Nanomaterials

21 pages, 3069 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosan-graft-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) Nanoparticles Containing Crotalus atrox Snake Venom: Biological and Physicochemical Characterization

by Serena Sophia Rudy, Jorge Jimenez-Canale, Jose A. Sarabia-Sainz, Ana María Guzmán Partida, Alexel J. Burgara-Estrella, Erika Silva-Campa, Aracely Angulo Molina, Marcelino Montiel-Herrera, Nelly Flores-Ramírez, Paul Zavala-Rivera and Daniel Fernández-Quiroz

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191538 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 544

Abstract

The development of snake venom-loaded nanobiosystems based on smart biopolymers represents a promising therapeutic approach in several biomedical research fields. Specifically, the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) contains various bioactive peptides and proteins with reported antitumor activity. This research aimed to [...] Read more.

The development of snake venom-loaded nanobiosystems based on smart biopolymers represents a promising therapeutic approach in several biomedical research fields. Specifically, the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) contains various bioactive peptides and proteins with reported antitumor activity. This research aimed to establish a simplistic, facile and straightforward protocol for preparing chitosan-g-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) nanoparticles containing C. atrox venom for potential use as a therapeutic nanocarrier against breast carcinoma cell lines. Herein, the physicochemical properties of venom-loaded nanoparticles were evaluated by FTIR, DLS, and SDS-PAGE. Also, the biological properties of both C. atrox venom and Cs-Venom NPs such as hemagglutination and hemolysis activity were evaluated in vitro. Finally, we evaluated their cytotoxic activity against two breast carcinoma cell lines (T-47D and MDA-MB-231). The most suitable formulation exhibited a hydrodynamic size of 222 nm, a ζ-potential of 42.0 mV and an encapsulation efficiency of 88.6%. C. atrox venom exhibited hemagglutination at concentrations >15 µg/mL but, no hemagglutination or hemolysis was observed for the CS-Venom NPs. Lastly, the IC50 of Cs-Venom NPs was determined for the T-47D and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, at 61.7 and 59.0 µg/mL, respectively. Thus, Cs-Venom NPs exhibit promising properties that can be considered a feasible alternative for developing controlled-release therapeutic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication and Application of Polymer-Based Nanomaterials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1566 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Silica Nanoparticles Embedded Adipose Spheroid Platform for Probing Bacteriophage Sequestration and Its Implications for Phage Therapy

by Rafael Levandowski, Su Yati Htun and Laura Ha

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1537; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191537 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 400

Abstract

We engineer an enhanced three-dimensional (3D) adipose model by integrating mesoporous silica (mSiO₂) nanoparticles into human adipose-derived stem cell spheroids. The mSiO₂ is highly cytocompatible, enables stable dispersion, and yields spheroids that preserve structural integrity and roundness for at least [...] Read more.

We engineer an enhanced three-dimensional (3D) adipose model by integrating mesoporous silica (mSiO₂) nanoparticles into human adipose-derived stem cell spheroids. The mSiO₂ is highly cytocompatible, enables stable dispersion, and yields spheroids that preserve structural integrity and roundness for at least 14 days, accompanied by higher metabolic activity and reduced hypoxic stress. Under adipogenic induction, the nanoparticles embedded spheroids exhibit deeper lipid accumulation and increased expression of PPARγ, adiponectin, and FABP4. As a proof of concept, we leveraged this 3D platform to examine phage uptake and tissue-level distribution in adipose spheroids in comparison with conventional 2D cultures. These experiments reveal that both the cellular differentiation state and the tissue architecture govern phage association and uptake. Together, our findings indicate that phages engage mammalian cells beyond their bacterial hosts, a consideration that should inform future phage therapy design with implications for innate immune responses and overall therapeutic efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanobiocomposite Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 11019 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Enhanced Catalytic Performance of a Polyhedral BiVO₄-Nanoparticle-Modified ZnO Flower-like Nanorod Structure Composite Material

by Yuanyuan Lv, Neng Li, Jin Liu, Quanhui Liu, Xueqi Hui and Qiang Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191536 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 389

Abstract

Organic pollutants pose a significant threat to both the ecological environment and human health. In this study, BiVO₄@ZnO heterojunction composites were synthesized via a two-step hydrothermal method. The incorporation of polyhedral BiVO₄ onto the flower-like structure of ZnO effectively enhanced [...] Read more.

Organic pollutants pose a significant threat to both the ecological environment and human health. In this study, BiVO₄@ZnO heterojunction composites were synthesized via a two-step hydrothermal method. The incorporation of polyhedral BiVO₄ onto the flower-like structure of ZnO effectively enhanced the photocatalytic performance of the composite. Compared with ZnO flower-like nanorods, the BiVO₄@ZnO heterojunction composite photocatalysts achieved degradation efficiencies of 93.18% (k = 0.09063) and 89.64% (k = 0.007661) for methylene blue (MB) within 30 min under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the BiVO₄@ZnO composites was also evaluated against various organic dyes, including rhodamine B (RhB), Congo red (CR), methyl orange (MO), and methylene blue (MB). Under ultraviolet light, the catalysts showed particularly high activity toward MB and CR. The enhanced photocatalytic performance can be attributed to two main factors: firstly, the heterojunction facilitates the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, thereby improving photocatalytic efficiency; secondly, the composite exhibits a broadened and enhanced light absorption range. Furthermore, the BiVO₄@ZnO heterojunction composites demonstrate excellent cyclic catalytic stability and structural integrity. This study offers a clean and efficient strategy for the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous organic pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanocomposites for Enhanced Supercapacitor and Photocatalytic Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1 pages, 136 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Yu et al. Application of NIR Fluorescent Materials in Imaging and Treatment of Tumors of Different Depths. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 811

by Mengdi Yu, Xuan Liu, Shuqiong Wang, Ziyao Qin, Beibei Hu, Zhiwei Li and Shiguo Sun

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1535; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191535 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 240

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

1 pages, 132 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Siam et al. Forest Tree and Woody Plant-Based Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Applications. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 845

by Abubakr M. J. Siam, Rund Abu-Zurayk, Nasreldeen Siam, Rehab M. Abdelkheir and Rida Shibli

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191534 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 216

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

28 pages, 8209 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photocatalytic Enhancement of Anatase Supported on Mesoporous Modified Silica for the Removal of Carbamazepine

by Guillermo Cruz-Quesada, Beatriz Rosales-Reina, Inmaculada Velo-Gala, María del Pilar Fernández-Poyatos, Miguel A. Álvarez, Cristian García-Ruiz, María Victoria López-Ramón and Julián J. Garrido

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1533; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191533 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 470

Abstract

TiO₂ is the most used material for the photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants in aqueous media. TiO₂, specifically its anatase phase, is well-known for its great performance under UV irradiation, high chemical stability, low cost and non-toxicity. Nevertheless, TiO₂ [...] Read more.

