variability can enhance vertical ventilation, while most of them rely on idealized models that overlook the complexity of real urban environments. This study analyzes 20 actual urban blocks using CFD simulations, considering average building height, building density, and height standard deviation. The results show that areas with low-rise, uniform buildings exhibit superior pollutant dispersion, while mid- and high-rise zones experience complex turbulence and pollutant accumulation. Ventilation performance peaks when the height standard deviation ranges between 35 and 40. These findings underscore that optimizing urban form for vertical ventilation requires a combined strategy of density control and height variation. Realistic building group models more accurately capture airflow dynamics and provide valuable insights for the design of effective vertical ventilation corridors and the enhancement of urban pollutant dispersion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)
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22 pages, 7800 KiB  
Article
In Silico Identification of 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine-Based Compounds as Potential CK1ε Inhibitors
by Axel A. Sánchez-Álvarez, Marco A. Velasco-Velázquez and Luis Cordova-Bahena
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(5), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18050741 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
Background: Casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1ε) plays a critical role in cancer progression by activating oncogenic signaling pathways, making it a target for cancer therapy. However, no inhibitors are currently available for clinical use, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic candidates. Methods: This [...] Read more.
Background: Casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1ε) plays a critical role in cancer progression by activating oncogenic signaling pathways, making it a target for cancer therapy. However, no inhibitors are currently available for clinical use, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic candidates. Methods: This study aimed to identify potential CK1ε inhibitors. To achieve this, a modified version of a previously reported pharmacophore model was applied to an ultra-large database of over 100 million compounds for virtual screening. Hits were filtered based on drug-likeness and pH-dependent pharmacophore compliance and then grouped according to their structural core. A representative compound from each structural group underwent molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and binding free energy calculations to predict its stability and affinity, allowing extrapolation of the results to the entire set of candidates. Results: Pharmacophore matching initially identified 290 compounds. After energy minimization, and an assessment of drug-likeness and pharmacophore compliance, we selected 29 structurally related candidates. MD simulations showed that most of the compounds representative of structural groups had stable binding modes, favorable intermolecular interactions, and free energies comparable to those of previously reported CK1ε inhibitors. An analysis of additional members of the most promising structural group showed that two 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-based compounds likely inhibit CK1ε. Conclusions: These findings provide structural insights into the design of CK1ε inhibitors, supporting compound optimization and the eventual development of targeted cancer therapeutics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
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22 pages, 8094 KiB  
Article
Corrugation at the Trailing Edge Enhances the Aerodynamic Performance of a Three-Dimensional Wing During Gliding Flight
by Kaipeng Li, Na Xu, Licheng Zhong and Xiaolei Mou
Biomimetics 2025, 10(5), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10050329 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
Dragonflies exhibit remarkable flight capabilities, and their wings feature corrugated structures that are distinct from conventional airfoils. This study investigates the aerodynamic effects of three corrugation parameters on gliding performance at a Reynolds number of 1350 and angles of attack ranging from 0° [...] Read more.
Dragonflies exhibit remarkable flight capabilities, and their wings feature corrugated structures that are distinct from conventional airfoils. This study investigates the aerodynamic effects of three corrugation parameters on gliding performance at a Reynolds number of 1350 and angles of attack ranging from 0° to 20°: (1) chordwise corrugation position, (2) linear variation in corrugation amplitude toward the trailing edge, and (3) the number of trailing-edge corrugations. The results show that when corrugation structures are positioned closer to the trailing edge, they generate localized vortices in the mid-forward region of the upper surface, thereby enhancing aerodynamic performance. Further studies show that a linear increase in corrugation amplitude toward the trailing edge significantly delays the shedding of the leading-edge vortex (LEV), produces a more coherent LEV, and reduces the number of vortices within the corrugation grooves on the lower surface. Consequently, the lift coefficient is maximized with an enhancement of 28.99%. Additionally, reducing the number of trailing-edge corrugations makes the localized vortices on the upper surface approach the trailing edge and merge into larger, more continuous LEVs. The vortices on the lower surface grooves also decrease in number, and the lift coefficient is maximally increased by 20.09%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Propulsion and Fluid Mechanics)
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21 pages, 3936 KiB  
Article
Current Practices of Railway Ballastless Track Design Methods in China
by Peng Chen, Chen Hua, Haiyan Han, Hanbing Xiao, Xinghan Liu and Yanglong Zhong
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5621; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105621 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
With the development of railway transportation, diversified demands for track structures require the design methods to be safer, more flexible and efficient. At present, the limit state method is regarded as a more scientific design method compared to the allowable stress method, but [...] Read more.
With the development of railway transportation, diversified demands for track structures require the design methods to be safer, more flexible and efficient. At present, the limit state method is regarded as a more scientific design method compared to the allowable stress method, but its optimization effects await further research. Taking a new type of prefabricated track slab as an example, the differences between the two methods are deeply analyzed using finite element simulation and formula calculation. The development prospect for the track design methods is proposed, providing reference for new structures. The results show the following: (1) There are significant differences in the calculation principles between the two methods. Unlike the single safety factor K of the allowable stress method, the partial factors of the limit state method make it more reasonable. (2) The working conditions of different train speeds and temperature gradients are the main factors influencing the design results, and the latter plays a main control role. (3) Under current specification, the reinforcement and slab thickness can be reduced by approximately 6.5% and 3.4%, respectively, according to the limit state method, but the values its coefficient still need to be studied further to achieve efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)
18 pages, 14565 KiB  
Article
Walking to Public Transport: Rethinking Catchment Areas Considering Topography and Surrogate Buffers
by Filipe Pais, Nuno Sousa, João Monteiro, João Coutinho-Rodrigues and Eduardo Natividade-Jesus
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2025, 14(5), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14050205 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2025
Abstract
Service, or catchment areas of public transport stops are traditionally assessed using Euclidean or network distances, often neglecting other relevant factors such as topography. This study proposes a refined approach that integrates network-based accessibility with terrain variations and the effect they have on [...] Read more.
Service, or catchment areas of public transport stops are traditionally assessed using Euclidean or network distances, often neglecting other relevant factors such as topography. This study proposes a refined approach that integrates network-based accessibility with terrain variations and the effect they have on walking time and on the physical effort required for pedestrian movement. Using geographic information systems-based analysis that include walking time and walking energy cost models, the impact of topography on accessibility to public transport is evaluated in a case study of the hilly city of Coimbra, Portugal. Results show that, as compared to their flat counterparts, network distance-based service areas that consider hilliness, exhibit a decrease in accessibility of circa 10% in terms of area covered and population affected. These findings highlight the need for more realistic accessibility assessments to support more realistic and equitable public transport planning. Because extensive network datasets are not always available to decision-makers, this article also introduces the concept of surrogate buffers as a practical alternative for obtaining catchment areas, summarized by the “0.7/0.6R rule”. Full article
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