TiO₂ is the most used material for the photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants in aqueous media. TiO₂, specifically its anatase phase, is well-known for its great performance under UV irradiation, high chemical stability, low cost and non-toxicity. Nevertheless, TiO₂ presents two main drawbacks: its limited absorption of the visible spectrum; and its relatively low specific surface area and pore volume. Regarding the latter, several works in the literature have addressed the issue by developing new synthesis approaches in which anatase is dispersed and supported on the surface of porous materials. In the present work, two series of materials have been prepared where anatase has been supported on mesoporous silica (MSTiR%) in situ through a hydrothermal synthesis approach, where, in addition to using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as a silicon precursor, three organotriethoxysilanes [RTEOS, where R = methyl (M), propyl (P) or phenyl (Ph)] were used at a RTEOS:TEOS molar percentage of 10 and 30%. The materials were thoroughly characterized by several techniques to determine their morphological, textural, chemical, and UV-vis light absorption properties and then the most promising materials were used as photocatalysts in the photodegradation of the emerging contaminant and antiepileptic carbamazepine (CBZ) under UV irradiation. The materials synthesized using 10% molar percentage of RTEOS (MSTiR10) were able to almost completely degrade (~95%), 1 mg L⁻¹ of CBZ after 1 h of irradiation using a 275 nm LED and 0.5 g L⁻¹ of catalyst dose. Therefore, this new synthesis approach has proven useful to develop photoactive TiO₂ composites with enhanced textural properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials in Advanced Oxidation/Reduction Processes: A Holistic Approach to Environmental Remediation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2936 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Characterization of a Silicon Nitride Asymmetric Loop-Terminated Mach-Zehnder Interferometer with a Refractive Index-Engineered Sensing Arm

by Muhammad A. Butt, Mateusz Słowikowski, Dagmara Drecka, Michał Jarosik and Ryszard Piramidowicz

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191532 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 530

Abstract

We report the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of an asymmetric loop-terminated Mach–Zehnder interferometer (a-LT-MZI) realized on a silicon nitride (SiN) platform for refractive index (RI) sensing. The LT-MZI architecture incorporates a Sagnac loop that enables bidirectional light propagation, effectively doubling the interaction [...] Read more.

We report the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of an asymmetric loop-terminated Mach–Zehnder interferometer (a-LT-MZI) realized on a silicon nitride (SiN) platform for refractive index (RI) sensing. The LT-MZI architecture incorporates a Sagnac loop that enables bidirectional light propagation, effectively doubling the interaction length without enlarging the device footprint, enhancing sensitivity and improving stability against environmental noise. Subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguides were integrated into the sensing arm to further strengthen light-matter interaction. The fabricated devices exhibited stable and well-defined interference fringes, with uniform wavelength shifts that scaled linearly with changes in the surrounding refractive index. Standard a-LT-MZI structures (ΔL = 300 μm) achieved experimental sensitivities of 288.75–301.25 nm/RIU, while SWG-enhanced devices reached 496–518 nm/RIU, confirming the effectiveness of refractive index engineering. Comparative analysis against previously reported MZI-based sensors highlights the competitive performance of the proposed design. By combining the scalability and CMOS compatibility of silicon nitride with the sensitivity and robustness of the a-LT-MZI architecture, this device provides a compact and versatile platform for next-generation lab-on-chip photonic sensors. It holds strong potential for applications in biochemical diagnostics, medical testing, and environmental monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

38 pages, 6401 KB

Open AccessReview

Silicon Nanostructures for Hydrogen Generation and Storage

by Gauhar Mussabek, Gulmira Yar-Mukhamedova, Sagi Orazbayev, Valeriy Skryshevsky and Vladimir Lysenko

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191531 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 832

Abstract

Today, hydrogen is already widely regarded as up-and-coming source of energy. It is essential to meet energy needs while reducing environmental pollution, since it has a high energy capacity and does not emit carbon oxide when burned. However, for the widespread application of [...] Read more.

Today, hydrogen is already widely regarded as up-and-coming source of energy. It is essential to meet energy needs while reducing environmental pollution, since it has a high energy capacity and does not emit carbon oxide when burned. However, for the widespread application of hydrogen energy, it is necessary to search new technical solutions for both its production and storage. A promising effective and cost-efficient method of hydrogen generation and storage can be the use of solid materials, including nanomaterials in which chemical or physical adsorption of hydrogen occurs. Focusing on the recommendations of the DOE, the search is underway for materials with high gravimetric capacity more than 6.5% wt% and in which sorption and release of hydrogen occurs at temperatures from −20 to +100 °C and normal pressure. This review aims to summarize research on hydrogen generation and storage using silicon nanostructures and silicon composites. Hydrogen generation has been observed in Si nanoparticles, porous Si, and Si nanowires. Regardless of their size and surface chemistry, the silicon nanocrystals interact with water/alcohol solutions, resulting in their complete oxidation, the hydrolysis of water, and the generation of hydrogen. In addition, porous Si nanostructures exhibit a large internal specific surface area covered by SiH_x bonds. A key advantage of porous Si nanostructures is their ability to release molecular hydrogen through the thermal decomposition of SiHx groups or in interaction with water/alkali. The review also covers simulations and theoretical modeling of H₂ generation and storage in silicon nanostructures. Using hydrogen with fuel cells could replace Li-ion batteries in drones and mobile gadgets as more efficient. Finally, some recent applications, including the potential use of Si-based agents as hydrogen sources to address issues associated with new approaches for antioxidative therapy. Hydrogen acts as a powerful antioxidant, specifically targeting harmful ROS such as hydroxyl radicals. Antioxidant therapy using hydrogen (often termed hydrogen medicine) has shown promise in alleviating the pathology of various diseases, including brain ischemia–reperfusion injury, Parkinson’s disease, and hepatitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 1651 KB

Open AccessArticle

Iron -Doped Mesoporous Nano-Sludge Biochar via Ball Milling for 3D Electro-Fenton Degradation of Brewery Wastewater

by Ju Guo, Wei Liu, Tianzhu Shi, Wei Shi, Fuyong Wu and Yi Xie

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1530; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191530 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 451

Abstract

To address the challenges of complex composition, high chemical oxygen demand (COD) content, and the difficulty of treating organic wastewater from brewery wastewater, as well as the limitations of traditional Fenton technology, including low catalytic activity and high material costs, this study proposes [...] Read more.

To address the challenges of complex composition, high chemical oxygen demand (COD) content, and the difficulty of treating organic wastewater from brewery wastewater, as well as the limitations of traditional Fenton technology, including low catalytic activity and high material costs, this study proposes the use of biochemical sludge as a raw material. Coupled with iron salt activation and mechanical ball milling technology, a low-cost, high-performance iron-doped mesoporous nano-sludge biochar material is prepared. This material was employed as a particle electrode to construct a three-dimensional electro-Fenton system for the degradation of organic wastewater from sauce-flavor liquor brewing. The results demonstrate that the sludge-based biochar produced through this approach possesses a mesoporous structure, with an average particle size of 187 nm, a specific surface area of 386.28 m²/g, and an average pore size of 4.635 nm. Iron is present in the material as multivalent iron ions, which provide more electrochemical reaction sites. Utilizing response surface methodology, the optimized treatment process achieves a maximum COD degradation rate of 71.12%. Compared to the control sample, the average particle size decreases from 287 μm to 187 nm, the specific surface area increases from 44.89 m²/g to 386.28 m²/g, and the COD degradation rate improves by 61.1%. Preliminary investigations suggest that the iron valence cycle (Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺) and the mass transfer enhancement effect of the mesoporous nano-structure are keys to efficient degradation. The Fe-O-Si structure enhances material stability, with a degradation capacity retention rate of 88.74% after 30 cycles of use. When used as a particle electrode to construct a three-dimensional electro-Fenton system, this material demonstrates highly efficiency in organic matter degradation and shows promising potential for application in the treatment of organic wastewater from sauce-flavor liquor brewing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials: Sustainable Energy Harvesting, Environmental Cleanup and Functional Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 4231 KB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Cationic Liposomes-Based Delivery System Reduces Drug-Induced Cytotoxicity in an In Vitro Model of Hearing Loss

by Loredana Iftode, Camelia Mihaela Zara Danceanu, Anca Niculina Cadinoiu, Delia Mihaela Raţă, Marcel Popa, Luminița Labusca and Luminita Radulescu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1529; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191529 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 488

Abstract

Hearing loss is a major health burden, often caused by ototoxic drugs such as cisplatin and gentamicin. Effective therapy is limited by the poor penetrability of drugs into inner ear compartments. This study aimed to develop and test magnetic cationic liposomes as nanocarriers [...] Read more.

Hearing loss is a major health burden, often caused by ototoxic drugs such as cisplatin and gentamicin. Effective therapy is limited by the poor penetrability of drugs into inner ear compartments. This study aimed to develop and test magnetic cationic liposomes as nanocarriers for targeted corticosteroid delivery to auditory hair cells. Carboxymethyl chitosan–coated liposomes were prepared by the lipid film hydration method, incorporating magnetic nanoparticles and dexamethasone phosphate in their aqueous core. The optimal liposomal formulation, in terms of size, zeta potential, and drug leakage over time, was selected and tested in an in vitro model of drug-induced ototoxicity. HEI-OC1 cells exposed to cisplatin or gentamicin were co-treated with the liposomal formulations, and viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and β-galactosidase activity were assessed. The results demonstrated that magnetic, polymer-coated liposomes protected against cytotoxicity by preserving mitochondrial function and significantly reducing senescence. These findings provide a proof of concept for magnetically responsive liposomal systems as potential therapeutic platforms for preventing or treating drug-associated hearing loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis of Functional Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 3017 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interface Rotation in Accumulative Rolling Bonding (ARB) Cu/Nb Nanolaminates Under Constrained and Unconstrained Loading Conditions as Revealed by In Situ Micromechanical Testing

by Rahul Sahay, Ihor Radchenko, Pavithra Ananthasubramanian, Christian Harito, Fabien Briffod, Koki Yasuda, Takayuki Shiraiwa, Mark Jhon, Rachel Speaks, Derrick Speaks, Kangjae Lee, Manabu Enoki, Nagarajan Raghavan and Arief Suriadi Budiman

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191528 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 489

Abstract

Accumulative rolling bonding (ARB) Cu/Nb nanolaminates have been widely observed to exhibit unique and large numbers of interface-based plasticity mechanisms, and these have been associated with the many extraordinary properties of the material system, especially resistances in extreme engineering environments (mechanical/pressure, thermal, irradiation, [...] Read more.

Accumulative rolling bonding (ARB) Cu/Nb nanolaminates have been widely observed to exhibit unique and large numbers of interface-based plasticity mechanisms, and these have been associated with the many extraordinary properties of the material system, especially resistances in extreme engineering environments (mechanical/pressure, thermal, irradiation, etc.) and ability to self-heal defects (microstructural, as well as radiation-induced). Recently, anisotropy in the interface shearing mechanisms in the material system has been observed and much discussed. The Cu/Nb nanolaminates appear to shear on the interface planes to a much larger extent in the transverse direction (TD) than in the rolling direction (RD). Related to that, in this present study we observe interface rotation in Cu/Nb ARB nanolaminates under constrained and unconstrained loading conditions. Although the primary driving force for interface shearing was expected only in the RD, additional shearing in the TD was observed. This is significant as it represents an interface rotation, while there was no external rotational driving force. First, we observed interface rotation in in situ rectangular micropillar compression experiments, where the interface is simply sheared in one particular direction only, i.e., in the RD. This is rather unexpected as, in rectangular micropillar compression, there is no possibility of extra shearing or driving force in the perpendicular direction due to the loading conditions. This motivated us to subsequently perform in situ microbeam bending experiments (microbeam with a pre-made notch) to verify if similar interface rotation could also be observed in other loading modes. In the beam bending mode, the notch area was primarily under tensile stress in the direction of the beam longitudinal axis, with interfacial shear also in the same direction. Hence, we expect interface shearing only in that direction. We then found that interface rotation was also evident and repeatable under certain circumstances, such as under an offset loading. As this behaviour was consistently observed under two distinct loading modes, we propose that it is an intrinsic characteristic of Cu/Nb interfaces (or FCC/BCC interfaces with specific orientation relationships). This interface rotation represents another interface-based or interface-mediated plasticity mechanism at the nanoscale with important potential implications especially for design of metallic thin films with extreme stretchability and other emerging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 2525 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dry Reforming of Methane Using Gd-promoted Ni/SBA-16 Catalyst: Structure, Activity and Process Optimization with Response Surface Methodology

by Salma A. Al-Zahrani, Mohammed F. Alotibi, Ahmed I. Osman, Ahmed A. Bhran, Maha Awjan Alreshidi, Ahmed Al Otaibi, Hessah Difallah A. Al-Enazy, Nuha Othman S. Alsaif and Ahmed S. Al-Fatesh

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191527 - 6 Oct 2025

Viewed by 539

Abstract

This work examines the effect of gadolinium (Gd) promotion on nickel-based SBA-16 catalysts for the dry reforming of methane (DRM), with the goal of improving syngas production by optimizing catalyst composition and operating conditions. Catalysts with varying Gd loadings (0.5–3 wt.%) were synthesised [...] Read more.

This work examines the effect of gadolinium (Gd) promotion on nickel-based SBA-16 catalysts for the dry reforming of methane (DRM), with the goal of improving syngas production by optimizing catalyst composition and operating conditions. Catalysts with varying Gd loadings (0.5–3 wt.%) were synthesised using co-impregnation. XRD, N₂ physisorption, FTIR, XPS, and H₂-TPR–CO₂-TPD–H₂-TPR were used to examine the structural features, textural properties, surface composition, and redox behaviour of the catalysts. XPS indicated formation of enhanced metal–support interactions, while initial and post-treatment H₂–TPR analyses showed that moderate Gd loadings (1–2 wt.%) maintained a balanced distribution of reducible Ni species. The catalysts were tested for DRM performance at 800 °C and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 42,000 mL g⁻¹ h⁻¹. 1–2 wt.% Gd-promoted catalysts achieved the highest H₂ (~67%) and CO yield (~76%). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to identify optimal reaction conditions for maximum H₂ yield. RSM predicted 848.9 °C temperature, 31,283 mL g⁻¹ h⁻¹ GHSV, and a CH₄/CO₂ ratio of 0.61 as optimal, predicting a H₂ yield of 96.64%, which closely matched the experimental value of H₂ yield (96.66%). The 5Ni–2Gd/SBA-16 catalyst exhibited minimal coke deposition, primarily of a graphitic character, as evidenced by TGA–DSC and Raman analyses. These results demonstrate the synergy between catalyst design and process optimization in maximizing DRM efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Energetics: Design, Developments, and Challenges from Experimentation and Computation Aspects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5282 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bilayer TMDs for Future FETs: Carrier Dynamics and Device Implications

by Shoaib Mansoori, Edward Chen and Massimo Fischetti

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1526; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191526 - 5 Oct 2025

Viewed by 487

Abstract

Bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising materials for next-generation field-effect transistors (FETs) due to their atomically thin structure and favorable transport properties. In this study, we employ density functional theory (DFT) to compute the electronic band structures and phonon dispersions of bilayer [...] Read more.

Bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising materials for next-generation field-effect transistors (FETs) due to their atomically thin structure and favorable transport properties. In this study, we employ density functional theory (DFT) to compute the electronic band structures and phonon dispersions of bilayer WS₂, WSe₂, and MoS₂, and the electron-phonon scattering rates using the EPW (electron-phonon Wannier) method. Carrier transport is then investigated within a semiclassical full-band Monte Carlo framework, explicitly including intrinsic electron-phonon scattering, dielectric screening, scattering with hybrid plasmon–phonon interface excitations (IPPs), and scattering with ionized impurities. Freestanding bilayers exhibit the highest mobilities, with hole mobilities reaching 2300 cm²/V·s in WS₂ and 1300 cm²/V·s in WSe₂. Using hBN as the top gate dielectric preserves or slightly enhances mobility, whereas HfO₂ significantly reduces transport due to stronger IPP and remote phonon scattering. Device-level simulations of double-gate FETs indicate that series resistance strongly limits performance, with optimized WSe₂ pFETs achieving ON currents of 820 A/m, and a 10% enhancement when hBN replaces HfO₂. These results show the direct impact of first-principles electronic structure and scattering physics on device-level transport, underscoring the importance of material properties and the dielectric environment in bilayer TMDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue First Principles Study of Two-Dimensional Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 3163 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Investigation of Ternary-Hybrid Radiative Nanofluid over Stretching and Porous Sheet

by Hamid Qureshi, Muhammad Zubair and Sebastian Andreas Altmeyer

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191525 - 5 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 457

Abstract

Ternary hybrid nanofluid have been revealed to possess a wide range of application disciplines reaching from biomedical engineering, detection of cancer, over or photovoltaic panels and cells, nuclear power plant engineering, to the automobile industry, smart cells and and eventually to heat exchange [...] Read more.

Ternary hybrid nanofluid have been revealed to possess a wide range of application disciplines reaching from biomedical engineering, detection of cancer, over or photovoltaic panels and cells, nuclear power plant engineering, to the automobile industry, smart cells and and eventually to heat exchange systems. Inspired by the recent developments in nanotechnology and in particular the high potential ability of use of such nanofluids in practical problems, this paper deals with the flow of a three phase nanofluid of MWCNT-Au/Ag nanoparticles dispersed in blood in the presence of a bidirectional stretching sheet. The model derived in this study yields a set of linked nonlinear PDEs, which are first transformed into dimensionless ODEs. From these ODEs we get a dataset with the help of MATHEMATICA environment, then solved using AI-based technique utilizing Levenberg Marquardt Feedforward Algorithm. In this work, flow characteristics under varying physical parameters have been studied and analyzed and the boundary layer phenomena has been investigated. In detail horizontal, vertical velocity profiles as well as temperature distribution are analyzed. The findings reveal that as the stretching ratio of the surface coincide with an increase the vertical velocity as the surface has thinned in this direction minimizing resistance to the fluid flow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5352 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Nanofiber Sheets Incorporating Oxaliplatin in Gastrointestinal Cancer Xenograft Models

by Fusao Sumiyama, Hoang Hai Duong, Hideyuki Matsushima, Kosuke Matsui, Terufumi Yoshida, Hidekazu Yamamoto, Hisashi Kosaka, Mitsugu Sekimoto, Van Khanh Nguyen, Thanh Tung Lai, Takuya Ohigashi, Tomoya O. Akama, Kengo Yoshii, Emiho Oe, Nanami Fujisawa, Mitsuhiro Ebara and Masaki Kaibori

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191524 - 5 Oct 2025

Viewed by 448

Abstract

Oxaliplatin is an anticancer drug used to treat colorectal and gastric cancers. In many cases, chemotherapy is discontinued due to adverse events caused by anticancer drugs. To address this challenge, we developed a sustained-release drug delivery system using polycaprolactone sheets embedded with oxaliplatin [...] Read more.

Oxaliplatin is an anticancer drug used to treat colorectal and gastric cancers. In many cases, chemotherapy is discontinued due to adverse events caused by anticancer drugs. To address this challenge, we developed a sustained-release drug delivery system using polycaprolactone sheets embedded with oxaliplatin (oxaliplatin sheets) and evaluated their therapeutic potential in murine models of colon and gastric cancers. Antitumor efficacy was compared with conventional intraperitoneal administration by monitoring tumor volume, body weight, and systemic oxaliplatin concentrations over 21 days, along with histopathological assessment of tumors and hepatic tissue. Oxaliplatin sheets demonstrated superior tumor suppression, significantly reduced Ki-67 positivity, and mitotic indices. Additionally, antitumor effects and blood oxaliplatin levels were consistent regardless of implantation site. Notably, oxaliplatin sheets significantly decreased weight loss compared with intraperitoneal administration. In our analysis of liver pathology, we found that hepatic sinusoidal obstruction and hepatocellular degeneration were significantly increased after intraperitoneal administration compared with untreated mice and mice treated with oxaliplatin sheets. Furthermore, treatment with oxaliplatin sheets improved survival. Thus, our oxaliplatin sheets exhibited effective tumor control and reduced side effects, indicating their potential as a promising treatment for advanced gastric and colorectal cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Nanomaterials and Nanobiotechnology in Cancer)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4505 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Performance Study of Uniform Silver–Graphene Composite Coatings via Zeta Potential Regulation and Electrodeposition Process Optimization

by Luyi Sun, Hongrui Zhang, Xiao Li, Dancong Zhang, Yuxin Chen, Taiyu Su and Ming Zhou

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1523; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191523 - 5 Oct 2025

Viewed by 437

Abstract

High-performance electrical contact materials are crucial for electric power systems, new energy vehicles, and rail transportation, as their properties directly impact the reliability and safety of electronic devices. Enhancing these materials not only improves energy efficiency but also offers notable environmental and economic [...] Read more.

High-performance electrical contact materials are crucial for electric power systems, new energy vehicles, and rail transportation, as their properties directly impact the reliability and safety of electronic devices. Enhancing these materials not only improves energy efficiency but also offers notable environmental and economic advantages. However, traditional composite contact materials often suffer from poor dispersion of the reinforcing phase, which restricts further performance improvement. Graphene (G), with its unique two-dimensional structure and exceptional electrical, mechanical, and tribological properties, is considered an ideal reinforcement for metal matrix composites. Yet, its tendency to agglomerate poses a significant challenge to achieving uniform dispersion. To overcome this, the study introduces a dual approach: modulation of the zeta potential (ζ) in the silver-plated liquid to enhance G’s dispersion stability, and concurrent optimization of the composite electrodeposition process. Experimental results demonstrate that this synergistic strategy enables the uniform distribution of G within the silver matrix. The resulting silver–graphene (Ag-G) composite coatings exhibit outstanding overall performance at both micro and macro levels. This work offers a novel and effective pathway for the design of advanced electrical contact materials with promising application potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

32 pages, 6546 KB

Open AccessReview

Sputter-Deposited Superconducting Thin Films for Use in SRF Cavities

by Bharath Reddy Lakki Reddy Venkata, Aleksandr Zubtsovskii and Xin Jiang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1522; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191522 - 5 Oct 2025

Viewed by 651

Abstract

Particle accelerators are powerful tools in fundamental research, medicine, and industry that provide high-energy beams that can be used to study matter and to enable advanced applications. The state-of-the-art particle accelerators are fundamentally constructed from superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities, which act as resonant [...] Read more.

Particle accelerators are powerful tools in fundamental research, medicine, and industry that provide high-energy beams that can be used to study matter and to enable advanced applications. The state-of-the-art particle accelerators are fundamentally constructed from superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities, which act as resonant structures for the acceleration of charged particles. The performance of such cavities is governed by inherent superconducting material properties such as the transition temperature, critical fields, penetration depth, and other related parameters and material quality. For the last few decades, bulk niobium has been the preferred material for SRF cavities, enabling accelerating gradients on the order of ~50 MV/m; however, its intrinsic limitations, high cost, and complicated manufacturing have motivated the search for alternative strategies. Among these, sputter-deposited superconducting thin films offer a promising route to address these challenges by reducing costs, improving thermal stability, and providing access to numerous high-T_c superconductors. This review focuses on progress in sputtered superconducting materials for SRF applications, in particular Nb, NbN, NbTiN, Nb₃Sn, Nb₃Al, V₃Si, Mo–Re, and MgB₂. We review how deposition process parameters such as deposition pressure, substrate temperature, substrate bias, duty cycle, and reactive gas flow influence film microstructure, stoichiometry, and superconducting properties, and link these to RF performance. High-energy deposition techniques, such as HiPIMS, have enabled the deposition of dense Nb and nitride films with high transition temperatures and low surface resistance. In contrast, sputtering of Nb₃Sn offers tunable stoichiometry when compared to vapour diffusion. Relatively new material systems, such as Nb₃Al, V₃Si, Mo-Re, and MgB₂, are just a few of the possibilities offered, but challenges with impurity control, interface engineering, and cavity-scale uniformity will remain. We believe that future progress will depend upon energetic sputtering, multilayer architectures, and systematic demonstrations at the cavity scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 5419 KB

Open AccessArticle

Radiosensitization by Docetaxel Prodrug-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles in Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts

by Abdulaziz Alhussan, Nolan Jackson, Nancy Dos Santos, Sam Chen, Yuen Yi C. Tam and Devika B. Chithrani

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191521 - 5 Oct 2025

Viewed by 620

Abstract

Cancer treatments are limited by poor tumor specificity and toxicity. We tested a radiosensitizing approach using PEG/RGD-functionalized gold nanoparticles (GNPs), a lipid-nanoparticle–encapsulated docetaxel prodrug (LNP_DTX–P), and external-beam radiotherapy (RT). In MIA PaCa-2 xenografts, intravenous GNPs (2 mg/kg) and LNP_DTX–P (6 [...] Read more.

Cancer treatments are limited by poor tumor specificity and toxicity. We tested a radiosensitizing approach using PEG/RGD-functionalized gold nanoparticles (GNPs), a lipid-nanoparticle–encapsulated docetaxel prodrug (LNP_DTX–P), and external-beam radiotherapy (RT). In MIA PaCa-2 xenografts, intravenous GNPs (2 mg/kg) and LNP_DTX–P (6 mg/kg) were given before 5 Gy RT. Both LNP_DTX–P + RT and GNPs + LNP_DTX–P + RT reduced tumor volume by ~40% and significantly prolonged survival versus RT alone (p < 0.001). Adding GNPs did not enhance efficacy, indicating LNP_DTX–P was the main driver under this regimen. These results demonstrate nanocarrier-enabled radiosensitization in vivo and support further studies toward clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Roadmaps for Nanomaterials in Radiation Therapy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3165 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Conductivity of Suspended Graphene at High Temperature Based on Raman Spectroscopy

by Junyi Wang, Zhiyu Guo, Zhilong Shang and Fang Luo

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1520; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191520 - 5 Oct 2025

Viewed by 494

Abstract

With the development of technology, many fields have put forward higher requirements for the thermal conductivity of materials in high-temperature environments, for instance, in fields such as heat dissipation of electronic devices, high-temperature sensors, and thermal management. As a potential high-performance thermal management [...] Read more.

With the development of technology, many fields have put forward higher requirements for the thermal conductivity of materials in high-temperature environments, for instance, in fields such as heat dissipation of electronic devices, high-temperature sensors, and thermal management. As a potential high-performance thermal management material, studying the thermal conductivity of graphene at high temperatures is of great significance for expanding its application range. In this study, high-quality suspended graphene was prepared through PDMS dry transfer, which can effectively avoid the binding and influence of the substrate. Based on the calculation model of the thermal conductivity of suspended graphene, the model was modified accordingly by measuring the attenuation coefficient of laser power. Combined with the temperature variation coefficient of suspended graphene measured experimentally and the influence of laser power on the Raman characteristic peak positions of graphene, the thermal conductance of suspended graphene with different layers under high-temperature conditions was calculated. It is conducive to a further in-depth understanding of the phonon scattering mechanism and heat conduction process of graphene at high temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

45 pages, 2323 KB

Open AccessReview

Magnetic Hyperthermia with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: From Toxicity Challenges to Cancer Applications

by Ioana Baldea, Cristian Iacoviță, Raul Andrei Gurgu, Alin Stefan Vizitiu, Vlad Râzniceanu and Daniela Rodica Mitrea

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191519 - 4 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2401

Abstract

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have emerged as key materials in magnetic hyperthermia (MH), a minimally invasive cancer therapy capable of selectively inducing apoptosis, ferroptosis, and other cell death pathways while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. This review synthesizes advances in the design, functionalization, and [...] Read more.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have emerged as key materials in magnetic hyperthermia (MH), a minimally invasive cancer therapy capable of selectively inducing apoptosis, ferroptosis, and other cell death pathways while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. This review synthesizes advances in the design, functionalization, and biomedical application of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for MH, highlighting strategies to optimize heating efficiency, biocompatibility, and tumor targeting. Key developments include tailoring particle size, shape, and composition; doping with metallic ions; engineering multicore nanostructures; and employing diverse surface coatings to improve colloidal stability, immune evasion, and multifunctionality. We discuss preclinical and clinical evidence for MH, its integration with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, and emerging theranostic applications enabling simultaneous imaging and therapy. Special attention is given to the role of MNPs in immunogenic cell death induction and metastasis prevention, as well as novel concepts for circulating tumor cell capture. Despite promising results in vitro and in vivo, clinical translation remains limited by insufficient tumor accumulation after systemic delivery, safety concerns, and a lack of standardized treatment protocols. Future progress will require interdisciplinary innovations in nanomaterial engineering, active targeting technologies, and real-time treatment monitoring to fully integrate MH into multimodal cancer therapy and improve patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 1133 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Nanodiamond-in-Oil Emulsion with Snake Venom to Enhance Potent Antibody Induction in Mice and Rabbits

by Min-Han Lin, Long-Jyun Su, Hsin-Hung Lin, Liang-Yu Chen, Asmaul Husna and Wang-Chou Sung

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1518; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191518 - 4 Oct 2025

Viewed by 785

Abstract

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are an innovative material in biomedical applications based on their excellent biocompatibility, nanoscale dimensions, and high surface area. In this study, we evaluated the potential of ND-in-oil emulsion to induce potent antibody responses in animals immunized with cobra venom. NDs demonstrated [...] Read more.

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are an innovative material in biomedical applications based on their excellent biocompatibility, nanoscale dimensions, and high surface area. In this study, we evaluated the potential of ND-in-oil emulsion to induce potent antibody responses in animals immunized with cobra venom. NDs demonstrated the capacity to bind complex venom proteins as stable conjugates, well dispersed in aqueous solution. Immunization of mice with cobra venom incorporated with ND-in-oil emulsion adjuvant (ND/venom) elicited strong venom-specific antibody responses with titers comparable to those induced by venom formulation with conventional Freund’s adjuvants (FA/venom). IgG subclass analysis revealed that ND- and FA-based formulations induced a Th2-biased immune response in mice. Moreover, antibodies elicited by ND/venom or FA/venom immunization specifically recognized the epitopes of the lethal component of short-chain neurotoxin and conferred full protection against lethal cobra venom challenge (3LD₅₀). Further, ND/venom hyperimmunization was capable of inducing high levels of neutralizing antibodies in larger animals, rabbits, highlighting the potential for antivenom manufacturing. Notably, there were no obvious lesions at the injection sites of animals that received ND/venom, in contrast to those that received FA/venom. These findings indicated NDs as an effective and safe additive in venom formulation for antivenom production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 9362 KB

Open AccessReview

In Situ Raman Spectroscopy Reveals Structural Evolution and Key Intermediates on Cu-Based Catalysts for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction

by Jinchao Zhang, Honglin Gao, Zhen Wang, Haiyang Gao, Li Che, Kunqi Xiao and Aiyi Dong

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1517; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191517 - 3 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1383

Abstract

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) is a key technology for achieving carbon neutrality and efficient utilization of renewable energy, capable of converting CO₂ into high-value-added carbon-based fuels and chemicals. Copper (Cu)-based catalysts have attracted significant attention due to their [...] Read more.

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) is a key technology for achieving carbon neutrality and efficient utilization of renewable energy, capable of converting CO₂ into high-value-added carbon-based fuels and chemicals. Copper (Cu)-based catalysts have attracted significant attention due to their unique performance in generating multi-carbon (C₂₊) products such as ethylene and ethanol; however, there are still many controversies regarding their complex reaction mechanisms, active sites, and the dynamic evolution of intermediates. In situ Raman spectroscopy, with its high surface sensitivity, applicability in aqueous environments, and precise detection of molecular vibration modes, has become a powerful tool for studying the structural evolution of Cu catalysts and key reaction intermediates during CO₂RR. This article reviews the principles of electrochemical in situ Raman spectroscopy and its latest developments in the study of CO₂RR on Cu-based catalysts, focusing on its applications in monitoring the dynamic structural changes of the catalyst surface (such as Cu⁺, Cu⁰, and Cu²⁺ oxide species) and identifying key reaction intermediates (such as *CO, *OCCO(*O=C-C=O), *COOH, etc.). Numerous studies have shown that Cu-based oxide precursors undergo rapid reduction and surface reconstruction under CO₂RR conditions, resulting in metallic Cu nanoclusters with unique crystal facets and particle size distributions. These oxide-derived active sites are considered crucial for achieving high selectivity toward C₂₊ products. Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques have further revealed the dynamic characteristics of local pH changes at the electrode/electrolyte interface and the adsorption behavior of intermediates, providing molecular-level insights into the mechanisms of selectivity control in CO₂RR. However, technical challenges such as weak signal intensity, laser-induced damage, and background fluorescence interference, and opportunities such as coupling high-precision confocal Raman technology with in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy or synchrotron radiation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in researching the mechanisms of CO₂RR are also put forward. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical and Electrocatalysis Performance of Functional Nanomaterials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 1521 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Coating of Gold Nanoparticles with Lipids

by Mireia Vilar-Hernández, Jasper van Weerd and Pascal Jonkheijm

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191516 - 3 Oct 2025

Viewed by 765

Abstract

(1) Background: gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are of particular interest in biomedical research because they possess unique optical properties. In particular, its localized surface plasmon resonance is widely used for photothermal therapy and for detecting molecular interactions at nanoparticle surfaces. To enhance circulation time [...] Read more.

(1) Background: gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are of particular interest in biomedical research because they possess unique optical properties. In particular, its localized surface plasmon resonance is widely used for photothermal therapy and for detecting molecular interactions at nanoparticle surfaces. To enhance circulation time and biocompatibility, nanoparticles are often coated to shield their hydrophobic character. (2) Methods: we explored the seed-growth method to coat AuNPs with phospholipids to improve colloidal stability. (3) Results: various charged phospholipids were tested, and particle size and zeta potential were characterized. The monodispersity of the coated nanoparticles strongly depends on the narrow size distribution of both gold nanoparticles seeds and lipid vesicles. Achieving stable coated AuNPs with zwitterionic lipids such as phosphatidylcholine was challenging, whereas coatings containing phosphatidylglycerol did not compromise nanoparticle stability. (4) Conclusions: coating AuNPs with phospholipids via the seed-growth method has potential but requires further optimization to improve reproducibility and achieve stable nanoparticles with near-neutral surface charge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Functional Nanomaterials in Biomedical Science)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 2759 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lanthanum-Doped Co₃O₄ Nanocubes Synthesized via Hydrothermal Method for High-Performance Supercapacitors

by Boddu Haritha, Mudda Deepak, Merum Dhananjaya, Obili M. Hussain and Christian M. Julien

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1515; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191515 - 3 Oct 2025

Viewed by 523

Abstract

The development of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes is crucial to meet the increasing demand for efficient and sustainable energy storage systems. Cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄), with its high theoretical capacitance, is a promising electrode material, but its practical application is hindered [...] Read more.

The development of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes is crucial to meet the increasing demand for efficient and sustainable energy storage systems. Cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄), with its high theoretical capacitance, is a promising electrode material, but its practical application is hindered by poor conductivity limitations and structural instability during cycling. In this work, lanthanum La³⁺-doped Co₃O₄ nanocubes were synthesized via a hydrothermal approach to tailor their structural and electrochemical properties. Different doping concentrations (1, 3, and 5%) were introduced to investigate their influence systematically. X-ray diffraction confirmed the retention of the spinel phase with clear evidence of La³⁺ incorporation into the Co₃O₄ lattice. Also, Raman spectroscopy validated the structural integrity through characteristic Co-O vibrational modes. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed uniform cubic morphologies across all samples. The formation of the cubic spinel structure of 1% La³⁺-doped Co₃O₄ are confirmed from XPS and TEM studies. Electrochemical evaluation in a 3 M KOH electrolyte demonstrated that 1% La³⁺-doped Co₃O₄ nanocubes delivered the highest performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 1312 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ and maintaining a 79.8% capacitance retention and a 97.12% Coulombic efficiency over 10,000 cycles at 5 Ag⁻¹. It can be demonstrated that La³⁺ doping is an effective strategy to enhance the charge storage capability and cycling stability of Co₃O₄, offering valuable insights for the rational design of next-generation supercapacitor electrodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

23 pages, 1884 KB

Open AccessReview

Silicon Photocatalytic Water-Treatment: Synthesis, Modifications, and Machine Learning Insights

by Abay S. Serikkanov, Nurlan B. Bakranov, Tunyk K. Idrissova, Dina I. Bakranova and Danil W. Boukhvalov

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1514; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191514 - 3 Oct 2025

Viewed by 669

Abstract

Photocatalytic technologies based on silicon (Si-based) nanostructures offer a promising solution for water purification, hydrogen generation, and the conversion of CO₂ into useful chemical compounds. This review systematizes the diversity of modern approaches to the synthesis and modification of Si-based photocatalysts, including [...] Read more.

Photocatalytic technologies based on silicon (Si-based) nanostructures offer a promising solution for water purification, hydrogen generation, and the conversion of CO₂ into useful chemical compounds. This review systematizes the diversity of modern approaches to the synthesis and modification of Si-based photocatalysts, including chemical deposition, metal-associated etching, hydrothermal methods, and atomic layer deposition. Heterostructures, plasmonic effects, and co-catalysts that enhance photocatalytic activity are considered. Particular attention is drawn to the silicon doping of semiconductors, such as TiO₂ and ZnO, to enhance their optical and electronic properties. The formation of heterostructures and the evaluation of their efficiency were discussed. Despite the high biocompatibility and availability of silicon, its photocorrosion and limited stability require the development of protective coatings and morphology optimization. The application of machine learning for predicting redox potentials and optimizing photocatalyst synthesis could offer new opportunities for increasing their efficiency. The review highlights the potential of Si-based materials for sustainable technologies and provides a roadmap for further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3597 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Rosa roxburghii Tratt.-Mediated Gold Nanoparticles for Visual Colorimetric Assay of Tiopronin

by Dan Liu and Shilan Feng

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1513; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191513 - 3 Oct 2025

Viewed by 484

Abstract

This study used Rosa roxburghii Tratt. crude extract (RR) as a reducing, stabilizing, and modifying agent for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (RR-AuNPs) via the one-pot method for the first time and established a novel colorimetric sensor for detecting tiopronin. Initially, RR-AuNPs [...] Read more.

This study used Rosa roxburghii Tratt. crude extract (RR) as a reducing, stabilizing, and modifying agent for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (RR-AuNPs) via the one-pot method for the first time and established a novel colorimetric sensor for detecting tiopronin. Initially, RR-AuNPs with a uniform particle size and stable dispersion were prepared using the reducing property of RR. Upon the introduction of tiopronin, the drug binds to the surface of RR-AuNPs through Au-S bonds and hydrogen bonds, inducing a significant aggregation of RR-AuNPs. The absorbance of the RR-AuNP solution exhibited a linear relationship with the tiopronin concentration in the range of 0.17 μM to 16.67 μM (y = 1.9157 − 0.0972x), with a detection limit of 0.19 μM. The colorimetric sensor was successfully applied to detect tiopronin in urine samples. Compared with other detection methods, this approach is simple to operate and has a high sensitivity, a wide linear range, and a low detection limit. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

55 pages, 11470 KB

Open AccessReview

Organic Fluorescent Sensors for Environmental Analysis: A Critical Review and Insights into Inorganic Alternatives

by Katia Buonasera, Maurilio Galletta, Massimo Rosario Calvo, Gianni Pezzotti Escobar, Antonio Alessio Leonardi and Alessia Irrera

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191512 - 2 Oct 2025

Viewed by 764

Abstract

The exponential increase in environmental pollutants due to industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural intensification has underscored the urgent need for sensitive, selective, and real-time monitoring technologies. Among emerging analytical tools, organic fluorescent sensors have demonstrated exceptional potential for detecting a wide range of pollutants [...] Read more.

The exponential increase in environmental pollutants due to industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural intensification has underscored the urgent need for sensitive, selective, and real-time monitoring technologies. Among emerging analytical tools, organic fluorescent sensors have demonstrated exceptional potential for detecting a wide range of pollutants in water, air, and soil, with a limit of detection (LOD) in the pM–µM range. This review critically examines recent advances in organic fluorescent sensors, focusing on their photophysical properties, molecular structures, sensing mechanisms, and environmental applications. Key categories of organic sensors, including small molecules, polymeric materials, and nanoparticle-based systems, are discussed, highlighting their advantages, such as biocompatibility, tunability, and cost-effectiveness. Comparative insights into inorganic fluorescent sensors, including quantum dots, are also provided, emphasizing their superior photostability and wide operating range (in some cases from pg/mL up to mg/mL) but limited biodegradability and higher toxicity. The integration of nanomaterials and microfluidic systems is presented as a promising route for developing portable, on-site sensing platforms. Finally, the review outlines current challenges and future perspectives, suggesting that fluorescent sensors, particularly organic ones, represent a crucial strategy toward sustainable environmental monitoring and pollutant management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and 2D Materials Based on Semiconductors and Metals: Second Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2550 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Implantable Electrode Co-Deposited with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and PEDOT:PSS

by Yiyang Liu, Hui Wu, Sheng Wang, Quanwei Yang and Baolin Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191511 - 2 Oct 2025

Viewed by 466

Abstract

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) exhibit biocompatibility, ease of drug loading, and potential for generating forces and heat in a magnetic field, enhancing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This study proposes coating IONs on electrode surfaces to improve performance and neuron bonding. Methods included synthesizing [...] Read more.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) exhibit biocompatibility, ease of drug loading, and potential for generating forces and heat in a magnetic field, enhancing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This study proposes coating IONs on electrode surfaces to improve performance and neuron bonding. Methods included synthesizing IONs, grafting chondroitin sulfate (CS), and co-depositing with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). Results showed reduced impedance, increased charge storage, and improved signal quality in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3361 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Regulation of Ag Nanoparticles and Reduced Graphene Oxide in Boosting TiO₂ Microspheres Photocatalysis for Wastewater Treatment

by Guoshuai Ma, Zhijian An, Yinqi Yang, Wei Wang, Yao Wang, Shuting Tian, Jingwen Gao, Xue-Zhong Gong, Laurence A. Belfoire and Jianguo Tang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1510; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191510 - 2 Oct 2025

Viewed by 541

Abstract

Dye-contaminated wastewater has become one of the most severe environmental challenges due to the non-biodegradability and toxicity of synthetic dyes. While photocatalytic degradation is considered a green and efficient technology for wastewater purification, conventional TiO₂ suffers from limited light utilization and rapid [...] Read more.

Dye-contaminated wastewater has become one of the most severe environmental challenges due to the non-biodegradability and toxicity of synthetic dyes. While photocatalytic degradation is considered a green and efficient technology for wastewater purification, conventional TiO₂ suffers from limited light utilization and rapid electron–hole recombination. In this exploration, Ag-TiO₂-RGO nanocomposites were successfully fabricated and systematically investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, Raman, and PL spectroscopy. The incorporation of Ag nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) synergistically improved charge separation and transfer efficiency. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated using different dyes as pollutants under visible light irradiation. Among the samples, Ag-TiO₂-RGO-3% exhibited the highest RhB degradation efficiency of 99.5% within 75 min, with a rate constant (K) of 0.05420 min⁻¹, which was nearly three times higher than that of pure TiO₂. The photocatalyst also showed excellent reusability with only minor efficiency loss after five cycles, and its activity remained stable across a wide pH range. Radical trapping experiments revealed that •O₂⁻ served as the dominant reactive species, with additional contributions from •OH and photogenerated holes (h⁺). A possible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed, in which Ag nanoparticles and RGO effectively suppressed electron–hole recombination and accelerated the formation of reactive oxygen species for efficient dye mineralization. These findings demonstrate that Ag-TiO₂-RGO-3% is a promising photocatalyst with high activity, stability, and environmental adaptability for wastewater remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Biomass-Based Materials for Energy Storage and Environmental Remediation)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2339 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Silk Fibroin–Carboxymethyl Cellulose Composite Binder and Its Application in Silicon-Based Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Shuai Huang, Ruyi Wang, Mingke Lei, Qingxuan Geng, Qingwei Li, Jiwei Zhang and Jingwei Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1509; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191509 - 2 Oct 2025

Viewed by 494

Abstract

The molecular structure and mechanical resilience of the binder are crucial for mitigating volume expansion, maintaining electrode structural integrity, and enhancing the cycling stability of silicon-based anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. In this study, from the perspective of binder molecular structural design, commercial [...] Read more.

The molecular structure and mechanical resilience of the binder are crucial for mitigating volume expansion, maintaining electrode structural integrity, and enhancing the cycling stability of silicon-based anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. In this study, from the perspective of binder molecular structural design, commercial carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was modified with silk protein (SF), which has good mechanical properties and abundant surface functional groups, to address issues such as high brittleness, poor compliance and easy cracking of the electrode structure during charge and discharge cycles, and to enhance the mechanical properties of the CMC-based binder and its interaction with silicon particles, so as to improve the cycle stability of silicon-based materials. The mechanical properties of the CMC binder were significantly improved and the interaction between the binder and the surface of the silicon particles was enhanced by the addition of SF. When the SF content was optimized at 6 wt%, the electrode exhibited the best electrochemical performance, delivering a specific capacity of 1182 mAh/g at a high current density of 5000 mA/g, and retaining a capacity of 1138 mAh/g after 50 cycles at 1000 mA/g, demonstrating excellent electrochemical durability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Nanomaterials, Volume 15, Issue 19 (October-1 2025) – 80 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI